View source for Fonthill Abbey

{{Short description|Former country house in Wiltshire, England}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{for|the folly in Somerset|Beckford's Tower}}
[[File:Fonthill Abbey from the southwest William Turner 1799.JPG|thumb|''Fonthill Abbey from the South West'' ([[J. M. W. Turner]], 1799)]]

'''Fonthill Abbey'''—also known as '''Beckford's Folly'''—was a large [[Gothic Revival]] [[country house]] built between 1796 and 1813 at [[Fonthill Gifford]] in [[Wiltshire]], England, at the direction of [[William Thomas Beckford]] and architect [[James Wyatt]].<ref>For a short, comprehensive historical account see {{cite journal |last1=Wilton-Ely |first1=J. |title=The Genesis and Evolution of Fonthill Abbey |journal=Architectural History |date=1980 |volume=23 |pages=40–51 |doi=10.2307/1568421|jstor=1568421 |s2cid=195035413 }}</ref><ref>For more in-depth accounts see Brockman, H. A. N., (1956), ''The Caliph of Fonthill'', London: Werner Laurie, or Fothergill, B. (1979), ''Beckford of Fonthill'', London: [[Faber and Faber]])</ref>

It was built near the site of the [[Palladian architecture|Palladian]] house, later known as [[Fonthill Splendens]], which had been constructed by 1770 by his father [[William Beckford (politician)|William Beckford]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.uclpress.co.uk/collections/area-studies-1/products/88271 |title=Fonthill Recovered – A cultural history |publisher=UCL Press |year=2018 |editor-last=Dakers |editor-first=Caroline |location=London |pages=All Chap 4, 'The Beckford Era', pp. 59–93 |language=en}}</ref> This, in turn, had replaced the [[Elizabethan architecture|Elizabethan]] house that Beckford the Elder had purchased in 1744 and which had been destroyed by fire in 1755. The abbey's main tower collapsed several times, lastly in 1825 damaging the western wing. The abbey was later almost completely demolished.

==History==
[[File:Fonthill cross section edited.jpg|thumb|Cross section of Fonthill Abbey made in 1823]]

Fonthill Abbey was the brainchild of [[William Beckford (novelist)|William Beckford]], the son of politician [[William Beckford (politician)|William Beckford]] and a student of architect [[William Chambers (architect)|Sir William Chambers]], as well as of [[James Wyatt]], architect of the project.

In 1771, when Beckford was ten years old, he inherited £1 million ({{Inflation|UK|1000000|1822|r=-4|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}){{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} and an income which his contemporaries estimated at around £100,000 per annum, a colossal amount at the time, but which biographers have found to be closer to half of that sum. Newspapers of the period described him as "the richest commoner in England".

He first met [[William Courtenay, 9th Earl of Devon|William Courtenay]] ([[Viscount Courtenay of Powderham|Viscount Courtenay]]'s 11-year-old son) in 1778. A spectacular Christmas party lasting for three days was held for the boy at Fonthill. During this time (c.1782), Beckford began writing ''[[Vathek]]'', his most famous novel.<ref>Oliver, J. W. (1932), ''The Life of William Beckford'', London: Oxford University Press – Humprhey Milford, pp. 100 & 203.</ref> In 1784, Beckford was accused by Courtenay's uncle, [[Alexander Wedderburn, 1st Earl of Rosslyn|the 1st Baron Loughborough]], of having molested Courtenay over a prolonged period.<ref>Brian Fothergill, ''Beckford of Fonthill'', London: Faber and Faber, 1979, pp. 169–170.</ref> The allegations of misconduct remained unproven, but the scandal was significant enough to require his exile.

Beckford chose exile in the company of his wife, [[Lady Margaret Gordon]], whom he grew to love deeply; however, she died in childbirth after the couple had found refuge in Switzerland. Beckford travelled extensively after this tragedy—to France (repeatedly), to Germany, Italy, Spain, and Portugal (the country he favoured above all). Shunned by English society, he nevertheless decided to return to his native country; after enclosing the Fonthill estate in a {{convert|6|mile|adj=on}} long wall (high enough to prevent hunters from chasing foxes and hares on his property), the arch-romantic Beckford decided to have a Gothic cathedral built for his home.

Fonthill Abbey would be vast, reflecting "the aesthetic category of '[[Sublime (philosophy)|the Sublime]]' as defined by the philosopher [[Edmund Burke]] in the middle of the eighteenth century."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aldrich |first=Megan |title=Gothic Revival |publisher=Phaidon Press Limited |year=1994 |isbn=0714828866 |location=London |page=79 |language=en}}</ref>

==Construction==
[[File:James Wyatt - Projected Design for Fonthill Abbey, Wiltshire - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Wyatt's projected design for Fonthill from the west in 1798]]

Construction of the abbey began in earnest in 1796 on Beckford's estate of [[Fonthill Gifford]] near [[Hindon, Wiltshire|Hindon]] in southern Wiltshire. He hired James Wyatt, one of the most popular and successful architects of the late 18th-century, to lead the works. Wyatt was often accused of spending a good deal of his time on women and drink.<ref name=dale>Dale, Anthony, ''James Wyatt: Architect 1746–1813'', see the chapter entitled "Character"</ref> Consequently, he also angered many of his clients—including Beckford—because of his all too common absences from client meetings, for a general disregard for supervising the construction works he was in charge of, and for not delivering the promised results in time, with clients accusing him—in certain instances—of years of delay.<ref name=dale/>

Although suffering from a relationship which was at times strained, Beckford and Wyatt engaged in the construction of the abbey. It is clear, however, that Beckford, due to Wyatt's constant absences from the site, and because of the intense personal interest he had in the enterprise, often took on the roles of construction site supervisor, general organiser, and patron, as well as client. Indeed, his biographers and his correspondence indicate that, during Wyatt's prolonged absences, he took it upon himself to direct the construction of the Abbey, as well as leading the landscaping efforts on his estate.

Furthermore, the evidence suggests that not only was he happy to undertake all of those duties but, as Brockman<ref>Brockman, ''The Caliph of Fonthill'', p. 63.</ref> suggests, must even have lived some of the brightest moments of his adult life managing the gigantic efforts at Fonthill. This is not to say that Wyatt's role in the construction was by any means less than Beckford's. Wyatt had not only designed the building (based on Beckford's ideas), but was ultimately a master at combining the different volumes and scales. By combining different architectural styles and elements, Wyatt achieved a ''faux'' effect of layered historical development in the building.

Glass painter [[Francis Eginton]] did much work in the building, including thirty-two figures of kings, knights, etc., and many windows, for which Beckford paid him £12,000. Additional windows were provided by Eginton's son and successor in business, [[William Raphael Eginton]], and installed before 1816.<ref name="Eginton">{{Cite Q|Q106612012 |page=4}}</ref>

Beckford's 500 labourers worked in day and night shifts. To speed the work, he out-bid (some would say bribed) 450 more from the building of the new royal apartments at [[Windsor Castle]] by increasing an ale ration. He also commandeered all the local wagons for transportation of building materials. To compensate, Beckford delivered free coal and blankets to the poor in cold weather.

The first part to be built was the tower, which reached about {{convert|90|m}} before it collapsed. The new tower was finished six years later, again 90 metres tall. It collapsed as well. Beckford immediately started to build another one, this time with stone, and this work was finished in seven years.

===Decorations===
The abbey part was decorated in silver, gold, red and purple. Four long wings radiated from the octagonal central room. Its front doors were {{convert|35|feet}} tall. It was declared finished in 1813.

==Use==
The approach to the abbey, some 900 metres long and named the Great Western Avenue, ran in a straight line through woodland ENE from the Hindon-Tisbury road. Beckford lived alone in his abbey and used only one of its bedrooms. His kitchens prepared food for 12 every day, although he always dined alone and sent the surplus food away afterwards. Only once, in 1800, did he entertain guests, when [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Horatio Nelson]], [[William Hamilton (diplomat)|Sir William Hamilton]] and [[Emma, Lady Hamilton|Emma Hamilton]] visited the abbey for Christmas.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Lord Nelson's Reception at Fonthill. Gentleman's Magazine April 1801. Pl.I.p.28' {{!}} Royal Museums Greenwich |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-108139 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=www.rmg.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ladywg |title=Fonthill Abbey |url=https://worldofthemarchioness.wordpress.com/tag/fonthill-abbey/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=World of the Marchioness |language=en}}</ref>

Once he stipulated that he would eat a Christmas dinner only if it were served from the new abbey kitchens, and told his workmen to hurry. The kitchens collapsed as soon as the meal was over.

Beckford lived in Fonthill Abbey until 1822 when he lost two of his Jamaican [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugar plantations]] in a legal action. He was forced to sell it and its contents for £330,000 ({{Inflation|UK|330000|1822|r=-4|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}){{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} to arms dealer [[John Farquhar (arms dealer)|John Farquhar]].<ref>Wilton-Ely, p. 48</ref> [[William Hazlitt]] took the opportunity to look around Fonthill and its collections. He disagreed with Beckford's taste, remarking<ref> Criticisms on art : and sketches of the picture galleries of England. Hazlitt, William, 1778-1830. Published by J. Templeman, 248 [[Regent Street]], 1843. https://archive.org/details/criticismsonarts00hazl/page/284/mode/2up</ref> {{blockquote|It is, in a word, a desert of magnificence, a glittering waste of laborious idleness, a cathedral turned into a toy-shop, an immense Museum of all that is most curious and costly, and, at the same time, most worthless, in the productions of art and nature.}}

==Collapse==
[[File:Fonthillabbey1.jpg|thumb|The remains of Fonthill Abbey; Lancaster Tower and attached ranges, partly rebuilt]]

Beckford's obsessive haste in erecting the grandiose building, coupled with his wish to achieve heights in the tower which were structurally unsound, and the use of a building method called "compo-cement" by Wyatt, which consisted of timber [[stucco]]ed with [[cement]], led to the eventual collapse of the tower—damaging the western wing of the building too—in 1825. By this time, Beckford had already sold the building. He died in 1844 in [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]].

The rest of the abbey was demolished c.&nbsp;1845. Only a small two-storey remnant of the north wing, with a four-storey tower, still stands; this fragment was designated as [[Listed building#Categories of listed building|Grade II* listed]] in 1966.<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1146090|desc=Remains of Old Fonthill Abbey|access-date=21 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://unbound.com/books/the-house-of-fiction/updates/ghosts-of-fonthill|title=Ghosts of Fonthill|publisher=unbound.com|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127014834/https://unbound.com/books/the-house-of-fiction/updates/ghosts-of-fonthill|url-status=dead}}</ref> Stone from the site, including windows and carvings, was used in the construction of buildings in nearby [[Tisbury, Wiltshire|Tisbury.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/tisbury-caa.pdf|title=Tisbury Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan|date=February 2009|website=Wiltshire Council|access-date=27 February 2017|archive-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929190241/http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/tisbury-caa.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Fonthill New Abbey==

The western part of Beckford's estate was later acquired by the [[Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster|2nd Marquess of Westminster]], who had a new Fonthill Abbey built in 1846–1852 (Pevsner)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pevsner |first1=Nikolaus |author-link1=Nikolaus Pevsner |last2=Cherry |first2=Bridget (revision) |year=1975 |orig-year=1963 |title=Wiltshire |series=[[Pevsner Architectural Guides#Buildings of England|The Buildings of England]] |edition=2nd |place=Harmondsworth |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0-14-0710-26-7 |page=248}}</ref> or 1856–1859 (VCH),<ref>{{cite web |author-last1=Freeman |author-first1=Jane |date=1987 |editor-last=Crowley |editor-first=D. A. |title=Victoria County History: Wiltshire: Vol 13, pp. 155–169 – Fonthill Gifford |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol13/pp155-169 |access-date=4 November 2016 |website=British History Online |publisher=University of London |author-first2=Janet H. |author-last2=Stevenson}}</ref> some 500 metres southeast of the site of Beckford's abbey. This mansion, designed by [[William Burn]] in [[Scottish Baronial]] style, was demolished in 1955.

The stable buildings survive in residential use,<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1000322|desc=Fonthill landscape park|access-date=11 November 2016|fewer-links=yes}}</ref> as do four lodges at estate entrances, built in or around 1860: Tisbury Lodge, south of Fonthill Gifford church, designed in matching Scottish style by Burn;<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1300419|desc=Tisbury Lodge with gates and gate piers|access-date=11 November 2016|fewer-links=yes}}</ref> Lawn Lodge, further south along the same road, also by Burn but in plain ashlar;<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1318781|desc=Lawn Lodge|access-date=11 November 2016|fewer-links=yes}}</ref> West Gate Lodge, in the southwest of Beckford's estate, in red and yellow brick;<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1146010|desc=West Gate Lodge|access-date=11 November 2016|fewer-links=yes}}</ref> and Stone Gate Lodge, at Beckford's western entrance, in the same brick style.<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1146091|desc=Stone Gate Lodge|access-date=11 November 2016|fewer-links=yes}}</ref>

Ornamental stonework also survives in the grounds of the former mansion. Two groups of four statues, representing the four seasons and the [[four elements]], stand among trees southeast of the site; they are thought to have been bought by the Marquess at the Paris Exhibition of [[Exposition Universelle (1855)|1855]] or [[Exposition Universelle (1867)|1867]].<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1146089|desc=Group of 4 statues of the Four Seasons|access-date=11 November 2016|fewer-links=yes}}</ref><ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1183802|desc=Group of 4 statues of the Four Elements|access-date=11 November 2016|fewer-links=yes}}</ref> To the northwest, close to the site of Beckford's abbey, are three decorated urns on plinths, said to be from the same source.<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1183814|desc=Three urns on the site of Old Fonthill Abbey|access-date=11 November 2016|fewer-links=yes}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9014044 Beckford, William. (2007), Encyclopædia Britannica.] Retrieved 8 February 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Ostergard |editor-first=Derek E. |language=en |title=William Beckford 1760–1844: An Eye for the Magnificent |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-300-09068-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Simon Thurley|title=Lost buildings of Britain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GoVnAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Viking|pages=41 et seq|isbn=9780670915217 }} – accompanying the Channel 4 television series

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{cite web|title=Fonthill History|website=The Fonthill Estate|url=http://www.fonthill.co.uk/fonthill-history|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105014938/http://www.fonthill.co.uk/fonthill-history|archive-date=5 January 2017|url-status=dead}}
* [http://beckford.c18.net/wbfonthill.html The Fonthill Abbey section of a Beckfordiana website] – includes an illustrated 1823 guidebook
* [https://pulham.org.uk/2013/03/01/22-march-2013-fonthill-abbey-gloucestershire/ 1859–1860 – Fonthill Abbey, Tisbury, Wiltshire] at pulham.org.uk – about landscaping work by [[James Pulham and Son]]
* [http://www.hvtesla.com/fonthill/ Incomplete 3D model of Fonthill Abbey] at hvtesla.com (2010)
* [https://fonthillabbey.org/ Digital reconstruction of Fonthill Abbey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614221227/https://fonthillabbey.org/ |date=14 June 2018 }} at fonthillabbey.org – includes [[virtual reality]] game (2017)

{{Auth}}

{{coord|51|4|41.3|N|2|7|5.3|W|source:eswiki_region:GB_type:landmark|display=title}}
[[Category:Georgian architecture in Wiltshire]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1813]]
[[Category:Country houses in Wiltshire]]
[[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in Wiltshire]]
[[Category:Folly buildings in England]]
[[Category:Former country houses in England]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival architecture in Wiltshire]]
[[Category:History of Wiltshire]]
[[Category:James Wyatt buildings]]
[[Category:Beckford family]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 1845]]