View source for First Taiwan Strait Crisis

{{Short description|1954–1955 military conflict between the PRC and ROC}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = First Taiwan Strait Crisis
| partof            = the [[Cold War]] and the aftermath of the [[Chinese Civil War]]
| image             = {{Multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2
| image1 =
| alt1   =
| image2 = Taiwan strait area. LOC 2008623338.jpg
| alt2   =
| image3 = PLA attack 203 Highland.jpg
| alt3   = }}'''From top to bottom:''' {{flatlist|
* Map of the Taiwan Strait
* Battle of the Yijiangshan Islands, 18-19 January 1955
}}
| image_size        = 280
| caption           = Taiwan Strait
| date              = 3 September 1954 – 1 May 1955<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=09|day1=03|year1=1954|month2=05|day2=01|year2=1955}})
| place             = [[Taiwan Strait]]
| result            = Ceasefire; major escalation avoided
* The PRC takes control of the [[Yijiangshan Islands|Yijiangshan]] and [[Dachen Islands]]
* The ROC and US navies [[Operation King Kong|evacuate military personnel and civilians from the Dachen Islands]]
* [[Formosa Resolution of 1955]] and [[Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty]] between the ROC and US
| combatant2        = {{flag|People's Republic of China}}
| combatant1        = {{flag|Republic of China}}<br />{{flag|United States|1912}}
| commander2        = {{flagdeco|People's Republic of China}} '''[[Mao Zedong]]'''<br />{{flagdeco|People's Republic of China}} [[Zhou Enlai]]<br />{{flagdeco|People's Republic of China}} [[Peng Dehuai]]<br />{{flagdeco|People's Republic of China}} [[Xu Xiangqian]]
| commander1        = {{flagdeco|Republic of China}} '''[[Chiang Kai-shek]]'''<br />{{flagdeco|Republic of China}} [[Liu Yuzhang]]<br />{{flagdeco|United States|1912}} '''[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'''
| casualties2       = {{flagdeco|People's Republic of China}} 393 killed<ref name="hantt">{{cite news |author1=Han Cheung |title=Taiwan in Time: Yijiangshan: Moving the Americans to action? |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2020/01/12/2003729106 |access-date=14 January 2020 |work=Taipei Times |date=12 January 2020}}</ref>
| casualties1       = {{flagdeco|Republic of China}} 519 killed<ref name="hantt"/><br>{{flagdeco|United States|1912}} 2 killed<ref name ="Taipei Times"/>
}}

The '''First Taiwan Strait Crisis''' (also known as the '''Formosa Crisis''', the '''1954–1955 Taiwan Strait Crisis''', the '''Offshore Islands Crisis''', the '''Quemoy-Matsu Crisis''', and the '''1955 Taiwan Strait Crisis''') was a brief armed conflict between the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) and the [[Republic of China]] (ROC) focused on several ROC-held islands a few miles from the Chinese mainland in the [[Taiwan Strait]].

The crisis began when the PRC initiated heavy bombardment of [[Kinmen]] (Quemoy) island in September 1954. Shelling was subsequently extended to the [[Matsu Islands|Matsu]] and [[Tachen Islands|Tachen]] (Dachen) islands. In response, the United States and the ROC agreed to the [[Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty]] in December 1954. In January 1955, the PRC seized the [[Yijiangshan Islands]]. Later that month, the [[Formosa Resolution]] was approved by both houses of the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]], authorizing President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] to defend the ROC and its possessions. The [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] helped ROC troops evacuate from the Tachen Islands.

The crisis de-escalated in April 1955 after Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] articulated the PRC's intention to negotiate with the United States at the [[Bandung Conference]], and in May 1955 the  [[People's Liberation Army]] ceased shelling Kinmen and Matsu. Ambassadorial-level discussions between China and the U.S. began in Geneva in August 1955. The fundamental issues of the conflict remained unresolved, which led to [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis|another crisis three years later]].

==Background==
The [[United States]] recognized [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s [[Chinese nationalism|Nationalist]] ([[Kuomintang]]) government as the sole legitimate government for all of China. On 5 January 1950, United States President [[Harry S. Truman]] issued a statement that the United States would not become involved in "the civil conflict in China" and would not provide military aid or advice to the Nationalist forces on Taiwan.<ref name=":Li">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Hongshan |title=Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=9780231207058 |location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{Rp|page=125}}

As the [[Korean War]] broke out, the United States resumed military aid to the ROC and sent the US Navy's [[United States Seventh Fleet|Seventh Fleet]] into the Taiwan Strait.<ref name=":Li2">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Hongshan |title=Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=9780231207058 |location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{Rp|page=50}}

On 27 June 1950, Truman issued the following statement:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=800&st=&st1|title=Statement issued by President Truman|last=Truman|first=Harry|date=1950-06-27|website=www.trumanlibrary.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214104047/http://www.trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=800&st=&st1|archive-date=2014-12-14|url-status=dead|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref>

{{quote|The [[Korean War#China intervenes (October–December 1950)|attack upon Korea]] makes it plain beyond all doubt that [[communism]] has passed beyond the use of [[subversion]] to conquer independent nations and will now use armed invasion and war. It has defied the orders of the [[Security Council of the United Nations]] issued to preserve international peace and security. In these circumstances the occupation of [[Formosa]] by Communist forces would be a direct threat to the security of the Pacific area and to United States forces performing their lawful and necessary functions in that area.

Accordingly, I have ordered the [[7th Fleet]] to prevent any attack on Formosa. As a corollary of this action, I am calling upon the Chinese Government on Formosa to cease all air and sea operations against the mainland.  The 7th Fleet will see that this is done.  The determination of the future status of Formosa must await the restoration of security in the Pacific, a peace settlement with [[Japan]], or consideration by the [[United Nations]].|sign=[[Harry Truman]]|source=}}

President Truman later ordered [[John Foster Dulles]],{{Efn|Dulles would later serve as Secretary of State himself under President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]].}} the Foreign Policy Advisor to [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[Dean Acheson]], to carry out his decision on "neutralizing"  Taiwan in drafting the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] of 1951 (the peace treaty with Japan), which excluded the participation of both the ROC and the PRC.  Each self-claimed legitimate government of China was excluded from the treaty because the question of China's legitimate government remained unresolved after [[World War II]] and the [[Chinese Civil War]], and this was considered an intractable sticking point in otherwise comprehensive and multilaterally beneficial peace negotiations.

Japan ceded control of Taiwan in the treaty but did not specify a recipient for Taiwan's sovereignty.  This situation has been used by supporters of [[Taiwan independence]] to argue for their position that the sovereignty status of Taiwan was undetermined, despite the Japanese having already agreed{{Dubious|date=August 2016}}{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} to return Taiwan to Republic of China through their [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender|Instrument of Surrender]] signed at end of the War.<ref>[http://www.formosa.org/~taiwanpg/chap20.htm Taiwan Independence Movement] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041222130347/http://www.formosa.org/~taiwanpg/chap20.htm |date=22 December 2004 }}</ref>  According to the author [[George H. Kerr]], a supporter of [[Taiwanese independence]], in his book ''[[Formosa Betrayed (book)|Formosa Betrayed]]'', the political status of Taiwan was under the trust of the Allied Powers (against Japan). It would be the responsibility of the United Nations if this could not be resolved in near future as designed in the peace treaty.

The [[Nationalist government|ROC Nationalist Government]] (now based in Taiwan) maintained as its goal the recovery of control of mainland China, and this required a resumption of the military confrontation with the [[China|Red Chinese]].  Truman and his advisors regarded that goal as unrealizable, but regret over losing China to [[World communism|international communism]] was quite prominent in public opinion at the time, and the Truman Administration was criticized by [[anticommunist]]s for preventing any attempt by Chiang Kai-shek's forces to liberate mainland China.

Truman, a member of the [[U.S. Democratic Party|Democratic Party]], did not run for reelection in the [[1952 U.S. presidential election|presidential election of 1952]], even though he was eligible to do so. This election was won by the [[U.S. Republican Party|Republican]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], a [[General (United States)|General]] from World War II.

On 2 February 1953, the new president lifted the Seventh Fleet's blockade in order to fulfill demands by [[Anti-Communists in the United States|anticommunists]] to "unleash [[Chiang Kai-shek]]" on mainland China, hence the [[Dang Guo|Kuomintang regime]] strengthened its [[Guanbi policy|Closed Port Policy]] of the aerial and [[naval blockade]] on foreign vessels on Chinese coast and the [[international waters|high seas]],<ref name="ART">{{Cite web |title=Blockage on the Communist regions |url=https://art.archives.gov.tw/Theme.aspx?MenuID=552 |author=National Archives Administration, National Development Council |publisher=Archival Resources for Teaching |date=2009-01-08 |language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref name="MTC">{{Cite web |title=Emergency measures on shipping companies and vessels helping the Chinese Communists |author=Executive Yuan Decree |url=https://motclaw.motc.gov.tw/Law_ShowAll.aspx?LawID=H0048003&Mode=0&PageTitle=%e6%a2%9d%e6%96%87%e5%85%a7%e5%ae%b9 |publisher=[[Ministry of Transportation and Communications (Taiwan)|ROC Ministry of Transportation and Communications]] |date=1950-08-16 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> whereas the privacy activities intensified in the summer 1953 after [[Joseph Stalin]]'s death and the [[Korean Armistice Agreement]] till summed up to 141 interference incidents as per the [[Royal Navy]] escort reports.<ref>*{{Cite book |title=The Sino-American Alliance, Nationalist China and American Cold war Strategy in Asia |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-American-Alliance-Nationalist-China-and-American-Cold-War-Strategy/Garver/p/book/9780765600530 |author=John W. Garver |publisher=Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. |isbn=9780765600530 |date=1997-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Praca |url=https://taiwantrc.org/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%99%E8%99%9F/ |author=Li Zhen-hsiang  |publisher=Taiwan News Weekly, ver. 376, Taiwan Association for Truth and Reconciliation |date=2009-01-08 |language=zh-tw}}</ref>

The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] briefing on 13 July 1954 for the [[White House]] and [[United States National Security Council|NSC]] indicated the [[shipping insurance]] increase across the [[South China Sea]] after the [[Capture of Tanker Tuapse|Tuapse Incident]] on 23 June, and certain [[Ocean liner|international liners]] being deterred midway at [[Port of Singapore|Singapore]], or had to change plans.<ref name="Ch 4">{{Cite thesis | chapter-url=http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/49868/7/15300107.pdf |chapter=Chapter 4，1953–1960 |title=Blockade the Mainland coast – the Closed Port Policy of ROC Government，1949–1960 |author=Lin Hong-yi |date=2009 |publisher=[[National Chengchi University]] |degree=M.D. |language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref name="TPN">{{Cite web |title=The Anti-Communist Rampage: the Tuapse hijack incident in 1954  |url=https://www.peoplenews.tw/news/03281e13-85ca-430a-9195-44eb65f5acb8 |author=Li Zhen-hsiang |publisher=Taiwan People News |date=2009-01-08 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> The [[People's Liberation Army Air Force|PLA Air Force]] moved in the [[Hainan|Hainan Island]] to clear another transport route through [[Sanya#20th century|Yulin]] and [[Guangzhou#Industry|Huangpu]] ports, but accidentally [[1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown|shot down]] a [[Douglas DC-4]] (VR-HEU) [[airliner]] of the [[Cathay Pacific|Cathay Pacific Airways]] with 10 deaths on 23 July, then 2 [[US aircraft carriers]], [[USS Hornet (CV-12)|Hornet]] and [[USS Philippine Sea (CV-47)|Philippine Sea]] arrived for a rescue mission on 26 July and shot down 2 PLAAF [[Lavochkin La-11]] [[Fighter aircraft|fighters]] .<ref>{{cite book |author=Roy A. Grossnick |title=''United States Naval Aviation, 1910–1995'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tz9nwwEACAAJ&pg=PA206 |year=1997 |publisher=Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy |isbn=978-0-16-049124-5 |access-date=2020-09-14 |archive-date = 2020-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914193243/https://books.google.com/books?id=tz9nwwEACAAJ&pg=PA206 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 August, Commander of [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] in the [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]] (CMC), [[Peng Dehuai]] convened an executive meeting to establish the tactical command on the [[East China Military Region]] as per [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|CMC chairman]] [[Mao Zedong]]'s directive to open another front from the north.<ref>{{Cite web|title=On the edge of war: A strategy review on the Kinmen Bombardment (Part 1) |url=http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2000-3-9/25.html |author=Lang Yang |date=2000-03-09 |publisher=Warship Information |language=zh-cn}}</ref>

==The conflict==
[[File:80-G-657548 Tachen Islands evacuation, February 1955.jpg|thumb|300px|Chinese Nationalist soldiers load [[artillery]] aboard an [[Landing Craft Medium|LCM]] as ships at anchor await their arrival, 6 February 1955.]]

In August 1954, the Nationalists placed 58,000 troops on Kinmen and 15,000 troops on Matsu. The ROC began building defensive structures and the PRC began shelling ROC installations on Kinmen. [[Zhou Enlai]], [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|PRC premier]] responded with a declaration on 11 August 1954, that Taiwan must be "liberated."  He dispatched the [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) to the area, and it began shelling both Kinmen and the [[Matsu Islands]].

Despite warnings from the U.S. against any attacks on the Republic of China, five days before the signing of the [[Treaty of Manila (1954)|Manila pact]], the PLA unleashed a heavy artillery bombardment of Kinmen on 3 September, during which two American military advisers were killed.<ref name="Taipei Times">{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/12/08/2003520229|website=[[Taipei Times]]|date=8 December 2011|access-date=11 August 2019|title=Kinmen unveils monument in honor of US officer|quote=The Kinmen Defense Command (KDC) unveiled a cenotaph on Tuesday to commemorate the late Lieutenant Colonel Frank Lynn of the US, who died in a Chinese artillery bombardment on Sept. 3, 1954, on Kinmen.{...}It was placed next to the cenotaph of Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Medendorp, which was installed at the wharf in August 1992. Medendorp was killed in the same bombing.}}</ref>
[[Mao Zedong]] sought to avoid United States involvement in the conflict and gave repeated orders that the PLA should avoid engaging with the American forces off the coast.<ref name=":Li2" />{{Rp|page=162}} In November, the PLA bombed the [[Tachen Islands]]. This renewed Cold War fears of Communist expansion in Asia at a time when the PRC was not recognized by the [[United States Department of State]].  [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s government was supported by the United States because the ROC was part of the United States' [[containment|policy of containment]] of communism which stretched from a devastated South Korea to an increasingly divided [[Southeast Asia]].

The PLA initially planned to attack the [[Yijiangshan Islands]] in late 1954, but delayed the attack while American forces were conducting military exercises in that area.<ref name=":Li" />{{Rp|page=162}} On 18 January 1955, the PLA seized the islands. Fighting continued on nearby islands off the coast of [[Zhejiang]], as well as around Kinmen and the Matsu Islands in [[Fujian]]. On 29 January 1955, the [[Formosa Resolution of 1955|Formosa Resolution]] was approved by both houses of the [[U.S. Congress]] authorizing Eisenhower to use U.S. forces to defend the ROC and its possessions in the Taiwan Strait against armed attack. The U.S. Navy then assisted the Nationalists in evacuating their forces from the [[Tachen Islands]].<ref>Rushkoff, Bennett C. "Eisenhower, Dulles and the Quemoy-Matsu Crisis, 1954–1955." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 96, no. 3 (1981): 469–72. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2150556]</ref>

During the crisis, Eisenhower threatened to use nuclear weapons against PRC military targets in [[Fujian]].<ref name=":17" />{{Rp|page=89}} On 12 September 1954, the [[U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff]] recommended the use of [[nuclear weapon]]s against mainland China. On 2 December 1954, the United States and the ROC agreed to the [[Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty]], which did not apply to islands along the Chinese mainland. This treaty was ratified by the [[U.S. Senate]] on 9 February 1955. In February 1955, British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] warned the U.S. against using nuclear weapons, but in March, [[U.S. Secretary of State]] [[John Foster Dulles]] stated publicly that the U.S. was seriously considering a nuclear strike.<ref name="McManus2009">{{cite book|author=James McManus|title=Cowboys Full: The Story of Poker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drHJelHmhsgC&pg=PA226|date=27 October 2009|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-1-4299-9068-4|page=226}}</ref> On 6 March, Eisenhower also reaffirmed his willingness to use nuclear weapons.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Xiaobing |title=The Cold War in East Asia |date=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-65179-1 |location=Abingdon, Oxon}}</ref>{{Rp|page=74}} In response, the [[NATO]] foreign ministers warned at a meeting of the alliance against such action. In late March, U.S. [[Admiral]] [[Robert B. Carney]] said that Eisenhower is planning "to destroy [[Communist China (modern)|Red China]]'s military potential."<ref name="Elleman2014">{{cite book|author=Bruce A. Elleman|title=Taiwan Straits: Crisis in Asia and the Role of the U.S. Navy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vM1BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|date=16 December 2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-8108-8890-6|page=41}}</ref> 

At the April 1955 [[Bandung Conference]], China articulated its [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence]] and Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] publicly stated, "[T]he Chinese people do not want to have a war with the United States. The Chinese government is willing to sit down to discuss the question of relaxing tension in the Far East, and especially the question of relaxing tension in the Taiwan area."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |title=The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2 |location=Stanford, California |pages=35 |oclc=1332788951}}</ref> A month later, Mao likewise told Indonesian Prime Minister [[Ali Sastroamidjojo]] that all problems, including the status of Taiwan, could be resolved through negotiation.<ref name=":Li2" />{{Rp|page=163}} The crisis de-escalated, and the United States and China began ambassadorial-level discussions in Geneva on 1 August 1955.<ref name=":2" /> Two years of negotiations with the United States followed, and covered many issues, although no agreement was reached on the primary issue, Taiwan.<ref name=":2" />

==Aftermath==
Some scholars hypothesized the PRC backed down in the face of American [[nuclear brinksmanship]] and in light of the lack of willingness by the [[Soviet Union]] to threaten [[Nuclear umbrella|nuclear retaliation]] for an attack on the PRC. Others see the case as an example of effective application of extended deterrence by the United States. On 1 May the PLA temporarily ceased shelling Kinmen and Matsu. The fundamental issues of the conflict remained unresolved, however, and both sides subsequently built up their military forces on their respective sides of the Taiwan Strait leading to [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis|a new crisis three years later]].{{fact|date=September 2025}}

Eisenhower's threats to use nuclear weapons during the crisis prompted Mao to begin China's nuclear program.<ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last=Crean |first=Jeffrey |title=The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History |date=2024 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-350-23394-2 |edition= |series=New Approaches to International History series |location=London, UK}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=89-90}} The first of [[List of nuclear weapons tests of China|China's nuclear weapons tests]] took place in 1964 and its first successful [[thermonuclear weapon|hydrogen bomb]] test occurred in 1967.{{fact|date=September 2025}}

==See also==
* [[Battle of Kuningtou]]
* [[Battle of Hainan Island]]
* [[Kashmir Princess]]
* [[Guanbi policy]]
* [[Capture of Tanker Tuapse]]
* [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis]]
* [[Third Taiwan Strait Crisis]]
* [[Legal status of Taiwan]]
* [[Nuclear blackmail]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box}}
*Bush, R. & O'Hanlon, M. (2007). ''A War Like No Other: The Truth About China's Challenge to America''. Wiley. {{ISBN|0-471-98677-1}}
*Bush, R. (2006). ''Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait''. Brookings Institution Press. {{ISBN|0-8157-1290-1}}
*Carpenter, T. (2006). ''America's Coming War with China: A Collision Course over Taiwan''. Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|1-4039-6841-1}}
*Cole, B. (2006). ''Taiwan's Security: History and Prospects''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-36581-3}}
*Copper, J. (2006). ''Playing with Fire: The Looming War with China over Taiwan''. Praeger Security International General Interest. {{ISBN|0-275-98888-0}}
*Federation of American Scientists et al. (2006). [https://fas.org/nuke/guide/china/Book2006.pdf Chinese Nuclear Forces and U.S. Nuclear War Planning]
*Gill, B. (2007). ''Rising Star: China's New Security Diplomacy''. Brookings Institution Press. {{ISBN|0-8157-3146-9}}
*Rushkoff, Bennett C. "Eisenhower, Dulles and the Quemoy-Matsu Crisis, 1954–1955." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 96, no. 3 (1981): 465–80. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2150556]
*Shirk, S. (2007). ''China: Fragile Superpower: How China's Internal Politics Could Derail Its Peaceful Rise''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-530609-0}}
*Tsang, S. (2006). ''If China Attacks Taiwan: Military Strategy, Politics and Economics''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-40785-0}}
*Tucker, N.B. (2005). ''Dangerous Strait: the U.S.-Taiwan-China Crisis''. Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|0-231-13564-5}}
* Watry, David M. ''Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill, and Eden in the Cold War.'' Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2014.
*{{Cite book |url=https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/83/3/1087/705486?redirectedFrom=fulltext |title=Crisis and Commitment: United States Policy toward Taiwan, 1950–1955 |author=Robert Accinelli |publisher=[[The Journal of American History]] |date=1996-01-23 |isbn=0807822590}}
*{{Cite book |title=Raiders of the China Coast: CIA Covert Operations during the Korean War |author=Frank Holober |publisher=Naval Institute Press |date=1999-09-01 |isbn=1557503885}}
*{{cite book |author1=Robert S. Ross |author2=Changbin Jiang |title=Re-examining the Cold War: U.S.-China Diplomacy, 1954–1973 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUcbNCUoWSMC&pg=PA200|year=2001 |publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center |isbn=9780674005266}}

{{Chinese Civil War}}
{{Cold War}}
{{Cross-Strait relations}}
{{Taiwan–United States relations}}

{{Authority control}}
{{coord missing|Taiwan}}

[[Category:Taiwan Strait|Crisis]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1954]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1955]]
[[Category:Taiwan under Republic of China rule]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Chinese Civil War|Taiwan 1954]]
[[Category:Naval history of China]]
[[Category:1954 in China]]
[[Category:1955 in China]]
[[Category:1954 in Taiwan]]
[[Category:1955 in Taiwan]]
[[Category:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
[[Category:Cross-strait conflict]]
[[Category:China–United States military relations]]
[[Category:Taiwan–United States military relations]]
[[Category:Military history of Taiwan]]