View source for Fernando Henrique Cardoso

{{Short description|President of Brazil from 1995 to 2003}}
{{Redirect|Fernando Cardoso}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| name             = Fernando Henrique Cardoso
| honorific-suffix = <!-- TOO MANY ON DISPLAY. Pick a few and lose the majority or lose the whole lot. It looks absolutely awful! [[Order of the Bath|GCB]] [[Order of the Tower and Sword|GCTE]] [[Order of Saint James of the Sword|GCoIISE]] [[Order of Prince Henry|GColIH]] [[Order of Liberty|GColL]] [[Order of Merit (Portugal)|GCM]] [[Order of the Elephant|RE]] [[Order of the Crown of the Realm|DMN]] [[Order of Isabella the Catholic|CYC]] [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic|OMRI]] -->
| image            = Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1999) (cropped)(b).jpg
| image_size       = 
| caption          = Official portrait, 1999
| alt              = 
| order            = 34th
| office           = President of Brazil
| vicepresident    = [[Marco Maciel]]
| term_start       = 1 January 1995
| term_end         = 1 January 2003
| predecessor      = [[Itamar Franco]]
| successor        = [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
| office1          = [[Brazilian Senate|Senator]] for [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]
| term_start1      = 4 April 1994
| term_end1        = 15 December 1994
| predecessor1     = [[Eva Blay]]
| successor1       = Eva Blay
| term_start2      = 15 March 1983
| term_end2        = 5 October 1992
| predecessor2     = [[Franco Montoro]]
| successor2       = Eva Blay
| office3          = [[Ministry of Finance (Brazil)|Minister of Finance]]
| president3       = Itamar Franco
| term_start3      = 19 May 1993
| term_end3        = 30 March 1994
| predecessor3     = Eliseu Resende
| successor3       = [[Rubens Ricupero]]
| office4          = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| president4       = Itamar Franco
| term_start4      = 2 October 1992
| term_end4        = 20 May 1993
| predecessor4     = [[Celso Lafer]]
| successor4       = [[Celso Amorim]]
| birth_date       = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1931|6|18}}
| birth_place      = [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Federal District of Brazil (1891–1960)|Federal&nbsp;District]], Brazil
| death_date       = 
| death_place      = 
| party            = [[Brazilian Social Democracy Party|PSDB]] (1988–present)
| spouse           = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Ruth Cardoso|Ruth Leite]]|1953|24 June 2008|end=d}}
* {{marriage|Patrícia Kundrát|2014}}
}}
| children         = 3
| relatives        = [[Pedro Cardoso (Brazilian actor)|Pedro Cardoso]] (cousin)
| residence        = [[São Paulo]], [[São Paulo (state)|São&nbsp;Paulo]], Brazil
| alma_mater       = [[University of São Paulo]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| occupation       = 
| profession       = [[Sociologist]]
| signature        = Assinatura de Fernando Henrique Cardoso - versão 3.svg
| website          = http://www.ifhc.org.br/
| otherparty       = [[Brazilian Democratic Movement|MDB]] (1974–1980)<br />[[Brazilian Democratic Movement Party|PMDB]] (1980–1988)
}}
{{Liberalism in Brazil|Politicians}}
'''Fernando Henrique Cardoso''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Order of the Bath|GCB]] [[Order of the Tower and Sword|GCTE]] [[Order of Saint James of the Sword|GCoIISE]] [[Order of Prince Henry|GColIH]] [[Order of Liberty|GColL]] [[Order of Merit (Portugal)|GCM]] [[Order of the Elephant|RE]] [[Order of the Crown of the Realm|DMN]] [[Order of Isabella the Catholic|CYC]] [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic|OMRI]]}} ({{IPA|pt-BR|feʁˈnɐ̃du ẽˈʁiki kaʁˈdozu|lang|Pt-Fernando Henrique Cardoso.ogg}}; born 18 June 1931), also known by his initials '''FHC''' ({{IPA|pt-BR|ˌɛfjaɡaˈse|lang|Pt-FHC.ogg}}), is a Brazilian [[sociology|sociologist]], professor, and politician<ref name="guevaraintweed">{{cite news | url=https://www.newsweek.com/che-guevara-tweed-105973 | title=Che Guevara in Tweed | work=Newsweek | date=13 March 2006 | last=Margolis |first=Mac}}</ref> who served as the 34th [[president of Brazil]] from 1 January 1995 to 1 January 2003.<ref name=galeria>{{cite web|url=http://www2.planalto.gov.br/acervo/galeria-de-presidentes|title=Galery of presidents|language=pt|publisher=Palácio do Planalto|access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref> He was the first Brazilian president to be reelected for a subsequent term. An accomplished scholar of [[dependency theory]] noted for his research on slavery and political theory, Cardoso has earned many honors including the [[Prince of Asturias Award]] for International Cooperation (2000)<ref name="princeasturias">{{cite web | url=http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/ing/04/premiados/trayectorias/trayectoria656.html | title=Fernando Henrique Cardoso | publisher=Prince of Asturias Foundation | access-date=11 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829141924/http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/ing/04/premiados/trayectorias/trayectoria656.html | archive-date=29 August 2008}}</ref> and the [[Kluge Prize]] from the US [[Library of Congress]] (2012).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/14/arts/fernando-henrique-cardoso-of-brazil-to-receive-kluge-prize.html|title=Fernando Henrique Cardoso of Brazil to Receive Kluge Prize|first=Larry|last=Rohter|date=13 May 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>

Cardoso was inaugurated as president on January 1, 1995. He continued the economic reforms that had been initiated by the previous administration, [[inflation]] rates remained low, [[Privatizations under the Fernando Henrique Cardoso presidency|several state-owned companies were privatized]], and [[market liberalization]] increased the country's visibility in the international market. The government succeeded in passing economic and administrative laws, including one that allowed for the reelection of executive officeholders. In 1998, he won the [[1998 Brazilian general election|presidential election in the first round]], becoming the first president to be reelected at the time. During his second term, international crises, a significant [[Samba effect|devaluation of the Real]], the energy crisis, and other events led to a significant drop in his popularity. Currently, he heads the Fernando Henrique Cardoso Foundation, which he founded in 2004, and serves on various advisory boards for different organizations abroad, such as the [[Clinton Global Initiative]], [[Brown University]], and the [[United Nations]] Foundation. He is also a member of ''[[The Elders (organization)|The Elders]]'', the [[Brazilian Academy of Letters]], and the honorary president of the PSDB (Brazilian Social Democracy Party).

Cardoso was also the 10th president of the [[International Sociological Association]] (1982–1986).<ref name="presidents">{{cite web|url=http://www.isa-sociology.org/about/presidents/ |title=ISA Presidents |publisher=International Sociological Association|access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref>

==Personal and professional life==
[[File:Fernando Henrique Cardoso na década de 1930.png|thumb|left|upright|Cardoso walking hand-in-hand with his father in the 1930s]]
Cardoso descends from wealthy Portuguese immigrants. Some were politicians during the [[Empire of Brazil]].<ref name="koifman">{{cite book | title=Presidentes do Brasil: de Deodoro a FHC | author=Koifman, Fábio | year=2002 | publisher=Cultura Editores | isbn=978-8529300801 | language=pt}}</ref> He also has African ancestry, through a black great-great-grandmother and a [[mulatto]] great-grandmother.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.unicamp.br/unicamp/unicamp_hoje/ju/jan2001/cad158-1.html | title=Afinal, o Brasil é racista ou não? | work=Jornal da Unicamp | publisher=Universidade Estadual de Campinas | date=January 2001 | access-date= 11 November 2014 | language=pt}}</ref> Cardoso described himself as "slightly mulatto" and allegedly said he has "a foot in the kitchen" (a nod to historical Brazilian [[house slave|domestic slavery]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=category&category=COI&publisher=MARP&type=&coi=&docid=469f386e130&skip=0 | title=Chronology for Afro-Brazilians in Brazil | publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |year=2004 | access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://almanaque.folha.uol.com.br/brasil_01jun1994.htm | title=FHC nega ter dito que tem um "pé na cozinha" | work=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt| access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref>

Born in Rio de Janeiro, he lived in [[São Paulo (city)|São Paulo]] for most of his life. Cardoso is a widower who was married to [[Ruth Cardoso|Ruth Vilaça Correia Leite Cardoso]], an anthropologist, from 1953 until her death on 24 June 2008; they had three children.<ref name="filho">{{cite web | url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/brasil/fc1511200905.htm | title=FHC decide reconhecer oficialmente filho que teve há 18 anos com jornalista | work=Folha de S.Paulo | date=15 November 2009 | access-date=11 November 2014 | author=Bergamo, Mônica|language=pt}}</ref> Educated as a sociologist, he was a professor of political science and sociology at the [[Universidade de São Paulo]].<ref name="brown-biography">{{cite web | url=https://research.brown.edu/pdf/1143752776.pdf | title=Biography – Fernando Henrique Cardoso | publisher=Brown University | access-date=12 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305014908/http://research.brown.edu/pdf/1143752776.pdf | archive-date=5 March 2009}}</ref> and president of the [[International Sociological Association]] (ISA), from 1982 to 1986.<ref name="presidents" /> He is a member of the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] (Princeton),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://attend.clintonglobalinitiative.org/home.nsf/ext_2006_attend?Open&att=speak_cardoso | title=His Excellency Fernando Henrique Cardoso | publisher=Clinton Global Initiative | access-date=12 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928140234/http://attend.clintonglobalinitiative.org/home.nsf/ext_2006_attend?Open&att=speak_cardoso | archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> an honorary foreign member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] and has written several books.

Cardoso was also associate director of Studies in the {{Lang|fr|[[School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences|École des hautes études en sciences sociales]]|italic=no}} in Paris, then visiting professor at the {{Lang|fr|[[Collège de France]]|italic=no}} and later [[Paris Nanterre University]].<ref name="harrywalkerbio">{{cite web |url=http://www.harrywalker.com/speakers_template.cfm?Spea_ID=624 |title=Fernando Henrique Cardoso's biography on the Harry Walker Agency Speakers' Bureau website |access-date=28 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610144727/http://www.harrywalker.com/speakers_template.cfm?Spea_ID=624 |archive-date=10 June 2007 }}</ref> He later gave lectures at British and US universities including [[Cambridge University]], [[Stanford University]], [[Brown University]] and the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref name="harrywalkerbio"/> He is fluent in Portuguese, English, French, and Spanish, and can express himself in Italian and German.<ref name="harrywalkerbio"/>

After his presidency, he was appointed to a five-year term (2003–2008) as professor-at-large at [[Brown University]]'s [[Watson Institute for International Studies]], where he is now on the board of overseers. Cardoso is a founding member of the University of Southern California Center on Public Diplomacy's advisory board.<ref>{{cite web|title=USC Launches First Degree Program in Public Diplomacy|url=http://pressroom.usc.edu/usc-launches-first-degree-program-in-public-diplomacy/|website=USC PressRoom|publisher=USC|access-date=13 May 2018|date=15 June 2005}}</ref> In February 2005, he gave the fourth annual [[Kissinger Lecture]] on Foreign Policy and International Relations at the Library of Congress, Washington DC on ''"Dependency and Development in Latin America''.<ref name="loc">{{cite web | url=https://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2005/05-001.html | title=Fernando Henrique Cardoso Gives Fourth Annual Kissinger Lecture on Feb. 22 | work=News from the Library of Congress | publisher=Library of Congress | date=31 January 2005 | access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref>

In 2005, Cardoso was selected by the British magazine ''[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]]'' as being one of the world's top one hundred living public intellectuals.<ref name="rizkhaninterview">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/fF2Dj6dZ3Yw Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20070922215055/http://www.youtube.com:80/watch?v=fF2Dj6dZ3Yw Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite interview | title=Brazil's Henrique Cardoso | date=7 May 2007 | access-date=14 November 2014 | last=Cardoso | first=Fernando Henrique | subject-link=Fernando Henrique Cardoso |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fF2Dj6dZ3Yw| interviewer=[[Rizwan Khan|Riz Khan]] | publisher=Al Jazeera | via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="ifhc-biografia">{{cite web | url=http://www.ifhc.org.br/Pagina.aspx?id=6001&mn2=0 | title=Biografia | publisher=Instituto Fernando Henrique Cardoso| access-date=12 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402121718/http://www.ifhc.org.br/Pagina.aspx?id=6001&mn2=0 | archive-date=2 April 2009|language=pt}}</ref><ref>[http://podcasts.clintonresearch.com/2007/03/27/president-fernando-cardoso.aspx President Cardoso's lecture at the Clinton School of Public Service: '''''Democracy Today: The Experience of Latin America''''']{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} (Podcast) {{Cite web |url=http://podcasts.clintonresearch.com/2007/03/27/president-fernando-cardoso.aspx |title=PHP Application - AWS Elastic Beanstalk |access-date=22 August 2007 |archive-date=20 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720231522/http://podcasts.clintonresearch.com/2007/03/27/president-fernando-cardoso.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Academic career==
Cardoso earned a bachelor's degree in [[Social Sciences]] from [[Universidade de São Paulo]] in 1952, from where he also earned a Master's and a Doctorate in Sociology. His doctoral thesis, under the supervision of [[Florestan Fernandes]], examined the institution of slavery in Southern Brazil, critiquing, from a Marxist perspective, the dominant approach of [[Gilberto Freyre]] to the topic. It has since become a classic on the subject. Cardoso also received the Livre-Docência degree in 1963, the most senior level of academic recognition in Brazil, also from Universidade de São Paulo. In 1968, he received the title of [[Academic ranks in Brazil|Cathedratic Professor]], holding the chair of Political Science at Universidade de São Paulo.<ref name="brown-biography"/>

As he continued his academic career abroad in Chile and France after the tightening of the Brazilian military dictatorship, Cardoso published several books and papers on state bureaucracy, industrial elites and, particularly, [[dependency theory]]. His work on dependency would be his most acclaimed contribution to sociology and development studies, especially in the United States.<ref name="larr">{{cite journal | title=Plus ca Change...: The English Edition of Cardoso and Faletto's Dependencia y Desarrollo en America Latina | author=Packenham, Robert A. | journal=Latin American Research Review | year=1982 | volume=17 | issue=1 | pages=131–151 | doi=10.1017/S0023879100028557 | issn=0023-8791  | jstor=2502945 | s2cid=253146459 | doi-access=free }}{{subscription required}}</ref> After presiding the International Sociological Association from 1982 to 1986 Cardoso was selected as a Fulbright Program 40th anniversary distinguished fellow and in that capacity was a visiting scholar and lectured at [[Columbia University]] on democracy in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://members.fulbright.org/?prize_cardosa | title=Fernando Henrique Cardoso | publisher=Fulbright Association | access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref> Cardoso currently gives speeches and classes abroad.<ref name="interview-josoares">{{cite interview|title=Programa do Jô com Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC) |access-date=11 November 2014 |last=Cardoso |first=Fernando Henrique |subject-link=Fernando Henrique Cardoso |interviewer=[[Jô Soares]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bYLOLP0ANEg |language=pt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122162156/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bYLOLP0ANEg |archive-date=22 January 2014 }}</ref> In June 2013 he was elected as a member of [[Academia Brasileira de Letras]]. He said his election was due to recognition for his academic achievements, rather than his political career.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://g1.globo.com/jornal-da-globo/noticia/2013/06/fernando-henrique-cardoso-e-eleito-para-academia-brasileira-letras.html | title=Fernando Henrique Cardoso é eleito para Academia Brasileira de Letras | work=Jornal da Globo | date=28 June 2013 | access-date=11 November 2014 | author=Silvestre, Edney | language=pt}}</ref><ref name="letras">{{cite web | url=http://www.academia.org.br/abl/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?infoid=15016&sid=960 | title=ABL elege Fernando Henrique Cardoso para a sucessão do jornalista João de Scantimburgo | publisher=Academia Brasileira de Letras | date=28 June 2013 | access-date=12 November 2014 | language=pt}}</ref>

==Elections==
After his return to Brazil, Fernando Henrique engaged with the burgeoning democratic opposition to the military-dominated regime both as an intellectual and as a political activist. He became [[Senate of Brazil|Senator]] from [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] for the former [[Brazilian Democratic Movement]] (MDB) in 1982, replacing Franco Montoro, the newly elected governor of São Paulo. In 1985, he ran unsuccessfully for [[List of mayors of São Paulo|mayor of São Paulo]] against former President [[Jânio Quadros]]. Ahead in the polls, he let himself be photographed in the mayor's chair before the elections. Some attribute his loss to this episode.<ref name="nyt-brasiliajournal">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/14/world/brasilia-journal-brazil-s-professor-politician-he-stoops-to-kisses.html | title=Brasilia Journal; Brazil's Professor-Politician: He Stoops to Kisses | work=The New York Times | date=14 March 1988 | access-date=14 November 2014 | author=Riding, Alan}}</ref>

Elected to the Senate in 1986 for the [[Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement]] (PMDB), which MDB became after re-democratization, he joined a group of PMDB parliamentarians who left that party to found the Brazilian Social Democratic Party ([[Brazilian Social Democratic Party|PSDB]]) after previously held PMDB positions shifted to the right when the party filled with politicians who had collaborated with the dictatorship. As a senator, Cardoso took part in the 1987–1988 National Constituent Assembly that drafted and approved Brazil's current Constitution in the wake of the country's re-democratization. In the early stages of the Constituent Assembly's work (from February to March 1987), Cardoso led the committee that drafted the internal rules of procedure, including the procedural rules governing the drafting of the Constitution itself. These rules of procedure were adopted by the Assembly and published on 25 March 1987. Until 1992, Cardoso served as Leader of the PSDB in the Senate. From October 1992 to May 1993, he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs under President [[Itamar Franco]] (PMDB).<ref>{{cite web |title=Fernando Henrique Cardoso Oral History |url=https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-oral-histories/fernando-henrique-cardoso-oral-history |website=Presidential Oral Histories |date=27 October 2016 |publisher=Miller Center, University of Virginia |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref>

From May 1993 to April 1994, he was Minister of Finance and resigned in April 1994 to launch a presidential campaign. In the [[1994 Brazilian general election|3 October election]], he won the presidency in the first round of voting with 54% of the vote, more than twice that of his nearest opponent, [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]. This is still the largest margin of victory ever recorded in a free election in Brazilian history. After the constitution was amended to allow a president to succeed himself, he won a second term almost as easily in [[1998 Brazilian general election|1998]], taking 53% to Lula's 31.7% to win in a single round. To date, he is the only president to win an outright majority of the popular vote, and the only one to win the presidency in a single round since the institution of the two-round system in 1989.

Cardoso was succeeded in 2003 by Lula da Silva, who ran for the fourth time and had come in second on prior attempts. Lula won in the runoff election against the Cardoso-supported candidate, [[José Serra]]. Lula's election has been interpreted as resulting from Cardoso's low approval ratings in his second term.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferreira |first1=Alex Luiz |last2=Sakurai |first2=Sérgio Naruhiko |title=Personal charisma or the economy?: Macroeconomic indicators of presidential approval ratings in Brazil |journal=EconomiA |date=1 September 2013 |volume=14 |issue=3–4 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1016/j.econ.2013.10.006 |language=en |issn=1517-7580|doi-access=free |hdl=10419/179557 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

== Presidency (1995–2003) ==
{{Main|Presidency of Fernando Henrique Cardoso}}
[[File:Geneva Ministerial Conference 18-20 May 1998 (9305962437).jpg|thumb|Cardoso with [[Nelson Mandela]] at the 2nd [[Ministerial Conference|World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference]] in Geneva, Switzerland, 18 May 1998]]
[[File:Fernando Henrique Cardoso com George W. Bush em novembro de 2001.jpg|thumb|Cardoso meets with [[George W. Bush]] in the [[Oval Office]] in 2001]]
[[File:Vladimir Putin 14 January 2002-4.jpg|thumb|right|Cardoso with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in Moscow in January 2002]] Cardoso, often nicknamed "FHC", was elected with the support of a heterodox alliance of his own [[Brazilian Social Democracy Party]] (PSDB) and two right-wing parties, the [[Democrats (Brazil)|Liberal Front Party]] (PFL) and the [[Brazilian Labour Party (current)|Brazilian Labour Party]] (PTB). Brazil's largest party, the centrist [[Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement]] (PMDB), joined Cardoso's governing coalition after the election, as did the right-wing [[Brazilian Progressive Party]] (PPB) in 1996.

Party loyalty was not always strong, and coalition members did not always vote with the government. Cardoso had difficulty at times gaining support for some of his legislative priorities, even though his coalition held an overwhelming majority of the congressional seats. Nevertheless, many constitutional amendments were passed during his presidency.{{clarify|date=July 2017}}

Cardoso's presidency saw institutional advancements in human rights, beginning with a national secretariat and a new government program, discussed with civil society, to address the issue. On 8 January 1996, he issued the controversial [[Decree 1775]], which created a framework for the clear demarcation of [[Indigenous territory (Brazil)|indigenous territories]], but which, as part of the process, opened [[Indigenous peoples of Brazil|indigenous]] territories to counterclaims by adjacent landowners. In 2000, Cardoso demanded the disclosure of some classified military files concerning [[Operation Condor]], a network of South American military dictatorships that kidnapped and assassinated political opponents.<ref name="Huma">{{cite news | url=http://www.humaniteinenglish.com/article478.html | title=Latin America in the 1970s: "Operation Condor", an International Organization for Kidnapping Opponents | work=l’Humanité in English | date=1 January 2007 | access-date=12 November 2014 | author=Devienne, Gérard | archive-date=7 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707162341/http://www.humaniteinenglish.com/article478.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

FHC was the first Brazilian President to address the [[Social issues in Brazil|inequality]] and the enormous gap between rich and poor. He started the following programs: [[:pt:Bolsa-escola|Bolsa Escola]], the [[:pt:Auxílio-gás|Auxílio Gás]], the Bolsa Alimentação, and the Cartão Alimentação.<ref name="EBC">{{cite news | url=http://memoria.ebc.com.br/agenciabrasil/noticia/2002-03-05/fernando-henrique-anuncia-cadastro-unico-e-auxilio-gas | title=Fernando Henrique anuncia cadastro único e auxílio-gás | work=Agência Brasil | date=5 March 2002 | access-date=12 November 2014 | language=pt}}</ref>

His wife, [[Ruth Cardoso]], focused on unifying transfer programs aimed at helping people suffering from poverty and hunger.,<ref name="bbc-death-ruth">{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/reporterbbc/story/2008/06/080625_morteruthcardoso_np.shtml 
| title=Ruth Cardoso lançou sementes do Bolsa Família, diz acadêmico 
| work=BBCBrasil.com | publisher=BBC 
| date=25 June 2008 | access-date=11 November 2014 | language=pt}}
</ref><ref name="folha-death-ruth">
{{cite news | url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2008/06/415856-gilberto-dimenstein-ruth-cardoso-e-personagem-por-tras-do-bolsa-familia.shtml 
| title=Gilberto Dimenstein: Ruth Cardoso é personagem por trás do Bolsa Família | work=Folha de S.Paulo 
| date=25 June 2008 | access-date=11 November 2014 | language=pt
}}
</ref><ref name="exame-bolsa">
{{cite news | url=http://exame.abril.com.br/rede-de-blogs/blog-do-bolivar-lamounier/2010/08/09/bolsa-isto-bolsa-aquilo-alguem-ai-se-lembra-de-ruth-cardoso/ | title=Bolsa-isto, bolsa-aquilo…; alguém aí se lembra de Ruth Cardoso ? | work=Exame.com | date=9 August 2008 | access-date=11 November 2014 | author=Lamounier, Bolívar | language=pt | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007063501/http://exame.abril.com.br/rede-de-blogs/blog-do-bolivar-lamounier/2010/08/09/bolsa-isto-bolsa-aquilo-alguem-ai-se-lembra-de-ruth-cardoso/ | archive-date=7 October 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> by means of a program based on the idea that educating the poor could help raise them out of poverty.<ref name="worldbank">{{cite web | url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/SP-Discussion-papers/Safety-Nets-DP/0542.pdf 
| title=Brazil's Bolsa Escola Program: The Role of Local Governance in Decentralized Implementation | publisher=The World Bank 
| date=December 2005 | access-date=2 February 2014 |author1=de Janvry, Alain |author2=Finan, Frederico |author3=Sadoulet, Elisabeth |author3-link=Elisabeth Sadoulet|author4=Nelson, Donald |author5=Lindert, Kathy |author6=de la Brière, Bénédicte |author7=Lanjouw, Peter 
}}
</ref>

Cardoso's administration deepened the privatization program launched by president [[Fernando Collor de Mello]]. During his first term, several government-owned enterprises in areas such as steel milling, telecommunications and mining, such as  ''[[Telebras]]'' and ''[[Companhia Vale do Rio Doce]]'' were sold to the private sector, the deepest denationalisation in Brazilian history, amidst a polarized political debate between "neoliberals" and "developmentalists". Ironically, this time Cardoso was against the latter group, generating uproar among former academic colleagues and political allies who accused him of reneging on his previous intellectual work. Economists still contend over its long-term effects; some research suggests that companies sold by the government achieved better profitability as a result of their disengagement from the state.<ref name="revistabras-economia">{{cite journal | title=Os efeitos da privatização sobre o desempenho econômico e financeiro das empresas privatizadas |author1=Anuatti-Neto, Francisco |author2=Barossi-Filho, Milton |author3=Carvalho, Antonio Gledson de |author4=Macedo, Roberto | journal=Revista Brasileira de Economia |date=April–June 2005 | volume=59 | issue=2 | pages=151–175 | issn=0034-7140|language=pt | doi=10.1590/s0034-71402005000200001| doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Inauguration of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in 2003.jpeg|thumb|right|Outgoing president Cardoso, with his wife [[Ruth Cardoso|Ruth]] (right), at the [[Brazilian presidential inauguration|inauguration]] of [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] on 1 January 2003]]
Despite the sale of public assets, the years 1995 to 2002 saw a rise of the total public debt from 30%  to 55.5% of GDP. Economists aligned with his government argued that this was due to external factors outside the control of the administration at the time, such as the devaluation of the Brazilian real and the growth of the share of the debt denominated in US dollars.<ref>{{cite web | title=Fiscal Policy and Debt Sustainability: Cardoso's Brazil, 1995–2002 
| publisher=International Monetary Fund 
|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2004/wp04156.pdf | date=August 2004 
| access-date=12 November 2014 |author1=Giambiagi, Fabio 
|author2=Ronci, Marcio 
}}
</ref> Nevertheless, [[devaluation]] of the currency was an instrument of [[monetary policy]] used right after his reelection, when the real pegged to the dollar led to a financial crisis that saw the country lose much of its foreign reserve fund and raise its interest rates on government bonds to very high levels as he tried to stabilize the currency under a new free-floating regime. With this economic shift, the greatest achievement of Cardoso – his landmark lowering of inflation – was maintained, but his popularity plummeted.

Given his previous experience as Minister of Foreign Affairs and his prestige as an internationally famous sociologist, he was respected on the world scene, building friendships with such leaders as [[Bill Clinton]] and [[Ernesto Zedillo]]. Although he was respected abroad, in Brazil he had problems gaining support in Congress for government priorities and among people in general. As a result, major reforms planned by the [[executive branch]], such as changes in the tax system and to [[social security]], were only partially approved and only after long discussion. Although claiming to still support [[social democracy]], his economic policies led people on the left to identify him with [[neoliberalism]] and [[right-wing politics]], terms that often carry a [[Pink tide|very negative connotation]] in Latin American political debate and academic circles.

[[File:Viagens presidenciais de Fernando Henrique Cardoso.png|thumb|Foreign trips of Cardoso during his presidency]]
He also experienced personal problems with former ally [[Itamar Franco]], his predecessor who later became Governor of [[Minas Gerais]], a fierce opponent of his administrative reforms that saw the state lose its capacity to contract debt and forced a reduction of local government spending. Cardoso was also criticized for amending the constitution to his own benefit, allowing him to stay eight years in office. His popularity in his first four years, gained with the success of [[Plano Real]], decreased during his last four years as the currency crisis was followed by lower economic growth and employment rates, greater public debt, growing political dissent, low levels of investment in appropriate infrastructure, and, finally, an energy crisis caused by an unexpected drought, as over 80% of Brazil's electricity is hydroelectric. He publicly admitted that he could have done more for [[public security]] and for the creation of new jobs, but defended his policies in areas such as health and education.

Cardoso's administration was accused of bribing congressmen to pass a constitutional amendment that secured FHC the right to seek reelection, which he eventually won.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1997/05/22/2-brazilians-quit-congress-in-bribe-probe/86d23950-50f9-4ff5-8ad4-25d2a34b8b66/|title=2 BRAZILIANS QUIT CONGRESS IN BRIBE PROBE|first=Peter|last=Muello|date=22 May 1997|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

==Post-presidency==
[[File:FHC, Collor e Sarney.jpg|thumb|left|Former presidents (from right), [[José Sarney|Sarney]], [[Fernando Collor de Mello|Collor]] and Cardoso, April 2008]]
After stepping down from office, he assumed a position as a senior leader of his party and leading public voice in the opposition to the incumbent [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers' Party]], writing extensively on Brazilian politics for newspapers and giving lectures and interviews. Nevertheless, his relatively low popularity rates among the general population have made his legacy a mixed blessing to his political allies, who are somewhat reluctant to embrace it wholeheartedly during elections, especially on topics regarding privatization and social policy. In 2006, he helped the campaign of the PSDB candidate for the Presidency, [[Geraldo Alckmin]], and has reiterated that he does not wish to run for office again. In the [[2022 Brazilian presidential election|2022 presidential election]], Cardoso endorsed his former Workers' Party rival [[Lula]] over then-incumbent [[Jair Bolsonaro]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-election-third-place-candidate-endorses-lula-ahead-of-runoff/a-63350979 | title=Brazil: Third-place candidate endorses Lula | work= | publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] | date=6 October 2022| access-date=2 April 2023}}</ref>

[[File:FHC 15 anos real.jpg|thumb|Cardoso speaks at the [[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]] during a ceremony to mark the 15th anniversary of the [[Plano Real|Real Plan]] in July 2009]]
[[File:Cristina y Cardoso.jpg|thumb|Former President Cardoso and then-President of Argentina [[Cristina Kirchner]] in the [[Casa Rosada]], Buenos Aires, 3 December 2009]]
[[File:Posse de Fernando Henrique Cardoso na Academia Brasileira de Letras.jpg|thumb|Cardoso during his induction ceremony at the [[Academia Brasileira de Letras|Brazilian Academy of Letters]], 10 September 2013]]
He dedicates his time to a personal institute which he founded in [[São Paulo]], based on the model of bodies created by former presidents of the United States, has written two books about his experience as president of Brazil and advocates for relaxation of criminal laws relating to drugs, generating both criticism and praise. He lectures at [[Brown University]] about Brazilian economic policy, urban development, and [[Amazon Rainforest#Deforestation|deforestation]] and has taught as a guest lecturer at [[Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris|Sciences Po]] in Paris.<ref name="watson">{{cite web | url=http://www.watsoninstitute.org/pubs_news/cardoso_lecture.pdf | title=Environment, Development and Democracy: the Brazilian Experience | publisher=The Watson Institute for International Studies | date=5 March 2007 | access-date=14 November 2014 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033102/http://www.watsoninstitute.org/pubs_news/cardoso_lecture.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> Also, in 2007 he became a member of the editorial board of the Latin American policy publication ''[[Americas Quarterly]]'', for which he is an occasional contributor.<ref name="aq-editorial">{{cite web | url=http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/84 | title=Editorial Board | work=Americas Quarterly | publisher=Americas Society and Council of the Americas | access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="aq-fhc">{{cite web | url=http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/526 | title=Fernando Henrique Cardoso | work=Americas Quarterly | publisher=Americas Society and Council of the Americas | access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref>

Since leaving the Brazilian presidency, Cardoso has been involved in a number of international organisations and initiatives. He is a member of the [[Club of Madrid]] and was its president from 2003 to 2006.<ref name="clubdemadrid-fhc">{{cite web | url=http://www.clubmadrid.org/en/miembro/fernando_henrique_cardoso | title=Cardoso, Fernando Henrique | publisher=Club de Madrid | access-date=12 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112160948/http://www.clubmadrid.org/en/miembro/fernando_henrique_cardoso | archive-date=12 November 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He has been a member of the [[Fondation Chirac]]'s honour committee,<ref name="fondationchirac">{{cite web | url=http://www.fondationchirac.eu/en/foundation/honour-committee/ | title=Honor Committee | publisher=Fondation Chirac | access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> ever since the Foundation was launched in 2008 by former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. Cardoso is a founding member of Washington D.C.–based think tank The [[Inter-American Dialogue]] as well as former chair of the organization's board. He is also a former director of [[World Resources Institute]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wri.org/profile/fernando-henrique-cardoso | title=Fernando Henrique Cardoso | publisher=World Resources Institute | access-date=12 November 2014 | quote=Fernando Henrique Cardoso is no longer on staff at the World Resources Institute. | archive-date=12 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112160934/http://www.wri.org/profile/fernando-henrique-cardoso | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="wri-board">{{cite web | url=http://www.wri.org/aboard/board/fernando-henrique-cardoso | title=Fernando Henrique Cardoso | publisher=World Resources Institute | access-date=12 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301195533/http://www.wri.org/aboard/board/fernando-henrique-cardoso | archive-date=1 March 2013}}</ref>

Cardoso has a particular interest in drug policy. He served on the [[Latin American Initiative on Drugs and Democracy|Latin American Commission on Drugs and Democracy]] and later chaired the [[Global Commission on Drug Policy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalcommissionondrugs.org/commissioner/fernando-henrique-cardoso|title=Fernando Henrique Cardoso|date=20 March 2012|website=The Global Commission on Drug Policy|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref> He appeared as an interviewee in 2011 documentary [[Breaking the Taboo]], which explores the conclusion reached by the Global Commission on Drug Policy in 2011 that drug liberalization is the best approach in dealing with drug policy.

Cardoso is also a member of [[The Elders (organization)|The Elders]], a group of independent global leaders who work together on peace and human rights issues.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theelders.org/fernando-h-cardoso | title=Fernando H. Cardoso | publisher=[[The Elders (organization)|The Elders]] | access-date=7 March 2013}}</ref> In August 2009, he travelled to Israel and the [[West Bank]] as the head of an Elders delegation that also included [[Ela Bhatt]], [[Gro Harlem Brundtland]], [[Jimmy Carter]], [[Mary Robinson]] and [[Desmond Tutu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theelders.org/article/elders-visit-middle-east-%E2%80%93-25-28-august |title=The Elders visit to the Middle East – 25–28 August |publisher=[[The Elders (organization)|The Elders]] |date=21 August 2009 |access-date=7 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512232814/http://www.theelders.org/article/elders-visit-middle-east-%E2%80%93-25-28-august |archive-date=12 May 2013 }}</ref>

In 2013 he became a member of the [[Brazilian Academy of Letters]].

In 2017, Cardoso received the Distinguished Lifetime Achievement Award from the [[Inter-American Dialogue]].

==Electoral history==
{{Election box begin no change
| title = [[1978 Brazilian parliamentary election|1978 Brazilian Senate election in São Paulo]]
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Franco Montoro]]
| party = Brazilian Democratic Movement
| votes = 4,517,456
| percentage = 64.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Fernando Henrique Cardoso
| party = Brazilian Democratic Movement
| votes = 1,272,416
| percentage = 18.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Cláudio Lembo]]
| party = National Renewal Alliance
| votes = 1,225,730
| percentage = 17.47
}}
{{Election box candidate no party in partisan race no change
| candidate  = ''([[Spoilt vote|Invalid votes]])''
| votes      = 2,079,850
| percentage = 22.86
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
| votes      = 9,095,452
| percentage = 88.81
}}
{{Election box registered electors no change
| reg. electors = 10,241,247
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change
| title = 1985 São Paulo mayoral election
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Jânio Quadros]]
| party = Brazilian Labour Party (1981)
| votes = 1,572,260
| percentage = 39.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Fernando Henrique Cardoso
| party = Brazilian Democratic Movement
| votes = 1,431,175
| percentage = 35.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Eduardo Suplicy]]
| party = Workers' Party (Brazil)
| votes = 827,452
| percentage = 20.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Francisco Rossi]]
| party = National Community Party
| votes = 68,305
| percentage = 1.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Ana Rosa Tenente
| party = Humanist Party (Brazil)
| votes = 45,068
| percentage = 1.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Pedro Geraldo Costa
| party = Brazilian People's Party
| votes = 27,887
| percentage = 0.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Antônio Carlos Fernandes
| party = Community Municipalist Party
| votes = 8,107
| percentage = 0.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Ruy Côdo
| party = Liberal Party (Brazil, 1985)
| votes = 4,612
| percentage = 0.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[José Maria Eymael]]
| party = Christian Democratic Party (Brazil)
| votes = 4,578
| percentage = 0.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Armando Corrêa
| party = Brazilian Municipalist Party
| votes = 4,187
| percentage = 0.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Rivailde Ovídio
| party = Social Christian Party (Brazil)
| votes = 4,066
| percentage = 0.10
}}
{{Election box candidate no party in partisan race no change
| candidate  = ''([[Spoilt vote|Invalid votes]])''
| votes      = 192,344
| percentage = 3.97
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
| votes      = 4,190,041
| percentage = 86.51
}}
{{Election box registered electors no change
| reg. electors = 4,843,368
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change
| title = [[1986 Brazilian parliamentary election|1986 Brazilian Senate election in São Paulo]]
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Mário Covas]]
| party = Brazilian Democratic Movement
| votes = 7,785,667
| percentage = 32.78
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Fernando Henrique Cardoso
| party = Brazilian Democratic Movement
| votes = 6,223,995
| percentage = 26.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Hélio Bicudo]]
| party = Workers' Party (Brazil)
| votes = 2,456,837
| percentage = 10.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[José Maria Marin]]
| party = Liberal Front Party
| votes = 2,256,142
| percentage = 9.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Jacó Bittar
| party = Workers' Party (Brazil)
| votes = 1,747,423
| percentage = 7.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Fábio Meireles
| party = Democratic Social Party
| votes = 1.285,885
| percentage = 5.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Antônio Duarte Nogueira
| party = Brazilian Labour Party (1981)
| votes = 784,885
| percentage = 3.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Fernando Vergueiro
| party = Liberal Party (Brazil, 1985)
| votes = 379,285
| percentage = 1.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Sílvia Luiza Borini
| party = Humanist Party (Brazil)
| votes = 230,168
| percentage = 0.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Adalberto Camargo
| party = Brazilian People's Party
| votes = 181,989
| percentage = 0.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Luiz Jaime Faria
| party = Humanist Party (Brazil)
| votes = 159,878
| percentage = 0.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Eusébio Rocha
| party = Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)
| votes = 144,042
| percentage = 0.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Egisto Domenicali
| party = Community Municipalist Party
| votes = 115,482
| percentage = 0.49
}}
{{Election box candidate no party in partisan race no change
| candidate  = ''([[Spoilt vote|Invalid votes]])''
| votes      = 7,153,337
| percentage = 23.15
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
| votes      = 15,452,508
| percentage = 96.51
}}
{{Election box registered electors no change
| reg. electors = 16,010,572
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change
| title = [[1994 Brazilian general election]]
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Fernando Henrique Cardoso
| party = Brazilian Social Democracy Party
| votes = 34,364,961
| percentage = 54.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
| party = Workers' Party (Brazil)
| votes = 17,122,127
| percentage = 27.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Enéas Carneiro]]
| party = Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order
| votes = 4,671,457
| percentage = 7.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Orestes Quércia]]
| party = Brazilian Democratic Movement Party
| votes = 2,772,121
| percentage = 4.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Leonel Brizola]]
| party = Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)
| votes = 2,015,836
| percentage = 3.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Esperidião Amin]]
| party = Reform Progressive Party
| votes = 1,739,894
| percentage = 2.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Carlos Antônio Gomes
| party = National Reconstruction Party
| votes = 387,738
| percentage = 0.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Hernani Fortuna
| party = Social Christian Party (Brazil)
| votes = 238,197
| percentage = 0.38
}}
{{Election box candidate no party in partisan race no change
| candidate  = ''([[Spoilt vote|Invalid votes]])''
| votes      = 14,636,133
| percentage = 18.78
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
| votes      = 77,948,464
| percentage = 82.24
}}
{{Election box registered electors no change
| reg. electors = 94,782,803
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change
| title = [[1998 Brazilian general election]]
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Fernando Henrique Cardoso
| party = Brazilian Social Democracy Party
| votes = 35,936,540
| percentage = 53.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
| party = Workers' Party (Brazil)
| votes = 21,475,218
| percentage = 31.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Ciro Gomes]]
| party = Popular Socialist Party (Brazil)
| votes = 7,426,190
| percentage = 10.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Enéas Carneiro]]
| party = Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order
| votes = 1,447,090
| percentage = 2.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Ivan Frota
| party = Party of National Mobilization
| votes = 251,337
| percentage = 0.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Alfredo Sirkis]]
| party = Green Party (Brazil)
| votes = 212,984
| percentage = 0.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[José Maria de Almeida]]
| party = United Socialist Workers' Party
| votes = 202,659
| percentage = 0.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[João de Deus Barbosa de Jesus|João de Deus]]
| party = Labour Party of Brazil
| votes = 198,916
| percentage = 0.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[José Maria Eymael]]
| party = Christian Social Democratic Party
| votes = 171,831
| percentage = 0.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Thereza Ruiz
| party = National Labour Party (Brazil)
| votes = 166,138
| percentage = 0.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Sérgio Bueno
| party = Social Christian Party (Brazil)
| votes = 124,659
| percentage = 0.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Vasco Azevedo Neto]]
| party = Humanist Party of Solidarity
| votes = 109,003
| percentage = 0.16
}}
{{Election box candidate no party in partisan race no change
| candidate  = ''([[Spoilt vote|Invalid votes]])''
| votes      = 15,575,298
| percentage = 18.70
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
| votes      = 83,297,863
| percentage = 18.70
}}
{{Election box registered electors no change
| reg. electors = 106,101,067
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Honours==

===Foreign honours===

* {{flagu|Argentina}}: Collar of the [[Order of the Liberator General San Martín]]
* {{flagu|Bolivia}}: Collar of the [[Order of the Condor of the Andes]]
* {{flagu|Chile}}: Collar of the [[Order of Merit (Chile)]]
* {{flagu|Colombia}}: Collar of the [[Order of Boyacá]]
* {{flagu|Costa Rica}}: Gran Cross of the Order of Juan Mora Fernández
* {{flagu|Denmark}}: Knight of the [[Order of the Elephant]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kongehuset.dk/modtagere-af-danske-dekorationer|title=Modtagere af danske dekorationer|date=12 December 2017|website=Kongehuset|language=da|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512015518/http://kongehuset.dk/modtagere-af-danske-dekorationer|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Ecuador}}: Collar of the [[National Order of Merit (Ecuador)]]
* {{flagu|Finland}}: Gran Cross with Collar of the [[Order of the White Rose of Finland]]
* {{flagu|France}}: 
** Gran Cross of the [[Legion of Honour]]
** Officier of the [[Ordre des Palmes académiques]]
* {{flagu|Germany}}: Grand Cross Special Class of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
* {{flagu|Hungary}}: Grand Cross with Chain	of the [[Hungarian Order of Merit]]
* {{Flag|Italy}}: Collar of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]] (1995)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/11391|title=Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana|website=quirinale.it|access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Japan}}: Grand Cordon	of the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]]
* {{flagu|KSA}}: Collar of the [[Order of King Abdulaziz]] 
* {{flagu|Malaysia}}: Honorary Recipient of the [[Order of the Crown of the Realm]] (1995)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/|title=Bahagian Istiadat dan Urusetia Persidangan Antarabangsa|website=istiadat.gov.my|access-date=15 June 2016|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719195551/http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Mexico}}: Collar of the [[Order of the Aztec Eagle]]
* {{flagu|Panama}}: Gran Cross of the [[Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero]] 
* {{flagu|Paraguay}}: Gran Cross of the [[National Order of Merit (Paraguay)]] 
* {{flagu|Peru}}: 
** Grand Cross with diamonds of the [[Order of the Sun of Peru]] 
** Gran Cross of the National Order of Merit
* {{flagu|Portugal}}:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154&list=1|title=ENTIDADES ESTRANGEIRAS AGRACIADAS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS – Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas|website=ordens.presidencia.pt|access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref>
** Collar of the [[Order of Prince Henry]] (2000)
** Collar of the [[Order of Liberty]] (1995)
** Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit (Portugal)|Order of Merit]] (1987)
** Collar of the [[Military Order of Saint James of the Sword]] (1997)
** Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Tower and Sword]] (2002)
* {{flagu|Poland}}:
** [[Order of the White Eagle (Poland)|Order of the White Eagle]] (2002)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20020180319|title=Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 21 lutego 2002 r. o nadaniu orderu.|website=prawo.sejm.gov.pl|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726100314/http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20020180319|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland]] (1995)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP19950220258|title=Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 16 lutego 1995 r. o nadaniu orderu.|website=prawo.sejm.gov.pl|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726100429/http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP19950220258|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Romania}}: [[Order of the Star of Romania]]
* {{Flag|South Africa}}: Gran Cross of the [[Order of Good Hope]] 
* {{Flag|South Korea}}: [[Grand Order of Mugunghwa]] 
* {{Flag|Spain}}: Collar of the [[Order of Isabella the Catholic]] (1998)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boe.es/boe/dias/1998/04/18/pdfs/A12980-12980.pdf |title=Listing |publisher=boe.es |date=18 April 1998 |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref>
* {{flag|Slovakia}}: Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the [[Order of the White Double Cross]] (2001)<ref>Slovak republic website, [http://www.slovak-republic.org/symbols/honours/ State honours] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413004835/http://www.slovak-republic.org/symbols/honours/ |date=13 April 2016 }}: 1st Class in 2001 (click on "Holders of the Order of the 1st Class White Double Cross" to see the holders' table)</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2014}}
* {{flag|Suriname}}: Grand Cross of the [[Honorary Order of the Yellow Star]] 
* {{flagu|Ukraine}}: First Class of the [[Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise]]
* {{flagu|Uruguay}}: [[Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay]] (1995)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Resolución N° 758/995|url=https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/resoluciones/758-1995|access-date=26 November 2020|website=www.impo.com.uy}}</ref>
* {{flagu|United Kingdom}}: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Bath]] (1997)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leighrayment.com/knights/knightshon.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407070241/http://www.leighrayment.com/knights/knightshon.htm|archive-date=7 April 2017|title=British Honours|website=leighrayment.com|url-status=usurped|access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref>
* {{flagu|United States}}: [[Kluge Prize]], 2012<ref name="nyt-scholar">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/14/arts/fernando-henrique-cardoso-of-brazil-to-receive-kluge-prize.html | title=Brazil's Ex-Leader Honored as Scholar | work=The New York Times | date=13 May 2012 | access-date=11 November 2014 | author=Rohter, Larry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-12-098/|title=Library of Congress to Award President Fernando Henrique Cardoso Kluge Prize for Study of Humanity|newspaper=The Library of Congress|access-date=15 February 2017}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Venezuela}}: 
** Collar of the [[Order of the Liberator]] 
** Gran Cross of the [[Order of Francisco de Miranda]]

===Honorary doctorate===
* 1978 Honorary Doctor of Laws, [[Rutgers University]]
* 2001 Honorary Doctor of Law, [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] (awarded in São Paulo on 11/18)
* 2002 Honorary Doctor of Science, [[Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ukf.sk/univerzita/historia-univerzity/cestni-doktori/23-univerzita/o-univerzite/2142-fernando-henrique-cardoso|access-date=1 September 2024 |title=Fernando Henrique Cardoso (2002) }}</ref>
* 2012 Honorary Doctor of Sociology, [[ISCTE-IUL]], Portugal
* 2016 Honorary Doctor of Laws, [[Harvard University]] (awarded in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on 26 May 2016).
* 2021 Honorary Doctor of Science, [[University of Bath]]

==Selected works==
* Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (2006) ''The Accidental President of Brazil'', PublicAffairs, {{ISBN|1-58648-324-2}}
* Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (2001) ''Charting a New Course: The Politics of Globalization and Social Transformation'', Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|0-7425-0893-5}}
* Goertzel, Ted G.  (1999)  ''Fernando Henrique Cardoso:  Reinventing Democracy in Brazil'', Boulder:  Lynne Rienner.
* Cardoso, Fernando Henrique and [[Enzo Faletto|Faletto, Enzo]] (1979) "Dependency and Development in Latin America", University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-03193-8}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Fernando Henrique Cardoso }}
{{Portal|Brazil|Biography}}
*{{C-SPAN|39466}}

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{{s-ttl|title=6th academic of the 36th chair of the [[Academia Brasileira de Letras|Brazilian Academy of Letters]]|years=2013–present}}
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