View source for First Battle of Zurich

{{Short description|1799 Battle during the War of the Second Coalition}}
{{For|the Second Battle of Zurich|Second Battle of Zurich{{!}}related article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = First Battle of Zurich
| partof            = the [[War of the Second Coalition]]
| image             = Zentralbibliothek Zürich - Prospect von der Bataille bey Zürich den 46 Jun 1799 - 000007991.jpg
| caption           = Image from the First Battle of Zurich
| date              = 4 to 7 June 1799{{sfn|Eggenberger|1985|p=489}}
| place             = [[Zurich]] (Zürich), Switzerland
| coordinates       = {{Coord|47|22|0|N|8|33|0|E}}
| map_type          = Europe
| map_relief        = 1
| map_size          = 300
| result            = Austrian victory{{sfn|Eggenberger|1985|p=489}}{{sfn|Bodart|1908}}<br/>(see {{slink|#Aftermath}})
| combatant1        = {{flagicon|France}} [[French First Republic|France]]
| combatant2        = {{flagicon|Holy Roman Empire}} [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]]
| commander1        = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[André Masséna]]
* [[Jean-de-Dieu Soult]]
* {{ill|Louis Nicolas Hyacinthe Chérin|lt=Louis Chérin|fr|Louis Nicolas Hyacinthe Chérin|vertical-align=sup}}{{KIA}}
* [[Nicolas Oudinot]]
* [[Honoré Théodore Maxime Gazan de la Peyrière|Honoré Gazan]]
* [[Jean Baptiste Brunet|Jean Brunet]]
}}
| commander2        = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[Archduke Charles of Austria]]
* [[Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze]]
* [[Heinrich XV, Prince Reuss of Greiz|Heinrich XV]]
* [[Olivier, Count of Wallis|Olivier of Wallis]]{{KIA}}
* [[Franjo Jelačić]]
* Karl von Bey
* [[Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc|Charles of Lorraine-Brionne]]
}}
| strength1         = 59,000 (in total){{sfn|Clodfelter|2008|p=115}}
| strength2         = 72,000 (in total){{sfn|Clodfelter|2008|p=115}}
| casualties1       = {{ubl|1,300–1,600:|{{*}}500 killed|{{*}}800 wounded{{sfn|Clodfelter|2008|p=115}}{{sfn|Bodart|1908}}|{{*}}300 captured}} 28 guns captured{{sfn|Bodart|1908}}<hr>150 guns left in Zurich{{sfn|Bodart|1908}}
| casualties2       = {{ubl|3,400–4,400:|{{*}}730 killed|{{*}}1,470 wounded|{{*}}1,200–2,200 captured{{sfn|Bodart|1908}}{{sfn|Clodfelter|2008|p=115}}}}
}}
{{Campaignbox French Revolutionary Wars in Switzerland}}
{{Campaignbox Second Coalition}}
{{OSM Location map
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|    nolabels = 1
|     width = 304
|     height = 160
| title = [[War of the Second Coalition]]:<br>
Austria
| caption = The color black indicates the current battle.

| shapeD = n-circle
| shape-colorD = dark blue
| label-colorD = dark blue
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| label1 =
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|47.95|9.38}}
| mark-title1 = [[Battle of Ostrach]] from 20 to 21 March 1799

| label2 =
| mark-coord2 = {{coord|47.24|9.6}}
| mark-title2 = [[Battle of Feldkirch]] on 23 March 1799

| label3 =
| mark-coord3 = {{coord|47.85|9}}
| mark-title3 = [[Battle of Stockach (1799)]] on 25 March 1799<br>[[Battle of Stockach (1800)]] on 3 May 1800

| label4 =
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|47.55|8.9}}
| mark-title4 = [[Battle of Frauenfeld]] on 25 May 1799

| label5 =
| mark-coord5 = {{coord|47.5|8.75}}
| mark-title5 = [[Battle of Winterthur]] on 27 May 1799

| label6 = Zurich
| mark-coord6 = {{coord|47.37|8.55}}
| mark-title6 = First Battle of Zurich on 7 June 1799<br>[[Second Battle of Zurich]] from 25 to 26 September 1799
| shape-color6 = black
| label-color6 = black

| label7 =
| mark-coord7 = {{coord|46.78|8.67}}
| mark-title7 = [[Battle of Amsteg]] from 14 to 16 August 1799

| label8 =
| mark-coord8 = {{coord|49.49|8.47}}
| mark-title8 = [[Battle of Mannheim (1799)]] on 18 September 1799

| label9 =
| mark-coord9 = {{coord|46.56|8.57}}
| mark-title9 = [[Battle of Gotthard Pass]] from 24 to 26 September 1799

| label10 =
| mark-coord10 = {{coord|49.29|8.67}}
| mark-title10 = [[Battle of Wiesloch (1799)]] on 3 December 1799

| label11 =
| mark-coord11 = {{coord|47.99|9.11}}
| mark-title11 = [[Battle of Messkirch]] from 4 to 5 May 1800

| label12 =
| mark-coord12 = {{coord|48|9.01}}
| mark-title12 = [[Battle of Biberach (1800)]] on 9 May 1800

| label13 =
| mark-coord13 = {{coord|48.6|10.55}}
| mark-title13 = [[Battle of Höchstädt (1800)]] on 19 June 1800

| label14 =
| mark-coord14 = {{coord|48.72|11.08}}
| mark-title14 = [[Battle of Neuburg (1800)]] on 27 June 1800

| label15 =
| mark-coord15 = {{coord|48.27|12.42}}
| mark-title15 = [[Battle of Ampfing (1800)]] on 1 December 1800

| label16 =
| mark-coord16 = {{coord|48.16|12}}
| mark-title16 = [[Battle of Hohenlinden]] on 3 December 1800
}}
The  '''First Battle of Zurich''', from 4 to 7 June 1799, forced French General [[André Masséna]] to yield the city of [[Zurich]] to the Austrians, under [[Archduke Charles of Austria|Archduke Charles]], and to retreat beyond the [[Limmat]], where he managed to fortify his positions, which resulted in a stalemate.

The first battle of Zurich saw Austrian attacks on strong French positions, which were captured but then had to be abandoned due to a French counterattack. However, previously in this battle, the Austrians were able to press the French back from one foothold ([[Schwamendingen]]) and to repel a French counteroffensive near Zurich, while Austrian assaults on three French staging areas ([[Rapperswil]], [[Hirslanden]] and [[Fällanden]]–[[Pfaffhausen]]) failed. Charles prepared to continue the battle, but Masséna did not decide to do it and retreated, leaving many of his guns behind (178 pieces) at the mercy of the Austrians.

The [[Helvetic Republic]] in 1798 became a battlefield of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]]. During the summer, Russian troops, under General [[Alexander Korsakov]], replaced the Austrian troops, and at the [[Second Battle of Zurich]], the French regained control of the city, along with the rest of [[Switzerland]].

==Background==
{{Main|French Revolutionary Wars}}

===Political and diplomatic situation===
[[File:Karte Zurich 1800.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Zürich, 1800]]
Initially, the rulers of Europe viewed the revolution in France as an event between the French king and his subjects, and not something in which they should interfere. As revolutionary rhetoric grew more strident, they declared the interest of the monarchs of Europe as one with the interests of Louis and his family; this [[Declaration of Pillnitz]] threatened ambiguous, but quite serious, consequences if anything should happen to the royal family.<ref>Timothy Blanning. ''The French Revolutionary Wars'', New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 41–59.</ref> The French position became increasingly difficult. Compounding problems in international relations, French émigrés continued to agitate for support of a counter-revolution. On 20 April 1792, the [[French National Convention]] declared war on Austria. In this [[War of the First Coalition]] (1792–1798), France ranged itself against most of the European states sharing land or water borders with her, plus Portugal and the Ottoman Empire. Although the Coalition forces achieved several victories at [[Battle of Verdun (1792)|Verdun]], [[Battle of Kaiserslautern|Kaiserslautern]], [[Battle of Neerwinden (1793)|Neerwinden]], [[Battle of Mainz|Mainz]], [[Battle of Amberg|Amberg]] and [[Battle of Würzburg|Würzburg]], the efforts of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] in northern [[Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars|Italy]] pushed Austrian forces back and resulted in the negotiation of the [[Peace of Leoben]] (17 April 1797) and the subsequent [[Treaty of Campo Formio]] (17 October 1797).<ref>Blanning. pp. 41–59.</ref>

The treaty called for meetings between the involved parties to work out the exact territorial and remunerative details. Convened at a small town in the mid-Rhineland, [[Second Congress of Rastatt|Rastatt]], the Congress quickly derailed in a mire of intrigue and diplomatic posturing. The French demanded more territory. The Austrians were reluctant to cede the designated territories. Compounding the Congress's problems, tensions grew between France and most of the First Coalition allies. [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand of Naples]] refused to pay agreed-upon tribute to France, and his subjects followed this refusal with a rebellion. The French invaded Naples and established the [[Parthenopean Republic]]. Encouraged by the French Republic, a republican uprising in the Swiss cantons led to the overthrow of the Swiss Confederation and the establishment of the [[Helvetic Republic]].<ref>Blanning. pp. 230–232.</ref> The [[French Directory]] was convinced that the Austrians were planning to start another war. Indeed, the weaker France seemed, the more seriously the Austrians, the Neapolitans, the Russians, and the English discussed this possibility.<ref>John Gallagher. ''Napoleon's enfant terrible: General Dominique Vandamme,'' Tulsa: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-8061-3875-6}} p. 70.</ref> In mid-spring, the Austrians reached an agreement with [[Paul I of Russia|Tsar Paul]] of Russia by which the legendary [[Alexander Suvorov]] would come out of retirement to assist Austria in Italy with another 60,000 troops.<ref>Albert Seaton. ''The Austro-Hungarian army of the Napoleonic wars.'' London: Osprey, 1973, {{ISBN|978-0-85045-147-4}}, p. 15.</ref>

===Outbreak of war in 1799===
The French Directory's military strategy in 1799&nbsp;called for offensive campaigns on all fronts: central Italy, northern Italy, the Swiss cantons, the upper Rhineland, and Holland. Theoretically, the French had a combined force of 250,000&nbsp;troops, but this was on paper, not in the field.<ref>A.B. Rodger. ''The War of the Second Coalition: A strategic commentary.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964, p. 158.</ref> As winter broke in 1799, General [[Jean-Baptiste Jourdan]] and the [[Army of the Danube]], at a paper strength of 50,000&nbsp;and an actual strength of 25,000,<ref>John Young, D.D. ''A History of the Commencement, Progress, and Termination of the Late War between Great Britain and France which continued from the first day of February 1793 to the first of October 1801''. Two volumes. Edinburg: Turnbull, 1802, vol. 2, p. 220.</ref> crossed the [[Rhine]] between [[Basel]] and [[Kehl]] on 1 March. This crossing officially violated the [[Treaty of Campo Formio]].<ref>Blanning, p. 232.</ref> The Army of the Danube advanced through the [[Black Forest]] and, by mid-March, established an offensive position at the western and northern edge of the [[Swiss Plateau]] by the village of [[Ostrach]].<ref>Gunther E. Rothenberg. ''Napoleon's Great Adversary: Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army 1792–1914.'' Stroud (Gloccester): Spellmount, 2007, p. 74. For further information on the Army of the Danube's movements and orders, see Jean-Baptiste Jourdan. ''A Memoir of the operations of the army of the Danube under the command of General Jourdan, taken from the manuscripts of that officer''. London: Debrett, 1799, pp. 140–144. For further information on its size and composition, see [[Army of the Danube order of battle]], or Roland Kessinger, [http://home.wanadoo.nl/g.vanuythoven/French%20OOB%20Danube%2003-1799.htm Order of Battle, Army of the Danube] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507150941/http://home.wanadoo.nl/g.vanuythoven/French%20OOB%20Danube%2003-1799.htm |date=7 May 2010 }}. Retrieved 3 December 2009.</ref> [[André Masséna]] had already pushed into Switzerland with his force of 30,000, and successfully passed into the [[Grison Alps]], [[Chur]], and Finstermünz on the [[Inn (river)|Inn]] river. Theoretically, his left flank was to link with Jourdan's right flank, commanded by [[Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino]], at the far eastern shore of [[Lake Constance]].<ref>Rodgers, pp. 158–159.</ref>
[[File:Eulach en Elgg 721.jpg|thumb|alt=Late snow covers a meadow and brook bank.|upright|At Elgg, Hotze established his forward posts; although the winter snows had melted, the ground was still soggy and the streams were still in full spring flow.]]
The Austrians had arrayed their own army in a line from the [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]] to the Danube. A force of 46,000&nbsp;under command of [[Count Heinrich von Bellegarde]] formed the defence of the Tyrol. Another small Austrian force of 26,000&nbsp;commanded by [[Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze]] guarded the [[Vorarlberg]]. The main Austrian Army—close to 80,000 troops under the command of [[Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen|Archduke Charles]]—had wintered in the Bavarian, Austrian, and [[Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg|Salzburg]] territories on the eastern side of the [[Lech (river)|Lech river]]. At the battles of [[Battle of Ostrach|Ostrach]] (21 March) and [[Battle of Stockach (1799)|Stockach]] (25 March), the main Austrian force pushed the Army of the Danube back into the Black Forest. Charles made plans to cross the upper Rhine at the Swiss town of [[Schaffhausen]]. Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze brought a portion (approximately 8,000) of his force west, leaving the rest to defend the Vorarlberg. At the same time, [[Friedrich Joseph, Count of Nauendorf]], brought the left wing of the main Austrian force across the Rhine by Eglisau. They planned to unite with the main Austrian army, controlling the northern access points of [[Zürich]] and forcing an engagement with Masséna.<ref>Ramsey Weston Phipps. ''The Armies of the First French Republic''. Volume 5: The armies of the Rhine in Switzerland, Holland, Italy, Egypt and the coup d'etat of Brumaire, 1797–1799. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939, pp. 49–50; Digby Smith. ''The Napoleonic Wars Data Book.'' London: Greenhill, 1998, {{ISBN|1-85367-276-9}}, p. 156;</ref>

By mid-May, French morale was low. They had suffered terrible losses at Ostrach and Stockach, although these had been made up by reinforcements. Two senior officers of the Army of the Danube, [[Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen]] and [[Jean-Joseph Ange d'Hautpoul]], were facing [[court-martial|courts-martial]] on charges of misconduct, proffered by their senior officer, Jourdan. [[Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte]] and [[Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr]] were sick, or claimed they were, and had left the army's encampments to recover their health. Masséna's force had been repelled by Hotze's army at [[Battle of Feldkirch|Feldkirch]], and forced to fall back, and [[Claude Lecourbe|Lecourbe]]'s failure to push through against Bellegarde's Austrian force in the Tyrol, meant Masséna had to pull his southern wing back as well as his center and northern wing, to maintain communication with the retreating armies on his flanks. At this point, also, the Swiss revolted again, this time against the French, and Zürich became the last defensible position Masséna could take.<ref>Rodger, pp. 158–162.</ref>

===Dispositions===
{{See also|Battle of Winterthur}}
After pushing the [[Army of the Danube]] out of the northern portion of the [[Swiss Plateau]]—the territory north of the Rhine and south of the Danube—following the battles at [[Battle of Ostrach|Ostrach]] and [[Battle of Stockach (1799)|Stockach]], [[Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen|Archduke Charles']] sizable force—about 110,000&nbsp;strong—crossed the Danube west of [[Schaffhausen]], and prepared to join with the Vorarlberg Corps of [[Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze|Friedrich, Baron von Hotze]] before [[Zürich]]. During the month of May [[André Masséna]], now commander of both the French [[Army of Helvetia]] and the Army of the Danube began pulling back his forces to concentrate towards Zürich. Charles crossed the Rhine at [[Stein am Rhein|Stein]] with an advanced corps of 21 battalions and 13 squadrons under [[Friedrich Joseph, Count of Nauendorf|Nauendorf]] on 20 May, while two days later in the evening, Hotze crossed at [[Meiningen]] and [[Balzers]] with 18 battalions and 13 squadrons. On the 23rd the Archduke led 15 more battalions and 10 squadrons over the Rhine at [[Büsingen am Hochrhein|Büsingen]].<ref>Shadwell p.99</ref><ref>Hotze's force included in the seven battalions and two companies of line infantry, a single battalion of light infantry, six squadrons of dragoons, a squadron of seasoned border infantry {{harv|Smith|1998|p=167 }}.</ref>

Learning of the double-pronged advance, Masséna seized the opportunity to drive a wedge between the two Austrian commands and on 25 May launched attacks against Hotze's Corps to the east and Nauendorf's to the north. Hotze's advance troops under [[Franz Petrasch|Petrasch]] were driven from [[Frauenfeld]] by [[Jean-de-Dieu Soult|Soult]], while against the Archduke [[Michel Ney]] erupted from [[Winterthur]], seized [[Andelfingen, Switzerland|Andelfingen]] and threw back [[Friedrich Joseph, Count of Nauendorf|Nauendorf]] from [[Pfyn]]. Although the French were forced to withdraw on the appearance of Austrian reserves, nevertheless for a loss of 771 men they'd inflicted some 2,000 casualties and 3,000 prisoners on the Austrians.<ref>Shadwell p.103-105, Phipps V p.97-98</ref>

On the 27th Ney was wounded and his men driven from Winterthur, Masséna thereafter concentrated his forces at Zürich, closely pressed by the Archduke Charles and Hotze.

By the end of the month the French were positioned: 
Soult's Division was on the [[Zürichberg]] overlooking the open country to the north from an entrenched camp constructed by [[Andréossi]]. To his left [[Nicolas Oudinot|Oudinot's]] Division lay in support, with [[Honoré Théodore Maxime Gazan de la Peyrière|Gazan's]] brigade in the town of Zürich itself. [[Tharreau's]] Division continued the line across the [[Aare]], with troops under [[Lorge]]' guarding the left of the Rhine to [[Basel]]. To [[Jean-de-Dieu Soult|Soult's]] right [[Chabran]] guarded the south of [[Lake Zurich|Lake Zürich]], with outposts stretched to link with the troops of Lecourbe' at [[Lucerne]] and the [[Andermatt valley]]. In all some 52,000 French and Swiss troops. The entrenchments on the Zürichberg were in a 5-mile long semi-circle from [[Riesbach]] to [[Höngg|Hongg]], but were incomplete.<ref>Phipps, V, p.101</ref>

Charles decided to launch his main attack by the surest (though difficult) route, directly against the Zürichberg with his left and centre, holding his right wing back to protect his line of retreat.

==Jelačić's advance against Witikon==
On 2 June, Archduke Charles became aware that Hotze's advance guard under [[Franjo Jelačić|Jelačić]] was advancing up against the main French positions near [[Witikon]], and sent a message ordering him not to attack until all his other troops were ready; however, from 3:00&nbsp;am on the 3rd, Jelačić was already engaged against Humbert's brigade by the time these instructions arrived and the action soon grew into a desperate fight. After 4 hours Soult's men were driven from Witikon and the fighting continued all through the day. As things began to look serious for Soult, Masséna, musket in hand, led a counter-attack at the head of his reserve grenadiers. The combined effort eventually pushed back the Austrians and secured the camp after a bloody fight, the French losing 500 killed and wounded, including Masséna's Chief of Staff [[Chérin]] mortally wounded.<ref>Phipps V p.101</ref>

==Attack on the Zürichberg==
[[File:Map of the First Battle of Zurich.jpg|thumb|Map of the First Battle of Zurich, 4 June 1799]]
The next day on 4 June, Charles crossed the [[Glatt (Rhine)|Glatt]] and launched a broad attack in five columns:
* On the Austrian left, the First column under Jelačić (five battalions and three squadrons) marched against Zürich along the high road and succeeded in breaking through the [[Rapperswil]] gate but was driven back by Gazan's brigade of Oudinot's Division, and despite repeated attacks made no further headway.
* To its right, the Second Column under [[Karl von Bey|Bey]] (four battalions and three squadrons) seized the village of [[Hirslanden]] and attempted to climb the slopes; however, the French under [[Jean Baptiste Brunet|Brunet]] counterattacked and forced the Austrians back to join the First Column.
* The Third Column under the [[Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc|Prince of Lorraine]] found its direct route of march impractical and was diverted via [[Fällanden]] and [[Pfaffhausen]]. However, the attack failed before a murderous fire from the entrenchments.
* The Fourth Column under Hotze (seven battalions and 12 squadrons) crossed the Glatt at [[Dübendorf]] behind the third column, and advancing through [[Stettbach]], drove the French from [[Schwamendingen]].
* The Fifth Column under the [[Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen|Prince of Reuss]] (10 battalions and 20 squadrons) carried [[Seebach (Zürich)|Seebach]] and [[Oerlikon (Zürich)|Oerlikon]] then detached part of its command under [[Franz Seraph of Orsini-Rosenberg|Rosenberg]] on its left at Oerlikon to join in the assault on Zürich.

Oudinot, though missing half of his force in Zürich, nevertheless threw himself on Rosenberg, attempting to drive in the Austrian flank. After a desperate fight, the French were driven back, Oudinot carried from the field wounded by a ball in the chest. Charles' right flank under Nauendorf (15 battalions and 9 squadrons) remained held back to guard [[Glattfelden]].<ref>Shadwell pp. 121–123</ref>

On the [[Zürichberg]], Soult's Division was assailed by three columns and pinned down to their trenches. Repeated assaults were beaten off and the fighting bogged down into an intense firefight. At 2:00&nbsp;pm, Charles assembled five battalions from his reserve including his own [[Guard of honour]] and directed [[Olivier, Count of Wallis]] to lead these storming up the hill. Leaving one battalion to watch the bridges, Wallis led the other four up a steep and narrow ravine against the French defences. The combat degenerated into close hand-to-hand fighting, with soldiers using the butts of their muskets against the French [[abatis]].

At last at 8:00&nbsp;pm, after a desperate fight, the Austrians were able to break through and pour into the camp behind. Sword in hand, Soult and his staff placed themselves at the head of a few companies of troops, launched a counter-attack against the rear of the Austrian column and drove them back to the bottom of the hill. Masséna urged his artillery to redouble their efforts and brought up his reserve of grenadiers. The Austrian attack crumbled; those in the camp were scattered, those behind driven back.<ref>Shadwell p. 124</ref>

Over the course of the day, Charles lost 2,000 men, including three generals wounded, and 1,200 prisoners.<ref>Generals Hotze, Wallis and Hiller. Phipps V p. 103</ref> The French lost more than 1,200 killed and wounded.

==Aftermath==

After the bloody fighting on the 4th Charles fell back a short distance to recover and devise a second attack for the 6th. Masséna used the time on the 5th to regroup, and that night as the Austrians assembled for their attack, he withdraw to a strong position in front of Zürich, abandoning 28 guns commandeered from Zürich. His forces were now more concentrated, while the lake would oblige his opponent to divide his forces.

The second day of battle never came. At noon on the 6th, following a [[parley]], the French were allowed to leave Zürich, Masséna withdrew to the [[Uetliberg]] and arrange his line along the banks of the [[Limmat]]. In Zürich, Charles found 150 cannons of various calibers.  The outcome of the battle also damaged [[Austria–Russia relations|Austro-Russian relations]], because Charles failed to follow up on the French defeat,<ref>Smith, 158.</ref> which meant a strategic unsuccess for the Austrians, but it cannot be called a [[strategic victory]] for the French either.

In terms of personnel, both sides lost a general: [[Louis Nicolas Hyacinthe Chérin]] and [[Olivier, Count of Wallis|Olivier Wallis]].<ref>Smith, 158.</ref>

==See also==
*[[French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1799]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Clausewitz, Carl von (2020). ''Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1.'' Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. {{ISBN|978-0-7006-3025-7}}
* Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). ''The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.'' Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. {{ISBN|978-0-7006-3034-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Clodfelter|first=M.|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2007|publisher=McFarland|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|year=2008|edition=3th|isbn=978-0786433193}}
*Digby Smith, ''Napoleon's Regiments: Battle Histories of the Regiments of the French Army, 1792–1815'', 2000 Greenhill Books, London, United Kingdom. {{ISBN|1-85367-413-3}}.
*{{Citation|last=[[Ramsey Weston Phipps|Phipps, Ramsey Weston]]  |year=1926|title=The Armies of the First French Republic and the Rise of the Marshals of Napoleon I|volume=V}}.
*{{Citation |last=Shadwell |first=Maj.-Gen. Lawrence |year=1875 |title=Mountain Warfare – Illustrated by the Campaign of 1799 in Switzerland |location=London}}
*{{Citation |last=Blanning |first=Timothy |year=1996 |title=The French Revolutionary Wars |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0340569115}}
*{{Citation |author-link=Digby Smith |last=Smith |first=Digby |year=1998 |title=The Napoleonic Wars Data Book |location=London |publisher=Greenhill |isbn=1-85367-276-9}}
*{{Citation|last=Senior |first=Terry J.|date=August 2002 |url=http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/commanders/c_pajol.html |title=The Top Twenty French Cavalry Commanders: No.5 General Claude-Pierre Pajol |editor-first=Robert |editor-last=Burnham  |publisher=Napoleon Series|access-date=4 November 2009}}
*{{Cite book |last=Eggenberger |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofba00egge/mode/2up |title=An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present |publisher=New York: Dover Publications |year=1985 |isbn=0-486-24913-1 |access-date=28 June 2023}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bodart |first=Gaston |author-link=Gaston Bodart |date=1908 |publisher=C. W. Stern |location=Vienna and Leipzig |language=de |title=Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905) |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_A0kNAAAAYAAJ/page/336 |access-date=28 June 2023 |page=336}}

==Further reading==
*{{Citation  |first=T. |last=Gardiner  |year=1812 |title=The history of the campaigns in the years 1796, 1797, 1798 and 1799, in Germany, Italy, Switzerland, & c. Illustrated with sixteen maps and plans of the countries and fortresses |volume=III |edition=second, in IV volumes |location=London |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tR02AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA169 169]–176|display-authors=etal}}

==External links==
* {{commons-inline}}

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