View source for First Dynasty of Ur

{{short description|Royal dynasty in Mesopotamia}}
{{Infobox family
|name                 =First Dynasty of Ur
|native_name          ={{native name|sux|𒉆𒈗𒋀𒀕𒆠}}<br /><span style="font-weight: normal">{{Transliteration|sux|nam-lugal urim<sub>2</sub><sup>KI</sup>}}</span>
|other_names          =Ur I
|image                ={{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=275|caption_align=center
|align                =right
|direction            =Vertical
|image1               =Ancient Near East 2600BC.svg
|caption1             =A map of the [[Near East]] detailing the approximated territorial extent of the Sumerian empire during the first dynasty of Ur
|footer=
{{Location map
|West Asia#Iraq
|width                =275px
|float                =center
|border               =none
|caption              =Location of [[Ur]], in [[Western Asia]], modern [[Iraq]].
|relief               =yes
|label                =[[Ur]]
|position             =left
|lat_deg              =30.963056
|lon_deg              =46.103056
}}}}
|country              =[[Sumer]]
|founded              =c. 2600 BC
|founder              =[[Mesannepada]]
|final_ruler          =[[Balulu]]
|historic_seat        =[[Ur]]
|titles               ={{Collapsible list
|bullets              =on
|1                    =[[Lugal|King]] of [[Ur]]
|2                    =King of [[Sumer]]
|3                    =[[Ensi (Sumerian)|Governor]] of Ur
|4                    =[[King of the Universe#Background (2900–2334 BC)|King of Kish]]
|5                    =King of [[Uruk]] and Ur
|6                    =[[NIN (cuneiform)|Queen]] of Ur
|7                    =[[EN (cuneiform)|Lord]] of [[King of Sumer and Akkad#Background (2334–2112 BC)|Sumer and King of all the Land]]
}}
|other_families       =[[Third dynasty of Ur]]
|dissolution          =c. 2340 BC
}}
The '''First Dynasty of Ur''' (abbreviated '''Ur I''') was a dynasty of rulers from the city of [[Ur]] in ancient [[Sumer]] who {{reign|c. 2600|c. 2340 BC|show=lword}}. Ur I is part of the [[Early Dynastic III]] period of [[ancient Mesopotamia]].<ref name="CAH">{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |date=1970 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521070515 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeancient02edwa/page/228 228] |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeancient02edwa |url-access=registration |language=en}}</ref> It was preceded by the earlier [[Kish (Sumer)|First Dynasty of Kish]] and the [[First Dynasty of Uruk]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438126760 |page=664 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA664 |language=en}}</ref>

==Rule==
[[File:Meskalamdug helmet British Museum electrotype copy original is in the Iraq Museum, Bagdad.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Golden helmet of [[Meskalamdug]], possible founder of the First Dynasty of Ur.]]
[[File:Royal Tombs of Ur Objects from tomb PG 580.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Gold objects from tomb PG 580, [[Royal Cemetery at Ur]].]]
[[File:Standard of Ur - feast.jpg|thumb|left|King at peace, with attendants, from the [[Standard of Ur]].]]
[[File:King at war leading soldiers Standard of Ur.jpg|thumb|right|King at war, with soldiers, from the [[Standard of Ur]].]]
According to the ''[[Sumerian King List]]'', the final ruler of the First Dynasty of [[Uruk]] [[Lugal-kitun]] was overthrown by [[Mesannepada]] of [[Ur]]. There were then four kings in the First Dynasty of Ur: [[Mesannepada]], Mes-kiagnuna, Elulu, and Balulu.<ref name="DF">{{cite book |last1=Frayne |first1=Douglas |title=Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC) |date=2008 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9781442690479 |pages=901–902 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PNAnIome3AC&pg=PT901 |language=en}}</ref> Two other kings earlier than Mes-Anepada are known from other sources, namely [[Meskalamdug|Mes-kalam-du]] and A-Kalam-du.<ref name="DF"/> It would seem that Mes-Anepada was the son of Mes-kalam-du, according to the inscription found on a bead in [[Mari, Syria|Mari]], and Mes-kalam-du was the founder of the dynasty.<ref name="DF"/> A probable Queen [[Puabi]] is also known from her lavish tomb at the [[Royal Cemetery at Ur]]. The First Dynasty of Ur had extensive influence over the area of [[Sumer]], and apparently led a union of south Mesopotamian polities.<ref name="DF"/><ref name="IMD"/>
[[File:Funeral procession at Ur, circa 2600 BCE (reconstitution).jpg|thumb|right|Funeral procession at the [[Royal Cemetery of Ur]] (items and positions in [[Meskalamdug|PG 789]]), circa 2600 BCE (reconstitution).]]

===Ethnicity and language===
Like other [[Sumerians]], the people of [[Ur]] were a non-[[Semitic people]] who may have come from the east circa 3300 BCE, and spoke a [[language isolate]].<ref>"The Sumerians, a non-Semitic people who perhaps came from the east" in {{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Adrian |title=Oxford Bible Atlas |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780191623325 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTyeXEicBfkC&pg=RA1-PR16 |language=en}}. Mention of [https://biblehub.com/esv/genesis/11.htm Gen 11:2] "And as people migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there." (English Standard Version)</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bromiley |first1=Geoffrey W. |title=The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia |date=1979 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=9780802837813 |page=392 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wo8csizDv0gC&pg=PA392 |language=en}}</ref>

===International trade===
{{main|Indus-Mesopotamia relations|Egypt-Mesopotamia relations}}
[[File:British Museum Middle East 14022019 Gold and carnelian beads 2600-2300 BC Royal cemetery of Ur (composite).jpg|thumb|left|The [[etched carnelian beads]] in this necklace from the [[Royal Cemetery of Ur|Royal Cemetery]] dating to the First Dynasty of Ur were probably imported from the Indus Valley. [[British Museum]].<ref name="BM Carnelian">British Museum notice: "Gold and carnelians beads. The two beads etched with patterns in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley. They were made by a technique developed by the Harappan civilization" [[:File:Ur Grave gold and carnelian beads necklace.jpg|Photograph of the necklace in question]]</ref>]]
The artifacts found in the royal tombs of the dynasty show that foreign trade was particularly active during this period, with many materials coming from foreign lands, such as [[Carnelian]] likely coming from the [[Indus]] or [[Iran]], [[Lapis Lazuli]] from the [[Badakhshan]] area of [[Afghanistan]], silver from [[Turkey]], copper from [[Oman]], and gold from several locations such as [[Egypt]], [[Nubia]], [[Turkey]] or [[Iran]].<ref name="BM">British Museum notice "[[:File:Grave_Goods_from_Ur.jpg|Grave goods from Ur]]"</ref> Carnelian beads from the Indus were found in [[Ur]] tombs dating to 2600-2450, in an example of [[Indus-Mesopotamia relations]].<ref name="JMI">{{cite book |last1=McIntosh |first1=Jane |title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives |date=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576079072 |pages=182–190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA189 |language=en}}</ref> In particular, carnelian beads with an etched design in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley, and made according to a technique developed by the [[Harappa]]ns.<ref name="BM Carnelian" /> These materials were used into the manufacture of beautiful objects in the workshops of Ur.<ref name="BM"/>

[[File:Gold and Lapis Lazuli Beads recovered from the royal cemetery of Ur, Iraq 2550-2450 BCE.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lapis lazuli]] was likely imported from the [[Badakhshan]] area of [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="BM"/>]]
The Ur I dynasty had enormous wealth as shown by the lavishness of its tombs. This was probably due to the fact that Ur acted as the main harbour for trade with [[India]], which put her in a strategic position to import and trade vast quantities of gold, carnelian or lapis lazuli.<ref name="IMD">{{cite book |last1=Diakonoff |first1=I. M. |title=Early Antiquity |date=2013 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226144672 |pages=78–79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JU8pegs94uoC&pg=PA78 |language=en}}</ref> In comparison, the burials of the kings of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]] were much less lavish.<ref name="IMD"/> High-prowed Sumerian ships may have traveled as far as [[Meluhha]], thought to be the [[Indus]] region, for trade.<ref name="IMD"/>

===Demise===
According to the ''[[Sumerian King List]]'', the First Dynasty of Ur was finally defeated, and power went to the [[Elam]]ite [[Awan dynasty]].<ref>''"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to [[Awan dynasty|Awan]]."'' in {{cite book |last1=Kriwaczek |first1=Paul |title=Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization |date=2014 |publisher=Atlantic Books |isbn=9781782395676 |page=136 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xqiWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT136 |language=en}}</ref> The Sumerian king [[Eannatum]] (c.2500–2400 BCE) of [[Lagash]], then came to dominate the whole region, and established one of the first verifiable empires in history.<ref name="Infobase Publishing">{{cite book |last1=Incorporated |first1=Facts On File |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438126760 |page=664 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA664 |language=en}}</ref>

The power of Ur would only revive a few centuries later with the [[Third Dynasty of Ur]].<ref name="Infobase Publishing"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Knapp |first1=Arthur Bernard |title=The history and culture of ancient Western Asia and Egypt |date=1988 |publisher=Wadsworth |isbn=9780534106454 |page=92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHXiAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==List of rulers==
{|class="wikitable"border="1"style="width:100%;text-align:center"
|-
!width="1%"|#
!width="16.5%"|Depiction
!width="16.5%"|Ruler
!width="16.5%"|Succession
!width="16.5%"|[[Akkadian royal titulary#Epithets|Epithet]]
!width="16.5%"|{{abbr|Approx.|approximately}} dates
!width="16.5%"|Notes
|-
|colspan="7"align="center"style="background-color:palegoldenrod"|'''[[Early Dynastic III|Early Dynastic IIIa period]] ({{circa|2600|2500 BC|lk=yes}})'''
|-
!colspan="7"|[[Pre-dynastic period of Sumer|Predynastic Ur]] ({{circa|2600|2500 BC}})
|-
|
|[[File:Seal from PG 1236 with inscription Aja-Anzu, also read A-Imdugud.jpg|120px]]
|[[A-Imdugud]]<br>𒀀𒀭𒅎𒂂
|
|
|{{fl.|{{c.|2600 BC}}}}
|
*Historicity certain
*His name does not appear on the ''SKL''
*Known from an inscribed [[cylinder seal]] bearing the title of, ''"[[Ensi (Sumerian)|Governor]] of Ur"'' (found in tomb PG 1236 located in the [[Royal Cemetery at Ur]])<ref>{{cite report|last1=Woolley|first1=Leonard|author-link=Leonard Woolley|last2=Hall|first2=Henry|author-link2=Henry Hall (Egyptologist)|last3=Legrain|first3=L.|date=1900|title=Ur excavations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GygcAQAAMAAJ|publisher=Trustees of the British Museum and of the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania by the aid of a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York|isbn=9780598629883|archive-url=https://archive.org/embed/urexcavations186385join|volume=II|archive-date=2010-07-01}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[File:Ur-Palbisag.jpg|120px]]
|[[Ur-Pabilsag]]<br>𒌨𒀭𒉺𒉋𒊕
|Son of A-Imdugud (?)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aruz|first1=J.|last2=Wallenfels|first2=R.|date=2003|title=Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czZmQgAACAAJ|series=Metropolitan Museum of Art Series|location=New York|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=9780300098839}}</ref>
|
|{{died-in|{{c.|2550 BC}}}}
|
*''[[Tempore|temp.]]'' of Ursangpae<ref name="Marchesi2015">{{cite journal|last=Marchesi|first=Gianni|editor-last=Sallaberger|editor-first=Walther|editor-link=Walther Sallaberger|editor-last2=Schrakamp|editor-first2=Ingo|date=January 2015|title=Toward a Chronology of Early Dynastic Rulers in Mesopotamia|url=https://www.academia.edu/10655886|journal=History and Philology (ARCANE 3; Turnhout)|pages=139–156}}</ref>
*Known from an inscription fragment bearing the title of, ''"[[lugal|King]] of Ur"'' (found in tomb PG 779 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
|-
!width="1%"|#
!width="16.5%"|Depiction
!width="16.5%"|Ruler
!width="16.5%"|Succession
!width="16.5%"|Epithet
!width="16.5%"|{{abbr|Approx.|approximately}} dates
!width="16.5%"|Notes
|-
|colspan="7"align="center"style="background-color:palegoldenrod"|'''Early Dynastic IIIb period ({{circa|2500|2350 BC}})'''
|-
|
|[[File:Shell plaque from a lyre, PG 1332, Ur Royal Cemetery (detail).jpg|120px]]
|[[Akalamdug]]<br>𒀀𒌦𒄭
|Son of [[Meskalamdug]] (?)
|
|{{reign|single=c. 2500 BC|show=lword}}
|
*Son of [[Meskalamdug]] (?)
*''temp.'' of [[Akurgal]]<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
*Known from dynastic beads and tomb inscriptions bearing the title of, ''"King of Ur"'' (found in tomb PG 1332 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
|-
|
|[[File:Golden_helmet_of_Meskalamdug_in_the_British_Museum.jpg|120px]]
|[[Meskalamdug]]<br>𒈩𒌦𒄭
|Son of Akalamdug (?)
|
|{{reign|single=c. 2500|era=BC}}
|
*Son of Akalamdug (?)
*''temp.'' of [[Enakalle]]<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
*Known from dynastic beads and tomb inscriptions bearing the title of, ''"[[King of the Universe#Sargon of Akkad and his successors (2334–2154 BC)|King of Kish]]"'' (found in tomb PG 755 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
|-
|
|[[File:Queen Puabi with attendants.jpg|120px]]
|[[Puabi]]<br>𒅤𒀜
|colspan="3"|{{married-in|{{c.|2500}}}} to Meskalamdug (?)
|
*Known from inscriptions bearing the title of, ''"[[NIN (cuneiform)|Queen]]"'' (found in tomb PG 800 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
*She may have ruled in her own right as [[queen regnant]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.penn.museum/collections/highlights/neareast/puabi.php |title=Queen Puabi's Headdress from the Royal Cemetery at Ur|website=[[Penn Museum]]|access-date=2019-03-28}}</ref>
|-
|colspan="7"align="left"|{{blockquote|''"Then [[Uruk]] was defeated and the [[Throne|kingship]] was taken to [[Ur]]."''|''SKL''}}
|-
|1st
|[[File:Seal impression of Mesanepada, king of Kish.jpg|120px]]
|[[Mesannepada]]<br>𒈩𒀭𒉌𒅆𒊒𒁕
|Son of Meskalamdug (?)
|
|{{reign|single=c. 2500|era=BC}}<br><small>(80 years)</small>
|
*Son of Meskalamdug (?)
*''temp.'' of [[Ur-Lumma]]<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
*Known from the ''SKL'', ''[[Tummal Chronicle]]'', and an inscribed seal bearing the title of, ''"King of Kish"'' (found in tomb PG 1232/1237 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
|-
|2nd
|[[File:Middle East, 52 Ancient Iran.jpg|120px]]
|[[Meskiagnun]]<br>𒈩𒆠𒉘𒉣
|Son of Mesannepada (?)
|
|{{reign|c. 2485|c. 2450|era=BC}}<br><small>(30 or 36 years)</small>
|
*Son of Mesannepada (?)
*''temp.'' of Epa'e<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
*Said on the ''SKL'' to have been the son of Mesannepada and to have held the title of, ''"King"'' of not just Ur; but, all of Sumer
*Known from the ''Tummal Chronicle'' his tomb PG 1157 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur
|-
|3rd
|[[File:Dedication tablet by King Enshakushanna, State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Erm 14375.jpg|120px]]
|[[Elulu]]<br>𒂊𒇻𒇻
|
|
|{{reign|single=c. 2445|era=BC}}<br><small>(25 years)</small>
|
*Historicity certain.<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
*Said on the ''SKL'' to have held the title of ''"king"'' of not just Ur; but, all of Sumer.<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
*''temp.'' of [[Lugalanda]]<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
|-
|4th
|[[File:King at war leading soldiers Standard of Ur.jpg|120px]]
|[[Balulu]]<br>𒁀𒇻𒇻
|
|
|''Uncertain''<br><small>(36 years)</small>
|
*Historicity uncertain.
*Known from the ''SKL''; very little otherwise.
*Said on the ''SKL'' to have held the title of ''"king"'' of not just Ur; but, all of Sumer.
|-
|colspan="7"align="left"|{{blockquote|''"4 kings; they ruled for 171 years. Then Ur was defeated and the kingship was taken to [[Awan (ancient city)|Awan]]."''|''SKL''}}
|-
|
|[[File:Fragments in the name of Enshakushanna.jpg|120px]]
|[[Enshakushanna]]<br>𒂗𒊮𒊨𒀭𒈾
|Son of Elulu (?)<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
|
|{{reign|single=c. 2430|era=BC}}<br><small>(60 years)</small>
|
*Son of Elulu (?)<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
*''temp.'' of [[Urukagina]]<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
*Held the title of ''"[[King of Sumer and Akkad|lord of Sumer and king of all the land]]"''.<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
|-
|
|[[File:Foundation nail Entemena Louvre AO22934.jpg|120px]]
|[[Lugal-kinishe-dudu]]<br>𒈗𒆠𒉌𒂠𒌌𒌌
|
|
|{{reign|single=c. 2400|era=BC}}<br><small>(120 years)</small>
|
*Originally from Uruk
*Held the title of ''"King of Uruk and Ur"''
*''temp.'' of [[Enannatum II]]<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
|-
|
|[[File:Limestone foundation peg of Lugal-kisal-si, from Uruk, Iraq. C. 2380 BCE. Pergamon Museum.jpg|120px]]
|[[Lugal-kisal-si]]<br>𒈗𒆦𒋛
|Son of Lugal-kinishe-dudu<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
|
|{{reign|single=c. 2400|era=BC}}
|
*Son of Lugal-kinishe-dudu.<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
*Held the title of ''"king of Uruk and Ur"''.<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
*''temp.'' of [[Enentarzi]]<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
|-
|
|[[File:Gold_items_PG_580.jpg|120px]]
|[[A'annepada]]<br>𒀀𒀭𒉌𒅆𒊒𒁕
|Son of Mesannepada
|
|''Uncertain''; this ruler may have {{reign|c. 2500|c. 2350|era=BC}} sometime during the EDIIIb period<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
|
*Son of Mesannepada
*''temp.'' of [[Entemena]]<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
*Known from dedication tablets with inscriptions bearing the title ''"King of Ur"'' (found in tomb PG 580  located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
|-
!width="1%"|#
!width="16.5%"|Depiction
!width="16.5%"|Ruler
!width="16.5%"|Succession
!width="16.5%"|Epithet
!width="16.5%"|{{abbr|Approx.|approximately}} dates
!width="16.5%"|Notes
|-
|colspan="7"align="center"style="background-color:palegoldenrod"|'''Proto-Imperial period ({{circa|2350|2112 BC}})'''
|-
|
|
|Lunanna
|
|
|''Uncertain''; this ruler may have {{reign|c. 2350|c. 2112|era=BC}} sometime during the Proto-Imperial period<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
|
*Historicity certain.<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
*''temp.'' of [[Sargon of Akkad|Sargon]]<ref name="Marchesi2015"/>
|}

===Sumerian King List===
Only the final kings of the First Dynasty of Ur, from [[Mesannepada]] to [[Balulu]] and possibly 4 unnamed kings, are mentioned in the ''[[Sumerian King List]]'':<ref name="CDLI-Found Texts">{{cite web |title=CDLI-Found Texts |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?CompositeNumber=Q000371 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref> 
{{blockquote|"... [[Uruk]] with weapons was struck down, the kingship to Ur was carried off. In Ur [[Mesannepada]] was king, 80 years he ruled; [[Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna]], son of [[Mesannepada]], was king, 36 years he ruled; [[Elulu]], 25 years he ruled; Balulu, 36 years he ruled; 4 kings, the years: 171(?) they ruled. Ur with weapons was struck down; the kingship to [[Awan dynasty|Awan]] was carried off.|[[Sumerian King List]], 137-147.<ref name="CDLI-Found Texts">{{cite web |title=CDLI-Found Texts |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?CompositeNumber=Q000371 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref>}}
{{clear}}

==Artifacts==
{{main|Royal Cemetery of Ur}}
The Royal Cemetery of Ur held the tombs of several rulers of the First Dynasty of Ur.<ref name="DF"/> The tombs are particularly lavish, and testify to the wealth of the First Dynasty of Ur.<ref name="IMD"/> One of the most famous tombs is that of Queen [[Puabi]].<ref name="IMD"/>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:A gold dagger and a dagger with a gold-plated handle, Ur excavations (1900) (14581033499).jpg|A gold dagger and a dagger with a gold-plated handle, Ur excavations (1900).
File:Reconstructed sumerian headgear necklaces british museum.JPG|Reconstructed Sumerian headgear necklaces found in the tomb of [[Puabi]], housed at the British Museum
File:Queen's Lyre Ur Royal Cemetery.jpg|Queen's Lyre, one of the [[Lyres of Ur]], Ur Royal Cemetery.
File:Flickr - Nic's events - British Museum with Cory and Mary, 6 Sep 2007 - 185.jpg|Cylinder seal of Queen [[Puabi]], found in her tomb. Inscription 𒅤𒀀𒉿 𒊩𒌆''Pu-A-Bi-[[NIN (cuneiform)|Nin]]'' "Queen Puabi".<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/nics_events/1337998095/in/photostream/ British Museum notice WA 121544]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Crawford|first1=Harriet|author-link=Harriet Crawford|title=The Sumerian World|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136219115|page=622|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SKYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT622|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Anthropology|first1=University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and|last2=Hansen|first2=Donald P.|last3=Pittman|first3=Holly|title=Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur|date=1998|publisher=UPenn Museum of Archaeology|isbn=9780924171550|page=78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8j76olVKloC&pg=PA78|language=en}}</ref> The last word "𒊩𒌆" can either be pronounced ''Nin'' “lady”, or ''Eresh'' “queen”.<ref>{{cite book|last1=James|first1=Sharon L.|last2=Dillon|first2=Sheila|title=A Companion to Women in the Ancient World|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781119025542|page=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0NYdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|language=en}}</ref>
File:Standard of Ur - War.jpg|The [[Standard of Ur]]
File:Raminathicket2.jpg|[[Ram in a Thicket]]
File:Bull's head of the Queen's lyre from Pu-abi's grave PG 800, the Royal Cemetery at Ur, Southern Mesopotamia, Iraq. The British Museum, London..JPG|Lyre of a Bull's Head from Queen [[Puabi]]'s tomb. (British Museum)
File:Lyre detail (Royal Cemetery of Ur).jpg|Nacre plate with anthropomorphic animals, circa 2600 BCE
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Commons category|First Dynasty of Ur}}
*[[Sumerian King List]]
*[[History of Sumer]]
*[[Third Dynasty of Ur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Rulers of Sumer}}

[[Category:First Dynasty of Ur| ]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]