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{{Short description|American politician (1758–1808)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Fisher Ames
| image               = Gilbert Stuart - Fisher Ames - NPG.79.215 - National Portrait Gallery.jpg
| office1             = Member of the<br />[[U.S. House of Representatives]]<br /> from [[Massachusetts]]
| term_start1         = March 4, 1789
| term_end1           = March 3, 1797
| alongside1          = [[Samuel Dexter]], [[Benjamin Goodhue]], and [[Samuel Holten]] ([[Massachusetts's first congressional district#List of representatives|1793-1795]])
| predecessor1        = [[Congress of the Confederation]]
| successor1          = [[Harrison Gray Otis (politician)|Harrison Gray Otis]]
| constituency1       = {{ubl|{{ushr|MA|1|C}} (1789–1795)|{{ushr|MA|8|C}} (1795–1797)}}
| office2             = Member of the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]]
| term2               = 1788
| birth_date          = {{birth date text|April 9, 1758|April 9, 1758}}
| birth_place         = [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]], [[Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts Bay]], [[British America]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1808|7|4|1758|4|9}}
| death_place         = Dedham, [[Massachusetts]], [[United States of America]]
| restingplace        = Old First Parish Cemetery, Dedham, Massachusetts
| restingplacecoordinates = 
| birthname           = 
| nationality         = 
| party               = [[Federalist Party (United States)|Federalist]]
| otherparty          = 
| spouse              = 
| relatives           = [[Ames family]]
| children            = 
| residence           = 
| alma_mater          = [[Harvard University]]
| occupation          = 
| profession          = Lawyer
| cabinet             = 
| committees          = 
| portfolio           = 
| religion            = 
| signature           = 
| website             = 
| footnotes           = 
| caption             = portrait by [[Gilbert Stuart]]
}}

'''Fisher Ames''' ({{IPAc-en|eɪ|m|z}}; April 9, 1758 &ndash; July 4, 1808) was a [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] in the [[United States Congress]] from the [[United States House of Representatives, Massachusetts District 1|1st Congressional District]] of [[Massachusetts]]. He became conspicuous in promoting the new Constitution during his state's ratifying convention, which propelled him to election to the United States Congress for four terms concurrent with the Washington Administration. In this role, he was an important leader of the [[Federalist Party]] in the House of Representatives and soon became famous for his powerful skill as an orator. Ames was on the committee that inaugurated President Washington, he framed the final accepted wording in the First Amendment regarding freedom of religion in 1789 and fought many key legislative battles successfully for the Federalists in Congress. In his day, his greatest performance was a defense of the Jay Treaty in 1796, which secured enough votes to pass the appropriation for the treaty. Ames's Jay Treaty oration was known for decades afterward and set a standard for later statesman in debate and oratory to follow well into the 19th Century. Ames left Congress in 1797, due to declining health, and continued to be a Federalist essayist for a decade after his Congressional career. Ames died on July 4th, 1808, at the age of fifty; making him the first of three Founding Fathers who died on July 4th - along with Thomas Jefferson and John Adams - who both died in 1826. 

==Personal life==
Ames was born in [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] in the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]].<ref name=":0">{{cite BDA1906 |wstitle= Ames, Fisher |volume= 1 |pages= 102-103 |short=1}}</ref> His father, [[Nathaniel Ames]], died when Fisher was but six years old, but his mother, [[Deborah Fisher]], resolved, in spite of her limited income, to give the boy a classical education. He belonged to one of the oldest families in Massachusetts and in his line of his ancestry was [[William Ames]].<ref name=":0" /> At the age of six he began the study of Latin, and at the age of twelve, he was sent to [[Harvard College]], graduating in 1774 when he began work as a teacher. While teaching school Ames also studied law in the office of [[William Tudor]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1779 he was received as a law pupil in a Boston law firm, and in 1781 was admitted to the Suffolk bar. and commenced his law practice in Dedham that same year. Ames was not very fond of law but practiced it successfully.<ref>[[#morrison|Morrison, 1932]], p. 244</ref>

He had a brother, also named [[Nathaniel Ames (third)|Nathaniel Ames]]. The brothers had opposite political views and social styles.{{Sfn|Hanson|1976|p=168}} Nathaniel "enjoyed his role as country doctor, servant of the proletariat, and champion of the common man."{{Sfn|Hanson|1976|p=168}} He became the leader of the [[Democratic-Republican Party]] in Dedham.{{Sfn|Hanson|1976|p=168}} He was most at home around the farmers and laborers with whom he grew up.{{Sfn|Hanson|1976|p=168}} Fisher, on the other hand, liked to dress well, hobnob with [[Boston Brahmin|Boston society]], and was an influential Federalist.{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=168}} Fisher operated his law practice out of the first floor of the [[Ames Tavern]].{{Sfn|Hanson|1976|p=168}}

He was elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1793.<ref name="AAAS" /> Ames had six children, including [[John W. Ames (politician)|John]], [[Seth Ames|Seth]],{{sfn|Hurd|1884|p=61}} and William{{sfn|Clarke|1903|p=12}}{{efn|William was a resident at the [[Phoenix Hotel (Dedham, Massachusetts)|Phoenix Hotel]] and was known to be quiet but charitable. He died at the hotel in Springfield, Massachusetts where he was living.{{sfn|Clarke|1903|p=12}}}} with his wife, Frances.{{Sfn|Hanson|1976|p=229}} Ames owned a farm on Federal Hill in Dedham that he rented out.{{sfn|Clarke|1903|p=3}} If the weather was fair while he was home from Washington, he would walk to the farm every day to inspect the crops growing there.{{sfn|Clarke|1903|p=3}}

==Political career==
===Massachusetts===
[[File:Ames tavern.JPG|right|thumb|The [[Ames Tavern]]]]
[[File:Fisher Ames birthplace memorial - Norfolk County Registry of Deeds - Dedham Massachusetts - DSC04360.jpg|thumb|Plaque on the Norfolk County Registry of Deeds]]

In 1788, he became a member of the Massachusetts convention that ratified the [[United States Constitution]].{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=169}} His "lucid and persuasive" speeches in the convention helped to sway enough votes to adopt the Constitution.{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=169}} Later that year, he was elected to serve in the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]] alongside [[Nathaniel Kingsbury]].{{sfn|Worthington|1827|pp=106-107}}{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=169}}

After stepping down from Congress, he stayed in politics and was a member of the Governor's Council from 1798 to 1800. In his new role, Ames offered one of the great orations on the death of President Washington.

===Federal===
Ames was elected to the [[First United States Congress]], having beaten [[Samuel Adams]] for the post.{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=169}} He was surprised by his win.{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=169}} He was a member of the [[Federalist Party]], specifically its [[Essex Junto]]. When Ames reported to Congress in late March 1789, he was assigned to the standing committee of Congressman who would plan and execute the inauguration of President George Washington. Ames said: "When I saw Washington, I felt strong emotions. I believe that no man ever had so fair a claim to veneration as he." Later, on Inauguration Day, he sat in the same pew at St. Paul's Church, New York, for the Christian service after the inauguration, and more famously said: "Time has made havoc upon his face."{{sfn|Knudsen|2025|pp=111-114}}   


Ames also served in the [[Second United States Congress|Second]] and [[Third United States Congress|Third Congresses]] and as a [[United States Federalist Party|Federalist]] to the [[Fourth United States Congress|Fourth Congress]].{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=169}} He served in Congress from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1797. During the First Congress, he was chairman of the [[U.S. House Committee on Elections|Committee on Elections]].  In 1796, he was not a candidate for renomination but resumed the practice of law in Dedham.

Though he was young, he was considered one of the best orators in the Congress.<ref name=ebh3/> Ames offered one of the first great speeches in American Congressional history when he spoke in favor of the [[Jay Treaty]].{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=170-171}} Ames vigorously defended the interests of New England, such as opposing a tax on molasses.<ref name=ebh3/> Despite his Federalist sympathies, Ames would dissent from his party when he felt it was not in the country's best interest. For example, in 1789 Ames argued against the appointment of [[Thomas Willing]] as the President of Hamilton's newly created [[First Bank of the United States|Bank of the United States]].<ref name="UpRvq" />

In 1794, the people of [[Charleston, South Carolina]] burned him in effigy alongside William Pitt, [[Benedict Arnold]], and the [[Devil in Christianity|Devil]] for his pro-British positions.{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=169}}

===Political opinions===
Ames became concerned by the rising popularity of Jefferson's Republicans, who advocated the United States adopt Republican type representative government along the lines of post-[[French Revolution|Revolution]] government in France. Hamilton's Federalists (of which Ames was one), although they too agreed with a Republic, advocated a stronger federal government with similar powers to the British example. Ames felt Federalism around a clear and firm constitution was the model the United States should follow to prevent the fledgling nation from failing. He cautioned against the excesses of democracy unfettered by morals and reason: "Popular reason does not always know how to act right, nor does it always act right when it knows."<ref name="sPfjS" /> He also felt that democracy alone was too fragile a system to resist descent into tyranny.  "A democracy cannot last.  Its nature ordains that its next change should be into a military despotism....The reason is that the tyranny of what is called the people, and that by the sword, both operate alike to debase and corrupt, til there are neither men left with the spirit to desire liberty, nor morals with the power to sustain justice.  Like the burning pestilence that destroys the human body, nothing can subsist by its dissolution but vermin."<ref name="hztHw" /> Likewise, Ames warned his countrymen of the dangers of flattering demagogues, who incite dis-union and lead their country into bondage:
"Our country is too big for union, too sordid for patriotism, too democratic for liberty. What is to become of it, He who made it best knows. Its vice will govern it, by practising upon its folly. This is ordained for democracies."<ref name="tdn8B" />

Ames shared John Adams' estimation of  the French Revolution and held great skepticism and disdain for the excesses that were occurring across France, fearing it could have a detrimental effect on American politics given the recent alliance between France and the United States during the American Revolution.<ref>[[#morrison|Morrison, 1932]], p. 245</ref>

===Framer of the Religious Freedom portion of the 1st Amendment===
From June to August 1789, the First Congress worked on the Bill of Rights. Fisher Ames listened to his colleagues' suggestions as they were brought to the floor in the discussions regarding how they should codify preventing a type of national church, such as Church of England, as well as enshrine freedom of religion, and near the end of the summer, on August 20th, 1789 motioned his suggestion: "Congress shall make no law establishing religion, or to prevent the free exercise thereof, or infringe the rights of conscience." This wording the House members were satisfied, and it was passed to the Senate along with all other amendments. The Senate would make a number of changes to Ames's wording, but after a few weeks, realized what Ames wrote was the arrangement all had sought, and the final version that became the part of the 1st Amendment regarding religious freedom read: "Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting a free exercise thereof; ...." {{sfn|Knudsen|2025|pp=127-133}}

===Views on slavery===
Fisher Ames wrote in one letter of 1790: "I am no advocate of slavery," but there are no other known statements by him that establish if he was for abolition of slavery or even against it. It is well documented in his other correspondences and primary sources that verify his parents owned slaves and also the family of his wife were slave owners. However, Fisher Ames himself never purchased a slave, sold one, or was in a position to free one. As a Congressman, Ames voiced irritation over wasting time on slavery issues in the Congress, and felt it was an issue for the states, not the federal government to deal with. Ames did vote in the affirmative for the first Fugitive Slave Act, but outside of scant mention of slavery by Fisher Ames in his correspondence between 1789-1808, they are not sufficient to fully establish a strong view on the issue one way or another. Most likely, his position on the institution of slavery was that he himself had no desire to own slaves, but did not think abolition was possible, and like most people of his time tacitly accepted it as a part of the world men lived in.{{sfn|Knudsen|2025|pp=506-509}}

==Later years==
In the late 18th century, Massachusetts was a solidly Federalist state.{{sfn|Slack|2015|p=138}}  Dedham, however, was divided between [[Federalist Party|Federalists]] and [[Democratic-Republican Party|Republicans]].{{sfn|Slack|2015|p=72}}{{sfn|Slack|2015|p=138}}

Ames returned home to Dedham in 1797.{{sfn|Slack|2015|p=72}}{{efn|His estate was later owned by John Gardner and his "aristocratic" family who did not socialize much with others in town.{{sfn|Clarke|1903|p=15}}}} Upon returning, he was alarmed by the growing number of Republicans in town, led by his brother Nathaniel,{{sfn|Slack|2015|p=72}} who lived next door.{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=193}}{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=197}} In 1798, he hosted a Fourth of July party for 60 residents that was complete with patriotic songs and speeches.{{sfn|Slack|2015|p=72}}{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=173}} The attendees wrote a complimentary letter to President [[John Adams]], pledging their support should the new nation go to war with France.{{sfn|Slack|2015|p=72}}{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=173}} Referring to the [[XYZ Affair]], they wanted France to know that "we bear no foreign yoke--we will pay no tribute."{{sfn|Slack|2015|p=72}}

[[Nathaniel Ames (third)|Nathaniel Ames]] wrote in his diary that his brother had convinced "a few deluded people" into signing the letter by "squeezing teazing greazing" them with food and drink.{{sfn|Slack|2015|p=73}}  Despite his brother the Congressman's efforts, Nathaniel believed that "the Great Mass of People" in the town were with the Republicans.{{sfn|Slack|2015|p=72}} For his part, Fisher wrote to Secretary of State [[Timothy Pickering]] after the party that "the progress of right opinions" was winning out in Dedham over "perhaps the most malevolent spirit that exists," the Republican Party.{{sfn|Slack|2015|p=72}} Members of the Federalist elite continued to visit him at his Dedham home, including [[Alexander Hamilton]] on June 24, 1800.{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=193}}

Ames supported calling [[Joshua Bates (educator)|Joshua Bates]] as minister of the [[First Church and Parish in Dedham]], but later left that church and became an [[Episcopalian]].{{sfn|Smith|1936|p=77}}{{Sfn|Hanson|1976|p=190-192}}

While attending a Town Meeting in Dedham, he rose to speak and delivered one of his "oratorical gems."{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=173}} A laborer rose to speak after him and said "Mr. Moderator, my brother Ames' eloquence reminds me of nothing but the shining of a firefly, which gives just enough light to show its own insignificance."{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=173}} He then immediately sat down.{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=173}}

In 1805, Ames was chosen president of [[Harvard University]]. He declined to serve because of failing health.<ref name="PyBPm" /> Ames died on July 4, 1808.{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=193}} Nathaniel had arragned for a funeral in Dedham and had sent details to a printer to be published.{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=194}} [[George Cabot]] sent an employee to speak to Ames' widow about hosting the funeral in his home.{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=193}} The widow agreed.{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=193}} Nathaniel believed Cabot's intentions were to embarrass the Town of Dedham for its Republican political views{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=194}} and did not attend.{{sfn|Austin|1912|p=16}} Ames was interred in the [[Old Village Cemetery]].

==Legacy==
He is the namesake of [[Ames Christian University]].<ref name="acu" /> The [[Ames Schoolhouse]], now Dedham's Town Hall, was named for him.{{r|names}} Ames Street is named for him and his family.{{r|names}}

Despite his limited number of years in public service, Fisher Ames ranks as one of the more influential figures of his era. Ames led Federalist ranks in the House of Representatives. His acceptance of the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]] garnered support in Massachusetts for the new Constitution. His greatest fame however may have come as an orator, for which one historian has dubbed him "the most eloquent of the Federalists."<ref name="bMMzK" />

==Writings==

Ames got his start in politics by writing essays in the local press under the pen names of [[Marcus Furius Camillus|Camillus]] and [[Lucius Junius Brutus]].{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=169}} doing so gave him a level of notoriety beyond the confines of Dedham.{{sfn|Hanson|1976|p=169}} He also published a number of essays, critical of Jefferson's followers.

==See also==
* [[Ames family]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
<references>
<ref name=names>{{cite AV media |last=Scott |first=Richard |date=May 21, 2025 |title=NEW! Dedham Museum and Archive Spring Lecture- The Tales Behind Dedham's Street Signs |url=http://50.77.30.235/CablecastPublicSite/show/5528?site=1 |format=video |location=[[Dedham Museum and Archive]] |publisher=Dedham TV |access-date=May 22, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name=ebh3>{{cite news | url = https://www.wgbh.org/news/national-news/2021/09/29/232-years-of-congress-whats-changed-since-that-first-legislative-session-in-1789 | title =232 Years Of Congress: What's Changed Since That First Legislative Session in 1789? | first1 = Edgar B. | last1 = Herwick III | date = September 29, 2021 | id = [[Morning Edition]] | first2 = Aaron | last2 = Schachter | access-date = September 29, 2021 | publisher = [[WGBH Educational Foundation]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AAAS">{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=April 17, 2011}}</ref>
<!--
<ref name="Walker1880">{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Aaron|title=The Christian Foundation, Or, Scientific and Religious Journal: Devoted to the Interests of Civilization, Literature and Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_IAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA115|access-date=18 January 2021|year=1880|publisher=Carlton & Hollenbeck, Printers|page=115}}</ref>
-->
<ref name="acu">{{cite web | url = http://ameschristian.net/where-did-the-name-ames-come-from/ | title = AMES Christian University proudly takes its name from Fisher Ames, one of America's "forgotten founding fathers," and a historical proponent of the Bible as the source of all wisdom. | access-date = February 4, 2018 | publisher = Ames Christian University}}</ref>
<ref name="PyBPm">Fisher Ames to Eliphalet Pearson, January 6, 1806 in W.B. Allen, ed., ''Works of Fisher Ames As Published by Seth Ames'', 1983 ed., vol. II (Indianapolis: LibertyClassics, 1983), pp. 1490-92.</ref>
<ref name="bMMzK">Kirk, Russell. The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot. Washington D.C.: Regnery Publishing, Inc., 2001. p. 81</ref>
<ref name="UpRvq">F. Ames to A. Hamilton (July 31, 1791), in Syrett and Cooke, eds., 8 Papers of Alexander Hamilton 589-590 (New York, 1965)</ref>
<ref name="sPfjS">Kirk, Russell. The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot. Washington D.C.: Regnery Publishing, Inc., 2001. p. 83</ref>
<ref name="hztHw">Adams, Henry. History of the United States of America During the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson. New York, NY: The Library of America, 1986.</ref>
<ref name="tdn8B">Fisher Ames, letter of October 26, 1803, Works, p. 483. As cited in Kirk, Russell. The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot. Washington D.C.: Regnery Publishing, Inc., 2001. p. 83</ref>
</references>

==Works cited==

*{{cite book|last=Austin|first=Walter |title=Tale of a Dedham Tavern: History of the Norfolk Hotel, Dedham, Massachusetts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fToOAAAAYAAJ|access-date=June 25, 2021|year=1912|publisher=Priv. print. at the Riverside Press}}{{PD-notice}}

*{{cite book | title = Mid-Century Memories of Dedham | first = Wm. Horatio | last = Clarke | location = [[Dedham Historical Society]] |year = 1903}}

*{{cite book|last=Hanson|first=Robert Brand |title=Dedham, Massachusetts, 1635-1890|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4oslAQAAMAAJ|year=1976|publisher=Dedham Historical Society}}

*{{cite book| title = Liberty's First Crisis: Adams, Jefferson, and the Misfits Who Saved Free Speech | first = Charles | last = Slack | year = 2015 | publisher = Atlantic Monthly Press | isbn = 978-0802123428  }}

*{{cite book|last=Hurd|first=Duane Hamilton |title=History of Norfolk County, Massachusetts: With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EU4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR5|access-date=May 2, 2021|year=1884|publisher=J. W. Lewis & Company}}

*{{cite book|last=Knudsen|first=Harold M. |title=Fisher Ames, Christian Founding Father & Federalist |year = 2025 | publisher = Liberty Hill Publishing}}

* {{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Samuel Eliot |editor=Dumas Malone |title=Dictionary of American biography |volume=I  |publisher=New York: Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1932 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer01ilamer/page/n5/mode/2up |ref=morrison}}

*{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Frank |title=A History of Dedham, Massachusetts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8EMAAAAYAAJ|access-date=July 18, 2019|year=1936|publisher=Transcript Press, Incorporated}}

*{{cite book |last=Worthington|first=Erastus |title=The history of Dedham: from the beginning of its settlement, in September 1635, to May 1827|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2sWAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA29|access-date=November 8, 2019|year=1827|publisher=Dutton and Wentworth }}

==Further reading==
* Arkin, Marc M. "Regionalism and the Religion Clauses: The Contribution of Fisher Ames." ''Buffalo Law Review'' 47 (1999): 763+.
* Bernhard, Winfred E.A. ''Fisher Ames: Federalist and Statesman, 1758-1808''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965.
* Douglass, Elisha P. "Fisher Ames, Spokesman for New England Federalism." ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 103.5 (1959): 693–715. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/985426 in JSTOR]
* Farrell, James M. "Fisher Ames and political judgment: Reason, passion, and vehement style in the Jay treaty speech." ''Quarterly Journal of Speech'' 76.4 (1990): 415–434.
*''[[Dictionary of American Biography]]'' (1934): Ames, Fisher
* Knudsen, Harold M. ''Fisher Ames, Christian Founding Father & Federalist, Framer of Religious Freedom & Greatest Orator of the Early Republic''. Maitland, Florida: Liberty Hill Publishing, 2025.  

===Primary sources===
*[https://archive.org/details/worksfisherames01kirkgoog ''Works of Fisher Ames: With a Selection from His Speeches and Correspondence'']. Edited by Seth Ames. 2 vols. 1854. 
{{CongBio|A000174}}

==External links==
* [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsead/umich-wcl-M-2435ame?id=navbarbrowselink;view=text Fisher Ames Collection] at the [[William L. Clements Library]]
*{{Wikiquote-inline}}

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{{US House succession box
| state=Massachusetts
| district=1
| new=district
| after= [[Theodore Sedgwick]]
| years=March 4, 1789 – March 4, 1795<br />alongside on a [[General ticket]] (1793–1795): [[Samuel Dexter]], [[Benjamin Goodhue]], [[Samuel Holten]]}}
{{US House succession box
| state=Massachusetts
| district=8
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| after= [[Harrison Gray Otis (politician)|Harrison Gray Otis]]
| years= March 4, 1795 – March 4, 1797}}
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{{MARepresentatives}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ames, Fisher}}
[[Category:1758 births]]
[[Category:1808 deaths]]
[[Category:Massachusetts lawyers]]
[[Category:Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Harvard College alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:People from colonial Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Members of the Massachusetts Governor's Council]]
[[Category:Burials at Old Village Cemetery]]
[[Category:Politicians from Dedham, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Dedham, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:18th-century Massachusetts politicians]]
[[Category:18th-century United States representatives]]