View source for First Battle of Winchester

{{Short description|American Civil War engagement in Virginia}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = First Battle of Winchester
| image       = Gen Shields at Winchester.jpg
| caption     = Gen Shields at Winchester
| partof      = the [[American Civil War]]
| date        = {{Start date|1862|5|25}}
| place       = [[Frederick County, Virginia]] and [[Winchester, Virginia]] 
| result      = [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] victory 
| combatant1  = {{flagicon|USA|1861}} [[United States]] 
| combatant2  = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Confederate States (1861–1863).svg}} [[Confederate States]]
| commander1  = [[Nathaniel P. Banks]]
| commander2  = [[Stonewall Jackson]]
| strength1   = 6,500<ref name=cwsac/>
| strength2   = 16,000<ref name=cwsac/>
| casualties1 = '''2,019'''<br />(62 killed;<br />243 wounded;<br>1,714 missing)<ref name=histnet/>
| casualties2 = '''397'''<br>(68 killed;<br />329 wounded)<ref name=histnet/>
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Jackson's Valley Campaign}}
}}

The '''First Battle of Winchester''', fought on May 25, 1862, in and around [[Frederick County, Virginia]], and [[Winchester in the American Civil War|Winchester, Virginia]], was a major victory in [[Confederate States Army|Confederate Army]] [[Major General (CSA)|Maj. Gen.]] [[Stonewall Jackson|Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson]]'s [[Jackson's Valley Campaign|Campaign]] through the [[Shenandoah Valley]] during the [[American Civil War]]. Jackson enveloped the right flank of the [[Union Army]] under Maj. Gen. [[Nathaniel Prentice Banks|Nathaniel P. Banks]] and pursued it as it fled across the [[Potomac River]] into [[Maryland]]. Jackson's success in achieving [[force concentration]] early in the fighting allowed him to secure a more decisive victory which had escaped him in previous battles of the campaign.<ref>Tanner, ''Stonewall in the Valley'', p. 284.</ref>

==Background==
{{further|Jackson's Valley Campaign}}
[[File:Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign May-June 1862.png|thumb|400px|Jackson's Valley Campaign: Front Royal to Port Republic.
{{legend|#ff0000|Confederate}}
{{legend|#0000ff|Union}}
]]
[[File:FrontRoyalToWinchester.png|thumb|300px|Actions from Front Royal to First Winchester, May 24&ndash;25, 1862.]]
Maj. Gen. [[Nathaniel Prentice Banks|Nathaniel P. Banks]] learned on May 24, 1862, that the Confederates had captured his garrison at [[Battle of Front Royal|Front Royal, Virginia]], and were closing on [[Winchester, Virginia|Winchester]], [[turning movement|turning]] his position. He ordered a hasty retreat down the Valley Pike from [[Strasburg, Virginia|Strasburg]]. His columns were attacked at [[Middletown, Virginia|Middletown]] and again at Newtown ([[Stephens City, Virginia|Stephens City]]) by Jackson's converging forces. The Confederates took many Union prisoners and captured so many wagons and stores that they later nicknamed the Union general "Commissary Banks". Jackson pressed the pursuit for most of the night and allowed his exhausted soldiers only a few hours of sleep before dawn.<ref name=NPSreport>[https://web.archive.org/web/20020628033606/http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/abpp/shenandoah/svs3-4.html NPS report on battlefield condition]</ref>

Banks now deployed at Winchester to slow the Confederate pursuit. He had two brigades of infantry under Colonels [[Dudley Donnelly]] and [[George Henry Gordon]], a mixed brigade of cavalry under [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brig. Gen.]] [[John P. Hatch]], and 16 guns. Gordon's brigade was placed on the Union right on Bower's Hill with its left flank at the Valley Pike, supported by a battery of artillery. The center of the line (Camp Hill) was held by the cavalry supported by two guns. Donnelly's brigade was placed in a crescent on the left to cover the Front Royal and Millwood roads with the rest of the artillery. At earliest light the Confederate skirmish line advanced in force driving the Union [[Picket (military)|pickets]] back to their main line of battle.<ref name=NPSreport/>

==Opposing forces==
===Union===
{{further|First Winchester Union Order of Battle|l1=Union order of battle}}

===Confederate===
{{further|First Winchester Confederate Order of Battle|l1=Confederate order of battle}}

==Battle==
[[File:Winchester I Battlefield Virginia.jpg|thumb|305px|Map of Winchester I Battlefield core and study areas by the [[American Battlefield Protection Program]].]]
During the night, the advance of Maj. Gen. [[Richard S. Ewell]]'s division (four brigades) reached Buffalo Lick.  Jackson moved three of Ewell's brigades to the left to participate in the advance on the Valley pike, leaving Ewell with just Trimble's brigade and Bradley Johnson's Maryland regiment.<ref>[[Official Records of the American Civil War|''Official Records'']], Series I, Volume 12 (Part 1), [https://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0015&node=waro0015%3A2&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=795 p. 779] and [https://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0015&node=waro0015%3A2&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=804 788].</ref>   At dawn, he deployed Trimble's brigade astride the Front Royal Pike and advanced against the Union left flank. His leading regiments (in particular the [[21st North Carolina Infantry Regiment]]) came under heavy fire from Union forces deployed behind stone fences and were repulsed. Confederate forces regrouped and brought up artillery. Ewell advanced the regiments of Trimble's brigade, sending regiments to either side of the high ground to enfilade the Union position. Donnelly withdrew his brigade to a position closer to town with his right flank anchored on Camp Hill. Ewell then attempted a flanking movement to the right beyond the Millwood Road, but in response to orders from Banks, Donnelly withdrew through the town.<ref>[https://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0015&node=waro0015%3A2&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=622 O.R., Series I, Volume 12 (Part 1), p. 606.]</ref>

In conjunction with Ewell's advance on the Front Royal Pike, Jackson advanced on the Valley Pike at early dawn in a heavy fog. At Jackson's command, Winder's brigade swept over a hill to the left of the pike, driving off the Union skirmishers who held it. Jackson quickly placed a section of artillery on the hill to engage Union artillery on Bower's Hill at a range of less than half a mile. Union sharpshooters along Abrams Creek began picking off the cannoneers. Jackson brought up the rest of his artillery and a duel ensued with the Union guns on Bower's Hill.<ref name=NPSreport/>

Jackson then brought up the brigades of Fulkerson, Campbell, and Elzey to support Winder. Despite numerous officers being wounded,<ref>Tanner, ''Stonewall in the Valley'', p. 283.</ref> Jackson's forces were in good order and nearly ready for an attack. He then deployed Brig. Gen. [[Richard Taylor (Confederate general)|Richard Taylor's]] Louisiana brigade (led by the [[Louisiana Tigers]]) reinforced by two regiments of Fulkerson's brigade and backed up by Scott's brigade, to the left along Abrams Creek. Taylor marched under fire to a position overlapping the Union right and then attacked Bower's Hill. The Confederate assault swept irresistibly forward over the crest in the face of determined resistance. With three enemy brigades in its front and three coming at its right flank, Gordon's Union brigade gave way and Union soldiers began streaming back into town.<ref name=NPSreport/>

Union forces retreated through the streets of Winchester and north on the Valley Pike to Martinsburg.  After resting in Martinsburg, Banks' command continued north to the [[Potomac River]], crossing it at Williamsport.<ref>[https://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0015&node=waro0015%3A2&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=614 O.R. Series I, Volume 12 (Part 1),  p. 598.]</ref>  Confederate pursuit was lethargic, as the troops were exhausted from the non-stop marching of the previous week under Jackson's command. Nevertheless, many Union prisoners fell into Confederate hands. Brig. Gen. [[Turner Ashby]]'s cavalry was disorganized from the actions of May 24 and did not pursue until Banks had already reached the Potomac.<ref name=NPSreport/>

==Aftermath==
First Winchester was a major victory in [[Jackson's Valley Campaign]], both tactically and strategically. Union plans for the [[Peninsula Campaign]], an offensive against [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], were disrupted by Jackson's audacity, and thousands of Union reinforcements were diverted to the Valley and the defense of [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=NPSreport/>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2|refs=
<ref name=cwsac>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121108222544/http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/CWSII/VirginiaBattlefieldProfiles/Williamsburg%20to%20Winchester%20I.pdf CWSAC Report Update]</ref>
<ref name=histnet>
[https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/confederates-score-a-victory-at-first-battle-of-winchester History.com]</ref>
}}

==References==
* Tanner, Robert G., ''Stonewall in the Valley: Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, Spring 1862.'' Stackpole Books, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0811720649}}
* U.S. War Department. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080208215607/http://www.generalsandbrevets.com/ngj/jacksoncf.htm ''The War of the Rebellion'']: ''a Compilation of the [[Official Records of the American Civil War|Official Records]] of the Union and Confederate Armies''. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880&ndash;1901.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150621152019/http://www.nps.gov/cebe/learn/historyculture/first-battle-of-kernstown.htm National Park Service battle description]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020628033606/http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/abpp/shenandoah/svs3-4.html NPS report on battlefield condition]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121108222544/http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/CWSII/VirginiaBattlefieldProfiles/Williamsburg%20to%20Winchester%20I.pdf CWSAC Report Update]

==External links==
* [http://www.historyanimated.com/ValleyAnimation.html Animated History of Jackson's Valley Campaign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031320/http://www.historyanimated.com/ValleyAnimation.html |date=2015-09-24 }}

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{{Frederick County, Virginia in the American Civil War}}
{{American Civil War}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winchester}}
[[Category:Jackson's Valley campaign|Winchester I]]
[[Category:Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War|Winchester I]]
[[Category:Confederate victories of the American Civil War|Winchester I]]
[[Category:Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia|Winchester I]]
[[Category:Frederick County, Virginia, in the American Civil War|Winchester]]
[[Category:Winchester, Virginia]]
[[Category:1862 in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:1862 in Virginia]]
[[Category:May 1862]]