View source for Fiat S.p.A.

{{short description|Italian holding company}}
{{About|the former holding company|its successor|Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|the operational car manufacturer|Fiat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Fiat S.p.A.
| logo = Fiat S.p.A. logo.svg
| logo_size = 100
| type = {{Lang|it|[[Società per azioni]]}}
| fate = Merged into successor [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]], taking control of the Fiat Group
| traded_as = <!--{{ISE|IT0001976403|F}}-->
| foundation = {{start date and age|1899|07|11}}
| founder = [[Giovanni Agnelli]]
| successor = [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]]<br>[[Fiat|Fiat Automobiles S.p.A.]]
| defunct = {{end date and age|2014|10|12}}
| location = [[Turin]], Italy
| key_people = [[Gianni Agnelli]]<br>[[John Elkann]] (chairman)<br />[[Sergio Marchionne]] (CEO)
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]<br/>Media
| products = Automobiles, [[commercial vehicles]], [[List of auto parts|auto parts]], newspapers, production systems
| production = 4.2&nbsp;million units <small>(mass market brands – new cars and LCVs)</small>(2012)<ref name="AR2012"/>
| revenue = {{Increase}} €83.957&nbsp;billion <small>(2012)</small><ref name="AR2012"/>
| operating_income = {{Increase}} €3.814&nbsp;billion <small>(2012)</small><ref name="AR2012" />
| assets = {{Increase}} €82.119&nbsp;billion <small>(end 2012)</small><ref name="AR2012"/>
| equity = {{increase}} €13.173&nbsp;billion <small>(end 2012)</small><ref name="AR2012"/>
| num_employees = 214,836 <small>(end 2012)</small><ref name="AR2012">{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2012|url= http://www.fiatspa.com/en-US/investor_relations/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2012/FiatGroup_Annual_Report_2012_ENG.pdf |work=Fiat|access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref>
| subsid = {{collapsible list|title=Companies<ref>{{cite web|title=Group Brands|url= http://www.fiatspa.com/en-US/group/brands/Pages/default.aspx |work=fiatspa.com|access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref>
| '''Automobiles'''
* [[Fiat Group Automobiles]]
** [[Abarth]]
** [[Alfa Romeo]]
** [[Fiat Automobiles|Fiat]]
** [[Fiat Powertrain]]
*** [[VM Motori]]
** [[Lancia]]
* [[Chrysler Group]] 
** [[Chrysler (division)|Chrysler]]
** [[Dodge]]
** [[Jeep]]
** [[Ram Trucks]]
** [[Mopar]]
** [[Street and Racing Technology|SRT]]
* [[Ferrari]] (90%)
* [[Maserati]]
'''Agriculture and industrial'''
*[[CNH Industrial]] (83%)
**[[New Holland Agriculture]]
**[[New Holland Construction]]
**[[Iveco]]
'''Components and production systems'''
* [[Magneti Marelli]]
**[[AL-Automotive Lighting|Automotive lighting]]
* [[Comau]]
* [[Teksid]] (84.8%)
'''Publishing and advertising'''
* Itedi
** ''[[La Stampa]]''
** [[Publikompass]]}}
| owner = [[Exor (company)|Exor]] (30.05%)
| homepage = 
}}
'''Fiat S.p.A.''', or ''Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino'' (Italian Automobile Factory of Turin), was an Italian [[holding company]] whose original and core activities were in the [[automotive industry]], and that was succeeded by [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV]] (FCA). The Fiat Group contained many brands such as Ferrari, Maserati, Fiat, Alfa Romeo, the Chrysler Group, and many more. On 29 January 2014, it was announced that Fiat S.p.A. (the former owner of Fiat Group) was to be merged into a new Netherlands-based holding company [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV]] (FCA), taking place before the end of 2014. [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]] became the new owner of Fiat Group.<ref name="fiatspa.com">{{cite press release|url= http://www.fiatspa.com/en-US/media_center/FiatDocuments/2014/Giugno/Fiat_S_p_A_approves_merger_plan_for_the_formation_of_Fiat_Chrysler_Automobiles.pdf |title=Fiat S.p.A. approves merger plan for the formation of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles |date=15 June 2014 |publisher=Fiat S.p.A. |access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref> On 1 August 2014, Fiat S.p.A. received necessary shareholder approval to proceed with the merger (which followed board approval).<ref name="USAToday-Snavely">{{cite news|url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2014/08/01/with-vote-for-chrysler-merger-fiat-looks-abroad/13473769/ |title=Merger opens new chapter for Fiat Chrysler Automobiles |first=Brent |last=Snavely |date=4 August 2014 |newspaper=USAToday |access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref> The merger became effective 12 October 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/chrysler/2014/10/07/fiat-chrysler-automobiles-merger-cleared/16851393/ |title=Fiat Chrysler Automobiles merger to become official Sunday |date=7 October 2014 |first=Michael |last=Wayland |newspaper=The Detroit News |access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-fiat-spa-chrysler-idUSKCN0HW0CZ20141007 |title=Fiat says merger into Dutch-registered FCA effective October 12 |work=Reuters |date=7 October 2014 |access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref>

Fiat was founded in 1899 by a group of investors, including [[Giovanni Agnelli]]. During its more than century-long history, Fiat has also manufactured railway [[locomotive|engines]] and carriages, [[military vehicle]]s, farm [[tractor]]s, and aircraft. In 2013, Fiat (together with Chrysler) was the second largest European automaker by volumes produced, and the [[Automotive industry|seventh in the world]] ahead of [[Honda]], [[Groupe PSA|PSA Peugeot Citroën]], [[Suzuki]], [[Renault]], and [[Daimler AG]].

Over the years Fiat has acquired numerous other automakers: it acquired [[Lancia]] in 1968, became a shareholder of [[Ferrari]] in 1969, took control of [[Alfa Romeo]] from the Italian government in 1986, purchased [[Maserati]] in 1993, and became the full owner of [[Chrysler|Chrysler Group LLC]] in 2014. Fiat Group currently produces vehicles under twelve brands: [[Abarth]], [[Alfa Romeo]], [[Chrysler (division)|Chrysler]], [[Dodge]], [[Ferrari]], [[Fiat Automobiles|Fiat]], [[Fiat Professional]], [[Jeep]], [[Lancia]], [[Maserati]], [[Ram Trucks]], and [[Street & Racing Technology|SRT]].

In 1970 Fiat employed more than 100,000 in Italy when its production reached the highest number, 1.4&nbsp;million cars, in that country.<ref name=bloombergJan3014>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-29/maserati-boom-signals-fiat-arrivederci-to-italian-past.html |title=Maserati Boom Signals Fiat 'Arrivederci' to Italian Past  |author=Tommaso Ebhardt and David Rocks |date=30 January 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg }}</ref> As of 2002, Fiat built more than 1 million vehicles at six plants in Italy and the country accounted for more than a third of the company's revenue.<ref name=bloombergJan3014/>

Fiat-brand cars are built in several locations around the world. Outside Italy, the largest country of production is Brazil, where the Fiat brand is the market leader.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.autoblog.it/post/9027/fiat-n1-in-brasile-a-maggio|title=Fiat n.1 in Brasile (a maggio) |publisher=autoblog.it |language=it|date=29 June 2007|access-date=9 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://es.autoblog.com/2007/06/29/ventas-mayo-2007-brasil/|title=Ventas Mayo 2007: Brasil|publisher=Auto blog|language=es|first=Enrique|last=Garcí|date=29 June 2007|access-date=9 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227134921/http://es.autoblog.com/2007/06/29/ventas-mayo-2007-brasil/|archive-date=27 February 2012}}</ref> The group also has factories in Argentina, Poland and Mexico (where Fiat-brand vehicles are manufactured at plants owned and operated by Chrysler for export to the U.S., Brazil, Italy and other markets) and a long history of licensing manufacture of its products in other countries – in the 1960s, Fiat notably set up joint ventures in Eastern Europe with the best known being [[AvtoVAZ|VAZ]] ([[Lada]]) in the former [[Soviet Union]]. It also has numerous alliances and joint ventures around the world, the main ones being located in Serbia, France, Turkey, India and China.

[[Gianni Agnelli]], the grandson of founder Giovanni Agnelli, was Fiat's chairman from 1966 until 1996; he then served as honorary chairman from 1996 until his death on 24 January 2003, during which time [[Cesare Romiti]] served as chairman. He was succeeded briefly by Paolo Fresco, who served as chairman, and Paolo Cantarella, as CEO. [[Umberto Agnelli]] then took over as chairman from 2003 to 2004. After Umberto Agnelli's death on 28 May 2004, [[Luca Cordero di Montezemolo]] was named chairman, with Agnelli heir [[John Elkann]] becoming vice chairman (at the age of 28), and other family members also serving on the board. On 1 June 2004, Giuseppe Morchio was replaced by [[Sergio Marchionne]] as CEO.

==History==
[[File:Fiat 3,5hp 1899.jpg|thumb|Fiat 3 ½ CV (1899)]]
[[File:Fiat corso dante.jpg|thumb|Corso Dante plant]]
[[File:Fiat tractor of 1919 in The Gas Engine Monthly Magazine Ohio vol 21.jpg|thumb|Fiat tractor in a 1919 American magazine article]]
[[File:Fiat Lingotto veduta-1928.jpg|thumb|[[Lingotto]] factory (1928)]]
[[File:Fiat 508 Balilla, advertisement, 1939, Netherlands.jpg|thumb|Advertisement, 1939]]
[[File:Fiat Mirafiori.jpg|thumb|Mirafiori plant]]
[[File:Lingotto-1.jpg|thumb|[[Lingotto]] factory (2008)]]

Giovanni Agnelli, with several investors, founded the Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (F.I.A.T.) [[S.A. (corporation)|società per azioni (S.p.a.)]],<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Szczesny |first=Joseph R. |url=http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1895296,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503150741/http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1895296,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 May 2009 |title=Here Come the Fiats: Vrooom |magazine=Time |date=1 May 2009 |access-date=7 May 2009}}</ref> ''Italian Automobile Factory of Turin'', in 1899. Its [[acronym]]ous name was changed to upper- and lower-case ''Fiat'' in 1906.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wingard|first=George F.|title=The Big-Block Fiats 1904–1914|journal=Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance program|date=August 2012|pages=148–153}}</ref> Agnelli led the company until his death in 1945, while [[Vittorio Valletta]] administered the firm's daily activities. Its first car, the [[Fiat 4 HP|3 ½ CV]], of which only 24 copies were built, all bodied by [[Alessio (coachbuilder)|Alessio]] of Turin,<ref>{{cite web|title=Chi Siamo (italian)|url=http://www.fiat.it/it/mondo-fiat/chi-siamo|work=fiat.it|access-date=1 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116004017/http://www.fiat.it/it/mondo-fiat/chi-siamo|archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> strongly resembled contemporary [[Benz & Cie.|Benz]],<ref name="Georgano, p.24 cap">Georgano, p. 24 cap.</ref> and had a {{convert|697|cc|cuin|abbr=on}} boxer twin engine.<ref name="Georgano, p.24 cap"/> In 1903, Fiat produced its first truck.<ref name="drive.com.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.drive.com.au/Editorial/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID=463|title=Fiat centenary something to crow over|access-date=9 March 2008|first=Bob|last=Jennings|work=drive.com.au|archive-date=5 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005203930/http://www.drive.com.au/Editorial/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID=463|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1908, the first Fiat was exported to the US.<ref name="drive.com.au"/> That same year, the first Fiat aircraft engine was produced. Also around the same time, Fiat taxis became popular in Europe.<ref name="allaboutitaly.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutitaly.com/jumpNews.asp?idCannel=1981&idUser=0&idNews=23615|title=Fiat, a joint-stock company that soon become famous|access-date=25 January 2008|work=allaboutitaly.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224091123/http://www.allaboutitaly.com/jumpNews.asp?idCannel=1981&idUser=0&idNews=23615|archive-date=24 December 2008}}</ref>

By 1910 Fiat was the largest automotive company in Italy – a position it has retained since. That same year, a new plant was built in [[Poughkeepsie (city), New York|Poughkeepsie]], NY, by the newly founded American F.I.A.T. Automobile Company.<ref name=h1>{{cite web | title = 1913 Fiat Type 56 | first = Mark J. | last = McCourt | url = http://www.hemmings.com/hmn/stories/2004/08/01/hmn_feature1.html | work = Hemmings Motor News |access-date = 24 June 2019 }}</ref><ref name=h2>{{cite web|title=Inside the Poughkeepsie Fiat factory|url=http://blog.hemmings.com/index.php/2009/06/08/inside-the-poughkeepsie-fiat-factory/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108130829/http://blog.hemmings.com/index.php/2009/06/08/inside-the-poughkeepsie-fiat-factory/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 January 2013|work= Hemmings Motor News |access-date=18 May 2013}}</ref> Owning a Fiat at that time was a sign of distinction. The cost of a Fiat in the US was initially $4,000<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Kimes |editor-first=Beverly Rae |editor2-last=Clark |editor2-first=Henry Austin Jr. |title=The Standard Catalogue of American Cars 1805–1942 |edition=2nd |publisher=Krause Publications |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-87341-111-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/standardcatalogo0000kime/page/38 38] |url=https://archive.org/details/standardcatalogo0000kime/page/38 }}</ref> and rose up to $6,400 in 1918,<ref>Kimes/Clark (1985), p. 39</ref> compared to $825 for a [[Ford Model T]] in 1908,<ref>Kimes/Clark (1985), p. 551</ref> and $525 in 1918, respectively.<ref>Kimes/Clark (1985), p. 556</ref> During [[World War I]], Fiat had to devote all of its factories to supplying [[Allies of World War I|the Allies]] with aircraft, engines, machine guns, trucks, and ambulances. Upon the entry of the US into the war in 1917, the factory was shut down as US regulations became too burdensome.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}} After the war, Fiat introduced its first tractor, the 702.<ref name="themanufacturer.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.themanufacturer.com/us/profile/4183/Case_New_Holland?PHPSESSID=c88bc |title=Case New Holland, Family history |access-date=12 March 2008 |work=themanufacturer.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220122410/http://www.themanufacturer.com/us/profile/4183/Case_New_Holland?PHPSESSID=c88bc |archive-date=20 February 2009 }}</ref> By the early 1920s, Fiat had a market share in Italy of 80%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9034166/Fiat-SpA|title=Fiat SpA |publisher=britannica |access-date=24 October 2012}}</ref>

In 1921 workers seized Fiat's plants and hoisted the red flag of communism over them, to which Agnelli responded by quitting the company. However, the [[Italian Socialist Party]] and its ally organization, the [[Italian General Confederation of Labour]], in an effort to effect a compromise with the centrist parties ordered the occupation to end. In 1922, Fiat began to build the famous [[Lingotto]] car factory—then the largest in Europe—which opened in 1923. It was the first Fiat factory to use assembly lines; by 1925, Fiat controlled 87% of the Italian car market.<ref>Georgano, p.151</ref> In 1928, with the [[Fiat 509|509]], Fiat included insurance in the purchase price.<ref>Georgano, p.8</ref>

Fiat made military machinery and vehicles during World War II for the [[Royal Italian Army|Italian army]] and ''[[Regia Aeronautica]]'', and later for the Germans. Fiat made fighter aircraft like the biplane [[Fiat CR.42 Falco|CR.42 Falco]], which was one of the most common Italian aircraft, along with [[Savoia-Marchetti]]s, as well as light tanks, obsolete compared to their German and Soviet counterparts, and armoured vehicles. The best Fiat aircraft was the [[FIAT G.55|G.55]] fighter, which arrived too late and in too limited numbers to impact the outcome of the war.

In 1945 the [[National Liberation Committee]] removed the Agnelli family from leadership roles in Fiat because of its ties to Mussolini's government. These were not returned until 1963, when Giovanni's grandson, [[Gianni Agnelli|Gianni]], took over as general manager until 1966 and as chairman until 1996.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Daniel |title=Fiat's Giovanni Agnelli, The Italian Prince |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2003/01/25/fiats-giovanni-agnelli-the-italian-prince/6b712eae-8e5e-4f02-9c13-2d8ca48cb2e7/ |agency=The Washington Post |date=25 January 2003}}</ref>

Fiat launched a nuclear research program in the 1950s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Curli |first=Barbara |date=2023 |title=Atoms for Industry: The Early Nuclear Activities of Fiat and the Atoms for Peace Program in Italy, 1956–1959 |journal=Journal of Cold War Studies |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=68–88 |doi=10.1162/jcws_a_01159 |issn=1520-3972|doi-access=free }}</ref> It was the first private company in Europe to host its own nuclear reactor.<ref name=":0" />

===Gianni Agnelli===
[[File:Sandro Pertini e Gianni Agnelli.jpg|thumb|left|Gianni Agnelli (in the center) and the Fiat board of directors meet Italian President [[Sandro Pertini]] (at his right) during an official visit to the new [[Sevel Sud|Sevel Val di Sangro]] factory, 1981.]]

Among the younger Agnelli's first steps after gaining control of Fiat was a massive reorganization of the company management, which had previously been highly centralized, with little provision for the delegation of authority and decision-making. Such a system was effective in the past, but lacked the responsiveness and flexibility needed by Fiat's steady expansion, and the growth of its international operations in the 1960s. The company was reorganized on a product-line basis, with two main product groups—one for passenger cars, the other for trucks and tractors—and a number of semi-independent division and subsidiaries. Top management, freed from responsibility for day-by-day operations of the company, was able to devote its efforts to more far-reaching goals. In 1967, Fiat made its first acquisition when it purchased [[Autobianchi]]; with sales amounting to $1.7&nbsp;billion, it outstripped Volkswagen, its main European competitor, and in 1968 produced some 1,750,000 vehicles while its sales volume climbed to $2.1&nbsp;billion. According to ''Newsweek'' in 1968, Fiat was "the most dynamic automaker in Europe...[and] may come closest to challenging the worldwide supremacy of Detroit." Then, in 1969, it purchased controlling interests in Ferrari and Lancia. At the time, Fiat was a [[conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]], owning [[Alitalia]], toll highways, a typewriter and office machine manufacturer, electronics and electrical equipment firms, a paint company, a civil engineering firm, and an international construction company.    Following up on an agreement Valletta had made with Soviet officials in 1966, Agnelli constructed the [[AvtoVAZ]] plant in the new city of [[Togliattigrad]] on the [[Volga]]. This began operation in 1970, producing a local version of the [[Fiat 124]] as the [[Lada]]. On his initiative, Fiat automobile and truck plants were also constructed in industrial centers of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], Poland, Bulgaria, and Romania.  In 1973, Fiat established [[Comau]], an industrial automation company out of the various suppliers which had equipped the AvtoVAZ plant in Russia.  Comau became an industry pioneer in the use of [[Robot]]ics for vehicle assembly – a technology with which Fiat would become synonymous for in the 1970s, with its "Robogate" system for bodyshell manufacture, and the later [[Fully Integrated Robotised Engine|FIRE]] family of robot-assembled engines in the 1980s.

Despite offering a relatively competitive range of cars, Fiat was not immune from the financial pressures that the auto industry confronted following the 1973 [[1973 oil crisis|oil price shock]]. Towards the end of 1976 it was announced that the Libyan government was to take a 9.6% shareholding in the company in return for a capital injection worth an equivalent of £250&nbsp;million.<ref name="Motor197612">{{cite journal|journal=Motor | editor = Roger Bell  |title =MotorWeek: Fiat's Arabian connection| page =18 | date = 11 December 1976}}</ref> The size of the Libyan investment is apparent when it is compared to the £310&nbsp;million [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] loan that the Italian government was trying to negotiate at the time.<ref name=Motor197612/> Other aspects of the Libyan agreement included the construction of a truck and bus plant at [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]].<ref name=Motor197612/> Chairman Agnelli candidly described the deal as "a classic petro-money recycling operation which will strengthen the Italian reserves, provide Fiat with fresh capital and give the group greater tranquility in which to carry out its investment programmes".<ref name=Motor197612/> Equally noteworthy was the fact that despite the dilutive effect of the Libyan investment on existing shareholders, the company's largest shareholder, the Agnelli family, retained a 30% stake in the recapitalised business.<ref name=Motor197612/>

In 1979 the company became a holding company when it spun off its various businesses into autonomous companies, one of them being Fiat Auto S.p.A.<ref name="stampa fiatauto">{{cite news |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,1/articleid,1069_01_1979_0020_0001_15293758/ |last=Villare |first=Renzo |title=Il vertice per la Fiat degli "Anni Ottanta" |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |date=24 January 1979 |access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref> Vittorio Ghidella was named CEO. That same year, sales reached an all-time high in the US, corresponding to the [[1979 energy crisis|Iranian Oil Crisis]]. However, when gas prices fell again after 1981, Americans began purchasing [[sport utility vehicle]]s, [[minivan]]s, and [[pickup truck]]s in larger numbers (marking a departure from their past preference for large cars). Also, Japanese automakers had been taking an ever-larger share of the car market, increasing at more than half a percent a year. Consequently, in 1984, Fiat and Lancia withdrew from the United States market. In 1989, it did the same in the Australian market, although it remained in New Zealand.

In 1986 Fiat acquired Alfa Romeo from the Italian government. Also, in 1986 15% of Fiat company stock was still owned by Libya, an investment dating back to the mid-seventies. US foreign policy under President Reagan's administration canceled a Pentagon contract to produce earth movers with Fiat and pressured the company into brokering a buyout of the Libyan investment. In 1992, two top corporate officials in the Fiat Group were arrested for political corruption.<ref name="query.nytimes.com/gst">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE2DF1630F93AA25757C0A965958260|title= Corruption at Fiat Is Admitted by Chairman |date=19 April 1993|first=Alan |last=Cowell |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=14 October 2012}}</ref> A year later, Fiat acquired Maserati. In 1995 Alfa Romeo exited the US market. Maserati re-entered the US market under Fiat in 2002. Since then, Maserati sales there have been increasing briskly.

===Paolo Fresco===
Paolo Fresco became chairman of Fiat in 1998 with the hope that the veteran of [[General Electric]] would bring more emphasis on shareholder value to Fiat. By the time he took power, Fiat's market share in Italy had fallen to 41%{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} from around 62% in 1984.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} However, a [[Jack Welch]]-like management style would be much harsher than that used by the Italians (e.g., precarious versus lifetime employment). Instead, Fresco focused on offering more incentives for good performance, including compensation using stock options for top and middle management.

But his efforts were frustrated by union objections. Unions insisted that pay raises be set by length of tenure, rather than performance. Another conflict was over his preference for informality (the founder, Giovanni Agnelli, used to be a cavalry officer). He often referred to other managers by their first name, although company tradition obliged one to refer to others using their titles (e.g., "Chairman Fresco"). The CEO of the company, Paolo Cantarella, ran the day-to-day affairs of the company, while Fresco determined company strategy and especially acted as a negotiator for the company. In 1999, Fiat formed [[CNH Industrial|CNH Global]] by merging [[New Holland Agriculture|New Holland NV]] and [[Case Corporation]].

In 2003 Fiat shed its insurance sector, which it was operating through Toro Assicurazioni to the DeAgostini Group. In the same year, Fiat sold its aviation business, [[Fiat Aviazione|FiatAvio]] to [[Avio|Avio Holding]]. In February 2004, the company sold its interest in Fiat Engineering, as well as its stake in [[Edison (company)|Edison]].

===Sergio Marchionne===
[[File:Fiat Sergio Marchionne.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Sergio Marchionne]], chief executive officer of Fiat Group]]

[[Sergio Marchionne]] was appointed CEO of Fiat in 2004 and initially he impressed investors.<ref name="autoblog.com">{{cite web|url= http://www.autoblog.com/2006/11/09/sergio-marchionne-steps-down-as-fiat-ceo/ |title=Sergio Marchionne steps down as Fiat CEO|access-date=20 January 2009|work=autoblog.com}}</ref> At the end of the 2005 financial year, the company saw its first profit in 17 quarters of €196M for the first 9 months of FY2006.<ref name="FIAT-S-P-A-Jun-2006-20-F">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1605/95012306008493/filing-main.htm |title=FIAT S P A, Form 20-F, Filing Date Jun 30, 2006 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =15 May 2018}}</ref>

Marchionne reduced Fiat's managerial bureaucracy refocused the business on markets and profit. While chairman, Luca di Montezemolo, dealt with politicians and unions, Marchionne rebuilt the car business. The success of the [[Fiat Grande Punto|Grande Punto]] model was in large part responsible for the turnaround in Fiat's fortunes, but the award-winning 500 cemented it. Fiat formed a joint venture with India's [[TATA Motors]], which has subsequently ended,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-11/news/38463206_1_tata-fiat-jv-tata-motors-outlets|title=After split with Tata Motors, Fiat begins its solo India ride|date=11 April 2013|work=Economic Times|access-date=30 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112190230/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-11/news/38463206_1_tata-fiat-jv-tata-motors-outlets|archive-date=12 January 2014}}</ref> and with China's [[Chery Automobile|Chery Motors]] which didn't conclude. In 2005 Fiat courted Ford,<ref name="economist.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_VNGPQTS|title=Sergio Marchionne, Fiat's turnaround man|access-date=13 April 2008|newspaper=The Economist |date=1 December 2005}}</ref> and returned to China with a joint venture [[GAC Fiat]] created in 2010. Under Marchionne Fiat also re-entered several large markets that it had exited years before, such as Mexico and Australia.

"Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A." was created on 1 February 2007 from Fiat Auto S.p.A.<ref name="repubblica FGA">{{cite news |url=http://www.repubblica.it/2007/01/motori/gennaio-07/fiat-gropu-new/fiat-gropu-new.html |title=Ora Fiat Auto cambia nome: diventa Fiat Group Automobiles |date=23 January 2007 |newspaper=[[La Repubblica]] |language=it |access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref>

Simultaneously, the four divisions of Fiat Auto (Fiat, Alfa Romeo, Lancia and Fiat Veicoli Commerciali) were made into four [[Joint stock company|Società per azioni]], all controlled 100 percent by Fiat Group Automobiles. The former brand directors became [[CEO]]s of the new societies, while the employees and production facilities remained under Fiat Group Automobiles.<ref name="repubblica FGA" />

At the same time the Abarth brand was relaunched as ''Abarth & C. S.p.A.'', a fifth independent society again owned 100 percent by Fiat Group Automobiles.<ref name="repubblica abarth">{{cite news |url= http://www.repubblica.it/2007/02/motori/febbraio-07/debutta-gamma-abarth/debutta-gamma-abarth.html |title= Svolta Fiat: torna l'Abarth e diventa marchio indipendente |date=23 January 2007 |newspaper= [[La Repubblica]] |first=Vincenzo |last=Borgomeo |language=it |access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref>

In December 2008 Marchionne announced Fiat had to become one of the top five automakers to survive in the long run. Under Marchionne's leadership, Fiat returned to Canadian and American markets with the new 500. However, since 2009, Marchionne has presided over a business that has experienced a loss in European market share from 9.3 to 6.2 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-12-09/fiat-looks-to-maseratis-jeeps-and-the-cute-little-500-for-a-jumpstart |archive-url= https://archive.today/20131211084810/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-12-09/fiat-looks-to-maseratis-jeeps-and-the-cute-little-500-for-a-jumpstart |url-status= dead |archive-date= 11 December 2013 |title=Fiat Looks to Maseratis, Jeeps, and the Cute Little 500 for a Jump-Start |first=Carol |last=Matlack  |date=9 December 2013 |publisher=Bloomberg Business Week |access-date=11 December 2013 }}</ref> In December 2013, Marchionne announced that he intended to discontinue the [[Fiat Grande Punto|Grande Punto]] so that the company could focus on "cool, high margin" [[Fiat 500 (2007)]] variants and the [[Fiat Panda]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.carscoops.com/2013/12/fiat-reportedly-plans-to-invest-9.html |title=Fiat Reportedly Plans to Invest €9 Billion on New Models Built in Italy, Will Kill Punto |date=9 December 2013 |publisher=carscoops.com |access-date=11 December 2013 }}</ref>

In 2010 [[John Elkann]] became the Chairman of Fiat SpA and shareholders approved a plan to demerger Fiat's capital goods businesses. Agricultural and construction equipment manufacturer [[CNH Global]] NV, truck maker [[Iveco]], and the industrial and marine division of [[Fiat Powertrain Technologies]] were spun off into a new group on 1 January 2011. The parent company, [[Fiat Industrial]] S.p.A., was listed on the Milan stock exchange on 3 January 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-51544720100916|title=Fiat shareholders approve corporate split|date=16 September 2010|first=Ian|last=Simpson|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=31 October 2010|archive-date=2 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102011935/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-51544720100916|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2010 credit rating agency [[Fitch Group|Fitch]] cut Fiat's debt rating to BB− after it had accumulated a debt of around {{Currency|9.3&nbsp;billion|EUR}}. In 2013, Fiats debt rating was cut again, this time by [[Moody's Investors Service|Moody's]], to Ba3<ref>{{cite news|last=Snavely|first=Brent|title=Fiat downgraded by Fitch|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20130225/BUSINESS01/130225066/Fiat%20debt%20rating%20downgraded%20by%20Fitch%20over%20concerns%20Chrysler%20share%20purchase|access-date=25 April 2013|newspaper=Detroit Free Press|date=25 February 2013}}</ref> over concerns European demand was lower and debt was falling slower than expected.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jie|first=Ma|title=Moody's lowers credit rating |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-10-10/peugeot-fiat-debt-ratings-lowered-by-moody-s-on-europe-concerns.html |access-date=25 April 2013|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=10 October 2012}}</ref> The ''Financial Times'' estimate of Fiat's debt at the time was almost {{Currency|28&nbsp;billion|EUR}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Financial Times estimate of Fiat Debt|url=http://markets.ft.com/research/Markets/Tearsheets/Financials?s=F:MIL|newspaper=Financial Times|access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref>

=== Acquisition of Chrysler ===
On 20 January 2009 Fiat S.p.A. and [[Chrysler|Chrysler LLC]] announced their intention to form a global alliance. Under the terms of the agreement, Fiat would take a 20% stake in Chrysler and gain access to its North American distribution network in exchange for providing Chrysler with technology and platforms to build smaller, more fuel-efficient vehicles in the US and providing reciprocal access to Fiat's global distribution network.<ref name="autonews.com/">{{cite web |url= http://www.autonews.com/article/20090120/COPY01/301209861/1128 |title=Fiat confirms plan to acquire 35% stake in Chrysler |access-date=20 January 2009|work=autonews.com/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090124040826/http://www.autonews.com/article/20090120/COPY01/301209861/1128 |archive-date = 24 January 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="italiaspeed.com/2009">{{cite web |url= http://www.italiaspeed.com/2009/cars/industry/01/chrysler/2001_statement.html |title=20.01.2009 Fiat to take equity stake in Chrysler as alliance is announced |access-date=20 January 2009 |work=italiaspeed.com/2009}}</ref> Agreements were signed on 30 April 2009,<ref name="Fiat Group and Chrysler enter into global strategic alliance">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiatspa.com/en-US/media_center/press_release/Pages/home.aspx?PYear=2009|title= Press release |publisher=Fiat |access-date=9 January 2013 }}</ref> with Fiat's future shareholding capped at 49% until all government loans had been repaid.<ref name="fiatgroup.com/en-us/mediacentre">{{cite web|url=https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/media_center/FiatDocuments/2010/DICEMBRE/12-01-2010_Clarifications_on_certain_issues_relating_to_the_Chrysler_Fiat_Alliance.pdf|title=Clarifications on certain issues relating to the Chrysler-Fiat Alliance|work=fiatgroup.com/en-us/mediacentre|access-date=6 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="businessweek.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-01-04/fiat-may-increase-chrysler-stake-to-51-before-ipo.html |title=Fiat May Increase Chrysler Stake to 51% Before IPO |access-date=4 January 2011 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106032309/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-01-04/fiat-may-increase-chrysler-stake-to-51-before-ipo.html |archive-date=6 January 2011 }}</ref>

In addition, the proposed agreement would entitle Fiat to receive a further 15% (without cash consideration) through the achievement of specific product and commercial objectives. No cash or financial support was required from Fiat under the agreement. Instead it would obtain its stake mainly in exchange for covering the cost of retooling a Chrysler plant to produce one or more Fiat models for in the US. Fiat would also provide engine and transmission technology to enable Chrysler to introduce smaller, fuel-efficient models in the NAFTA market.
The deal was engineered by Fiat chief Sergio Marchionne. The principal objective of the partnership was to provide both groups with significantly enhanced economies of scale and geographical reach at a time when they were struggling to compete with larger and more global rivals such as [[Toyota]], [[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen]] and alliance partners [[Renault|Renault S.A.]] and [[Nissan Motors|Nissan]].<ref name="awsj">{{cite news |url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123238519459294991?mod=special_page_campaign2008_mostpop | work=The Wall Street Journal |title= Fiat Nears Stake in Chrysler That Could Lead to Takeover | first1=Stacy |last1= Meichtry |first2= John |last2= Stoll |date= 20 January 2009}}</ref>

Fiat would not have to pay any money for its 20% of Chrysler. On 7 June 2009, the [[Indiana State Police]] Pension Fund, the Indiana Teacher's Retirement Fund, and the state's Major Moves Construction Fund asked the US Supreme Court to delay the sale of Chrysler to Fiat while they challenge the deal. The funds argued that the sale went against US bankruptcy law because it unlawfully rewarded unsecured creditors ahead of secured creditors.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8087637.stm |title=Court asked to stop Chrysler sale |work=BBC News |date=7 June 2009}}</ref> On 9 June 2009, the Supreme Court lifted the temporary hold, clearing the way for Fiat to acquire Chrysler.<ref name="online.wsj.com/article">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124453532783397365|title=Supreme Court Won't Block Chrysler-Fiat Deal|access-date=9 June 2009|work=online.wsj.com/article | first1=Mark H. | last1=Anderson | first2=Neil Jr. | last2=King | date=10 June 2009}}</ref> See [[Indiana State Police Pension Trust v. Chrysler]] for more information. On 10 June, the Supreme Court announced that Fiat was now an owner of the new Chrysler a.k.a. [[Chrysler|Chrysler Group LLC]].

Marchionne was appointed CEO of Chrysler following its emergence from bankruptcy proceedings. Under his leadership, Chrysler has taken on a structure similar to that of Fiat and has released, in quick succession, a large number of completely redesigned or refreshed vehicles.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}  Fiat launched its [[Fiat 500 (2007)|500]], which had been available in Europe since 2007, in the [[Automotive industry in the United States|United States]] and [[Automotive industry in Canada|Canada]] in 2011, marking the company's return to the [[Automotive industry in the United States|American auto market]], which it had been absent from since 1984.  Prior to this, Fiat's main presence on the continent was Mexico, where it offers a greater variety of products than in the United States and Canada.

On 10 January 2011 Fiat announced that it had increased its share in Chrysler from 20% to 25% following the achievement of the first of three performance objectives.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fiat increases ownership of Chrysler Group LLC|url=http://www.fiatspa.com/en-US/media_center/FiatDocuments/2011/January/Fiat%20increases%20ownership%20of%20Chrysler%20Group%20LLC.pdf|publisher=Fiat|access-date=9 January 2013 }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, it announced achievement of the second performance objective, increasing its stake a further 5% to 30%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fiat increases ownership of Chrysler Group LLC|url=http://www.fiatspa.com/en-US/media_center/FiatDocuments/2011/April/Fiat_increases_ownership_of_Chrysler_Group_LLC_from_25_to_30_percent.pdf|publisher=Fiat|access-date=9 January 2013 }}</ref> On 24 May 2011, Fiat announced that it had paid Chrysler US$1,268&nbsp;million for a further 16% interest, increasing its stake total stake to 46% (fully diluted). The transaction coincided with Chrysler refinancing its debt to the U.S. and Canadian governments.<ref name="Fiat 46%">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiatspa.com/en-US/media_center/FiatDocuments/2011/May/Fiat_increases_its_interest_in_Chrysler.pdf|title=Fiat increases its interest in Chrysler|access-date=25 May 2011|work=fiatspa.com}}</ref> On 25 May autonews.com reported that Fiat could buy government stakes in Chrysler as soon as the end of July 2011, increasing its total stake to 54%.<ref name="Autonews Fiat 54%">{{cite web|url=http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110525/COPY01/305259817/1179|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419024656/http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110525/COPY01/305259817/1179|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2013|title=Fiat may buy government stakes in Chrysler soon, source says|access-date=25 May 2011|work=autonews.com}}</ref>

In May 2011 it emerged that Fiat could actually increase its stake in Chrysler Group to more than 70 percent through the exercise of further options.<ref name="Chrysler 70">{{cite web|url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/2011/cars/industry/05/chrysler/1005_fiat_stake.html|title=SEC filings reveal Fiat can take its stake in Chrysler Group to over 70 percent|access-date=11 May 2011|work=italiaspeed.com}}</ref>

In a regulatory filing dated 22 July 2011, the Michigan-based automaker reported that Fiat held a 53.5% interest (fully diluted). Fiat and Chrysler have both stated that they expect that interest to reach 58.5% by the end of 2011 as result of achievement of the third of the three performance objectives.<ref name="huffingtonpost">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/21/chrysler-bailout-taxpayers-treasury_n_905999.html?icid=maing-grid7%7cmain5%7cdl12%7csec1_lnk2%7c80262|title=SEC in Chrysler Bailout, Taxpayers Likely To Lose Up To $1.3 Billion: Treasury|access-date=11 May 2011|work=italiaspeed.com|first=James|last=Sunshine}}</ref> On 5 January 2012 Fiat released press info that the ownership has increased to 58.5%.<ref name="Fiat's interest">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiatspa.com/en-US/media_center/FiatDocuments/2012/January/Fiat_increases_its_interest_in_Chrysler_Group_LLC_to_58,5_per_cent.pdf|title=Fiat increases its interest in Chrysler Group LLC to 58.5%|access-date=5 January 2012|year=2012|work=fiatspa.com}}</ref> The stake was further increased to 68.49% in July 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20120704/BUSINESS01/207040333/Fiat-ownership-stake-in-Chrysler-to-increase-to-61-8- |title=Fiat ownership stake in Chrysler to increase to 61.8% &#124; Auto news &#124; Detroit Free Press |publisher=freep.com |date=4 July 2012 |access-date=28 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717211932/http://www.freep.com/article/20120704/BUSINESS01/207040333/Fiat-ownership-stake-in-Chrysler-to-increase-to-61-8- |archive-date=17 July 2012 }}</ref> On 1 January 2014, Fiat announced it would be acquiring the remaining shares of Chrysler owned by the [[Voluntary Employee Beneficiary Association|VEBA]] worth $3.65&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/10546248/Fiat-to-take-total-control-of-Chrysler-in-3.65bn-deal.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/10546248/Fiat-to-take-total-control-of-Chrysler-in-3.65bn-deal.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Fiat to take total control of Chrysler in $3.65bn deal |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=1 January 2014 |access-date=1 January 2014 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The deal was completed by 21 January.

On 29 January 2014 it was announced that Fiat S.p.A. would be merged into a new company, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV, incorporated in the Netherlands with tax domicile in the UK. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles will become the owner of Fiat Group.<ref name="fiatspa.com"/> On 1 August 2014, Fiat S.p.A. received necessary shareholder approval to proceed with the merger (which followed board approval).<ref name="USAToday-Snavely"/> FCA will be listed on the New York Stock Exchange with an additional listing on the Mercato Telematico Azionario in Milan to follow.

==Activities==
[[File:Fiat Group revenues 2009.png|thumb|right|300px|Fiat Group revenues by sector in 2009]]
The group's activities were initially focused on the industrial production of cars, industrial and agricultural vehicles. Over time it has diversified into many other fields, and the group now has activities in a wide range of sectors in industry and financial services. It is Italy's largest industrial concern. It also has significant worldwide operations, operating in 61 countries with 1,063 companies that employ over 223,000 people, 111,000 of whom are outside Italy.

Fiat's main shareholders include 30.1% by [[Exor (company)|Exor S.p.A.]] (controlled by the Agnelli family), 24.9% by EU institutional investors, 11.2% by outside EU institutional investors and 2.6% by [[Baillie Gifford|Baillie Gifford & Co.]], a Scottish investment management company.<ref name="AR2012"/>

===Principal subsidiaries===
Fiat's principal operating subsidiaries (direct and indirect) include: Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. (FGA), [[Chrysler Group LLC]], Fiat Automoveis, S.A. (subsidiary of FGA); FGA Capital S.p.A. (a JV held 50% by FGA and 50% by [[Crédit Agricole]] CF), [[Ferrari|Ferrari S.p.A.]], [[Maserati|Maserati S.p.A.]], Magneti Marelli S.p.A., Teksid S.p.A., Comau S.p.A., Itedi-Italiana Edizioni S.p.A. (see 2010 Annual Report<ref>{{cite web|title=2010 Annual Report|url=http://www.fiatspa.com/en-US/investor_relations/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2010/Relazione_Finanziaria_UK.pdf|publisher=Fiat S.p.A.|access-date=9 January 2013 }}</ref>)

===Alliances and joint ventures===
Fiat has undertaken numerous joint ventures and alliances. Commencing in 1978, the [[Type Four platform]] was an alliance between Alfa Romeo, Fiat, Lancia and Saab and resulting in a range of cars on sale in the mid-1980s.

In 2000 a number of joint ventures were established with [[General Motors]] following GM buying 20% of Fiat while Fiat bought 6% of GM. Complications with the relationship saw these JVs being wound back by 2005.<ref>{{cite news|title=GM pays $2bn to evade Fiat buyout|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4263125.stm|work=BBC News|access-date=7 February 2014|date=14 February 2005}}</ref> Resulting projects included the [[GM Fiat Small platform]] and [[GM Powertrain Torino|Fiat-GM Powertrain]].

In 2005 Fiat formed an alliance with [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] to create a new small car, resulting in the [[Fiat 500 (2007)|Fiat 500]] and [[Ford Ka]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Fiat and Ford forge car alliance|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4228802.stm|work=BBC News|access-date=7 February 2014|date=9 September 2005}}</ref>

In 2012 Fiat formed an alliance with [[Mazda]] to develop and build a new rear wheel drive roadster for the Alfa Romeo and Mazda brands.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18171654|title= Fiat |access-date=23 May 2012 | work=BBC News |date=23 May 2012}}</ref>

===Automotive===
[[File:World locations of Fiat Group car manufacturing sites.png|thumb|left|300px|Global locations of Fiat Group automobile production sites, 2008. Including own plants, joint ventures and license production. Excluding Chrysler.]]

[[File:Fiat 1500 in 2014.JPG|thumb|A [[Fiat 1500 (1961)|Fiat 1500]] at a vintage car event in Germany in May 2014|alt=]] [[File:2012 Geneva Motor Show - Fiat 500L.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fiat 500L]] in production from 2012]] [[File:Lancia Delta 2.0 Multijet 16V Aquablau-Lavaschwarz.JPG|thumb|right|[[Lancia Delta]]]] [[File:Alfa 159 grey.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Alfa Romeo 159]]]] [[File:Maserati Gran Turismo red2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Maserati GranTurismo]]]] [[File:Ferrari 458 Italia.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ferrari 458 Italia]]]]
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Fiat is the largest vehicle manufacturer in Italy, with cars ranging from small Fiat [[city car]]s to sports cars made by Ferrari, and vans and trucks such as the [[Fiat Ducato|Ducato]]. Besides Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A., Fiat Group automotive companies include [[Chrysler Group LLC]] and [[Maserati|Maserati S.p.A.]] The Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. companies include: [[Abarth|Abarth & C. S.p.A.]], [[Alfa Romeo|Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A.]], [[Fiat Automobiles|Fiat Automobiles S.p.A.]], [[Fiat Professional]] and [[Lancia|Lancia Automobiles S.p.A.]]

[[Ferrari|Ferrari S.p.A.]] is 90% owned by the Fiat Group.<ref>{{cite web|title=Group Structure|url=http://www.fiatspa.com/en-US/group/structure/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=Fiat|access-date=13 July 2011}}</ref> The company also owns [[Autobianchi]] but the marque has been dormant since 1995, and [[Innocenti]], which ceased production in 1996.

The [[European Car of the Year]] award, Europe's premier automotive [[trophy]] for the past 50 years, has been awarded twelve times to the Fiat Group, more than any other manufacturer, most recently with the [[Fiat 500]] in 2008.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk/motoring">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/2749678/Fiat-Cinquecento-named-European-Car-of-the-Year.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/2749678/Fiat-Cinquecento-named-European-Car-of-the-Year.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Fiat Cinquecento named European Car of the Year|access-date=21 October 2009|work=telegraph.co.uk/motoring | location=London | date=24 November 2007}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Previous Fiat Group models which have won European Car of the Year: [[Fiat 124]] (1967), [[Fiat 128]] (1970), [[Fiat 127]] (1972), [[Lancia Delta]] (1980), [[Fiat Uno]] (1984), [[Fiat Tipo (Type 160)|Fiat Tipo]] (1989), [[Fiat Punto]] (1995), [[Fiat Bravo/Brava]] (1996), [[Alfa Romeo 156]] (1998), [[Alfa Romeo 147]] (2001) and the [[Fiat Panda]] (2004).

=== Trucks and buses ===
'''Fiat Industrial Vehicles''' (''Fiat Veicoli Industriali'') was Fiat's truck and bus division. It was created in 1903 with the launch of the 24HP model. By 1908 the company produced around 120 trucks, and by the end of 1918 production had grown to 17,000.

The operation closed in 1974 when Fiat created [[Iveco]] with [[Officine Meccaniche|OM]], [[Lancia]], [[Magirus]] and [[Unic]].

Iveco was demerged into [[Fiat Industrial]] at the beginning of 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fiat Industrial Cuts 2013 Goals on Iveco's European Sales|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-30/fiat-industrial-cuts-2013-goals-on-iveco-s-european-sales.html|work=Bloomberg|access-date=4 February 2014|date=30 April 2013}}</ref>

===Commercial vehicles===
On 17 April 2007 Fiat Automobiles' [[light commercial vehicle]] unit ''Fiat Veicoli Commerciali'' was rebranded as [[Fiat Professional]].<ref name="fiatgroupautomobilespress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiatgroupautomobilespress.com/index.php?l=2&group=4&method=news&action=zoom&id=20070417101055d7bc1d27084c359690eaf26134295b2d|title="Fiat Professional" is the new brand name for Fiat Light Commercial Vehicles|access-date=9 March 2008|work=fiatgroupautomobilespress.com|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090214121221/http://www.fiatgroupautomobilespress.com/index.php?l=2&group=4&method=news&action=zoom&id=20070417101055d7bc1d27084c359690eaf26134295b2d |archive-date = 14 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some of Fiat's light commercial vehicle products include the [[Fiat Ducato]], [[Fiat Scudo]] and [[Fiat Doblò]] Cargo.

=== Agricultural and construction equipment ===
''For Fiat branded Agricultural & Construction equipments from 1917 to 1991, see [[Fiat Trattori]] and from 1992 to 2014, see [[CNH Global]]''.

===Components===
The major Italian component maker [[Magneti Marelli]] is owned by Fiat, and it in turn owns other brands such as AL-Automotive Lighting, Carello, Cromodora, Cofap, Ergom Automotive, Jaeger, Mako Elektrik, Paraflu, Seima, Siem SpA, Solex, Veglia Borletti, Vitaloni and Weber.

===Metallurgical products===
Fiat owns [[Teksid|Teksid S.p.A.]], the largest iron foundry group in the world with a production capacity of approximately 600,000 tons annually. The company was established in December 1978, and designs and produces cylinder blocks, cylinder heads, exhaust manifolds, drive shafts, camshafts and other components for automobiles and commercial vehicles.
Teksid, which is specialized in casting and processing iron, has plants in France, Portugal, Poland, Brazil, Mexico and China.
Since 2007, Teksid S.p.A. runs also Teksid Aluminum S.r.l. a company specialized in casting and producing auto components from aluminium alloys.

===Production systems===
Production systems are made mainly through [[Comau|Comau S.p.A.]] (now Comau Systems), which bought the American Pico, Renault Automation and Sciaky and produces industrial automation systems. In the 1970s and 1980s, the company became a pioneer in the use of industrial robotics for the assembly of motor vehicles. Fiat assembly plants are among the best automated and advanced in the world.

===Services===
An insurance company, Toro Assicurazioni, allowed Fiat to control a relevant part of this market (also with minor companies like [[Lloyd Italico]]) and to interact with some associated banks. Toro Assicurazioni was acquired by the giant insurance company [[Assicurazioni Generali]] and is no longer part of the Fiat Group.

====Construction====
Ingest Facility and Fiat Engineering work in various fields of construction, while IPI is a mediation company that also deals with the management of real estate properties.

====Information technology====
Fiat Group is present in [[information technology|IT]] fields and in communications with ICT—Information & Communication Technology, Global Value, TeleClient, London and Atlanet.

===Publishing and communication===
Fiat Group also has interests in several major publishing houses and national and local newspapers, such as ''[[La Stampa]]'' (created in 1926), Itedi, and Italiana Edizioni. A specialised advertising space reseller is Publikompass, supported by the Consorzio Fiat Media Center. Fiat is also has one of the largest shareholdings in [[RCS MediaGroup]].

===Other activities===
Fiat Gesco, KeyG Consulting, Sadi Customs Services, Easy Drive, RM Risk Management and Servizio Titoli are minor companies that work for public services, delivering services in economics and financial fields. Other activities include industrial securitisation (Consorzio Sirio), treasury (Fiat Geva), Fiat Information & Communication Services.

Fiat supports the ''Fondazione Giovanni Agnelli'', an important foundation for social and economic research. [[Palazzo Grassi]], a well-known historic building in [[Venice]], now a museum and formerly supported by Fiat, was eventually sold to the French businessman [[François Pinault]] in January 2005.

====Aviation and motorcycles====
[[File:Italian G-91T.jpg|thumb|right|Fiat G91T training aircraft]]
{{Main|Fiat Aviazione|Avio|Piaggio Aero}}

Fiat, as Fiat Aviazione, was an important aircraft manufacturer, focused mainly on military aviation. After World War I, Fiat consolidated several Italian small aircraft manufacturers, like [[Fabbrica Aeroplani Ing. O. Pomilio|Pomilio]] and [[Gio. Ansaldo & C.|Ansaldo]]. Most famous were Fiat biplane [[fighter aircraft]] of the 1930s, [[Fiat CR.32]] and [[Fiat CR.42]]. Other notable designs were fighters [[Fiat CR.20|CR.20]], [[Fiat G.50 Freccia|G.50]], [[Fiat G.55|G.55]] and a bomber, the [[Fiat BR.20]]. In the 1950s, the company designed the [[Aeritalia G.91|G.91]] light ground attack plane. In 1969, Fiat Aviazione merged with [[Aerfer]] to create [[Aeritalia]].

In 1959 [[Piaggio]] came under the control of the Agnelli family. In 1964, the aeronautical and motorcycle divisions split to become independent companies. The aeronautical division was named IAM Rinaldo Piaggio. Today the aeronautical company [[Piaggio Aero]] is controlled by the family of [[Piero Ferrari]], which also holds 10% of the carmaker [[Ferrari]].

{{main|Vespa}}
The motorcycle division Vespa thrived until 1992, when Giovanni Alberto Agnelli became CEO—but Agnelli was already suffering from cancer, and died in 1997. In 1999, [[Morgan Grenfell|Morgan Grenfell Private Equity]] acquired Piaggio.

[[File:Fiat artillery tractor in Horseless Age v43 n4 1918-02-15 p50.png|thumb|Fiat [[artillery tractor]] in the journal ''Horseless Age'', 1918]]

====Weapons====
Fiat built [[artillery tractor]]s for the French and Italian armies in [[World War I]].

''Società Anonima Fabbrica Armi Torino'' (SAFAT) was a wholly owned subsidiary of FIAT in the 1930s, designing and manufacturing weapons for the Italian armed forces. After losing a competition to produce a series of new machine-guns for the [[Regia Aeronautica]], SAFAT was sold to the winning competitor – [[Società Italiana Ernesto Breda]], forming [[Breda-SAFAT]].

====Rail transport====
[[Fiat Ferroviaria]]'s history goes back to before World War II, when Fiat provided motive power used for both Diesel and electric locomotives and [[railcar]]s (''littorine'') not only in Italy, but other parts of Europe, and in South America. Fiat produced, among the rest, the successful [[Pendolino]] [[tilting train]]s, the first working prototype four-car set being run in the mid-1970s.

Fiat Ferroviaria was later sold to [[Alstom]] in 2000.

====Recreation====
The Fiat Group owned the [[Sestriere]] skiing facilities; the village in the [[Alps]] is a creation of the Agnelli family. The Sestriere skiing facilities were sold by the group in 2006.

==Enterprises outside Italy==
''See [[list of Fiat Group assembly sites]]''

Fiat was a key player in developing motor industries for a number of countries from the 1950s, particularly in Eastern Europe, Spain, Egypt, Ethiopia and Turkey. The [[AutoVAZ]] state works [[Lada]] products in Tolyatti (Togliatti), Russia, were Fiat based, as were SEAT products of Spain. Lada is now controlled by [[Renault]], and SEAT by [[Volkswagen]]. A small number of Fiats were built in Bulgaria. Among Fiat's earliest foreign assembly plants was one in [[Poughkeepsie, New York]], between 1910 and 1917.<ref name=HAG1>{{ cite web | url = https://www.hagerty.com/articles-videos/articles/2018/05/22/when-fiat-built-cars-in-america | title = For a brief spell, Fiat built cars in America | first = Larry | last = Printz | date = 22 May 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190624003640/https://www.hagerty.com/articles-videos/articles/2018/05/22/when-fiat-built-cars-in-america | archive-date = 24 June 2019 | publisher = The Hagerty Group }}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:1912 Fiat Type 55 Fleetwood Roadster.jpg|thumb|American-made Fiat Type 55 Fleetwood Roadster]]
The '''American F.I.A.T. Automobile Company''' was founded by American licensees in 1909 as a response to 45 percent tariffs on imported automobiles.<ref name=HAG1/> The plant was finished in the spring of 1910 and the first car rolled off the production line in September 1910; all Poughkeepsie Fiats were built with parts shipped from Italy although they usually received locally made bodywork by companies like Holbrook, Quinby, or [[Fleetwood Metal Body|Fleetwood]].<ref name=Dragone>{{cite web | url = https://dragoneclassic.com/the-9-liter-fiat-type-55-fleetwood-roadster/ | title = The 9 Liter 1912 FIAT Type 55 Fleetwood Roadster | publisher = Dragone Classic Motorcars | first = Alex | last = Dragone | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190624015418/https://dragoneclassic.com/the-9-liter-fiat-type-55-fleetwood-roadster/ | archive-date = 24 June 2019 }}</ref> American F.I.A.T. focused on the larger and more luxurious end of the range, with the smaller Types 51 and 52 (''Tipo'' 1 and 2) only available to order as fully built-up imports.<ref>{{citation | ref = IFBB | title = Isotta-Fraschini: the noble pride of Italy | last = Nicholson | first = Tim | isbn = 0-345-02289-0 | publisher = Ballantine Books Inc. | page = 14 | date = May 1971 | location = New York, NY }}</ref>

The first model offered was the '''Type 54''', corresponding to the European ''Tipo 4.'' This has a {{convert|5699|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} four-cylinder engine (itself called "Tipo 54A"<ref name=pl05>{{citation | title = Modèles Fiat: Planche 05 | url = http://fiat.modeles.free.fr/modeles/gammes_annees/planches_1899-1973/pl05 | work = fiat.modeles.free.fr | language = fr }}</ref>) and rode on a {{convert|124|in|m|2|abbr=on}} wheelbase; it was manufactured until 1914 or 1915. This was joined by the large and expensive '''Type 56''' in 1912, a seven-passenger touring car reserved for the American market.<ref>[[#IFBB|Nicholson]], p. 102</ref> This model has a six-cylinder version of the Type 54 engine, displacing {{convert|8549|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} and mounted in a chassis with a {{convert|135|in|m|2|abbr=on}} wheelbase. In 1913 the '''Type 55''' arrived (although some Type 55s appear to have been sold in 1912), slightly shorter than the Type 56 with a {{convert|128|in|m|2|abbr=on}} wheelbase but with a massive {{convert|9017|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} four-cylinder engine. This car was largely identical to the European ''Tipo 5'' and was also manufactured for export. In 1914 the fourth and final American Fiat was introduced, the smaller '''Type 53''' – the equivalent of the Italian ''Tipo 3 Ter.'' This has a {{convert|4396|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} four-cylinder engine and a {{convert|116|in|m|2|abbr=on}} wheelbase. The Tipo 53 was built until 1916, while the 55 and 56 were manufactured until 1917, although late 55s seem to have been sold as "1918s" and they did appear in new-car catalogues that year. Fiat Italy took over the American operation in 1917 and reduced the lineup to the Type 55, now sitting on a {{convert|140|in|m|2|abbr=on}} wheelbase.<ref name=HAG1/><ref name=CCZ>{{cite web | url = https://www.conceptcarz.com/z29592/fiat-type-55.aspx | title = 1912 Fiat Type 55 News and Information | last = Vaughan | first = Daniel | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190410191419/https://www.conceptcarz.com/z29592/fiat-type-55.aspx | archive-date = 10 April 2019 | work = Conceptcarz.com | date = April 2019 }}</ref> [[Tax horsepower#United States|NACC tax horsepower]] figures were 30&nbsp;hp for the Type 54, 45 for the Type 56, 42 for the Type 55, and 25&nbsp;hp for the Type 53. Actual outputs were higher, ranging from {{convert|40|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} for the Type 53 to {{convert|75|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} for the big Types 55 and 56.<ref name=Dragone/>

Output was never very large, Fiats being very expensive cars at the time, with annual production averaging around 350 cars.<ref name=HAG1/> Once the United States entered the war, no more car parts were arriving from Italy and production was halted. There were plans for restarting production after the war but they came to naught and the plant was sold to [[Duesenberg]] in February 1918.<ref name=CCZ/> Duesenberg proceeded to transfer the machinery to their plant in Elizabeth, NJ, to build aircraft engines. At the beginning of 1928 the facilities changed hands again, now belonging to truck manufacturers Larrabee Motor Truck Co. who transferred their activities there from [[Binghamton]].<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ObM3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA16 | journal = Power Wagon | volume = XL | number = 277 | date = January 1928 | page = 16 | editor-first = Austin W. | editor-last = Stromberg | title = Larrabee Co. Buys Fiat Plant }}</ref> The building went on to serve various functions, being part of the [[Marist College]] campus for a while, and was torn down in 1997.<ref name=h1 /><ref name=h2 />

==={{anchor|Brazil}}Fiat Automóveis (Brazil)===
[[File:Fiat 147 br.jpg|thumb|right|The 1979 Brazilian Fiat 147 was the first modern car to run on pure [[hydrous]] [[ethanol fuel]] ([[Neat alcohol fuel|E100]]).]]

Fiat Automóveis S.A., a subsidiary of Fiat S.p.A.,<ref name="hoovers.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hoovers.com/company/Fiat_Autom%F3veis_sa/shftri-1.html|title=Fiat Automóveis s.a. • Betim, Minas Gerais Brazil|access-date=24 September 2011|work=hoovers.com}}</ref> began making automobiles in Brazil in 1976 beginning with the production of the [[Fiat 147]], the Brazilian version of the Italian [[Fiat 127]], produced until 1986. More than 10,000,000 units have been produced in Fiat Automóveis factory in [[Betim]] since 1976,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://carplace.virgula.uol.com.br/fiat-comemora-a-marca-de-10-milhoes-de-carros-produzidos-no-brasil |title=Fiat comemora a marca de 10 milhões de carros produzidos no Brasil &#124; Carplace&nbsp;– Portal do Automóvel |publisher=Carplace.virgula.uol.com.br |date=2 June 2009 |access-date=1 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706155104/http://carplace.virgula.uol.com.br/fiat-comemora-a-marca-de-10-milhoes-de-carros-produzidos-no-brasil/ |archive-date=6 July 2011  }}</ref> plus 232,807 units in the Fiat Argentina plant of [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]]. The original factory, located in the city of [[Belo Horizonte]], cost $250&nbsp;million to build. The state of [[Minas Gerais]] had a 10–20% stake in the company and also provided special economic benefits to Fiat.<ref name=Bloomie>{{cite book | title = The World Automotive Industry | last = Bloomfield | first = Gerald | publisher = David & Charles | location = Newton Abbot, Devon, UK | series = Problems in Modern Geography | isbn = 0-7153-7539-3 | year = 1978 | page = [https://archive.org/details/worldautomotivei0000bloo/page/249 249] | url = https://archive.org/details/worldautomotivei0000bloo | url-access = registration }}</ref>

Launched in July 1979, the 147 was the first mass-produced car that ran on [[ethanol fuel|ethanol]] as fuel instead of petrol.<ref name="Veja1979">{{cite web |url=http://veja.abril.com.br/idade/exclusivo/petroleo/130679.html |title=O petróleo da cana |first=Revista |last=Veja |publisher=Editora Abril |date=13 June 1979 |access-date=18 April 2009 |language=pt |author-link=Revista Veja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006165850/http://veja.abril.com.br/idade/exclusivo/petroleo/130679.html |archive-date=6 October 2008  }}</ref><ref name="Lemos">{{cite web| url=http://www.icis.com/Articles/2007/02/12/4500680/the-brazilian-ethanol-model.html |first=William |last=Lemos |title=The Brazilian ethanol model |publisher=ICIS news | date=5 February 2007 | access-date=18 April 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Bastos">{{cite web|url=http://www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm?aid=534 |author=Milton Briquet Bastos |title=Brazil's Ethanol Program&nbsp;– An Insider's View |publisher=Energy Tribune |date=20 June 2007 |access-date=18 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710193215/http://www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm?aid=534 |archive-date=10 July 2011 }}</ref> The performance slightly increased and fuel consumption was 30% higher but the cost of the alcohol was a quarter of the gasoline because, at that time, petrol had become expensive as a consequence of the [[1979 oil crisis]]. This version was nicknamed ''cachacinha'' (little [[cachaça]]) because it had the scent of that Brazilian drink.

[[File:Brazilian Fiat Siena TetraFuel four views.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fiat Siena|Fiat Siena Tetrafuel]] 1.4, a [[multifuel]] car that runs as a [[Flexible-fuel vehicle|flexible-fuel]] on gasoline, [[E20 fuel|E20-E25 gasohol]], ethanol ([[Neat alcohol fuel|E100]]); or as a [[bi-fuel vehicle|bi-fuel]] with [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] ]]

In October 1984 Fiat Automóveis introduced the [[Fiat Uno]], which continued on sale until the end of 2013 as the renamed Fiat Mille, resulting in total production of 3.6&nbsp;million vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fiat Uno production finally ends|url=http://classics.honestjohn.co.uk/news/general-news/2014-01/fiat-uno-production-finally-ends/|work=Honest John|access-date=28 April 2014|date=3 January 2014}}</ref> Production of the [[Fiat Palio]] world car began in 1996.

After the successful 2003 introduction of [[flexible-fuel vehicle]]s in the Brazilian market,<ref name="Fortune">{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/02/06/8367959/index.htm|title=How to Beat the High Cost of Gasoline. Forever! |publisher=Fortune |date= 24 January 2006|author=Adam Lashinsky and Nelson D. Schwartz|access-date=18 April 2009}}</ref> Fiat Automóveis launched its first flex model in March 2004, the [[Fiat Palio]], followed by the [[Fiat Siena|Siena]] and [[Fiat Palio Weekend|Palio Weekend]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmotors.com.br/wmpublicador/Mercado_Conteudo.vxlpub?hnid=34471 |author=Joel Leite |title=Fiat em 2004: 17 lançamentos |publisher=WebMotors |date=4 January 2005 |access-date=18 April 2009 |language=pt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706155334/https://www.webmotors.com.br/wmpublicador/Mercado_Conteudo.vxlpub?hnid=34471 |archive-date=6 July 2011  }}</ref> Fiat sold 665,514 vehicles in Brazil in 2008,<ref name="ANFAVEA08v">{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2008/autoveiculos/tabela05_vendas.pdf|title=Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno Tipo e Empresa—Nacionais e Importados – 2008 (Tabela 05)|publisher=ANFAVEA&nbsp;– Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brasil)|access-date=18 April 2009|language=pt|archive-date=6 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706151510/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2008/autoveiculos/tabela05_vendas.pdf|url-status=dead}} ''Sales include 564,402 automobiles and 101,212 light-duty trucks, including imports.''</ref> allowing the carmaker to continue as the market leader for seven years in a row.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motorclube.com.br/materias/por-7-anos-consecutivos-a-fiat-lider-de-vendas-no-brasil.aspx|title=Por 7 anos consecutivos a Fiat é líder de vendas no Brasil!|publisher=MotorClube|author=Christine Lepisto|date=7 January 2009|access-date=19 April 2009|language=pt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225074021/http://motorclube.com.br/materias/por-7-anos-consecutivos-a-fiat-lider-de-vendas-no-brasil.aspx|archive-date=25 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Flex fuel automobiles represented almost 100 percent of the car sales in 2008, and 92 percent of all light-duty trucks sold.<ref name="ANFAVEA08flex">{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2008/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf|title=Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa&nbsp;– Combustível Flex Fuel – 2008 (Tabela 08)|publisher=ANFAVEA&nbsp;– Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brasil)|access-date=18 April 2009|language=pt|archive-date=6 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706150754/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2008/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf|url-status=dead}} ''Sales include 564.108 flex automobiles and 92.999 light-duty trucks, including imports from Argentina.''</ref>

In 2006 Fiat introduced the [[Fiat Siena|Fiat Siena Tetra fuel]], a four-fuel car developed under [[Magneti Marelli]] of Fiat Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2006/08/fiat_sienna_tetr.php|title=Fiat Siena Tetra Power: Your Choice of Four Fuels|publisher=Treehugger|first=Christine|last=Lepisto|date=27 August 2006|access-date=24 August 2008|archive-date=19 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919172025/http://www.treehugger.com/files/2006/08/fiat_sienna_tetr.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Nouvelle-Fiat-Siena-2008-sans-complexe-359 |title=Nouvelle Fiat Siena 2008: sans complexe |publisher=Caradisiac |date=1 November 2007 |access-date=31 August 2008 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701042346/http://news.caradisiac.com/Nouvelle-Fiat-Siena-2008-sans-complexe-359 |archive-date=1 July 2008  }}</ref> This automobile can run as a [[Flexible-fuel vehicle|flex-fuel]] on 100% ethanol (E100); or on [[E20 fuel|E20-E25 blend]], Brazil's normal ethanol gasoline blend;<ref name="Portaria2007">{{cite web|url=http://extranet.agricultura.gov.br/sislegis-consulta/consultarLegislacao.do?operacao=visualizar&id=17886|title=Portaria Nº 143, de 27 de Junho de 2007|publisher=Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento|access-date=5 October 2008|language=pt}} This decree fixed the mandatory blend at 25% starting 1 July 2007</ref> on pure gasoline (though no longer available in Brazil since 1993,<ref name="Lei8723">{{cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil/leis/L8723.htm|title=Lei Nº 8.723, de 28 de Outubro de 1993. Dispõe sobre a redução de emissão de poluentes por veículos automotores e dá outras providências|publisher=Casa Civil da Presidência da República|access-date=5 October 2008|language=pt|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110520121838/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil/leis/L8723.htm |archive-date = 20 May 2011|url-status=dead}} See article 9º and modifications approved by Law Nº 10.696, 2 July 2003</ref><ref name="USP">{{cite thesis|url=http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-07052008-115336/|author=Julieta Andrea Puerto Rico|title=Programa de Biocombustíveis no Brasil e na Colômbia: uma análise da implantação, resultados e perspectivas|publisher=Universidade de São Paulo|date=8 May 2008|doi=10.11606/D.86.2007.tde-07052008-115336 |language=pt|access-date=5 October 2008|doi-access=free}} PhD Dissertation Thesis, pp. 81–82</ref> it is still used in neighboring countries); or just on [[Compressed natural gas|natural gas (CNG)]]. The Siena Tetrafuel was engineered to switch from any gasoline-ethanol blend to CNG automatically, depending on the power required by road conditions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmotors.com.br/wmpublicador/Noticias_Conteudo.vxlpub?hnid=36391 |author=Agência AutoInforme |title=Siena Tetrafuel vai custar R$41,9 mil |publisher=WebMotor |date=19 June 2006 |access-date=14 August 2008 |language=pt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210211007/http://www.webmotors.com.br/wmpublicador/Noticias_Conteudo.vxlpub?hnid=36391 |archive-date=10 December 2008  }} The article argues that even though Fiat called it tetra fuel, it actually runs on three fuels: natural gas, ethanol, and gasoline, as Brazilian gasoline is an E20 to E25 blend.</ref>

===Fiat Argentina===
Fiat has been present in Argentina since the beginning of the 20th century. There was a Fiat manufacturing plant in Córdoba at least as far back as 1954 when Fiat entered into a joint venture with two local companies to manufacture tractors. The company was known as Fiat-Concord until 1980. In 1959 the construction of a car plant in [[Caseros, Buenos Aires|Caseros]] was approved, and 1960 saw the production there of the first Argentinian produced Fiat passenger car, a [[Fiat 600]], after the [[Fiat 1100]] Export and after in 1963 the [[Fiat 1300/1500|Fiat 1500]]. In 1977 appears the Fiat 133, just a rebadged Seat 133 but made in Argentina. By 1978 a car manufacturing facility was well established in [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], producing [[Fiat 128]]s as well as two models which from the Italian perspective belonged in earlier decades, the [[Fiat 125|125]] (with some derivates) and the [[Fiat 600|600R]].<ref name="AutoMotoruSport1978">{{cite journal| title = Bunte Mischung: Wo und welche Fiat-Modelle in aller Welt produziert werden | journal=Auto, Motor und Sport |volume=7 |page=15 |date=29 March 1978}}</ref>

In 1980 a joint venture with [[PSA Group|PSA]] called [[Sevel Argentina]] was begun, which lasted until 1995. The current day automobile manufacturing started with a new factory opened in [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]] on 20 December 1996.<ref name="auto-historia.com.ar">{{cite web|url=http://www.autohistoria.com.ar/Historias/Fiat_Argentina.htm|title=Historia de Fiat en Argentina|language=es|access-date=21 May 2009|work=auto-historia.com.ar}}</ref> From April 1997 the Siena and Palio models production started.

Production was suspended in the early 2000s as the Argentinean economy went downhill. In 2008 Fiat invested new money and the production of Fiat Siena saloon and the Fiat Palio was started. In October 2009, a Fiat Siena HLX becomes the 2 million unit produced by Fiat in Argentina. The Fiat Auto Argentina S.A. is Fiat S.p.A. owned company.<ref name="reuters.com/article">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNewsAndPR/idUSN3046210520070530|title=Fiat Argentina to resume production of own model|access-date=21 May 2009|work=Reuters |date=30 May 2007}}</ref>

===Fiat Automobili Srbija===
Its first enterprise came in 1955, when it agreed to a deal with [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] carmaker [[Zastava Automobiles|Zastava]] to assemble Fiats for Eastern Europe. The first cars produced by Zastava were its versions of the [[Fiat 1300]] and [[Fiat 1400]]. By 1970, Zastava was producing parts for the newer [[Fiat 124]] and [[Fiat 125]] models, which were assembled in Poland. The [[Zastava 750]], launched in 1962, was Zastava's version of the iconic [[Fiat 600]] [[City car|minicar]]. It outlived the car on which it was based, with production lasting until 1981. Zastavas were not popular outside of Eastern Europe before the 1980s, although they were exported to the US and several European countries under the Yugo brand during the 1980s.

The most famous product launched by Zastava is the [[Zastava 101]], a front-wheel drive car based on the [[Fiat 128]], also available as a [[hatchback]] version never sold in Italy. With the demise of the [[Zastava 750]] in 1981, the minicar gap in the Zastava range was filled by the [[Zastava Koral]], which was best known in Britain and America as the Yugo Tempo or Yugo 45/55. It was based on the 1971 [[Fiat 127]], which was due to be replaced by the [[Fiat Uno]] in 1983. Hostility towards Yugoslavia in the wake of the 1992 civil unrest saw a swift ending of imports to both Britain and America. The Zastava factory in [[Kragujevac]] was later bombed, but was rebuilt after the war ended, and production continued at another factory in [[Kragujevac]].

In 1987 Zastava came up with a new car design. The [[Yugo Florida|Zastava Florida]] — also known as a Yugo, and in other markets as the Yugo Sana – was styled by [[Giorgetto Giugiaro]] at the [[ItalDesign]] studio, later featured a range of more modern [[Peugeot]] engines. Sales continued in its homeland, with an update at the end of the 1990s. Zastava did not launch another new car for another 16 years. The 2003 [[Zastava 10]] model was another Fiat design—this time the second generation [[Fiat Punto#Mark 2|Punto]], and in 2009 was renamed Fiat Punto Classic

A new memorandum of understanding between Fiat and the Serb ministry of economic and regional development about the acquisition of Zastava's Kragujevac plant in 2008 led to a new company being set up in which the Italians would have a 70 percent stake and the Serb government 30 percent.<ref name="forbes.com/feeds">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2008/04/30/afx4951532.html |title=Fiat signs agreement with Serb govt to acquire Zastava's Kragujevac plant |access-date=21 October 2009 |work=forbes.com/feeds |date=30 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019041914/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2008/04/30/afx4951532.html |archive-date=19 October 2008 }}</ref> The factory was renamed from "Zastava Automobili Srbija" to "Fiat Automobili Srbija". In 2010 and 2011, FAS (Fiat Automobili Srbija) underwent large-scale reconstruction for production of the [[Fiat 500L]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fiat opens 500L production line in Serbia|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/serbia-fiat-idUSL6E8FGAXC20120416|work=Reuters|access-date=24 July 2012|date=16 April 2012}}</ref>

===Polski Fiat/FSO (Poland)===
{{main|Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych}}
[[File:Fiat500126.JPG|thumb|Fiat 500 and 126]]
Fiat automobiles have been made in Poland since 1920. In 1932, the [[Polski Fiat|Polskie Zakłady Inżynieryjne (Polish Engineering Works, PZInż)]] started the production of [[Fiat 508]], produced until 1939 also as a military vehicle. In 1936 the licence was extended to include the [[Fiat 518]] model. In 1965, the Polish communist government signed a deal with Fiat to produce selected Fiat models in Poland at the [[Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]] factory in [[Warsaw]] that had been built in 1951. Production of the new car—the [[Polski Fiat 125p]]—began in 1967. It was visually identical to the [[Fiat 125]], but it made use of older Fiat mechanicals which dated back to 1960. The car sold well in its homeland and was soon exported to Western Europe. 1978 saw the appearance of a new five-door hatchback, the [[FSO Polonez]], that made use of Fiat 125p [[running gear]]. After 1982, Fiat withdrew its licence; since then FSO badge was reinstated with the [[Polski Fiat 125p]] surviving until 1991, and the Polonez production ending in 2002. FSO was taken over by [[Daewoo]] of South Korea in 1995, and become independent again in late 2000, after Daewoo went bankrupt and was taken over by General Motors.

[[Fabryka Samochodów Małolitrażowych]] (FSM) in [[Bielsko-Biała]] and [[Tychy]] was a joint venture between FSO and Fiat, and manufactured the [[Fiat 126p#Polski Fiat 126p|Fiat 126(p)]] in 1973 and the [[Fiat Cinquecento|Cinquecento]] in 1991. In 1992 Fiat owned 90% of FSM (called Fiat Auto Poland, since 1993) and since then it produced [[Fiat Cinquecento|Cinquecento]], [[Fiat Uno|Uno]], [[Fiat Seicento|Seicento]], [[Fiat Siena|Siena]] and [[Fiat Palio Weekend|Palio Weekend]] models with the capacity up to 200.000 cars a year. In 2003, FSM become the sole producer of [[Fiat Panda]], and in 2007, the [[Fiat 500 (2007)|Fiat 500]] and the related [[Ford Ka]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ford Ka|url=http://www.topgear.com/uk/ford/ka/road-test/1.2-zetec|work=Top Gear|access-date=30 January 2014|date=December 2008|archive-date=3 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203001005/http://www.topgear.com/uk/ford/ka/road-test/1.2-zetec|url-status=dead}}</ref> Capacity was increased with production reaching over 600,000 in 2009, but dropped below 300,000 in 2013, resulting in the workforce being cut by a third.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/fiat-poland-idUSL5E8N790J20121207 |title=UPDATE 2-Fiat Poland to slash workforce as slack demand bites |date=7 December 2012 | work=Reuters}}</ref>

===AutoVAZ Lada (Russia)===
{{Main|Lada}} 
In 1966 Fiat helped [[USSR]] state industries build a new car factory ([[AvtoVAZ]]) on the [[Volga]] river. A planned city called [[Tolyatti]] (named after [[Palmiro Togliatti]], former [[Italian Communist Party]] [[General Secretary|Secretary]]) was developed around the factory, which started producing a "people's car" similar to the [[Volkswagen Beetle]] and [[Citroën 2CV]] of Germany and France. The new Soviet car, called the [[Lada]], was a more spacious offering, in [[Sedan (car)|four-door saloon]] and [[Station wagon|five-door estate]] variants. Fiat installed British machine tools supplied by Herbert-BSA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bsamachinetools.com/main.htm |title=Main |publisher=Bsamachinetools.com |access-date=27 April 2009 |archive-date=8 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508103052/http://www.bsamachinetools.com/main.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> of [[Birmingham]] for the manufacture of many Lada parts. The 124's design was mechanically upgraded to survive treacherous Russian driving conditions and extremely cold winters. Imports to Western Europe, Canada, and some third world countries sold well owing to their low price. This car was upgraded to become the [[Lada Riva]] (marketing name in some markets) in 1980. Lada has gone on to develop some of its own models. The [[Off-road vehicle|four-wheel drive]] [[Lada Niva]] uses some Fiat based components, e.g. engine and gearbox, but the body and four-wheel drive system are VAZ designs.

===Bulgaria===
1967–1971 produced [[Pirin-Fiat]] in [[Lovech]], Bulgaria.

===Tofaş (Turkey)===
[[Tofaş]] is joint venture owned by Fiat SpA and [[Koç Holding]] (37.8% Fiat Group Automobiles, 37.8% Koc and 24.3% others).<ref name="fiat.co.nz">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiat.co.nz/default.aspx?MenuId=240|title=Fiat and PSA Citroën reveal new van family|access-date=18 April 2009|work=fiat.co.nz|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015100157/http://fiat.co.nz/default.aspx?MenuId=240|archive-date=15 October 2008}}</ref> The Fiat 124 was produced under licence by [[Tofaş]] as the [[Fiat 124#Turkish|Tofaş Murat]]. This was replaced by a version of the [[Fiat 131]], known as the [[Tofaş Şahin]]. Today the [[Fiat Linea]] car is among those manufactured by the Fiat-Tofas joint venture in Turkey, and the company has 12.1% of the Turkish car market as of 2007.<ref name="koc.com.tr">{{cite web|url=http://www.koc.com.tr/en-US/Business/FordOtosan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719072216/http://www.koc.com.tr/en-US/Business/FordOtosan/|archive-date=19 July 2008|title=Automotive Group|access-date=18 April 2009|work=koc.com.tr}}</ref>

===SEAT (Spain)===
In Spain, [[SEAT]]—Sociedad Española de Automóviles de Turismo (Spanish Touring Car Company)—was established with Fiat assistance in 1950, producing Fiat models under its own brand name until 1981, when Fiat withdrew its support. In 1982 SEAT signed a cooperation agreement with the German manufacturer [[Volkswagen]] and by the end of 1986 after a purchase of a majority stake SEAT had become part of the [[Volkswagen Group]]. However, production of some Fiat-based models continued, ending with the Fiat-based [[SEAT Marbella|Marbella]] in 1998.

===Ethiopia===
The [[Fiat 131]], known as the [[Holland Car]] DOCC.

===Egypt===
Following the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952]], President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] ordered the EGID (General Intelligence Agent) to establish a state owned automobile company. [[Nasr (car company)|Nasr]] was founded in 1960 in Helwan, Egypt. It began producing some Fiat based models, but later produced the [[Tofaş Şahin]] under license by Tofaş. The last Fiat 128 model was built in 2008, while the Şahin is still in production in Egypt.

Currently the ''El-Mashreq Company'', a part of the Seoudi Group is the main manufacturer of Alfa Romeo and Fiat vehicles for the Egyptian market. Arab American Vehicles (AAV) also manufactured Fiats in Egypt. They assembled the [[Fiat Ritmo]] at the behest of Nasr.

===India===
[[Fiat India Automobiles|Fiat India Automobiles Private Limited]] (FIAPL) is a joint venture between Fiat and [[Mumbai]] based [[Tata Motors]], founded in 1997. Fiat builds the [[Fiat Palio|Palio Stile]], Linea and [[Fiat Punto|Punto]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Techno season at FIAT Caffé|url=http://www.fiat-india.com/docs/pdf/Fiat_Caffe-_Italian_technological_press_note_Pune.pdf|work=Fiat India|access-date=21 February 2013|date=12 July 2012|archive-date=13 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513124559/http://www.fiat-india.com/docs/pdf/Fiat_Caffe-_Italian_technological_press_note_Pune.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Fiat plant is situated in Ranjangaon near Pune in Maharashtra and also manufactures the [[Tata Indica]].<ref name="fiat-india.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiat-india.com/Fiat_Aboutus/fiat_AboutUs.aspx|title=About Us|access-date=3 July 2008|work=fiat-india.com |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080702173715/http://www.fiat-india.com/Fiat_Aboutus/fiat_AboutUs.aspx  |archive-date = 2 July 2008}}</ref>

Although not a subsidiary of Fiat, [[Premier Automobiles Limited]] (PAL) of Mumbai was licensed to manufacture versions of the [[Fiat 500]] for the Indian market. This was followed by the [[Fiat 1100]] in 1954. In 1973, the Fiat label was replaced with the Premier name. Premier built the Fiat 1100 and 124 into the 21st century; after a brief attempt at building the [[Fiat Uno|Uno]] in the early years of the 21st century, the companies severed their ties.

===Pakistan===
Raja Motors are the authorized manufacturers of Fiat motor vehicles in Pakistan since 1948. The manufacturing started with VESPA scooters in 1948. The project was expanded in 2001 to facilitate assembly-cum-manufacturing of the [[Fiat Uno]]. The production facility is located in Landhi Industrial Area, [[Karachi]], Pakistan.

===Sri Lanka===
In 1973 entrepreneur [[Upali Wijewardena]]'s Upali Motor Company began assembly of the local variant of Fiat 128, known as UMC-Fiat 128.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Production ended with the introduction of the open-market economy in 1978.

===North Korea===
The North Korean car manufacturer and dealer [[Pyeonghwa Motors]] assembles two Fiat models under licence since 2002: Hwiparam&nbsp;(whistle)—based on the [[Fiat Siena]], Bbeokgugi&nbsp;(owl)—based on the [[Fiat Doblò]].

===China===
Fiat entered into a 50:50 joint venture with [[GAC Group]] in 2010 to create [[GAC Fiat|GAC Fiat Automobiles Co]], with a factory in Changsha completed in 2012 producing a localised version of the [[Dodge Dart]] sold as the Fiat Viaggio.

==See also==
{{Portal|Italy|Companies|Cars}}
* [[Automotive industry]]
* [[Automotive industry crisis of 2008-2009#Italy|Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2009]]
* [[List of aircraft engines]]
* [[List of Italian companies]]
* [[Neckar (car)|Neckar]]
* [[Simca]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Fiat}}
{{Fiat Industrial}}
{{Fiat aircraft}}
{{Fiat aeroengines}}
{{Fiat Chrysler Automobiles}}
{{Stellantis}}
{{Automotive industry in Italy}}
{{Authority control}}
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