View source for Foot-and-mouth disease virus

{{Short description|Species of virus}}
{{Virusbox
| name = Foot-and-mouth disease virus
| image = Electronmicrograph of the foot-and-mouth disease virus.png
| image_alt = Electronmicrograph of Foot-and-mouth disease virus
| image_caption = [[Electronmicrograph]] of Foot-and-mouth disease virus
| parent = Aphthovirus
| species = Aphthovirus vesiculae
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision =
}}

'''Foot-and-mouth disease virus''' ('''FMDV''') is a [[virus]] in the genus ''[[Aphthovirus]]'' that causes [[foot-and-mouth disease]] in [[cattle]].<ref name="pmid15858032">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carrillo C, Tulman ER, Delhon G |title=Comparative Genomics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus |journal=J. Virol. |volume=79 |issue=10 |pages=6487–504 |date=May 2005 |pmid=15858032 |pmc=1091679 |doi=10.1128/JVI.79.10.6487-6504.2005 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> As a member of the family ''[[Picornavirus|Picornaviridae]]'', FMDV is a positive-[[Sense (molecular biology)|sense]], single-stranded [[RNA]] virus. Like other members of the picornavirus family, FMDV is small and [[Viral envelope|unenveloped]], with an icosahedral capsid.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Family: Picornaviridae {{!}} ICTV |url=https://ictv.global/report/chapter/picornaviridae/picornaviridae |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=ictv.global |language=en}}</ref> 

The virus causes foot-and-mouth disease, a highly contagious disease affecting [[cattle]], [[Pig|pigs]], [[sheep]], [[Goat|goats]], and other [[Cloven hoof|cloven-hoofed]] animals. Foot-and-mouth disease causes fever and the formation of vesicles (blisters) in infected animals, which form in the mouth and on the feet and teats. While the disease is usually nonfatal to adult livestock, survivors are left in a weakened state which impacts both meat and milk production, making outbreaks very costly and disruptive to agricultural production overall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Animals - Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Animals |url=https://www.merckvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/foot-and-mouth-disease/foot-and-mouth-disease-in-animals |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Merck Veterinary Manual |language=en-US}}</ref> 

== Structure and genome ==

[[File:13567 2013 Article 316 Fig1 HTML.webp|thumb|Genome organization and structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus]]

The virus particle (25-30&nbsp;nm) has an [[icosahedral]] [[capsid]] made of [[protein]], without [[virus envelope|envelope]], containing a positive-sense (mRNA sense) single-stranded [[ribonucleic acid]] ([[RNA]]) [[genome]].

== Replication ==

When the virus comes in contact with the [[cell membrane|membrane]] of a host cell, it binds to a [[membrane receptor|receptor site]] and triggers a folding-in of the membrane.  Once the virus is inside the host cell, the capsid dissolves, and the RNA gets replicated, and translated into viral proteins by the cell's [[ribosome]]s using a cap-independent mechanism driven by the [[internal ribosome entry site]] element.

The synthesis of viral proteins include [[2A peptides|2A]] 'ribosomal skip' during translation, which separates the capsid polyprotein from the late proteins. They include [[proteases]] that inhibit the synthesis of normal cell proteins, and other proteins that interact with different components of the host cell.  The infected cell ends up producing large quantities of viral RNA and capsid proteins, which are assembled to form new viruses.  After assembly, the host cell [[lysis|lyses]] (bursts) and releases the new viruses.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.horizonpress.com/hsp/abs/absavir.html|vauthors=Martinez-Salas E, Saiz M, Sobrino F|year=2008|chapter=Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus|title=Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology|publisher=Caister Academic Press|pages=1–38|isbn=978-1-904455-22-6|access-date=2009-01-20|archive-date=2012-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207002805/http://www.horizonpress.com/hsp/abs/absavir.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Recombination===

[[genetic recombination|Recombination]] can occur within host cells during co-infections by different FMDV strains.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ferretti L, Di Nardo A, Singer B, Lasecka-Dykes L, Logan G, Wright CF, Pérez-Martín E, King DP, Tuthill TJ, Ribeca P |title=Within-Host Recombination in the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Genome |journal=Viruses |volume=10 |issue=5 |date=April 2018 |page=221 |pmid=29693634 |pmc=5977214 |doi=10.3390/v10050221 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Recombination is common and a key feature of FMDV evolution.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Aiewsakun P, Pamornchainavakul N, Inchaisri C |title=Early origin and global colonisation of foot-and-mouth disease virus |journal=Sci Rep |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=15268 |date=September 2020 |pmid=32943727 |pmc=7498456 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72246-6 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1015268A }}</ref>

== Serotypes ==

Foot-and-mouth disease virus occurs in seven major [[serovar|serotype]]s: O, A, C, SAT-1, SAT-2, SAT-3, and Asia-1. These serotypes show some regionality, and the O serotype is most common.

== See also ==
* [[Animal viruses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Viral cutaneous conditions}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus}}
[[Category:Aphthoviruses]]
[[Category:Animal viral diseases]]