View source for Fishery

{{short description|Raising or harvesting fish}}
[[File:Becharof Wilderness Salmon.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Salmon]] spawn in a salmon fishery within the [[Becharof Wilderness]] in [[Southwest Alaska]].]]
[[File:Fisheriesexploited.jpg|thumb|300px|% of fisheries exploited over time]]
'''Fishery''' can mean either the [[Big business|enterprise]] of [[Animal husbandry#Aquaculture|raising]] or [[Fishing|harvesting]] [[fish]] and other [[aquatic life]]<ref>Fletcher, WJ; Chesson, J; Fisher, M; Sainsbury KJ; Hundloe, T; Smith, ADM and Whitworth, B (2002) [http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=XF2015029959 ''The "How To" guide for wild capture fisheries'']. National ESD reporting framework for Australian fisheries: FRDC Project 2000/145. Page 119–120.</ref> or, more commonly, the site where such enterprise takes place ([[wikt:AKA|a.k.a.]], '''fishing grounds''').<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|fishery|accessdate=2021-08-09}}</ref>  Commercial fisheries include [[wild fisheries]] and [[fish farming|fish farms]], both in [[freshwater]] waterbodies (about 10% of all catch) and the oceans (about 90%). About 500 million people worldwide are economically dependent on fisheries. 171 million tonnes of fish were produced in 2016, but [[overfishing]] is an increasing problem, causing declines in some populations. 

Because of their economic and social importance, fisheries are governed by complex [[fisheries management]] practices and [[fisheries law|legal regimes]] that vary widely across countries. Historically, fisheries were treated with a "[[first-come, first-served]]" approach, but recent threats from human overfishing and environmental issues have required increased regulation of fisheries to prevent conflict and increase profitable economic activity on the fishery. Modern jurisdiction over fisheries is often established by a mix of international treaties and local laws. 

Declining fish populations, [[marine pollution]], and the destruction of important coastal ecosystems have introduced increasing uncertainty in important fisheries worldwide, threatening [[economic security]] and [[food security]] in many parts of the world. These challenges are further complicated by the changes in the [[Effects of climate change on oceans|ocean caused by climate change]], which may extend the range of some fisheries while dramatically reducing the sustainability of other fisheries. 

== Definitions ==
According to the [[FAO]], "...a fishery is an activity leading to harvesting of fish. It may involve capture of wild fish or raising of fish through aquaculture." It is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of [[fishing]], class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features".<ref name="FAO-Glossary">{{cite book|url=http://www.fao.org/faoterm/en/?defaultCollId=21|title=FAO Fishery Glossary; "Fishery"|date=2009|publisher=FAO|location=Rome|page=24|format=Entry: 98327|access-date=21 January 2020}}</ref> 

The definition often includes a combination of mammal and fish [[Fisherman|fishers]] in a region, the latter fishing for similar species with similar gear types.<ref>Madden, CJ and Grossman, DH (2004) [http://www.csc.noaa.gov/benthic/funding/CMECS_Dec2004-1.pdf ''A Framework for a Coastal/Marine Ecological Classification Standard''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029171546/http://www.csc.noaa.gov/benthic/funding/CMECS_Dec2004-1.pdf|date=October 29, 2008}}. NatureServe, page 86. Prepared for [[NOAA]] under Contract EA-133C-03-SE-0275</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Blackhart|first1=K|url=https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/st4/documents/FishGlossary.pdf|title=NOAA Fisheries Glossary: "Fishery"|date=2006|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|edition=Revised|location=Silver Spring MD|page=16|display-authors=etal|access-date=21 January 2020}}</ref> Some government and private organizations, especially those focusing on [[recreational fishing]] include in their definitions not only the fishers, but the fish and habitats upon which the fish depend.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Open Access Fisheries Journals {{!}} Medical Journals |url=https://www.iomcworld.org/medical-journals/open-access-fisheries-journals-52256.html |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.iomcworld.org}}</ref>

=== The term ''fish'' ===
{{further|Fish#Terminology}}
* '''In [[biology]]''' – the term ''fish'' is most strictly used to describe any aquatic [[vertebrate]] that has [[gill]]s throughout life, and can also refer to those that have [[limb (anatomy)|limbs]] (if any) or [[appendage]]s in the shape of [[fish fin]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nelson|first=Joseph S.|title=[[Fishes of the World]]|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]], Inc.|year=2006|isbn=0-471-25031-7|pages=2}}</ref> Many types of aquatic animals commonly referred to as "fish" are not fish [[Fish#Terminology|in this strict sense]]; examples include [[shellfish]], [[cuttlefish]], [[starfish]], [[crayfish]] and [[jellyfish]]. In the strict sense, all vertebrates are [[cladistic]]ally fish, although colloquially "fish" is a [[paraphyletic]] term that only refers to non-[[tetrapod]] vertebrates. In earlier times, even [[biologist]]s did not make any distinction — for instance, [[16th century]] [[natural historian]]s often classified [[pinniped|seals]], [[whale]]s, [[amphibian]]s, [[crocodile]]s and even [[hippopotamus]]es, as well as a host of [[marine invertebrate]]s, as fish.<ref>Jr. Cleveland P Hickman, Larry S. Roberts, Allan L. Larson: ''Integrated Principles of Zoology'', McGraw-Hill Publishing Co, 2001, {{ISBN|0-07-290961-7}}</ref>
* '''In fisheries''' – the term ''fish'' is used as a collective term, and includes [[mollusk]]s, [[crustacean]]s and any [[aquatic animal]]s that are harvested for [[economic value]].<ref name="FAO-Glossary" />
* '''True fish''' – The biological definition of a fish (mentioned above) is sometimes called a "true fish", the vast majority of which are [[teleost]]s. True fish are also referred to as ''finfish'' or ''fin fish'' to distinguish them from other invertebrate [[aquatic life]] harvested in fisheries or aquaculture.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spitsbergen |first1=Jan M. |last2=Blazer |first2=Vicki S. |last3=Bowser |first3=Paul R. |last4=Cheng |first4=Keith C. |last5=Cooper |first5=Keith R. |last6=Cooper |first6=Timothy K. |last7=Frasca |first7=Salvatore |last8=Groman |first8=David B. |last9=Harper |first9=Claudia M. |last10=Law |first10=Jerry M. (Mac) |last11=Marty |first11=Gary D. |last12=Smolowitz |first12=Roxanna M. |last13=St. Leger |first13=Judy |last14=Wolf |first14=Douglas C. |last15=Wolf |first15=Jeffrey C. |title=Finfish and aquatic invertebrate pathology resources for now and the future |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology |date=March 2009 |volume=149 |issue=2 |pages=249–257 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.10.002 |pmid=18948226 |pmc=2680143 }}</ref>

== Types ==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
[[File:Faina de Pesca,Sesimbra.jpg|thumb|right|Fishermen in [[Sesimbra]], Portugal]]
The [[fishing industry]] which harvests fish from fisheries can be divided into three main sectors: [[Commercial fishing|commercial]], [[Recreational fishing|recreational]] or [[Artisan fishing|subsistence]]. They can be [[Seawater|saltwater]] or freshwater, [[Wild fisheries|wild]] or [[Fish farm|farmed]]. About 85 percent of total marine fisheries production was finfish, mainly [[Peruvian anchoveta|anchoveta]] (4.9 million tonnes), [[Alaska pollock]] (3.4 million tonnes) and [[skipjack tuna]] (3.1 million tonnes).<ref name=":1" /> Examples are the [[salmon]] fishery of [[Alaska]], the [[Atlantic cod|cod]] fishery off the [[Lofoten]] islands, the [[tuna]] fishery of the [[Pacific Ocean|Eastern Pacific]], or the [[shrimp farm]] fisheries in China. Capture fisheries can be broadly classified as industrial scale, small-scale or artisanal, and recreational.

Close to 90% of the world's fishery catches come from oceans and seas, as opposed to inland waters. These marine catches have remained relatively stable since the mid-nineties (between 80 and 86 million tonnes).<ref>{{cite web|date=2009-03-02|title=Scientific Facts on Fisheries|url=http://www.greenfacts.org/en/fisheries/index.htm|access-date=2009-03-25|publisher=GreenFacts Website}}</ref> Most marine fisheries are based near the [[coast]]. This is not only because harvesting from relatively shallow waters is easier than in the open ocean, but also because fish are much more abundant near the [[coast|coastal shelf]], due to the abundance of nutrients available there from [[upwelling|coastal upwelling]] and [[land runoff]]. However, productive wild fisheries also exist in open oceans, particularly by [[seamount]]s, and inland in lakes and rivers.

Most fisheries are wild fisheries, but [[Fish farm|farmed fisheries]] are increasing. Farming can occur in coastal areas, such as with [[Oyster farming|oyster farms]],<ref>New Zealand Seafood Industry Council. [http://www.seafood.co.nz/musselfarming ''Mussel Farming.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228004837/http://www.seafood.co.nz/musselfarming |date=2008-12-28 }}</ref> or the [[aquaculture of salmon]], but more typically fish farming occurs inland, in lakes, ponds, tanks and other enclosures.

There are commercial fisheries worldwide for finfish, [[mollusk]]s, [[crustacean]]s and [[echinoderm]]s, and by extension, [[aquatic plant]]s such as [[kelp]]. However, a very small number of species support the majority of the world's fisheries. Some of these species are [[herring]], [[cod]], [[anchovy]], tuna, [[flounder]], [[Mullet (fish)|mullet]], [[squid]], [[shrimp]], salmon, [[crab]], [[lobster]], [[oyster]] and [[scallop]]s. All except these last four provided a worldwide catch of well over a [[million]] [[tonne]]s in 1999, with herring and [[sardine]]s together providing a harvest of over 22 million metric tons in 1999. Many other species are harvested in smaller numbers.

In 2022 small-scale fisheries contribute an estimated 40 percent of the global catch and support 90 percent of the capture fisheries workforce, with women representing 40 percent. 500 million people rely on small-scale fisheries for their livelihoods, including 53 million involved in subsistence fishing, of which 45 percent are women.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd0683en |title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 |date=2024-06-07 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-138763-4 |language=en |doi=10.4060/cd0683en}}</ref>

In 2022 inland fisheries produced 11.3 million tonnes, harvested mainly in Asia (63.4 percent) and Africa (29.4 percent), where they are important for food security. Lead producers were India (1.9 million tonnes), Bangladesh (1.3 million tonnes), China (1.2 million tonnes), Myanmar (0.9 million tonnes) and Indonesia (0.5 million tonnes). Inland fisheries figures are likely underestimated due to the difficulties most countries face in collecting these data.<ref name=":1" />

== Economic importance ==
Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and [[aquaculture]]. [[Overfishing]], including the taking of fish beyond [[Sustainable fishing|sustainable levels]], is reducing [[Fish stocks|fish stock]]s and employment in many world regions.<ref>C. Michael Hogan (2010) [http://www.eoearth.org/wiki/Overfishing ''Overfishing''], Encyclopedia of earth, topic ed. Sidney Draggan, ed. in chief C. Cleveland, National Council on Science and the Environment (NCSE), Washington, DC</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121111122513/ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/brochure/climate_change/policy_brief.pdf Fisheries and Aquaculture in our Changing Climate] Policy brief of the [[FAO]] for the [[UNFCCC]] [[United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009|COP-15]] in Copenhagen, December 2009.</ref> It was estimated in 2014 that global fisheries were adding US$270 billion a year to global [[GDP]], but by full implementation of sustainable fishing, that figure could rise by as much as US$50 billion.<ref name="GlobalFisheries">{{cite news|title=Prince Charles calls for greater sustainability in fisheries|publisher=London Mercury|url=http://www.londonmercury.com/index.php/sid/223769121/scat/415361b06433ee08/ht/Prince-Charles-calls-for-greater-sustainability-in-fisheries|url-status=dead|access-date=13 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150815/http://www.londonmercury.com/index.php/sid/223769121/scat/415361b06433ee08/ht/Prince-Charles-calls-for-greater-sustainability-in-fisheries|archive-date=2014-07-14}}</ref> In 2022 77% of the global workforce was in Asia, 16% in Africa and 5% in Latin America and the Caribbean.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd0683en |title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 |date=2024-06-07 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-138763-4 |language=en |doi=10.4060/cd0683en}}</ref> 

In addition to commercial and subsistence fishing, recreational (sport) fishing is popular and economically important in many regions.<ref>{{cite book|title=Inland Fisheries Management in North America|date=2010|publisher=American Fisheries Society|isbn=978-1-934874-16-5|editor1-last=Hubert|editor1-first=Wayne|edition=Third|location=Bethesda, MD|page=736|editor2-last=Quist|editor2-first=Michael}}</ref>

=== Production ===
[[File:Global capture fisheries and aquaculture production, 1990-2030.svg|thumb|right|Global capture fisheries and aquaculture production reported by FAO, 1990–2030]]{{Further|Fishing industry}}
Total fish production in 2016 reached an all-time high of 171 million tonnes, of which 88 percent was utilized for direct human consumption, thanks to relatively stable capture fisheries production, reduced wastage and continued aquaculture growth. This production resulted in a record-high per capita consumption of 20.3&nbsp;kg in 2016.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.fao.org/3/ca0191en/ca0191en.pdf|title=In brief, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018|publisher=FAO|year=2018}}</ref> Since 1961 the annual global growth in fish consumption has been twice as high as population growth. While annual growth of aquaculture has declined in recent years, significant double-digit growth is still recorded in some countries, particularly in Africa and Asia.<ref name=":0" />

FAO predicted in 2018 the following major trends for the period up to 2030:<ref name=":0" />
* World fish production, consumption and trade are expected to increase, but with a growth rate that will slow over time.
* Despite reduced capture fisheries production in China, world capture fisheries production is projected to increase slightly through increased production in other areas if resources are properly managed. Expanding world aquaculture production, although growing more slowly than in the past, is anticipated to fill the supply–demand gap.
* Prices will all increase in nominal terms while declining in real terms, although remaining high.
* Food fish supply will increase in all regions, while per capita fish consumption is expected to decline in Africa, which raises concerns in terms of food security.
* Trade in fish and fish products is expected to increase more slowly than in the past decade, but the share of fish production that is exported is projected to remain stable.

== Management ==
{{Excerpt|Fisheries management}}

=== Global goals ===
International attention to these issues has been captured in [[Sustainable Development Goal 14]] "Life Below Water" which sets goals for international policy focused on preserving coastal ecosystems and supporting more [[Sustainable development|sustainable economic practices]] for coastal communities, including in their fishery and [[aquaculture]] practices.<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref>

== Law ==
{{Excerpt|Fisheries law}}

== Environmental issues ==

{{Excerpt|Environmental impact of fishing}}

=== Climate change ===
{{Excerpt|Climate change and fisheries|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}}

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Fisheries co-management]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[National Fish Habitat Initiative]]
* [[Ocean fisheries]]
* [[Population dynamics of fisheries]]
* [[Regional Fisheries Management Organisation]]
* [[Sea Fish Industry Authority]]
* [[Tanka people]]

{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

=== Free content sources ===
{{Free-content attribution
| title = In brief, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018
| author = FAO
| publisher = FAO
| page numbers =
| source =
| documentURL = http://www.fao.org/3/ca0191en/ca0191en.pdf
| license statement URL = https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:In_brief,_The_State_of_World_Fisheries_and_Aquaculture,_2018.pdf
| license = CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
}}

{{Free-content attribution
| title = The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024
| publisher = FAO
| documentURL = https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/06690fd0-d133-424c-9673-1849e414543d
| license statement URL = https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/f985caed-cc7a-457e-8107-7ce16c6ef209/content
| license = CC BY 4.0
}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary}}
{{Americana Poster|Fisheries}}

*[http://www.fao.org/fi/default.asp FAO Fisheries Department] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706165121/http://www.fao.org/fi/default.asp |date=2008-07-06 }} 
* [http://firms.fao.org The Fishery Resources Monitoring System (FIRMS)]

{{commercial fish topics}}
{{fishery science topics|expanded=science}}
{{fishing industry topics|expanded=none}}
{{fisheries and fishing}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Fishing companies| ]]

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