View source for Fidchell

{{Short description|Ancient Celtic board game}}
{{About|the board game|the ''.hack'' character|Phases (.hack)}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{lang|sga|Fidchell|nocat=y}}}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox game
|name=|subject_name  = {{lang|ga|Fidchell}} / {{lang|cy|Gwyddbwyll}}
|italic title  = no
|image=|image_link    = 
|image_caption = 
|players       = 2
|ages          = 4&nbsp;years and up
|setup_time    = 30–60&nbsp;seconds
|playing_time  = 
|random_chance = ''none''
|skills        = 
|footnotes     = Medium complexity, highly strategic 
}}
'''{{lang|sga|Fidchell}}''' ({{IPA|sga|ˈfʲiðʲxʲel̪}}) or '''{{lang|cy|gwyddbwyll}}''' (in [[Welsh language|Welsh]], pronounced {{IPA|cy|ˈɡwɨ̞ðbʊɨ̯ɬ, ˈɡwɪðbʊi̯ɬ|}}) was a [[board game]] popular among the ancient [[Celts]]. Fidchell was played between two people who moved an equal number of pieces across a board; the board shared its name with the game played upon it.<ref name="Bromwich-2006" /> Based on the descriptions in Irish and Welsh literature as well as archaeological finds of game pieces, it is likely to have been a variant of [[ludus latrunculorum]] played in Ireland and Britain.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Murray |first=H. J. R. (Harold James Ruthven) |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofboardga0000murr_p4b9 |title=A history of board-games other than chess |date=1978 |publisher=New York : Hacker Art Books |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-87817-211-5}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name of the game in multiple Celtic languages -- [[Old Irish]] {{lang|sga|fidchell}}, [[Middle Welsh]] {{lang|wlm|gỽydbỽyỻ}}, [[Breton language|Breton]] {{lang|br|guidpoill~gwezboell}}, [[Cornish language|Cornish]] {{lang|kw|gwydhbol}}—is a compound translating to "wood-wisdom", "wood-intelligence", or "wood-sense". The fact that the compound is identical in both languages suggests that it is of extreme antiquity, with the unattested earlier form being reconstructed ''*widu-kweillā'' "wood-understanding" in Common Celtic.<ref name="Bromwich-2006" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Mark A. |last2=Forsyth |first2=Katherine |date=2011 |title=Roman rules? The introduction of board games to Britain and Ireland |url=https://www.academia.edu/26532806 |journal=Antiquity |volume=85 |issue=330 |pages=1325 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00062086 |s2cid=162575467 |issn=0003-598X|doi-access=free }}</ref> The game is often compared to or identified with [[chess]], though chess was unknown in Europe until the 12th century.<ref name="Bromwich-2006" /> The Old Irish form evolved into {{lang|ga|ficheall}}, the word used in modern Irish for modern chess, along with Scottish Gaelic ''fidhcheall'' and Manx ''feeal''; the similar {{lang|cy|gwyddbwyll}} is the name in Welsh for modern chess.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==History==
{{lang|sga|Fidchell}} or {{lang|cy|gwyddbwyll}} is mentioned often in ancient Celtic legends and lore, but the exact form of the game is open to speculation due to lack of detail on the rules, playing pieces, and the board. It is clear that it was played on a board with opposing sets of pieces in equal numbers. It should not be confused with similar games of Norse origin like {{lang|cy|tawlbwrdd}} or {{lang|non|tafl}} (also called {{lang|non|hnefatafl}}), which involved a [[king (chess)|king]] in the centre and pieces in a 2:1 ratio. Evidence suggests that it may instead have been derived earlier from the Roman game ''[[ludus latrunculorum]]'' ("game of highwaymen"), which is known to have spread into Germanic and Celtic lands by the early first millennium and is also known from [[post-Roman Britain]]. Thus it is possible that {{lang|sga|fidchell}} was a descendant of {{lang|la|latrunculi}}.<ref name=":0" /> ''Fidchell'' shared with ''latrunculi'' the method of custodial capture, two around one enemy man on the same line. Archaeological finds such as the [[Druid of Colchester#The Stanway game|Stanway game]] discovered near Colchester with 13 pieces per side may also represent a British Celtic board game similar or identical to fidchell/gwyddbwyll.<ref name=":0" />

== Gameplay ==

Some details of the gameplay can be deduced from literary mentions in early Irish literature. One text reads:  <blockquote>''Leth a fóirni d'ór buidi, in leth aili d'findruine''

{{small|"Half its pieces were of yellow [[gold]], the other half of white [[bronze]]".}}</blockquote>suggesting that {{lang|sga|fidchell}} was played by equal forces.<ref name="MacWhite-1948" /> The method of custodial capture with two men around one enemy on the same line is also explained in the Middle Irish tale of ''Mac da Cherda and Cummaine Foda'', where a cleric plays ''fidchell'' all day, refusing to take his opponent's pieces or allow his own to be taken:<blockquote>''"Maith", or Guaire, "imrem fithchill." "Cinda gontar ind fir?", or Cummaine. "Ni anse, dias dub dam-sa im óinfer find duid-seo forsin n-óintí oc imchosnam na saigti thall." "Mo cubais, immorro," or Cummaine, ni cumgaim-se anaill; acht ni gonab-sa ni gonfa-so mo moindter-sa." Laa chaidcht do Guaire oca thetarracht ⁊ ni ruba fer dia muinter. "Segonda sein, a clerich," or Guaire.''<small>"</small>

<small>Good," says Guaire, "Let's play ''fidchell''." "How are the men slain?" says Cummaine. "Not hard, a black pair of mine about one white man of yours on the same line, disputing the approach on the far side(?)" "My conscience, indeed!" said Cummaine, "I cannot do the other thing(?), but I shall not slay (your men), you will not slay my men." For a whole day Guaire was pursuing him and he could not slay one of his men. "That is champion-like, o cleric," said Guaire.</small><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Early Irish Board Games |url=http://www.unicorngarden.com/eigse/eigse02.htm |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=unicorngarden.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Keeffe |first=J. G. |date=1911 |title=Mac Dá Cherda and Cummaine Foda |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30007552 |journal=Ériu |volume=5 |pages=18–44 |jstor=30007552 |issn=0332-0758}}</ref></blockquote>Unlike ''latrunculi'' with its usual pebble-shaped counters, however, conical pieces may also have been innovated among the Insular Celts, as stone cones for gaming have been found in sites at [[Shetland|Shetland, Scotland]] and [[Knowth|Knowth, Ireland]].<ref name=":0" /> This is also suggested by Irish legends such as the ''Echtra Nerai'' where fidchell pieces become lodged in a skull during a fight:<blockquote>''Doneco Fergus seco la soduin ocus bentoi sethnu a chinn do Briccriu cona durn co lotur na cuicfir fichilli batar hind-dum Ferguso hi cenn m-Briccriunn, co m-bo buan d'olcc do.''

<small>"On that Fergus glanced aside and struck with his fist at Bricriu's head, so that the five men of fidchell that were in his hand went into Bricriu's head, and it was a lasting hurt to him."</small><ref>{{Cite web |last=Meyer |first=Kuno |title=''Echtra Nerai (The Adventures of Nera)'' |url=https://www.ucc.ie/en/media/academic/seanmeanghaeilge/cdi/texts/Meyer-Echtra-Nerai.pdf}}</ref></blockquote>The legends describe {{lang|ga|fidchell}} as a game played by royalty and by gods. In legend, it was invented by {{lang|ga|[[Lugh]]|italic=no}}, god of light and inspiration,<ref name="MacAlister-1941-ITS" /> and was played skilfully by his son, the hero {{lang|ga|[[Cú Chulainn]]|italic=no}}. A series of {{lang|sga|fidchell}} games form an important episode in the story {{lang|ga|[[Tochmarc Étaíne]]|italic=yes}}.

Lavish, sometimes mystical {{lang|cy|gwyddbwyll}} boards appear often in [[medieval Welsh literature]]. In ''[[The Dream of Rhonabwy]]'', a prose tale associated with the {{lang|ga|[[Mabinogion]]|italic=yes}}, [[King Arthur]] and {{lang|ga|[[Owain mab Urien]]|italic=no}} play the game with golden men on a silver board. In another prose tale, ''[[Welsh mythology#The Dream of Macsen Wledig|The Dream of {{lang|cy|Macsen Wledig|italic=unset|nocat=y}}]]'', the character {{lang|cy|[[Eudaf Hen]]|italic=no}} is carving men for his golden board when he is visited by the emperor {{lang|la|[[Magnus Maximus]]|italic=no}}. The board of {{lang|cy|[[Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio]]}} is named as one of the [[Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain]] in lists dating from the 15th and 16th centuries; according to the lists the board is gold and the men silver, and the pieces play against each other automatically. A magic {{lang|cy|gwyddbwyll}} comparable to {{lang|cy|Gwenddoleu|italic=no}}'s appears in the Arthurian romance ''[[Peredur son of Efrawg]]''; a number of French versions of the [[Holy Grail]] story feature similar chessboards with self-moving pieces, following the [[Perceval, the Story of the Grail#Second Continuation|Second Continuation]] of {{lang|fro|[[Chrétien de Troyes]]}}'s ''[[Perceval, the Story of the Grail]]'', though in these only one side moves, while the hero plays the other.<ref name=Bromwich-2006/>

According to [[H. J. R. Murray]]'s ''[[A History of Chess]]'', the ultimate fate of Fidchell is shown a margin note upon one [[15th-century]] manuscript about the ''[[Cath Maige Tuired|Second Battle of Magh Tuireadh]]'' between the [[Tuatha Dé Danann]] and the [[Fomorians]] in [[Irish mythology]]. In the gloss, it is disputed whether Fidchell ("[[chess]]") could have been invented during the [[Trojan War]], as both wars were traditionally believed to have taken place at roughly the same time and the Irish mythology manuscript refers to the playing of fidchell. While it is no longer possible to know whether it was introduced into [[Gaelic Ireland]] by the [[Hiberno-Norse]] or the [[Hiberno-Normans|Normans]], by the 15th-century "Fidchell" had come to mean [[Chess]] in the [[Irish language]] and the original rules of the game had been completely forgotten.<ref>[[H.J.R. Murray]] (1913), ''[[A History of Chess]]'', page 420, 746.</ref>

==Confusion with ''tafl''==
In the board games literature, it has often been suggested that {{lang|sga|fidchell}} is a variant of the Welsh game {{lang|cy|tawlbwrdd}}, itself descended from the Norse [[tafl games|{{lang|non|tafl|nocat=y}} games]]. These games, along with the Irish {{lang|ga|brandub}}, are played on a grid, often seven squares by seven, with the king in the middle. The king has a number of defending pieces around it at the beginning of the game, and they are surrounded by twice as many attackers. The object is to make a clear path for the king to the edge of the board, while the attackers must attempt to surround, and thereby capture, the king. However, {{lang|non|tafl}} variants are usually played with unequal numbers of pieces, the attackers being twice as numerous as the defenders. {{lang|ga|Fidchell}} by contrast was played with equal numbers on both sides and there is no indication of a king piece.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}
[[File:FitchnealLayout.png|thumb|Layout for a {{lang|non|tafl}} game known as ''fitchneal'' or ''fidchell'', which is not equivalent to historical {{lang|sga|fidchell}} and {{lang|cy|gwyddbwyll}}]]
An artefact found in Ballinderry, [[County Westmeath]] in 1932, known as the Ballinderry Game Board, has been suggested to represent fidchell. This is a wooden board with Celtic symbols on it, with a seven-by-seven grid, marked off by 49 holes.<ref name="Fithneal-HG" />
This artefact may be a {{lang|non|tafl}} variant, and perhaps even a {{lang|ga|brandub}} board; many commentators assume that it is the type of board upon which one would have played {{lang|sga|fidchell}}. Based on the assumption that the Ballinderry board represented fidchell, some recent tafl board reconstructions and apps have given the name of "fitchneal" to a particular 7x7 tafl arrangement (see image), which has extended the confusion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fitchneal and Brandubh – The Historic Games Shop |url=https://www.thehistoricgamesshop.co.uk/onlineshop/prod_7479996-Fitchneal-and-Brandubh-two-Irish-tafl-games.html |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=TheHistoricGamesShop}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ballinderry Game Board |url=https://historicgames.com/Fitchneal.html |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=historicgames.com}}</ref>

Historically, {{lang|non|tafl}} games, especially {{lang|cy|tawlbwrdd}}, were often played with a die, made of a sheep's knucklebone, and this feature seems absent in {{lang|ga|fidchell}}. In Wales, a clear distinction is made between {{lang|cy|tawlbwrdd}} and {{lang|cy|gwyddbwyll}}, which, if also true of Ireland, would tend to indicate a similar distinction between {{lang|ga|brandub}} and {{lang|ga|fidchell}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early Irish Board Games |url=http://www.unicorngarden.com/eigse/eigse01.htm |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=unicorngarden.com}}</ref>

==Historical impact==
{{lang|sga|Fidchell}}, as described in the legends, often has a mystical or divinatory aspect to it. Battles ebb and flow as a result of the ebb and flow of a game of {{lang|sga|fidchell}}, games play themselves, great events are decided on the outcome of a {{lang|sga|fidchell}} match. This supernatural aspect is not as clearly reflected in the {{lang|non|tafl}} games. {{citation needed|date=March 2010}}

There is clear archaeological and textual evidence that a {{lang|non|tafl}} variant was played in Ireland in ancient times; however, this is more likely to have been the game of ''brandub'', which had a king piece. Fidchell was played with equal forces, and so was not a form of tafl.

== See also ==
* [[Tafl games|{{lang|non|Tafl|nocat=yes}} games]]
* [[Druid of Colchester]]

==References==
{{reflist|25em|refs=

<ref name=Bromwich-2006>
{{cite book
 |last=Bromwich |first=Rachel
 |year=2006
 |title=Trioedd Ynys Prydein |language=cy
 |trans-title=The Triads of the Island of Britain
 |pages=262–263
 |publisher=University of Wales Press
 |isbn=0708313868
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Fithneal-HG>
{{cite web
 |title=Fitchneal
 |website=Historic Games
 |url=http://historicgames.com/Fitchneal.html
}}
</ref>

<ref name=MacAlister-1941-ITS>
{{cite book
 |last=MacAlister |first=R.A. Stewart
 |year=1941
 |title=ga:{{lang|ga|[[Lebor Gabála Érenn]]|italic=yes}}
 |at=Part&nbsp;IV, §VII, first redaction, ¶316
 |publisher=Irish Texts Society
 |place=Dublin, EI
}}
</ref>

<ref name=MacWhite-1948>
{{cite journal
 |first=Eóin |last=MacWhite
 |title=Early Irish Board Games
 |year=1948 |orig-year=(1948 used for 1945–1947)
 |journal=Éigse |volume=5 |pages=25–35, esp. 30
}}
</ref>

<!-- <ref name=Nugent-2010>
{{cite book
 |last=Nugent |first=Brian
 |year=2010
 |title=The Irish Invented Chess
 |ISBN=095568126X
}}
{{reliable source|date=September 2021}}
</ref> -->

}} <!-- end "refs=" -->

==Bibliography==
{{div col |colwidth=25em |content=

* {{cite book
 |last=Bayless |first=Martha
 |year=2005
 |chapter=Alea, Tæfl, and related games: Vocabulary and context
 |title=Latin Learning and English Lore
 |editor1-last=O'Keeffe |editor1-first=Katherine O'Brien 
 |editor2-last=Orchard  |editor2-first=Andy
 |publisher=University of Toronto Press
 |department=Scholarly Publishing Division
 |volume=II |pages=9–27
 |isbn=0802089194
}}

* {{cite book
 |last=Bromwich |first=Rachel
 |year=2006
 |title=Trioedd Ynys Prydein |language=cy
 |trans-title=The Triads of the Island of Britain
 |publisher=University of Wales Press
 |isbn=0708313868
}}

* {{cite book
 |last=Nugent |first=Brian
 |year=2010
 |title=The Irish Invented Chess
 |publisher=Lulu.com
 |isbn=978-0955681264
}}

* {{cite book
 |translator-last=Gantz |translator-first=Jeffrey
 |year=1986
 |title=Early Irish Myths and Sagas
 |edition=reprint
 |publisher=Marboro Books
 |isbn=0880290382
}}

* {{cite book
 |last=Pennick |first=Nigel
 |year=1989
 |title=Secret Games of the Gods: Ancient ritual systems in board games
 |publisher=S. Weiser
}}

* {{cite book
 |last1=Rees |first1=Alwyn |author-link=Alwyn D. Rees
 |last2=Rees |first2=Brinley | author2-link=B. R. Rees
 |year=1961
 |title=Celtic Heritage
 |publisher=Thames and Hudson
 |place=UK
}}

* {{cite book
 |last=Tolstoy |first=Nikolai
 |year=1985
 |title=The Quest for Merlin
 |publisher=Little, Brown
 |isbn=0316850667
}}

}} <!-- end "div col" -->

==External links==

{{div col |colwidth=25em |content=

* {{cite web
 |title=Irish Fidchell
 |url=http://elisaid.antir.com/games/fidchell.htm
 |url-status=dead <!-- presumed -->
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115204223/http://elisaid.antir.com/games/fidchell.htm
 |archive-date=2006-01-15
}}

* {{cite web
 |title=Origins
 |series=Fidchell
 |website=UnicornGarden
 |url=http://www.unicorngarden.com/fidchell/origins.htm
}}

* {{cite web
 |title=Learn more about Fidchell
 |website=HistoricGames
 |url=http://www.historicgames.com/learnmore/fid.html
 |access-date=19 August 2005
 |archive-date=24 August 2005
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050824104300/http://www.historicgames.com/learnmore/fid.html
 |url-status=dead
 }}

* {{cite web
 |title=Play Fidchell
 |website=CastalidesInteractive
 |date=10 October 2013
 |url=http://castalidesinteractive.com/fidchell/
}}

* {{cite magazine
 |title=Tongues
 |magazine=Seeker (magazine)
 |url=http://www.seekermagazine.com/v0499/tongues.html
 |url-status=dead <!-- presumed -->
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051104072104/http://www.seekermagazine.com/v0499/tongues.html
 |archive-date=2005-11-04
}}

}} <!-- end "div col" -->

===Rules and boards===
* {{bgg|2932}}
* {{cite web
 |title=Fitchneal
 |series=Games
 |website=Shire of Hartshorn-dale
 |url=http://www.knauer.org/mike/sca/classes/fitchneal.html
 |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404155902/http://www.knauer.org/mike/sca/classes/fitchneal.html
 |archive-date=2016-04-04
}} – a very clear set of Fitchneal rules.

* {{cite web
 |title=cloth Fidchell board based on the Ballinderry game board
 |website=MacGregor Historic Games
 |url=http://historicgames.com/RPgames.html#Fidchell
 |url-status=dead <!-- presumed -->
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822041058/http://historicgames.com/RPgames.html#Fidchell
 |archive-date=2009-08-22
}}

* {{cite web
 |title=The Ballinderry game board
 |url=http://historicgames.com/Fitchneal.html
}} – suggested by some scholars to be a Fidchell game.

* {{cite web
 |title=Early Irish Board Games
 |url=http://www.unicorngarden.com/eigse/eigse01.htm
}} – information about Fitchneal and other ancient Irish games.

* {{cite web
 |title=Hnefatafl – a Norse game
 |series=Java applets for various Tafl games
 |url=http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~leif/games/Hnefetafl/index.html
 |url-status=dead <!-- presumed -->
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015155912/http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~leif/games/Hnefetafl/index.html
 |archive-date=2011-10-15
}} – includes a Fitchneal game, although it uses a different board layout

===Computer versions===
* {{cite web
 |title=Fitchneal 2002
 |website=PJ's Attic
 |url=http://www.pjsattic.com/?page_id=6
}} – a Macromedia Shockwave version

* {{cite web
 |title=Fitchneal widget
 |website=Miles Cooley's widgets
 |url=http://milescooley.com/mc/widgets/
}} – a Fitchneal widget for the Mac OS‑X dashboard

[[Category:Abstract strategy games]]
[[Category:Ancient Ireland]]
[[Category:Irish mythology]]
[[Category:Welsh mythology]]

[[br:Gwezboell]]
[[cy:Gwyddbwyll#Gwyddbwyll Geltaidd]]