View source for Foreign relations of Taiwan

{{Short description|none}}
{{About|foreign relations of the [[Taiwan|Republic of China (Taiwan)]]|foreign relations of the [[China|People's Republic of China]]|foreign relations of China}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}

[[File:Two Chinas.svg|thumb|250x250px|Diplomatic relations between world states and the ROC<br />
{{legend|#0052ff|[[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (ROC, [[Taiwan Area]])}}
{{legend|#FF4500|[[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC, [[Mainland China]])}}
{{legend|#E5A238|Countries that have formal relations with the PRC only, having no relations at all with the ROC}}
{{legend|#cdcd9c|Countries that have formal relations with the PRC only, but have informal relations or mutual [[de facto embassy|de facto embassies]] with the ROC's [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]}}
{{legend|#5fadff|Countries that have formal relations with the ROC only, having no formal relations with the PRC}}
]]

{{Politics of the Republic of China}}

'''Foreign relations of Taiwan''', officially the Republic of China (ROC), are accomplished by efforts of the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], a [[Executive Yuan|cabinet-level ministry]] of the [[Government of the Republic of China|central government]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=1107 |title=Main text |publisher=English.president.gov.tw |date=17 September 2010 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=12 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512134407/http://english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=1107 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=MOFA>{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/EnOfficial |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan) |publisher=Mofa.gov.tw |date=18 April 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513220940/http://www.mofa.gov.tw/EnOfficial |archive-date=13 May 2013  }}</ref> {{As of|2024|January|post=,}} the ROC has formal diplomatic relations with 11 of the 193 [[member states of the United Nations|United Nations member states]] and with the [[Holy See]], which governs the [[Vatican City|Vatican City State]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/taiwan-nauru-china-diplomacy-f8c6b74c03b61b51415c00b9e2bc32e1|title=Nauru switches diplomatic recognition from Taiwan to China|agency=Associated Press|work=AP News|date=16 January 2024|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313044840/https://apnews.com/article/taiwan-nauru-china-diplomacy-f8c6b74c03b61b51415c00b9e2bc32e1|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to these relations, the ROC also maintains unofficial relations<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ey.gov.tw/state/News_Content3.aspx?n=A88B8E342A02AD0A&s=F1B6AD3B065E43D8|script-title=zh:中華民國國情介紹|date=22 March 2017|website=2.16.886.101.20003|access-date=28 January 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702041112/https://www.ey.gov.tw/state/News_Content3.aspx?n=A88B8E342A02AD0A&s=F1B6AD3B065E43D8|url-status=live}}</ref> with 59 UN member states, one [[list of states with limited recognition|self-declared state]] ([[Somaliland]]), three territories ([[Guam]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Macau]]), and the [[European Union]] via its [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office|representative offices and consulates]]. As of 2025, the [[Government of the Republic of China]] ranked 33rd on the [[List of countries by number of diplomatic missions|''Diplomacy Index'']] with 110 offices.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Diplomacy Index – Country Rank |url=https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/country_ranking |access-date=23 March 2025 |website=[[Lowy Institute]] |archive-date=28 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228010331/https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/country_ranking  }}</ref>

Historically, the ROC has required its diplomatic allies to recognize it as the sole legitimate government of "China", competing for exclusive use of the name "China" with the PRC. During the early 1970s, the ROC was replaced by the PRC as the recognized government of "China" in the UN following [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|Resolution 2758]], which also led to the ROC's loss of its key position as a [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent member]] on the [[United Nations Security Council]] (UNSC) to the PRC in 1971.<ref name="expell details un" />

As international recognition of the ROC continues to dwindle concurrently with the PRC's rise as a [[great power]], ROC foreign policy has changed into a more realistic position of actively seeking dual recognition with the PRC.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wong, Timothy Ka-ying|title = Changing Taiwan's Foreign Policy: From One China to Two States|year=2000|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|journal=Asian Perspective|volume=24|issue=1|pages=5–46|doi = 10.1353/apr.2000.0035|jstor = 42704247}}</ref> For consistency with the [[one China]] policy, many international organizations that the ROC participates in use alternative names, including "[[Chinese Taipei]]" at [[FIFA]] and the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC), among others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyen |first=Meredith |date=2022-02-02 |title=Why is Taiwan competing in the Olympics under 'Chinese Taipei'? |url=http://theconversation.com/why-is-taiwan-competing-in-the-olympics-under-chinese-taipei-175895 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=The Conversation |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521061702/http://theconversation.com/why-is-taiwan-competing-in-the-olympics-under-chinese-taipei-175895 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Historical context==
The ROC government participated in the [[Moscow Conference (1943)|1943 Moscow Conference]], the [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference]], and the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization]] and was a charter member of the United Nations after participating in the alliance that won [[World War II]]. In 1949, the Nationalists lost the [[Chinese Civil War]] in mainland China and retreated to Taiwan, [[Penghu]], [[Kinmen]], and [[Matsu Islands|Matsu]], forming a [[rump state]]. Despite the major loss of territory, the ROC continued to be recognized as the legitimate government of China by the UN and by many non-Communist states.<ref>Jonathan Manthorpe, ''Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan'' (2008) pp. When 94–200. [[St. Martin's Griffin]], [https://www.amazon.com/Forbidden-Nation-History-Jonathan-Manthorpe/dp/0230614248 Excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413163352/https://www.amazon.com/Forbidden-Nation-History-Jonathan-Manthorpe/dp/0230614248 |date=13 April 2020 }}</ref>

[[Taiwan–United States relations|American foreign policy 1950–1971]] called for full recognition and support of the government of China in Taiwan. As the [[Korean War]] (1950–1953) broke out, Taiwan was not allowed to send military support to South Korea. However, the [[Presidency of Harry S. Truman|Truman Administration]] resumed economic and military aid to the ROC on Taiwan and neutralized the [[Taiwan Strait]] by [[United States Seventh Fleet]] to stop a [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) invasion and a potential ROC counter-invasion of the mainland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestones: 1953–1960 – Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/taiwan-strait-crises |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=history.state.gov |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601001511/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/taiwan-strait-crises |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 1954 a US-Taiwan military alliance was signed as part of the American Cold War strategy in the Far East, in the determination not to allow [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s forces on Taiwan to attack China,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Hsiao-Ting  |year=2013 |title=U.S.-Taiwan Military Diplomacy Revisited |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26376504 |journal=Diplomatic History |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=971–994 |doi=10.1093/dh/dht047 |access-date=2025-04-03 |jstor=26376504|url-access=subscription }}</ref> thereby setting off another even larger war between the United States and China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Avalon Project – Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of China; December 2, 1954 |url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/chin001.asp |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=avalon.law.yale.edu |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529044608/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/chin001.asp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[Hsiao-ting Lin]],  "US-Taiwan Military Diplomacy Revisited: Chiang Kai-shek, Baituan, and the 1954 Mutual Defense Pact." ''Diplomatic History'' 37.5 (2013): 971–994.</ref>

The American military presence in Taiwan consisted of the [[Military Assistance Advisory Group#MAAG, Republic of China|Military Assistance Advisory Group]] (MAAG) and the [[United States Taiwan Defense Command]] (USTDC). Other notable units included the [[327th Air Division]]. Until the US formally recognized the People's Republic of China in 1979, Washington provided the ROC with financial grants based on the [[Foreign Assistance Act]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/doc_eca.html |title=The Economic Cooperation Authority |access-date=3 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217121005/http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/doc_eca.html |archive-date=17 February 2007}}</ref> [[Mutual Security Act]], and [[United States Agency for International Development|Act for International Development]] enacted by the [[United States Congress|US Congress]]. A separate [[Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of China|Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty]] was signed between the two governments of US and ROC in 1954 and lasted until 1979.<ref>Richard C. Bush, ''At Cross Purposes : U.S.-Taiwan Relations Since 1942'' (M.E. Sharpe, 2004).</ref>

The US State Department's official position in 1959 was:
:That the provisional capital of the Republic of China has been at Taipei, Taiwan (Formosa) since December 1949; that the Government of the Republic of China exercises authority over the island; that the sovereignty of Formosa has not been transferred to China; and that Formosa is not a part of China as a country, at least not as yet, and not until and unless appropriate [[Treaty|treaties]] are hereafter entered into. Formosa may be said to be a territory or an area occupied and administered by the Government of the Republic of China, but is not officially recognized as being a part of the Republic of China.<ref>{{cite book|author=Frank Chiang|title=The One-China Policy: State, Sovereignty, and Taiwan's International Legal Status|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qi9HDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA229|year=2017|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|location=New York|page=229|isbn=978-0081023150}}</ref>

In the past decades, the US had maintained a position to not support Taiwanese independence, and instead to have a One China policy that's guided by the Taiwan Relations Act, the three U.S.-China Joint Communiques, and the Six Assurances, and to expect cross-Strait differences to be handled peacefully, and oppose any unilateral changes to the status quo from either side.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Relations With Taiwan |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-taiwan/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=United States Department of State |language=en |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311230117/https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-taiwan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===1971 expulsion from the UN===
In 1971, the UN expelled the ROC and transferred China's seat to the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC).<ref name="expell details un">{{cite news |last1=Hale |first1=Erin |title=Taiwan taps on United Nations' door, 50 years after departure |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/chinas-un-seat-50-years-on |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=Aljazeera |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129190345/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/chinas-un-seat-50-years-on |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to the {{Langx|la|{{linktext|ad tempus}}|label=none}} recognition of the ROC by a majority of countries before [[UN Resolution 2758]], the ROC lost its membership in all [[intergovernmental organization|intergovernmental organisations]] related to the UN. As the UN and related organizations like the [[International Court of Justice]] are the most common venues for effective execution of international law and serve as the international community for sovereign states, a majority of the countries aligned with the West in the [[Cold War]] terminated diplomatic relations with the ROC and opened diplomatic relations with the PRC.

The [[United Nations Charter]]'s Articles 23 and 110, in its [[Chapter II of the United Nations Charter|Chapter II]], explicitly refer to the ROC, but the seat of "China" is currently occupied by the PRC. The ROC continues to maintain substantial relations,<ref>{{cite web |author=Wei-chin Lee |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/16-taiwan-ngo-lee |title=Diplomatic Impetus and Altruistic Impulse: NGOs and the Expansion of Taiwan's International Space |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |date=11 October 2011 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=9 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409022628/http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/16-taiwan-ngo-lee |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taiwanngo.tw/bin/home.php?Lang=en |title=Taiwan NGOs |publisher=Taiwanngo.tw |date=12 April 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513025007/http://www.taiwanngo.tw/bin/home.php?Lang=en |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> including with most of the [[non-governmental organization|non-governmental organisations]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unog.ch/80256EE60057E07D/(httpHomepages)/80A3DF6327DDD70180256F040066C85C?OpenDocument|title=The United Nations in the Heart of Europe &#124; The United Nations & Civil Society|publisher=Unog.ch|access-date=25 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501204846/http://unog.ch/80256EE60057E07D/(httpHomepages)/80A3DF6327DDD70180256F040066C85C?OpenDocument|archive-date=1 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://csonet.org/ |title=Welcome to csonet.org &#124; Website of the UN DESA NGO Branch. At your service |publisher=Csonet.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=5 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405081308/http://www.csonet.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unrol.org/article.aspx?article_id=23 |title=Non-governmental organizations |publisher=Unrol.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511064926/http://unrol.org/article.aspx?article_id=23 |archive-date=11 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=kouraich jaouahdou |url=http://www.un-ngls.org/orf/ngorelations.htm |title=UN – NGO Relations |publisher=Un-ngls.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=29 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329174700/http://www.un-ngls.org/orf/ngorelations.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ngodpiexecom.org/ |title=NGO/DPI Executive Committee &#124; The Executive Committee of Non-Governmental Organizations Associated with the United Nations Department of Public Information |publisher=Ngodpiexecom.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415121002/http://ngodpiexecom.org/ |archive-date=15 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/doemoff/govinfo/intl/gov_ngos.html |title=Non-Governmental Organizations |publisher=Lib.berkeley.edu |date=18 June 2010 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=22 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222113803/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/doemoff/govinfo/intl/gov_ngos.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://habitat.igc.org/ngo-rev/ |title=Non-Governmental Organizations at the United Nations |publisher=Habitat.igc.org |date=25 July 1996 |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083128/http://habitat.igc.org/ngo-rev/ |archive-date=22 June 2013}}</ref> at the United Nations, in addition with the ''concern'' from [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002144/214464E.pdf |title=UNESCO. Executive Board; 188th; Decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its 188th session; 2011 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112023/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002144/214464E.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations]] was signed and ratified by the ROC on 18 April 1961 and 19 December 1969,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=III-3&chapter=3&lang=en#4 |title=UNTC |publisher=United Nations |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519165249/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=III-3&chapter=3&lang=en |archive-date=19 May 2013}}</ref> including Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_1_1961_disputes.pdf |title=Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes, 1961 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=27 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227061941/http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_1_1961_disputes.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It is entitled by the founding of the United Nations as the cornerstone of modern-day diplomacy since the [[Vienna Congress]], Article 35 of 1969 [[Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties]] also applies to the ROC since 1971.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201155/volume-1155-I-18232-English.pdf |title=Vienna Convention on the law of treaties (with annex). Concluded at Vienna on 23 May 1969 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130151302/https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%201155/volume-1155-i-18232-english.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the ROC's insecurity and intolerance in the 1970s and 1980s after it was expelled by the UN as well as American influence,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41263.pdf |title=Democratic Reforms in Taiwan: Issues for Congress |author=Shirley A. Kan |date=26 May 2010 |access-date=9 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234655/https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41263.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> the ROC gradually democratized and adopted [[universal suffrage]], ending under the one-party leadership of President [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] by lifting 38 years of [[martial law]] on the Communist rebellion on mainland China and establishing the new self-identity of Republic of China (system) on Taiwan in the international community, enacting [[Two Chinas]] states in the world. UN Resolution 2758 is non-binding on the international law regarding the international status of the Republic of China on Taiwan, and the ROC continues to seek opportunities to join UN [[Specialized agencies]] to become a Permanent Observer<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/about-permanent-observers/index.html |title=About Permanent Observers &#124; United Nations |publisher=Un.org |date=2002-09-10 |access-date=2020-05-29 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309025911/https://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/about-permanent-observers/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> under the auspices of UN Resolution 396,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/670567|title = Recognition by the United Nations of the representation of a Member State|date = 14 December 1950}}</ref> which duly recommended the questions of debate on Chinese representation in the United Nations.

===Elections===
The first direct presidential election was held [[1996 Republic of China presidential election|in 1996]], and the incumbent President [[Lee Teng-hui]] was elected.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ben Blanchard |last2=Yimou Lee |title=Taiwan's 'Mr Democracy' Lee Teng-hui championed island, defied China |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-taiwan-lee-obituary/taiwans-mr-democracy-lee-teng-hui-championed-island-defied-china-idUKKCN24V29C |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=30 July 2020 |language=en |quote=Lee's greatest act of defiance was becoming Taiwan's first democratically elected president in March 1996}}</ref> As of 4 May 2015, ROC nationals are eligible for preferential visa treatment from 142 countries and areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1EADDCFD4C6EC567&s=5E78429C5CBD5E3A|title=ROC nationals now eligible for preferential visa treatment from 142 countries and areas – News and Events|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan)|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404101450/https://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1EADDCFD4C6EC567&s=5E78429C5CBD5E3A|url-status=live}}</ref> In the context of superpower and influential diplomacy, the ROC's traditional and stable allies include United States of America, Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/09/06/2003512568 |title=UN told to drop 'Taiwan is part of China': cable |newspaper=[[Taipei Times]] |date=15 December 2016 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=22 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322023458/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/09/06/2003512568 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ROC's [[cultural diplomacy]] includes the establishment of the Taiwan Resource Center for Chinese Studies in 2012 in major universities around the world.

In the [[2024 Taiwanese presidential election]], Vice President [[Lai Ching-te]], also known as William Lai, was elected as the new President of Taiwan, winning with 40.05% of the popular vote in Taiwan's most recent election that took place on January 13, 2024. Set to be sworn in on May 20, 2024, this election effectively underscores Taiwan's ongoing commitment to democratic governance amid escalating geopolitical tensions, particularly concerning its large neighbor, China. The election of President Lai, backed by his party, the Democratic Progressive Party, reflects a strong commitment to maintaining Taiwan's sovereignty and actively engaging in international diplomacy and regional security.

This electoral outcome was characterized by a notably high voter turnout, demonstrating deep public engagement in the face of both external threats and internal debates about Taiwan's strategic future. Central to the election debates were issues such as the enhancement of economic independence, military upgrades, and the strengthening of international alliances. Lai's victory not only validates his policy platform but also signals Taiwan's determination to maintain an independent course of action amidst ongoing regional tensions.

Under President Lai's administration, Taiwan is poised to enhance its international standing and forge stronger diplomatic relationships. Since taking office, Lai has pursued an expansion of Taiwan's strategic global partnerships, particularly with nations involved in the Indo-Pacific strategy, to counter China's regional influence. His efforts include advocating for new trade agreements and enhancing Taiwan's participation in international forums{{snd}}areas where Taiwan has often faced marginalization due to diplomatic pressures from China.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.president.gov.tw/Page/543#:~:text=Lai%20served%20as%20Taiwan's%20premier,%2C%20and%20national%20well%2Dbeing. |title=President Lai's Administration Goals |access-date=1 May 2024 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101120823/https://english.president.gov.tw/Page/543#:~:text=Lai%20served%20as%20Taiwan's%20premier,%2C%20and%20national%20well%2Dbeing |url-status=live }}</ref>

The results of the 2024 election and the ensuing policies under President Lai's leadership are expected to significantly impact Taiwan's international relations and its role on the world stage. As Taiwan continues to assert its sovereignty and democratic values, the international community's response will be pivotal in shaping the political and economic future of the region.

===Development assistance===
Since 1950 Taiwan has given high priority to international aid, making its representatives welcome even in states without formal diplomatic relations. The policies provide generous aid without strict accountability conditions, especially in developing nations in Africa, Latin America, and the South Pacific. Building a reputation as a responsible and generous donor has earned it prestige, especially in contrast to the role of foreign aid in China's policies, such as the [[Belt and Road Initiative]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Atkinson|first=Joel|date=2014-05-27|title=Aid in Taiwan's foreign policy: putting Ma Ying-jeou's aid reforms in historical perspective|journal=The Pacific Review|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|pages=409–431|doi=10.1080/09512748.2014.909524|s2cid=153611281|issn=0951-2748}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Atkinson|first=Joel|date=May 2018|title=The real East Asian Aid model: Development assistance as an instrument of comprehensive security in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan|journal=Development Policy Review|language=en|volume=36|issue=3|pages=265–284|doi=10.1111/dpr.12283|s2cid=157964933}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tubilewicz|first1=Czeslaw|last2=Guilloux|first2=Alain|date=June 2011|title=Does size matter? Foreign aid in Taiwan's diplomatic strategy, 2000–8|journal=Australian Journal of International Affairs|language=en|volume=65|issue=3|pages=322–339|doi=10.1080/10357718.2011.563777|s2cid=153638926|issn=1035-7718}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2024|reason=None of the three sources mention BRI in their abstracts, a couple of them don't even mention the PRC}}

The ROC is one of the main supporters of [[official development assistance]],<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/development-co-operation-report-2011/notes-on-non-oecd-providers-of-development-co-operation_dcr-2011-44-en |title=Notes on non-OECD providers of development co-operation – Development Co-operation Report 2011 |pages=211–218 |publisher=OECD iLibrary |date=14 October 2011 |access-date=25 April 2013 |doi=10.1787/dcr-2011-44-en |doi-access=free |journal=Development Co-operation Report 2011 |archive-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330064716/http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/development-co-operation-report-2011/notes-on-non-oecd-providers-of-development-co-operation_dcr-2011-44-en |url-status=live }}</ref> with the International Cooperation and Development Fund managing ROC's Foreign Assistance and International Cooperation projects.<ref name="icdf.org.tw">{{cite web|url=http://www.icdf.org.tw/ct.asp?xItem=5293&CtNode=29880&mp=2|title=Taiwan ICDF Homepage |website=Icdf.org.tw |access-date=22 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227024029/https://www.icdf.org.tw/ct.asp?xItem=5293&CtNode=29880&mp=2 |archive-date=27 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="mofa.gov.tw">{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/EnOfficial/FileList/DownLoadPage/?opno=67c9cebc-c85e-4713-9b1f-be189ae1d4bf|script-title=zh:中華民國外交部 – 全球資訊網 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan)|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429153747/http://www.mofa.gov.tw/EnOfficial/FileList/DownLoadPage/?opno=67c9cebc-c85e-4713-9b1f-be189ae1d4bf|archive-date=29 April 2014|title= }}</ref> As of 2010, along with other US security allies including Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and South Korea in the Asia-Pacific region with [[Taiwan Relations Act]], officials of the ROC have gained quasi-official level visits to the United States both in the governmental and political level, including the Taiwanese–US cooperative military guidance<ref>{{cite news |last=McDermott |first=Roger |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=36432&cHash=8ea655c34e |title=The Jamestown Foundation: Operational Changes in Taiwan's Han Kuang Military Exercises 2008–2010 |newspaper=Jamestown |publisher=Jamestown.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330064804/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=36432&cHash=8ea655c34e |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/04/22/2003357691 |title=Joint 'Han Kuang' cyber war exercise concludes |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=19 April 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330064723/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/04/22/2003357691 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencereviewasia.com/articles/105/EXERCISE-HAN-KUANG-27-IN-TAIWAN |title=Exercise Han Kuang 27 in Taiwan &#124; Asian Defence News Articles |publisher=Defence Review Asia |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016152934/http://www.defencereviewasia.com/articles/105/EXERCISE-HAN-KUANG-27-IN-TAIWAN |archive-date=16 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in the annual Han Kuang joint-force exercises.<ref name="brookings.edu">{{cite web |author=Dr. Alexander Chieh-cheng Huang |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2010/02/taiwan-defense-huang |title=The United States and Taiwan's Defense Transformation &#124; Brookings Institution |publisher=Brookings.edu |date=19 October 2011 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110627/http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2010/02/taiwan-defense-huang |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Think tanks===
Taiwan's political system has evolved in terms of increasing political liberalization. By the 1990s, Taiwan had a democratic system with multiparty competition, factionalism, a vigorous civil society, and many interest groups. Think tanks emerged because of the high prestige of expertise and the heavy demand for unofficial diplomacy necessitated by the loss of formal diplomatic recognition. Think tanks have played a major role in planning and operationalizing relations with countries around the world.<ref>Pascal Abb and Alan Hao Yang,  "The impact of democratization, political culture, and diplomatic isolation on think-tank development in Taiwan." ''[[Pacific Affairs]]'', [[University of British Columbia]]. 91.1 (2018): 73–94.</ref>

European universities, research centers, and think tanks have developed a new academic field of Taiwan studies, especially in Europe, because of the unique status of Taiwan in the world's diplomatic system. The scholars involved have a deep commitment to Taiwan studies and have developed a Europe-wide network of scholars.<ref>Hardina Ohlendorf, "Building a New Academic Field: The Institutionalisation of Taiwan Studies in Europe"  ''International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies''. (2017) 13#2 pp. 115–140  [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hardina_Ohlendorf/publication/318446597_Building_a_New_Academic_Field_The_Institutionalisation_of_Taiwan_Studies_in_Europe/links/5a538eafa6fdccf3e2df832e/Building-a-New-Academic-Field-The-Institutionalisation-of-Taiwan-Studies-in-Europe.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407023958/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hardina_Ohlendorf/publication/318446597_Building_a_New_Academic_Field_The_Institutionalisation_of_Taiwan_Studies_in_Europe/links/5a538eafa6fdccf3e2df832e/Building-a-New-Academic-Field-The-Institutionalisation-of-Taiwan-Studies-in-Europe.pdf |date=7 April 2020 }}</ref>

==Policies==
===Economics===
The ROC's GDP was ahead of several [[G20]] economies before 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bosco.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/04/19/boot_argentina_from_the_g20 |title=Who would replace Argentina on the G20? &#124; The Multilateralist |work=Foreign Policy |date=19 April 2012 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=22 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522235137/http://bosco.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/04/19/boot_argentina_from_the_g20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===UN specialized agencies===
As a non-member state of the United Nations, by participating as members in one or more [[UN specialized agencies|United Nations Specialized Agencies]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/about-permanent-observers/index.html|title=About Permanent Observers|publisher=United Nations|date=7 August 2015|access-date=28 June 2017|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309025911/https://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/about-permanent-observers/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and operating in a parallel political system with the CCP<ref>{{cite web|url=http://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=4,29,31,45&post=4539|title=Bidding High|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan)|date=1 December 1994|website=Taiwan Today|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415202634/http://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=4,29,31,45&post=4539|url-status=live}}</ref> as in the case of Germany and Korea, the ROC may be granted a [[Observer status|Permanent Observer status]] in organisations such as the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] and [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://commons.allard.ubc.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1302&context=fac_pubs|title=Research study|year=2009|website=commons.allard.ubc.ca|access-date=23 April 2017|archive-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424001043/http://commons.allard.ubc.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1302&context=fac_pubs|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/AboutUs/Pages/WorkWithOthers.aspx|title=OHCHR – How we work with others|website=ohchr.org|access-date=23 April 2017|archive-date=23 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423154711/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/AboutUs/Pages/WorkWithOthers.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

Involvement and participation in the Asia Pacific Innovation Conference allows interaction with the Director of Economics and Statistics Division of [[World Intellectual Property Organization|WIPO]], who directly reports to the Director-General.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap-ic.org/apic-board-members/|title=APIC Board Members|website=Asia Pacific Innovation Conference|access-date=13 January 2018|archive-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114021118/http://ap-ic.org/apic-board-members/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/activities_by_unit/units/econ_stat/index.html|title=Economics and Statistics Division|website=wipo.int|access-date=7 August 2017|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807112329/http://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/activities_by_unit/units/econ_stat/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===International isolation===
Due to "the absence of a cross-strait understanding" ([[1992 consensus]]),<ref name="1992 consensus implications">{{cite news |title=What Does the 1992 Consensus Mean to Citizens in Taiwan? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/11/what-does-the-1992-consensus-mean-to-citizens-in-taiwan/ |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=thediplomat.com |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129122852/https://thediplomat.com/2018/11/what-does-the-1992-consensus-mean-to-citizens-in-taiwan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the ROC has encountered [[international isolation]] due to political and economic pressure from the PRC since the 1970s, and it has continued under the pro-[[Taiwan independence movement|Taiwan independence]] administration of the [[Democratic Progressive Party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |title=Implications of a Coercive Quarantine of Taiwan by the People's Republic of China |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1279-1.html |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=[[RAND Corporation]] |date=23 May 2022 |last1=Martin |first1=Bradley |last2=Gunness |first2=Kristen |last3=Deluca |first3=Paul |last4=Shostak |first4=Melissa |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008034257/https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1279-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Taiwan is not allowed to attend [[World Health Assembly]], [[Interpol]], [[International Civil Aviation Organization]], or the [[United Nations]]' [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]]. Other forms of international isolation include measures against the activities of [[Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee]], [[Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards]] (boycotted), and a ban on Taiwan journalists to acquire passes to United Nations and as well as [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UNFCCC]] meetings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/who-deja-vu-taiwan-not-invited-to-world-health-assembly/|title=WHO Déjà Vu: Taiwan Not Invited to World Health Assembly|first=DD|last=Wu|access-date=12 February 2021|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304215343/https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/who-deja-vu-taiwan-not-invited-to-world-health-assembly/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3296537|title=China blocks Taiwan EPA head from attending UNFCCC COP 23|publisher=[[Taiwan News]]|date=13 November 2017|access-date=19 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042827/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3296537|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aspt/201811180135.aspx |script-title=zh:國際奧會再度來函 強調禁止外力干預體育 &#124; 運動 &#124; 新聞專題 &#124; 中央社 CNA|website=[[Central News Agency (Taiwan)]]|date=18 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/rivals-step-out-of-shadow-to-win-golden-horse-awards|title=Rivals step out of Shadow to win Golden Horse Awards|date=18 November 2018|website=The Straits Times|access-date=19 November 2018|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406060432/https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/rivals-step-out-of-shadow-to-win-golden-horse-awards|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/news/rsf-calls-un-accredit-taiwanese-journalists|title=RSF calls on the UN to accredit Taiwanese journalists &#124; Reporters without borders|date=18 September 2018|publisher=Reports Without Borders|access-date=19 November 2018|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119092044/https://rsf.org/en/news/rsf-calls-un-accredit-taiwanese-journalists|url-status=live}}</ref>

Analysts argue that PRC's coercive strategy might have proven counterproductive as it has further united US allies (including Australia and the UK) in their response which in turn makes it more challenging for Beijing to achieve its intended geostrategic objectives.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Christ |first=Kiernan |date=2022-07-05 |title=China's Efforts to Isolate and Intimidate Taiwan Are Pushing U.S. Allies Closer |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2022/07/05/chinas-efforts-to-isolate-and-intimidate-taiwan-are-pushing-u-s-allies-closer/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |language=en-US |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001060218/https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2022/07/05/chinas-efforts-to-isolate-and-intimidate-taiwan-are-pushing-u-s-allies-closer/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The ROC's (multi-sector) [[civil society]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legal.un.org/repertory/art71.shtml|title=Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs – Codification Division Publications|website=legal.un.org}}</ref> currently participates in 11 projects of United Nations [[Sustainable Development Goals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/search/?menu=1629&str=taiwan|title=Search – United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform|publisher=United Nations|access-date=22 October 2017|archive-date=22 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022145835/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/search/?menu=1629&str=taiwan|url-status=live}}</ref> ROC ranks 31st of 176 countries and territories in the 2016 [[Transparency International]]'s [[Corruption Perception Index]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2016|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2016|publisher=Transparency International|access-date=24 November 2017|archive-date=25 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125040730/http://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==International disputes==
{{See also|China and the United Nations}}

[[File:Voting res 2758.svg|thumb|500px|The vote in the UN General Assembly on [[Resolution 2758]] (1971) recognizing the People's Republic of China as "the only legitimate representative of China".<br />'''Green''' = In favour, '''Red''' = Against, '''Blue''' = Abstention, '''Yellow''' = Non-voting, '''Grey''' = Non-UN-members or dependencies.<ref>{{Cite journal|publisher=United Nations Digital Library|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/735611?ln=en|page=41|title=General Assembly, 26th session : 1976th plenary meeting, Monday, 25 October 1971, New York (A/PV.1976)|journal=United Nations Digital Library System|quote="In favour: Ceylon, Chile, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kenya, Kuwait, Laos, Libyan Arab Republic, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania Mexico Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, People's Democratic Republic of Yemen People's, Republic of the Congo, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United Republic of Tanzania, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Bhutan, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Cameroon, Canada. Against: Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Democratic republic of), Costa Rica, Dahomey, Dominican Republic, EI Salvador, Gabon, Gambia, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Ivory Coast, Japan, Khmer Republic, Lesotho, Libena, Madagascar, Malawi, Malta, New Zealand Nicaragua, Niger, Paraguay, Philippines, Saudi Arabia South Africa, Swaziland, United States of America, Upper Volta, Uruguay, Venezuela, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil. Abstentions: Colombia, Cyprus, Fiji, Greece, Indonesia, Jamaica, Jordan, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Mauritius, Panama, Qatar, Spain, Thailand, Argentina, Bahrain, Barbados."|year=1974|archive-date=15 February 2020|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215090149/https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/735611?ln=en|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

In the 1970s many countries switched diplomatic recognition from the ROC to the PRC, including the United States, Japan and Canada. In October 1971, [[Resolution 2758]] was passed by the [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]], expelling "the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek" and transferring China's seat on the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] to the PRC. The resolution declared that "the representatives of the Government of the PRC are the only lawful representatives of China to the United Nations." However, the ''[[eo ipso]]'' nature of [[Taiwan and weapons of mass destruction]] remained a contentious issue.{{clarify|date=May 2018}}

Many attempts by the ROC to rejoin the UN have not made it past the committee, due to PRC opposition and threats of veto. President [[Chen Shui-bian]] argued that Resolution 2758, replacing the ROC with the PRC in 1971, addressed only the question of who should have China's seat in the UN rather than whether an additional seat for the [[Free area of the Republic of China|Taiwan Area]] could be created to represent the 23 million people residing in the Taiwanese mainland and [[list of islands of Taiwan|other islands]].

Since the 1970s, the PRC and ROC have competed for diplomatic recognition from nations across the world, often by offering financial aid to poorer countries as an inducement.<ref>{{cite journal|surname=Hu|given=Shaohua|title=Small State Foreign Policy: The Diplomatic Recognition of Taiwan|journal=China: An International Journal|volume=13|number=2|year=2015|pages=1–23|doi=10.1353/chn.2015.0013|s2cid=251640214}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|surname=Rich|given=Timothy S.|title=Status for Sale: Taiwan and the Competition for Diplomatic Recognition|journal=Issues & Studies|volume=45|number=4|year=2009|pages=159–188|url=http://www.timothysrich.com/documents/Status_for_Sale_Taiwan_Recognition.pdf|access-date=17 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220100047/http://www.timothysrich.com/documents/Status_for_Sale_Taiwan_Recognition.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> As a precondition for diplomatic relations, the PRC requires that the other country renounce any recognition of the ROC. Since the introduction of the "pragmatic diplomacy" ({{lang-zh|labels=no|t=務實外交 |p=Wùshí wàijiāo}}) policy in 1991, the ROC has not insisted on consideration as the sole representative of China, and does not require nations that recognize it to end their relations with the PRC.<ref name=Zou>{{cite book|chapter=Chinese approaches to international law|given=Keyuan|surname=Zou|pages=171–194 [179]|title=China's International Relations in the 21st Century: Dynamics of Paradigm Shifts|editor-given1=Weixing R.|editor-surname1=Hu|editor-given2=Gerald|editor-surname2=Chan|editor-given3=Daojiong|editor-surname3=Zha|publisher=[[University Press of America]]|year=2000|isbn=978-1461678588}}</ref> For example, when [[Saint Lucia]] chose to recognize the ROC in 2007, Foreign Minister [[Rufus Bousquet]] said the decision "should not be construed as a severance of our relationship with the PRC".<ref>{{cite web|title=St Lucia chooses Taiwan|date=25 April 2007|work=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/webarchive/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fcaribbean%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F2007%2F04%2F070425_stluciataiwan.shtml|archive-date=14 November 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114121849/https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2007/04/printable/070425_stluciataiwan.shtml}}</ref> However, the PRC responds to foreign recognitions of the ROC by suspending relations with the other country.<ref name=Zou/>

On less official terms, the ROC is involved in [[South China Sea disputes]] over control of the [[Spratly Islands]] with China, [[Malaysia]], the [[Philippines]], [[Vietnam]], and [[Brunei]]; and over the [[Paracel Islands]], occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and by the ROC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.mofa.gov.tw/theme.aspx?n=1462&s=40&sms=294|title=South China Sea|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan)|date=18 March 2022|access-date=9 January 2023|archive-date=9 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109080154/https://en.mofa.gov.tw/theme.aspx?n=1462&s=40&sms=294|url-status=live}}</ref> The ROC government also claims the [[Senkaku Islands]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.mofa.gov.tw/Theme.aspx?n=2641&sms=294&s=122|title=Diaoyutai Islands|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan)|access-date=9 January 2023|archive-date=9 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109080157/https://en.mofa.gov.tw/Theme.aspx?n=2641&sms=294&s=122|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/taiwan-president-asserts-sovereignty-over-disputed-islands-claimed-by-japan-and-china/|title=Taiwan President Asserts Sovereignty Over Disputed Islands Claimed by Japan and China|work=The Diplomat|date=6 June 2020|access-date=9 January 2023|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205806/https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/taiwan-president-asserts-sovereignty-over-disputed-islands-claimed-by-japan-and-china/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On October 14, 2024, China launched extensive military exercises near Taiwan in response to President Lai Ching-te's recent speech. Taiwan strongly criticized the move, and the U.S. raised concerns over rising tensions, with the drills marking part of China's broader pressure strategy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 2024 |title=China launches large military drills as 'stern warning' to Taiwan| newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/10/13/china-military-drills-taiwan-joint-sword/ |access-date= 13 October 2024}}</ref>

== Types of relations ==
=== Full diplomatic relations ===
[[File:Misiones Diplomaticas de Taiwan.PNG|thumb|center|500px|
{{legend|#FF0000|Republic of China [[Taiwan Area|area of actual control]]}}
{{legend|#000099|Countries with Republic of China  embassies}}
{{legend|#6699cc|Countries and regions with representative offices of the Republic of China}}
{{legend|#ADD8E6|Countries and regions with representative offices abolished}}
]]

The [[Taiwan|Republic of China (Taiwan)]] maintains full diplomatic relations with 11 [[member states of the United Nations]] and the [[Holy See]] ([[Vatican City]]), which is a [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Current non-member observers|United Nations General Assembly observer state]].

[[File:Taiwanese Embassy in Mbabane.JPG|thumb|The [[Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in the Kingdom of Eswatini|ROC embassy]] in [[Mbabane]], [[Eswatini]]]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+States with full diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan)
|-
! scope="col" | [[List of sovereign states|State]]
! scope="col" | [[United Nations geoscheme|UN region]]
! scope="col" | [[List of countries and territories by the United Nations geoscheme|UN subregion]]
! scope="col" | Relations established
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Belize}}
| [[Americas]]
| [[Central America]]
| {{daterange|1989}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Eswatini}}
| [[Africa]]
| [[Southern Africa]]
| {{daterange|1968}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Guatemala}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/201512290036 |title=President Ma meets Guatemalan Vice President Fuentes |date=29 December 2015 |website=Focus Taiwan |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114123831/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/201512290036 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Americas]]
| [[Central America]]
| {{daterange|1933}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Haiti}}
| [[Americas]]
| [[Caribbean]]
| {{daterange|1956}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Holy See}} ([[Vatican City]])
| [[Europe]]
| [[Southern Europe]]
| {{daterange|1942}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Marshall Islands}}
| [[Oceania]]
| [[Micronesia]]
| {{daterange|1998}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Palau}}
| [[Oceania]]
| [[Micronesia]]
| {{daterange|1999}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Paraguay}}
| [[Americas]]
| [[South America]]
| {{daterange|1957}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
| [[Americas]]
| [[Caribbean]]
| {{daterange|1983}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Saint Lucia}}
| [[Americas]]
| [[Caribbean]]
| {{daterange|1984–1997, 2007}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
| [[Americas]]
| [[Caribbean]]
| {{daterange|1981}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Tuvalu}}
| [[Oceania]]
| [[Polynesia]]
| {{daterange|1979}}
|}

[[File:ROC Holy See Embassy.jpg|thumb|Due to the limited size of Vatican City, all embassies accredited to the [[Holy See]] are located in Rome, outside the borders of Vatican City. Hence, the ROC's embassy to the Holy See is located in [[Italy]], a country that does not officially recognize, but still maintains close unofficial links with, the ROC.]]
[[File:Pope johnpaul funeral politics.jpeg|thumb|President [[Chen Shui-bian]] (''far left'') attended the [[funeral of Pope John Paul II]], and as the Holy See's recognised head of state of China, was seated in the first row in alphabetical order beside the first lady and president of Brazil.|190x190px]]

=== Non-diplomatic representation ===
{{Main|Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office}}
{{Further|List of diplomatic missions of Taiwan|List of diplomatic missions in Taiwan}}

[[File:LX-VCK (33158057950).jpg|thumb|Luxembourg aircraft in Taiwan]]
A certain number of countries have official diplomatic relations with the PRC but also maintain some form of unofficial diplomatic relations with Taiwan. This number includes 59&nbsp;[[sovereign state]]s, 3&nbsp;[[Dependent territory|dependent or quasi-dependent territories]], and the [[European Union]].

Unofficial diplomatic relations typically involve an "Economic, Trade and Cultural Office" in Taiwan for the partner country, as well as a corresponding "Taipei/Taiwan/ROC Representative Office" representing Taiwan within the partner country. These unofficial offices generally function as embassies despite not being officially named as such. For example, the [[American Institute in Taiwan]] functions as the United States' [[de facto embassy|''de facto'' embassy]], with the chairman and staff acting as unofficial government consulate officers who nevertheless perform duties that official embassies would undertake.

Various countries host Taiwanese representative offices within themselves but don't have representative offices in Taiwan. One country, [[Luxembourg]], has a representative office in Taiwan but does not host a Taiwanese representative office within itself; Taiwan's interests in Luxembourg are served by the [[Taipei Representative Office in Brussels|Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium]]. Taiwan also regards the [[European Union]], with which it also has unofficial relations via the Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium, as a state entity in the context of international relations; the EU is a [[supranational union]] with a high level of integration between its member states, though each member state retains its national sovereignty.

Taiwan has unofficial diplomatic relations with [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau|Macao]], both of which are [[special administrative regions of China|Special Administrative Regions of the PRC]], though Taiwan does not have such relations with [[Mainland China]] (the PRC). Technically, Hong Kong and Macau are integral territories of the PRC, governed under the "[[One country, two systems|One Country, Two Systems]]" framework. This means that Taiwan effectively has unofficial relations with parts of the PRC but not with the national government of the PRC itself. Taiwan maintains hostile relations with the PRC through the [[Mainland Affairs Council]], whose counterpart is the [[Taiwan Affairs Office]]; neither office is considered to be an embassy by either Taiwan or the PRC, and both offices are operated within the home country rather than within the host country.

Taiwan has strong unofficial relations with [[Somaliland]], which is a [[list of states with limited recognition|self-declared state]] in the [[Horn of Africa]] that is claimed as the territory of neighbouring [[Somalia]], in a state of affairs that displays strong parallels to Taiwan's own sovereignty dispute with China.

Taiwan maintains a "Taiwan Economic and Cultural Office" in [[Guam]], which is an [[Insular area#Unincorporated organized territories|unincorporated organized territory]] of the [[United States]] located in [[Oceania]].

In 2021, [[Lithuania]] announced that it would open an unofficial representative office in Taiwan, and Taiwan likewise announced that it would open an unofficial representative office in Lithuania. The Lithuania office was due to open by fall (autumn) of 2021 in the Northern Hemisphere, which is essentially September to November inclusive.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Tai|first1=Ya-chen|last2=Mazzetta|first2=Matthew|date=July 20, 2021|title=Lithuania to open trade office in Taiwan this fall|work=Focus Taiwan|url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202107200030|access-date=November 14, 2021|archive-date=14 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114125338/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202107200030|url-status=live}}</ref> [[China–Lithuania relations|Relations between Lithuania and the PRC]] have simultaneously soured.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Galbraith|first=Andrew|date=October 30, 2021|title=China warns Lithuania, European officials over Taiwan row|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china-warns-lithuania-european-officials-over-taiwan-row-2021-10-30/|access-date=November 14, 2021|archive-date=14 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114125336/https://www.reuters.com/world/china-warns-lithuania-european-officials-over-taiwan-row-2021-10-30/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A certain number of countries have indirect unofficial diplomatic relations with Taiwan via third-party proxy countries. For example, the [[Taipei Liaison Office in South Africa|Taipei Liaison Office in the Republic of South Africa]] serves the interests of Taiwan throughout a great number of countries in Africa that otherwise don't have any channels of communication with Taiwan.

{{div col}}
'''Africa (3 states and [[Somaliland|1 de facto state]])'''
* {{CIV|name=Côte d'Ivoire}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2022/11/13/2003788816 | title=Taipei to reopen representative office in Ivory Coast – Taipei Times | date=13 November 2022 | access-date=20 January 2023 | archive-date=20 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120093015/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2022/11/13/2003788816 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202211130004 | title=Taiwan reopens rep office in Ivory Coast to boost bilateral trade: MOFA – Focus Taiwan | date=13 November 2022 | access-date=20 January 2023 | archive-date=6 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206065213/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202211130004 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{NGA}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.ifeng.com/a/20170112/50563110_0.shtml|title=台湾官方回应"驻尼日利亚代表处被摘牌"|website=news.ifeng.com|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118180048/http://news.ifeng.com/a/20170112/50563110_0.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{RSA}}
* {{Flag|Somaliland}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shattuck |first1=Thomas |title=Taiwan Finds an Unexpected New Friend in Somaliland |url=https://www.fpri.org/article/2020/07/taiwan-finds-an-unexpected-new-friend-in-somaliland/ |website=www.fpri.org |publisher=FPRI |access-date=4 July 2020}}</ref> ([[List of states with limited recognition|''de facto'' state]])

'''Asia (20 states and 2 territories)'''
* {{BHR}}
* {{BRN}}
* {{PRC|name=China, People's Republic of}} (no direct relations with [[Mainland China]])
** ''{{HKG}}'' ([[Special administrative region of China|SAR of the PRC]])
** ''{{MAC|name=Macao}}'' ([[Special administrative region of China|SAR of the PRC]])
* {{IND}}
* {{IDN}}
* {{ISR}}
* {{JPN}}
* {{JOR}}
* {{KOR|name=Korea, Republic of (South Korea)}}
* {{KWT}}
* {{MYS}}
* {{MNG}}
* {{MMR}}
* {{OMN}}
* {{PHL}}
* {{KSA}}
* {{SGP}}
* {{THA}}
* {{TUR}}
* {{UAE}}
* {{VIE}}

'''Europe (23 states and 1 [[European Union|supranational union]])'''
* ''{{EU}}'' ([[supranational union]])
** {{AUT}}
** {{BEL}}
** {{CZE|name=Czechia}}
** {{DEN}}
** {{FIN}}
** {{FRA}}<ref name="taiwannews">{{cite web |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3994524 |title=Taiwan to open representative office in Aix-en-Provence in Southern France |website=Taiwan News |date=25 August 2020 |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=29 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155049/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3994524 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** {{GER}}
** {{Flag|Greece}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=首頁 – Taipei Representative Office in Greece 駐希臘台北代表處|url=https://www.roc-taiwan.org/gr_en/index.html|access-date=2021-01-11|website=www.roc-taiwan.org|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204210044/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/gr_en/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
** {{HUN}}
** {{IRL}}
** {{ITA}}
** {{LVA}}
** {{LTU}} ([[Taiwanese Representative Office in Lithuania|Taiwanese office]] opened in November 2021, first one in the world to adopt the name "Taiwanese").<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-18 |title=Taiwan representation opens in Vilnius |url=https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1545282/taiwan-representation-opens-in-vilnius |access-date=2022-04-22 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131154149/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1545282/taiwan-representation-opens-in-vilnius |url-status=live }}</ref>
** {{LUX}} (has an office in Taipei, Taipei does not have an office in Luxembourg; representation through Belgium and the EU)<ref>[http://www.taiwanembassy.org/BE/ct.asp?xItem=80426&CtNode=460&mp=102&xp1= Relations with the EU, Belgium and Luxembourg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031180607/http://www.taiwanembassy.org/BE/ct.asp?xItem=80426&CtNode=460&mp=102&xp1= |date=2014-10-31 }}, Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium</ref>
** {{NLD}}
** {{POL}}
** {{PRT}}
** {{SVK}} (has an Economic and Cultural Office in Taipei, Taiwan has Representative Office in Bratislava)
** {{ESP}}
** {{SWE}}
* {{RUS}}
* {{SUI}}
* {{GBR}}

'''North America (3 states)'''
* {{CAN}}
* {{MEX}}
* {{USA}}

'''Oceania (4 states)'''
* {{AUS}}
* {{FIJ}}
* {{NZL}}
* {{PNG}}

'''South America (6 states)'''
* {{ARG}}
* {{BRA}}
* {{CHL}}
* {{COL}}
* {{ECU}}
* {{PER}}
{{div col end}}

=== No representation ===
The following states recognize Beijing and have no representation in Taiwan (including any non-political, non-diplomatic, non-intergovernmental representation):

{{div col}}
'''Africa (50 states)'''
* {{Flag|Algeria}}
* {{Flag|Angola}}
* {{Flag|Benin}}
* {{Flag|Botswana}}
* {{Flag|Burkina Faso}}
* {{Flag|Burundi}}
* {{Flag|Cabo Verde}}
* {{Flag|Cameroon}}
* {{Flag|Central African Republic}}
* {{Flag|Chad}}
* {{Flag|Comoros}}
* {{Flag|Congo, Democratic Republic of the}}
* {{Flag|Congo, Republic of the}}
* {{Flag|Djibouti}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
* {{Flag|Eritrea}}
* {{Flag|Ethiopia}}
* {{Flag|Gabon}}
* {{Flag|Gambia}}
* {{Flag|Ghana}}
* {{Flag|Guinea}}
* {{Flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Lesotho}}
* {{Flag|Liberia}}
* {{Flag|Libya}}
* {{Flag|Madagascar}}
* {{Flag|Malawi}}
* {{Flag|Mali}}
* {{Flag|Mauritania}}
* {{Flag|Mauritius}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Mozambique}}
* {{Flag|Namibia}}
* {{Flag|Niger}}
* {{Flag|Rwanda}}
* {{Flag|Sao Tome and Principe}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Seychelles}}
* {{Flag|Sierra Leone}}
* {{Flag|Somalia}}
* {{Flag|South Sudan}}
* {{Flag|Sudan}}
* {{Flag|Tanzania}}
* {{Flag|Togo}}
* {{Flag|Tunisia}}
* {{Flag|Uganda}}
* {{Flag|Zambia}}
* {{Flag|Zimbabwe}}

'''Asia (24 states)'''
* {{Flag|Afghanistan}}
* {{Flag|Armenia}}
* {{Flag|Azerbaijan}}
* {{Flag|Bangladesh}}
* {{Flag|Cambodia}}
* {{Flag|Georgia}}
* {{Flag|Iran}}
* {{Flag|Iraq}}
* {{Flag|Kazakhstan}}
* {{Flag|North Korea|name=Korea, Democratic People's Republic of (North Korea)}}
* {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
* {{Flag|Laos}}
* {{Flag|Lebanon}}
* {{Flag|Maldives}}
* {{Flag|Nepal}}
* {{Flag|Pakistan}}
* {{Flag|Palestine}}
* {{Flag|Qatar}}
* {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
* {{Flag|Syria}}
* {{Flag|Tajikistan}}
* {{Flag|Timor-Leste}}
* {{Flag|Turkmenistan}}
* {{Flag|Uzbekistan}}
* {{Flag|Yemen}}

'''Europe (22 states)'''
* {{Flag|Albania}}
* {{Flag|Andorra}}
* {{Flag|Belarus}}
* {{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
* {{Flag|Bulgaria}}
* {{Flag|Croatia}}
* {{Flag|Cyprus}}
* {{Flag|Estonia}}
* {{Flag|Iceland}}
* {{Flag|Liechtenstein}}
* {{Flag|Malta}}
* {{Flag|Moldova}}
* {{Flag|Monaco}}
* {{Flag|Montenegro}}
* {{Flag|North Macedonia}}
* {{Flag|Norway}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}
* {{Flag|San Marino}}
* {{Flag|Serbia}}
* {{Flag|Slovenia}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}

'''North America (13 states)'''
* {{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
* {{Flag|Bahamas}}
* {{Flag|Barbados}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Cuba}}
* {{Flag|Dominica}}
* {{Flag|Dominican Republic}}
* {{Flag|El Salvador}}
* {{Flag|Grenada}}
* {{Flag|Honduras}}
* {{Flag|Jamaica}}
* {{Flag|Nicaragua}}
* {{Flag|Panama}}
* {{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}

'''Oceania (9 states)'''
* {{Flag|Cook Islands}} ([[associated state|state in free association]] with [[New Zealand]])
* {{Flag|Kiribati}}
* {{Flag|Micronesia}}
* {{Flag|Nauru}}
* {{Flag|Niue}} ([[associated state|state in free association]] with [[New Zealand]])
* {{Flag|Samoa}}
* {{Flag|Solomon Islands}}
* {{Flag|Tonga}}
* {{Flag|Vanuatu}}

'''South America (5 states)'''
* {{Flag|Bolivia}}
* {{Flag|Guyana}}
* {{Flag|Suriname}}
* {{Flag|Uruguay}}
* {{Flag|Venezuela}}
{{div col end}}

=== Relations with neither the ROC nor the PRC ===
A certain number of countries and a [[sovereignty|sovereign entity]] do not possess full diplomatic relations with either the ROC or the PRC. This includes one [[member states of the United Nations|member state of the United Nations]], seven [[list of states with limited recognition|de facto states]], and one non-territorial sovereign entity ([[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]]).

Out of the seven de facto states that do not possess full diplomatic relations with Taiwan, one of them, [[Somaliland]], has strong unofficial relations with Taiwan, while another, [[Kosovo]], has been unilaterally recognized by Taiwan but does not recognize Taiwan in return. The other five de facto states have not been recognized by Taiwan diplomatically.

The [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] is a non-territorial sovereign entity; it claims and controls no territory, it does not consider itself to be a [[state (polity)|state]], and yet it considers itself to be [[sovereignty|sovereign]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=About the Order of Malta / FAQ|url=https://www.orderofmalta.int/sovereign-order-of-malta/frequently-asked-questions/|access-date=November 15, 2021|website=Order of Malta (government website)|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114194307/https://www.orderofmalta.int/sovereign-order-of-malta/frequently-asked-questions/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Order of Malta [[Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta|maintains full diplomatic relations]] with 110 [[sovereign state]]s (including the [[Holy See]]), official relations with five other sovereign states, and ambassador-level relations with the [[European Union]] and the [[State of Palestine]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Multilateral relations|url=https://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-activities/multilateral-relations/|access-date=November 15, 2021|website=Order of Malta (government website)|archive-date=9 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009093650/http://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-relations/755/multilateral-relations/?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Bilateral relations|url=https://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-activities/bilateral-relations/|access-date=November 14, 2021|website=Order of Malta (government website)|archive-date=25 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625205913/https://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-activities/bilateral-relations/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Order of Malta does not maintain full diplomatic relations with either Taiwan or the PRC.<ref name=":5" /> Even though the Order of Malta doesn't maintain full diplomatic relations with Taiwan, it has been involved in supporting Taiwan's participation in the [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN-affiliated]] [[World Health Assembly]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=May 28, 2021|title=MOFA thanks global partners for backing Taiwan at WHA|work=Leave No One Behind (Taiwan MOHW & MOFA)|url=https://leavenoonebehind.com.tw/en/article.php?content=201096&unit=451|access-date=November 14, 2021|quote=In a tweet on its official Twitter account, the MOFA said: "The strong showing of support for #Taiwan's meaningful participation in #WHA74 is greatly appreciated by the government & people. Sincere thanks to the country's allies, as well as like-minded partners including the #US, #Japan, #UKF, #Canada, #Australia, #Germany, #NewZealand, #CzechRepublic, #Lithuania & @orderofmalta, for urging @DrTedros to put politics aside & bring #Taiwan into the @WHO fold. Disease is blind to borders, & it takes #AllHandsOnDeck to combat #COVID19 & achieve #HealthForAll."}}</ref>

[[Bhutan]] is the only member state of the United Nations that does not have full diplomatic relations with either the ROC or the PRC. The ROC has unilaterally recognized Bhutan as a sovereign state.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+States without relations with the People's Republic of China or the Republic of China
|-
! scope="col" | [[List of sovereign states|State]] or [[sovereignty|sovereign entity]]
! scope="col" | Recognized by the ROC
! scope="col" | Unofficial relations
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| scope="row"| {{Flagcountry|Abkhazia}}
| No
| No
| Currently recognized by [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|{{#expr:{{Numrec/Abkhazia|N}}-{{Numrec/Abkhazia|W}}}} UN member states and two non-UN-member states]]. Claimed by [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].
|-
| scope="row"| {{Flagcountry|Bhutan}}
| Yes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/CountryAreaInfo.aspx%3FCASN%3D0984A85A3A9A6677&n%3D4043244986E87475&sms%3D26470E539B6FA395 |script-title=zh:中華民國(台灣)外交部全球資訊網 |date=22 April 2019 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828015848/http://www.mofa.gov.tw/CountryAreaInfo.aspx%3fCASN%3d0984A85A3A9A6677%26n%3d4043244986E87475%26sms%3d26470E539B6FA395 |archive-date=28 August 2019}}</ref>
| No
| A [[member states of the United Nations|United Nations member state]]. The ROC recognizes [[Bhutan]] as a sovereign state.
|-
| scope="row"| {{Flagcountry|Kosovo}}
| Yes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx%3Fn%3D5028B03CED127255&s%3D3C269AA9ACAB4478 |script-title=zh:中華民國(台灣)外交部全球資訊網 |date=19 February 2008 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419003711/http://www.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx%3fn%3d5028B03CED127255%26s%3d3C269AA9ACAB4478 |archive-date=19 April 2015}}</ref>
| No
| Currently recognized by [[International recognition of Kosovo|{{#expr:{{Numrec/Kosovo|N}}-{{Numrec/Kosovo|W}}}} UN member states and three non-UN-member states]]. Claimed by [[Serbia]].
|-
| scope="row"| {{Flagcountry|Northern Cyprus}}
| No<ref>{{cite web|title=Diplomatic information–country and region|url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/ct.asp?xItem%3D73%26ctNode%3D1142%26mp%3D1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321050103/http://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/ct.asp?xItem=73&ctNode=1142&mp=1|archive-date=21 March 2008|access-date=21 March 2008}}</ref>
| No
| Recognized only by [[Turkey]]. Claimed by the [[Cyprus|Republic of Cyprus]].
|-
| scope="row"| {{Flagcountry|Transnistria|name=Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria)}}
| No
| No
| Claimed by [[Moldova]].
|-
| scope="row"| {{Flagcountry|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}} ([[Western Sahara]])
| No
| No
| Currently recognised by [[International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|46 UN member states and one non-UN-member state]]. Also known as [[Western Sahara]]. Claimed by [[Morocco]].
|-
| scope="row"| {{Flagcountry|Somaliland}}
| Yes<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.mofa.gov.tw/CountryInfo.aspx?CASN=2&n=163&sms=33&s=200 |author = Asia West and Africa Department|title = Republic of Somaliland| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China|access-date = 2021-10-27 |archive-date = 2021-01-16 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210116062621/https://www.mofa.gov.tw/CountryInfo.aspx?CASN=2&n=163&sms=33&s=200}}</ref>
| Yes<ref name=":6" />
| Taiwan and Somaliland mutually established representative offices on 1 July 2020.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202007010011|title=Taiwan and Somaliland to set up representative offices: MOFA|work=Focus Taiwan|date=July 2020|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130183552/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202007010011|url-status=live}}</ref> Claimed by [[Somalia]].
|-
| scope="row"| {{Flagcountry|South Ossetia|name=South Ossetia (Alania)}}
| No
| No
| Currently recognised by [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|{{#expr:{{Numrec/South Ossetia|N}}-{{Numrec/South Ossetia|W}}}} UN member states and four non-UN-member states]]. Claimed by [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].
|-
| scope="row"| {{Flagcountry|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}}
| Yes<ref name=":3" />
| No
| Non-territorial sovereign entity.<ref name=":4" /> No position on Taiwanese sovereignty.<ref name=":5" /> Engages neutrally with Taiwan.<ref name=":3" />
|}

===Relations switched from the ROC to the PRC===
{{Further|Timeline of diplomatic relations of the Republic of China|Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China}}
{{See also|One China|Two Chinas}}

[[File:Former Consulate of France in Nanjing 2012-03.JPG|thumb|Former French Embassy to the ROC in [[Nanjing]]]]
[[File:Former Consulate of Mexico in Nanjing 2012-11.JPG|thumb|Former Mexican Embassy to the ROC in Nanjing]]
[[File:Soviet embassy burned down.PNG|thumb|Former Soviet Union Embassy to the ROC in Nanjing]]
[[File:Former Consulate of UK in Nanjing 02 2011-10.jpg|thumb|Former United Kingdom Embassy to the ROC in Nanjing]]
[[File:Former Consulate of the United States in Nanjing 2011-11.JPG|thumb|Former United States Embassy to the ROC in Nanjing]]

Taiwanese academics stated that if any one state switches its diplomatic relations to the PRC, it would create a [[domino effect]], encouraging other states to do so as well.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6729917.stm |title=Taiwan alarm at Costa Rica move |work=[[BBC News]] |date=7 June 2007 |access-date=7 June 2007 |archive-date=15 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615063812/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6729917.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Holy See (Vatican), the only European state that has diplomatic relations with Taiwan, made efforts in 2007 to create formal ties with the PRC.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6282767.stm |title=Pope offers olive branch to China |work=[[BBC News]] |date=20 January 2007 |access-date=7 June 2007 |archive-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111051527/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6282767.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> High-ranking bishops in the [[Catholic Church]] have implied that such a diplomatic move was possible,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4411931.stm |title=HK bishop hints at Vatican switch |work=[[BBC News]] |date=5 April 2005 |access-date=7 June 2007 |archive-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111051605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4411931.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> predicated on the PRC's granting more [[Freedom of religion in China|freedom of religion]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6286353.stm |title=China welcomes Vatican initiative |work=[[BBC News]] |date=5 April 2005 |access-date=7 June 2007 |archive-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111051619/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6286353.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Catholic Patriotic Association|interfering]] less in the hierarchy of the [[Catholic Church in China]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6158769.stm |title=China ordains new Catholic bishop |work=[[BBC News]] |date=30 November 2006 |access-date=7 June 2007 |archive-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111051636/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6158769.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+States formerly recognizing the Republic of China and now recognizing the People's Republic of China
|-
! class="nosort"|
! colspan=2 class="nosort"|Period of diplomatic relation
|-
! scope="col" | [[List of sovereign states|State]]
! scope="col" | From
! scope="col" | To
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flagicon|Afghanistan|1930}} [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]
|align=center| 1944
|align=center| 1950
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Argentina}}
|align=center| 1945
|align=center| 1972
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Australia}}
|align=center| 1941
|align=center| 1972
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Austria}}
|align=center| 1928
|align=center| 1971
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Barbados}}
|align=center| 1967
|align=center| 1977
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Bahamas}}
|align=center| 1989
|align=center| 1997
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Belgium}}
|align=center| 1928
|align=center| 1971
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Bolivia}}
|align=center| 1919
|align=center| 1985
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Botswana}}
|align=center| 1966
|align=center| 1974
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Brazil|1968}}
|align=center| 1928
|align=center| 1974
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flagicon|Bulgaria|1948}} [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
|align=center| 1947
|align=center| 1949
|-
|scope="row" rowspan=2| {{Flag|Burkina Faso}} (formerly {{flag|Upper Volta}})
|align=center| 1961
|align=center| 1973
|-
|align=center| 1994
|align=center| 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=China wins back Burkina Faso, urges Taiwan's last African ally to follow |last=Blanchard |first=Ben |date=26 May 2018 |work=[[Reuters]] |location=Beijing, China |access-date=24 April 2019 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-burkina/china-wins-back-burkina-faso-urges-taiwans-last-african-ally-to-follow-idUSKCN1IR09W |archive-date=5 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605065105/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-burkina/china-wins-back-burkina-faso-urges-taiwans-last-african-ally-to-follow-idUSKCN1IR09W |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Burma|1948}}
|align=center| 1948
|align=center| 1950
|-
|scope="row" rowspan=2| {{Flag|Cambodia|1970}}
|align=center| 1953
|align=center| 1958
|-
|align=center| 1970
|align=center| 1975
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Cameroon|1961}}
|align=center| 1960
|align=center| 1971
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Canada}}
|align=center| 1941
|align=center| 1970
|-
|scope="row" rowspan=3| {{Flag|Central African Republic}}
|align=center| 1962
|align=center| 1964
|-
|align=center| 1968
|align=center| 1976
|-
|align=center| 1991
|align=center| 1998
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Ceylon}}
|align=center| 1948
|align=center| 1950
|-
|scope="row" rowspan=2| {{Flag|Chad}}
|align=center| 1962
|align=center| 1972
|-
|align=center| 1997
|align=center| 2006
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Chile}}
|align=center| 1915
|align=center| 1971
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Colombia}}
|align=center| 1941
|align=center| 1980<ref>{{cite news |title=Colombia y China Popular establecen relaciones |date=9 February 1980 |work=El Tiempo |page=8A |location=Bogota, Colombia |publisher=Casa Editorial El Tiempo |language=es |issn=0121-9987 |access-date=22 September 2018 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=N2osnxbUuuUC&dat=19800209&printsec=frontpage&hl=es |archive-date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424101553/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=N2osnxbUuuUC&dat=19800209&printsec=frontpage&hl=es |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Congo-Brazzaville}}
|align=center| 1960
|align=center| 1964
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
|align=center| 1941
|align=center| 2007<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6729035.stm |title=Costa Rica forges new China ties |work=[[BBC News]] |date=6 June 2007 |access-date=6 June 2007 |archive-date=17 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217034037/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6729035.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}
|align=center| 1963
|align=center| 1983
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Cuba|1902}}
|align=center| 1913
|align=center| 1960
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Cyprus}}
|align=center| 1960
|align=center| 1972
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Czechoslovakia}}
|align=center| 1930
|align=center| 1949{{NoteTag|Unofficial relations between the ROC continued on between the newly-formed [[Czech Republic|Czechia]] and [[Slovakia]] in 1993.}}
|-
|scope="row" rowspan=2| {{Flag|Dahomey}}
|align=center| 1960
|align=center| 1965
|-
|align=center| 1966
|align=center| 1973
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Denmark}}
|align=center| 1928
|align=center| 1950
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Dominica}}
|align=center| 1983
|align=center| 2004
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Dominican Republic}}
|align=center| 1941
|align=center| 2018<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-43936972 |title=República Dominicana corta relaciones diplomáticas con Taiwán para establecerlas con China |date=1 May 2018 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=23 March 2019 |access-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323115253/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-43936972 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Ecuador|1900}}
|align=center| 1946
|align=center| 1971
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Egypt|1952}}
|align=center| 1942
|align=center| 1956
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|El Salvador}}
|align=center| 1941
|align=center| 2018<ref name="es">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/21/taiwan-further-isolated-as-el-salvador-switches-allegiance-to-china |title=Taiwan vows to stand up to China after El&nbsp;Salvador cuts ties |last=Kuo |first=Lily |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=21 August 2018 |archive-date=27 October 2019 |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027165311/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/21/taiwan-further-isolated-as-el-salvador-switches-allegiance-to-china |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Estonia}}
|align=center| 1937{{Clarify|date=July 2023}}<!-- 1921? -->
|align=center| 1940
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Finland}}
|align=center| 1919
|align=center| 1950<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.finland.cn/public/default.aspx?nodeid=44129 |title=Suomen suurlähetystö, Peking -Suomen pääkonsulaatti, Shanghai : Tietoa Kiinasta |language=fi |date=22 January 2014 |website=Finland.cn |publisher=Finnish Main Consulate in the People's Republic of China |access-date=14 January 2017 |archive-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731024355/http://www.finland.cn/public/default.aspx?nodeid=44129 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|France|1830}}
|align=center| 1928
|align=center| 1964
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Gabon}}
|align=center| 1960
|align=center| 1974
|-
|scope="row" rowspan=2| {{Flag|Gambia}}
|align=center| 1968
|align=center| 1974
|-
|align=center| 1995
|align=center| 2013<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/15/gambia-severs-diplomatic-ties-taiwan |title=Gambia severs diplomatic ties with Taiwan |last=Smith |first=David |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=24 April 2019 |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424112733/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/15/gambia-severs-diplomatic-ties-taiwan |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Germany}} ([[West Germany|Federal Rep.]])
|align=center| 1955
|align=center| 1972
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Greece}}
|align=center| 1929
|align=center| 1972
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Grenada}}
|align=center| 1989
|align=center| 2005
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
|align=center| 1990
|align=center| 1998
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Honduras}}
|align=center| 1941
|align=center| 2023<ref>{{Cite news |title=Honduras ends decades-long diplomatic ties with Taiwan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/honduras-government-says-ending-diplomatic-ties-with-taiwan-2023-03-26/ |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=Reuters |date=26 March 2023 |language=en-US |last1=Cash |first1=Joe |last2=Palencia |first2=Gustavo |last3=Blanchard |first3=Ben |last4=Cash |first4=Joe |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607013344/https://www.reuters.com/world/honduras-government-says-ending-diplomatic-ties-with-taiwan-2023-03-26/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|India}}
|align=center| 1947
|align=center| 1949
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flagicon|Iran|1964}} [[Pahlavi dynasty|Iran]]
|align=center| 1920
|align=center| 1971
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Iraq}}
|align=center| 1942
|align=center| 1958
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Italy}}
|align=center| 1928
|align=center| 1970
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Jamaica}}
|align=center| 1962
|align=center| 1972
|-
|scope="row" rowspan=2| {{Flag|Japan|1947}}
|align=center| 1930
|align=center| 1937
|-
|align=center| 1952
|align=center| 1972
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Jordan}}
|align=center| 1957
|align=center| 1977
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Kiribati}}
|align=center| 2003
|align=center| 2019<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/20/taiwan-loses-second-ally-in-a-week-as-kiribati-switches-to-china|title=Taiwan loses second ally in a week as Kiribati switches to China|last=Lyons|first=Kate|website=The Guardian|date=20 September 2019|language=en|access-date=19 August 2020|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830155148/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/20/taiwan-loses-second-ally-in-a-week-as-kiribati-switches-to-china|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|South Korea|1984|name=Korea, Republic of (South Korea)}}
|align=center| 1949
|align=center| 1992
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Kuwait}}
|align=center| 1963
|align=center| 1971
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Laos}}
|align=center| 1958
|align=center| 1962
|-
|scope="row" rowspan=2| {{Flag|Latvia}}
|align=center| 1936{{Clarify|date=July 2023}}<!-- 1923? -->
|align=center| 1940
|-
|align=center| 1992
|align=center| 1994<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oqF8AgAAQBAJ&q=estonia+taiwan+relations&pg=PA76 |title=Taiwan and Post-Communist Europe: Shopping for Allies |last=Tubilewicz |first=Czeslaw |year= 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1134100842 |pages=76–94 }}</ref>
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Lebanon}}
|align=center| 1954
|align=center| 1971
|-
|scope="row" rowspan=2| {{Flag|Lesotho|1987}}
|align=center| 1966
|align=center| 1983
|-
|align=center| 1990
|align=center| 1994
|-
|scope="row" rowspan=3| {{Flag|Liberia}}
|align=center| 1957
|align=center| 1977
|-
|align=center| 1989
|align=center| 1993
|-
|align=center| 1997
|align=center| 2003
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Libya|1969}}
|align=center| 1959
|align=center| 1978
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Lithuania|1918}}
|align=center| 1921
|align=center| 1940
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Luxembourg}}
|align=center| 1949
|align=center| 1972
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Madagascar}}
|align=center| 1960
|align=center| 1972
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Malawi}}
|align=center| 1966
|align=center| 2008<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7186918.stm |title=Asia-Pacific &#124; Malawi severs links with Taiwan |work=BBC News |date=14 January 2008 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=26 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326170747/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7186918.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Malaysia}}
|align=center| 1964
|align=center| 1974
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Maldives}}
|align=center| 1966
|align=center| 1972
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Malta}}
|align=center| 1967
|align=center| 1972
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Mauritania}}
|align=center| 1960
|align=center| 1965
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Mexico}}
|align=center| 1928
|align=center| 1971
|-
|scope="row" rowspan=2| {{Flag|Nauru}}
|align=center| 1980
|align=center| 2002
|-
|align=center| 2005
|align=center| 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=Republic of Nauru to sever diplomatic ties with Taiwan |url=https://www.lismorecitynews.com.au/story/8487200/republic-of-nauru-to-sever-diplomatic-ties-with-taiwan/ |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=Lismore City News |language=en-AU |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115062652/https://www.lismorecitynews.com.au/story/8487200/republic-of-nauru-to-sever-diplomatic-ties-with-taiwan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Netherlands}}
|align=center| 1928
|align=center| 1950
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|New Zealand}}
|align=center| 1912
|align=center| 1972
|-
|scope="row" rowspan=2| {{Flag|Nicaragua}}
|align=center| 1930
|align=center| 1985
|-
|align=center| 1990
|align=center| 2021<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-12-10|title=China and Nicaragua re-establish ties in blow to U.S. and Taiwan|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-nicaragua-hold-talks-city-tianjin-following-taiwan-break-2021-12-10/|date=10 December 2021|publisher=Reuters|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210052819/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-nicaragua-hold-talks-city-tianjin-following-taiwan-break-2021-12-10/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|scope="row" rowspan=2| {{Flag|Niger}}
|align=center| 1963
|align=center| 1974
|-
|align=center| 1992
|align=center| 1996
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|North Macedonia}}
|align=center| 1999
|align=center| 2001
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Norway}}
|align=center| 1928
|align=center| 1950
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Pakistan}}
|align=center| 1947
|align=center| 1950
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Panama}}
|align=center| 1912
|align=center| 2017<ref name="panama">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-40256499|title=Panama cuts ties with Taiwan in favour of China|date=13 June 2017|publisher=BBC News|archive-date=19 June 2018|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619035643/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-40256499|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}
|data-sort-value="1999-08-05" data-sort-type="isoDate" style="text-align:center;"| 5 August 1999
|data-sort-value="1999-08-21" data-sort-type="isoDate" style="text-align:center;"| 21 August 1999{{NoteTag|Recognition lasted sixteen days. Began 5 August, agreement withdrawn 21 August.}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Peru}}
|align=center| 1913
|align=center| 1971
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Philippines|1936}}
|align=center| 1947
|align=center| 1975
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Poland|1928}}
|align=center| 1929
|align=center| 1949
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Portugal}}
|align=center| 1928
|align=center| 1975
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flagicon|Romania|1948}} [[Communist Romania|Romania]]
|align=center| 1939
|align=center| 1949
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Rwanda|1962}}
|align=center| 1962
|align=center| 1972
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
|align=center| 1997
|align=center| 2016<ref>{{cite news |url=http://pt.rfi.fr/sao-tome-e-principe/20161220-sao-tome-e-principe-corta-relacoes-com-taiwan |title=São Tomé e Príncipe corta relações com Taiwan – São Tomé e Príncipe |language=pt |location=France |publisher=Radio France Internationale |date=20 December 2016 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=21 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221091039/http://pt.rfi.fr/sao-tome-e-principe/20161220-sao-tome-e-principe-corta-relacoes-com-taiwan |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|align=center| 1946
|align=center| 1990
|-
|scope="row" rowspan=3| {{Flag|Senegal}}
|align=center| 1960
|align=center| 1964
|-
|align=center| 1969
|align=center| 1972
|-
|align=center| 1996
|align=center| 2005
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Sierra Leone}}
|align=center| 1963
|align=center| 1971
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Solomon Islands}}
|align=center| 1983
|align=center| 2019<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/16/breaking-solomon-islands-officially-switches-diplomatic-ties-taiwan-china/|title=Taiwan terminates relations with Solomon Islands: foreign minister|date=16 September 2019|website=Hong Kong Free Press|access-date=16 September 2019|archive-date=16 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916103942/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/16/breaking-solomon-islands-officially-switches-diplomatic-ties-taiwan-china/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|South Africa}}
|align=center| 1912
|align=center| 1998<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/analysis/43290.stm |title=Taiwan loses a major ally |work=[[BBC News]] |date=30 December 1997 |access-date=7 June 2007 |archive-date=12 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112034849/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/analysis/43290.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|South Vietnam}} (now defunct)
|align=center| 1955
|align=center| 1975{{NoteTag|Diplomatic relationship between South Vietnam and Taiwan ceased upon the [[Fall of Saigon|collapse of the South Vietnamese government]] in 1975.}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}} (now defunct)
|align=center| 1929
|align=center| 1949
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flagcountry|Spanish State}}
|align=center| 1928
|align=center| 1973
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Sweden}}
|align=center| 1928
|align=center| 1950
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Switzerland}}
|align=center| 1913
|align=center| 1950
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Thailand}}
|align=center| 1946
|align=center| 1975
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Togo}}
|align=center| 1960
|align=center| 1972
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Tonga}}
|align=center| 1972
|align=center| 1998
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Turkey}}
|align=center| 1934
|align=center| 1971<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200424102055/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-political-relations-with-china.en.mfaTurkey%C2%B4s Political Relations with China], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)|Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs]].</ref>
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|align=center| 1928
|align=center| 1950
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|United States}}
|align=center| 1928
|align=center| 1979
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Uruguay}}
|align=center| 1957
|align=center| 1988
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Vanuatu}}
|data-sort-value="2004-11-03" data-sort-type="isoDate" style="text-align:center;"| 3 November 2004
|data-sort-value="2004-11-10" data-sort-type="isoDate" style="text-align:center;"| 10 November 2004{{NoteTag|Recognition lasted seven days. Began on 03 November, agreement withdrawn on 10 November.}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Venezuela|1954}}
|align=center| 1941
|align=center| 1974
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Western Samoa}}
|align=center| 1972
|align=center| 1975
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Yugoslavia}} (now defunct)
|align=center| 1945
|align=center| 1955
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Zaire}}
|align=center| 1960
|align=center| 1973<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/focac/183553.htm |title = Congo (DRC) |website = china.org.cn |location = People's Republic of China |access-date = 15 November 2013 |archive-date = 27 May 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120527230728/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/focac/183553.htm |url-status = live }}</ref>
|}

===States that have never had diplomatic relations with the ROC but have relations with the PRC===
{{Main|Timeline of diplomatic relations of the Republic of China|Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China}}

Theoretically, all countries are set to open their full diplomatic relations with the ROC.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+States only ever recognizing the People's Republic of China as the Chinese state
|-
! scope="col" | [[List of sovereign states|State]]
! scope="col" | Year recognized the PRC
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Albania}}
| {{daterange|1949|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Algeria}}
| {{daterange|1962|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Andorra}}
| {{daterange|1994|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Angola}}
| {{daterange|1982|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
| {{daterange|1983|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Armenia}}
| {{daterange|1992|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Azerbaijan}}
| {{daterange|1992|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Bahrain}}
| {{daterange|1989|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Bangladesh}}
| {{daterange|1975|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Belarus}}
| {{daterange|1992|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| {{daterange|1995|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Brunei}}
| {{daterange|1991|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Burundi}}
| {{daterange|1963|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Cabo Verde}}
| {{daterange|1976|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Comoros}}
| {{daterange|1975|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Cook Islands}}
| {{daterange|1997|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Croatia}}
| {{daterange|1992|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Djibouti}}
| {{daterange|1979|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|East Germany}} (now defunct)
| {{daterange|1949|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
| {{daterange|1970|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Eritrea}}
| {{daterange|1993|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Ethiopia}}
| {{daterange|1970|}}<ref>[[China–Ethiopia relations]]</ref>
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Fiji}}
| {{daterange|1975|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Georgia}}
| {{daterange|1992|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Ghana}}
| {{daterange|1957|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Guyana}}
| {{daterange|1972|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Hungary}}
| {{daterange|1949|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Iceland}}
| {{daterange|1971|}}{{Clarify|date=July 2023}}<!-- Iceland has diplomatic relations with Republic of China until 1971. -->
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Indonesia}}
| {{daterange|1950|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Ireland}}
| {{daterange|1979|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Israel}}
| {{daterange|1950|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Kazakhstan}}
| {{daterange|1992|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Kenya}}
| {{daterange|1963|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
| {{daterange|1992|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Liechtenstein}}
| {{daterange|1950|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Mali}}
| {{daterange|1960|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Mauritius}}
| {{daterange|1972|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Micronesia}}
| {{daterange|1989|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Moldova}}
| {{daterange|1992|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Mongolia}}
| {{daterange|1949|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Monaco}}
| {{daterange|1995|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Montenegro}}
| {{daterange|2006|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Morocco}}
| {{daterange|1958|}}{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}<!-- Have Morocco diplomatic relation with ROC? -->
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Mozambique}}
| {{daterange|1975|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Namibia}}
| {{daterange|1990|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Nepal}}
| {{daterange|1955|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Nigeria}}
| {{daterange|1971|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Niue}}
| {{daterange|2007|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|North Korea}}
| {{daterange|1949|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Oman}}
| {{daterange|1978|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Palestine}}
| {{daterange|1988|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Qatar}}
| {{daterange|1988|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|San Marino}}
| {{daterange|1971|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Seychelles}}
| {{daterange|1976|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Singapore}}
| {{daterange|1990|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Slovenia}}
| {{daterange|1992|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Somalia}}
| {{daterange|1960|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Sudan}}
| {{daterange|1958|}}{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}<!-- Have Sudan diplomatic relation with ROC? -->
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|South Sudan}}
| {{daterange|2011|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|South Yemen}} (now defunct)
| {{daterange|1968|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Suriname}}
| {{daterange|1976|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Syria}}
| {{daterange|1956|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Tajikistan}}
| {{daterange|1992|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Tanzania}}
| {{daterange|1961|}} ([[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]]) <br /> {{daterange|1963|}} ([[Sultanate of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]])
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Timor-Leste}}
| {{daterange|2002|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| {{daterange|1974|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Tunisia}}
| {{daterange|1964|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Turkmenistan}}
| {{daterange|1992|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Uganda}}
| {{daterange|1962|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| {{daterange|1984|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Ukraine}}
| {{daterange|1992|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Uzbekistan}}
| {{daterange|1992|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Vietnam}}
| {{daterange|1950|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Yemen}}
| {{daterange|1956|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Zambia}}
| {{daterange|1964|}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Flag|Zimbabwe}}
| {{daterange|1980|}}<ref>[[China–Zimbabwe relations]]</ref>
|}

=== Bribery allegations ===
Taiwan has been accused on multiple occasions of bribing foreign politicians to commence or maintain diplomatic relations.<ref>{{cite web|title=China and Taiwan offered us huge bribes, say Solomon Islands MPs|work=The Guardian|date=7 December 2019|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/08/china-and-taiwan-offered-us-huge-bribes-say-solomon-islands-mps|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221185709/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/08/china-and-taiwan-offered-us-huge-bribes-say-solomon-islands-mps|url-status=live}}</ref> The ex-president of [[Guatemala]] admitted in a U.S. court taking $2.5m from Taiwan in exchange for continuing to recognize it diplomatically.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ex-Guatemalan leader admits taking Taiwan bribes in U.S. court|date=18 March 2014|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-guatemala-portillo-idUSBREA2H1QD20140318|access-date=2 April 2021|last1=Raymond|first1=Nate|archive-date=16 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316183713/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-guatemala-portillo-idUSBREA2H1QD20140318|url-status=live}}</ref> Regarding Taiwanese "dollar diplomacy" in [[Vanuatu]] a 2004 observer said: "the methods Taiwan uses, bribing countries and politicians, are unjust, violate international law and disturb the global community. Bribery diplomacy won't last."<ref>{{cite news|title=China, Taiwan Wooing Vanuatu in Dollar Dance|date=13 November 2004|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-nov-13-fg-vanuatu13-story.html|access-date=2 June 2022|last1=Magnier|first1=Mark|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601190554/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-nov-13-fg-vanuatu13-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to Nauru choosing to recognize the government of the People's Republic of China, Taiwan had provided [[Nauru]]an government ministers with a monthly stipend of $5,000 in exchange for continuation of the Pacific island country's diplomatic relations with Taipei. Nauruan politicians, including President [[Marcus Stephen]] received secret funds. Other MPs received $2,500 a month in what was described as ''project funding that requires minimal accounting''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nauru officials' 'friendly payoffs'|date=29 August 2011|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nauru-officials-friendly-payoffs-20110828-1jgnu.html|access-date=2 June 2022|last1=Dorling|first1=Philip|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601190556/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nauru-officials-friendly-payoffs-20110828-1jgnu.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|History of the Republic of China|History of foreign relations of China}}

[[File:China vs Taiwan, global struggle for recognition.png|thumb|500px|A series of maps that illustrate the struggle between the People's Republic of China and Republic of China for international recognition]]

Taiwan was annexed by Japan in 1895 after the [[First Sino-Japanese War]]. In the [[Northern Expedition]], the [[Kuomintang|Nationalists]] defeated the warlords of the [[Beiyang clique]] and established a unified government for China in Nanjing. The United States recognised [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China (ROC)]] on 25 July 1928, the first government to do so.<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=HuB6gPHeP_cC|page=12}}|title=The China White Paper, August 1949 – United States. Dept. of State|page=12|access-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> The Japanese occupied parts of China during [[World War II]]. After Japan's defeat in 1945, Taiwan was placed under the temporary administration of the ROC to handle the surrender of Japanese administration. The [[Chinese Civil War]] broke out again between the Nationalists and the CCP. The CCP gained control of the [[mainland China|mainland]] in 1949 and proclaimed the People's Republic of China (PRC), while the Nationalists fled to Taiwan, taking the ROC government with them. In 1952, Japan renounced Taiwan in the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] without specifying to whom Taiwan is ceded.

In 2016, A. P. Winston, the author of ''Chinese Finance under the Republic'', said, "chief sources of information on those matters of discussion which have been subjects of diplomacy" were official publications from the United Kingdom.<ref name="Winston739">{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=3rIHAQAAMAAJ|page=739}}|title=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|page=739|access-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> Winston explained that only a few official reports from the Chinese government aside from the maritime customs sector had appeared at that point, and that the government of the ROC was "too poor, perhaps still too secretive, to make regular and full publication of statistics."<ref name="Winston739" />

During the [[Cold War]] the ROC generally maintained an [[anti-communist]] stance, however during the late 1960s and early 1970s the government of Chiang Kai-shek undertook secret negotiations with Moscow. Even going so far as having the foreign minister suggest that the ROC would have their own "[[Warsaw Pact|Warsaw talk]]" with the Soviets.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tubilewicz |first1=Czeslaw |title=From Ideological Foe to Uncertain Friend: Soviet Relations with Taiwan, 1943–82 |journal=Cold War History |year=2005 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/713999981 |s2cid=154822714 }}</ref> Throughout the Cold War [[Wang Sheng (general)|Wang Sheng]] was a driving force in diplomacy between the ROC and the anti-communist world.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lin |first1=Hsiao-ting |title=Taiwan's Cold War in Southeast Asia |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/taiwans-cold-war-southeast-asia#_ftn1 |website=wilsoncenter.org |publisher=The Wilson Center |access-date=21 July 2019 |date=7 April 2016 |archive-date=21 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721163834/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/taiwans-cold-war-southeast-asia#_ftn1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After retreating there in 1949 Chiang Kai-shek never again left Taiwan, this required leaders who wanted to meet with Chiang to travel to Taiwan. The first head of state during the KMT era to make a [[state visit]] abroad was Yen Chia-kan in 1977 when he visited Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cheung |first1=Han |title=Taiwan in Time: The last great friend |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2021/07/04/2003760252 |website=www.taipeitimes.com |date=4 July 2021 |publisher=Taipei Times |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704083720/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2021/07/04/2003760252 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2016, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] planned to disband fewer than ten of its embassies to allocate for a "[[New Southbound Policy]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/09/17/2003655308|title=Ministry to shut overseas offices, go 'southbound'|date=15 December 2016|newspaper=[[Taipei Times]]|access-date=22 December 2016|archive-date=19 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919120812/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/09/17/2003655308|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Expand section|Second World War operations in Burma, Yalta Conference, Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Nationalists fleeing into exile in Taiwan in 1949, the 1952 San Francisco Peace Treaty and Treaty of Taipei, UN, Taiwan Strait Incidents, Korean War, Tachen retreat|date=August 2008}}

Since 1990, the ROC has witnessed a net of 16 countries switch recognition to the PRC.

In January 2021, the [[European Parliament]] passed two Taiwan related resolutions. The first resolution contained statements of support for Taiwan's democracy. The second encouraged member states to work to "revisit their engagement policies with Taiwan" as well as to work together with international partners to "protect democratic Taiwan from foreign threats."<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=MOFA lauds pro-Taiwan EU bills |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/01/22/2003751027 |website=www.taipeitimes.com |publisher=Taipei Times |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121213231/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/01/22/2003751027 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Yeh |first1=Joseph |title=EU passes resolutions containing pro-Taiwan clauses |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202101210006 |website=focustaiwan.tw |date=21 January 2021 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121041655/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202101210006 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Number of countries recognizing ROC and PRC
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Recognition of ROC<ref>Michael Y.M. Kao, "Taiwan's and Beijing's Campaigns for Unification," in Harvey Feldman, Michael Y.M. Kao, eds., ''Taiwan in a Time of Transition'' (New York: Paragon House, 1988), 188.</ref>
! scope="col" | Recognition of PRC
|-
| 1969
| 71
| 48
|-
| 1971
| 68
| 53
|-
| 1973
| 31
| 89
|-
| 1978
| 21
| 112
|-
| 1986
| 23
| 134
|-
| 1990
| 28
| 139
|-
| 2012
| 23
| 172
|-
| 2013
| 22
| 172
|-
| 2016
| 21
| 174
|-
| 2017
| 20
| 175
|-
| 2018
| 17
| 178
|-
| 2019
| 15
| 180
|-
| 2021
| 14
| 181
|-
| 2023
| 13
| 182
|-
| 2024
| 12
| 183{{NoteTag|Out of the 193 UN member states, two UN observer states, and two [[associated state|states in free association]] with [[New Zealand]] (the [[Cook Islands]] and [[Niue]]), 181 UN member states, the Cook Islands, Niue, and the [[State of Palestine]] recognize the People's Republic of China as the sole legitimate government of China. The 12 states who recognize the Republic of China include 11 UN member states and the [[Holy See]] ([[Vatican City]]). [[Bhutan]] is the only [[sovereign state]] within the [[United Nations System]] which has not established [[diplomacy|diplomatic relations]] with either the PRC or the ROC.}}
|}

==Bilateral relations==

===Africa===
[[Liberia]] recognised the ROC in 1989, and switched back to the PRC in October 2003.

==== Burkina Faso ==== 
{{Excerpt|Burkina Faso–Taiwan relations}} 

==== Chad ==== 
{{Excerpt|Chad–Taiwan relations}} 

==== Eswatini ====
[[File:總統接見史瓦濟蘭王國國母恩彤碧陛下訪問團 (27459709821).jpg|thumb|[[Eswatini]] [[Ntfombi of Eswatini|Queen Mother Ntombi Tfwala]] and President [[Tsai Ing-wen]] in Taiwan]]
{{Main|Eswatini–Taiwan relations}}

After Burkina Faso cut relations with Taiwan in 2018, Eswatini remained Taiwan's sole ally in Africa.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Solomon |first1=Salem |title=Once Influential in Africa, Taiwan Loses All But One Ally |url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/once-influential-africa-taiwan-loses-all-one-ally |access-date=21 May 2020 |work=Voice of America |date=26 May 2018 |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805225925/https://www.voanews.com/africa/once-influential-africa-taiwan-loses-all-one-ally |url-status=dead }}</ref> Taiwan has an [[Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in the Kingdom of Eswatini|embassy]] in Mbabane, Eswatini. On 7 June 2016, the [[National Police Agency (Republic of China)|National Police Agency]] and Royal Eswatini Police Service signed a joint, cross-border, crime fighting pact, which included exchanges, probes, personnel visits, professional skills enhancement, law enforcement and technical assistance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201606070025.aspx |title=Taiwan, Swaziland sign pact on joint crime-fighting &#124; Focus Taiwan – CNA English News  |website=Focustaiwan.tw |date=2 January 2016 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012034332/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201606070025.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> King [[Mswati III]] has visited Taiwan seventeen times as of June 2018, and has promised to continue recognising Taiwan instead of the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2018/06/09/2003694584 |newspaper=[[Taipei Times]] |title=Swazi king promises loyalty to Taiwan |first=Stacy |last=Hsu |date=9 June 2018 |archive-date=23 October 2019 |access-date=9 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023012358/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2018/06/09/2003694584 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of June 2018, the Taiwanese Ambassador is Thomas Chen ({{lang|zh-Hant|陳經銓}}).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2018/06/27/2003695627 |newspaper=[[Taipei Times]] |date=27 June 2018 |title=Ambassador to Eswatini hospitalized: ministry |quote=Ambassador to Eswatini Thomas Chen ({{lang|zh-Hant|陳經銓}}) has been hospitalized in South Africa after he was found seriously ill in his office on 22 June, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs said yesterday. |archive-date=27 June 2018 |access-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627202115/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2018/06/27/2003695627 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Gambia====
{{Main|Gambia–Taiwan relations}}

[[The Gambia]] recognised the ROC from 1968 until 1974, and then again from 1995 until 14 November 2013, when President [[Yahya Jammeh]]'s office announced it had cut diplomatic ties with immediate effect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/335541/news/world/gambia-cuts-diplomatic-ties-with-taiwan|title=Gambia cuts diplomatic ties with Taiwan|work=GMA News Online|date=15 November 2013|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221164119/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/335541/news/world/gambia-cuts-diplomatic-ties-with-taiwan|url-status=live}}</ref> During this era Taiwan gave hundreds of millions of dollars in aid and loans to The Gambia, much of which was diverted by President Yahya Jammeh and those close to him.<ref name="OCCRP" /> The PRC recognised The Gambia on 17 March 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/19/world/asia/china-gambia-taiwan-diplomatic-relations.html|title=Chinese Gambia and Taiwan Diplomatic Relations|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=18 March 2016|access-date=22 December 2016|last1=Ramzy|first1=Austin|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406224902/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/19/world/asia/china-gambia-taiwan-diplomatic-relations.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Upon Gambian recognition the PRC immediately began to furnish them with aid. The repeated switch off between PRC and ROC recognition is seen as an example of [[checkbook diplomacy]].<ref name="OCCRP">{{cite web |last1=Khadija Sharife, and Daniela Lepiz |first1=Mark Anderson |title=Jammeh's Taiwanese Alliance and the Hezbollah Laundromat |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/greatgambiaheist/the-alliance-and-the-laundromat |website=occrp.org |publisher=OCCRP |access-date=9 December 2019 |archive-date=9 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209040110/https://www.occrp.org/en/greatgambiaheist/the-alliance-and-the-laundromat |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Libya ==== 
{{Excerpt|Libya–Taiwan relations}} 

==== Malawi ==== 
{{Excerpt|Malawi–Taiwan relations}} 

==== São Tomé and Príncipe ==== 
{{Excerpt|São Tomé and Príncipe–Taiwan relations}} 

==== South Africa ==== 
{{Excerpt|South Africa–Taiwan relations}}

==== Somaliland ==== 
{{Excerpt|Somaliland–Taiwan relations}}

===Asia===
====Bangladesh====
{{Main|Bangladesh–Taiwan relations}}

Bangladesh has had limited bilateral exchanges with the ROC since it declared independence in 1971. Bangladesh is the ROC's second largest South Asian trading partner in spite of a global slump. Bangladesh mainly exports garments, knitwear, jutes, leathers and handicrafts to the ROC and imports an assortment of textiles, machines, electronics, steels, and plastic.

==== China ====
{{Main|Cross-strait relations}}

[[File:2015 Ma–Xi Meeting 08.jpg|thumb|[[First Ma–Xi meeting|Ma–Xi meeting]] in 2015]]

The [[Double Tenth Agreement]] signed on 10 October 1945 is the only legal document between the two parties. The following [[Political Consultative Conference (Republic of China)]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap6.pccu.edu.tw/Encyclopedia/data.asp?id=3783 |script-title=zh:{中華百科全書•典藏版} |website=Ap6.pccu.edu.tw |access-date=22 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711010341/https://ap6.pccu.edu.tw/Encyclopedia/data.asp?id=3783 |archive-date=11 July 2015  |title= }}</ref> was engulfed by [[Cold War]] history and the American foreign policy of [[containment]] in East Asia after the [[Korean War]].<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8Jf32GR7t3IC|page=217}} |title=Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created The American World |author=James Chace |page=217 |date=30 June 2008 |access-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> Before the Korean War broke out, the US was preparing for a coup d'état in mid-1950 to replace [[Chiang Kai-shek]] with [[Hu Shih]] and [[Sun Li-jen]] and neutralize the ROC's legal status under [[UN Trusteeship]] to block any legal claim of the PRC on Taiwan, as proposed by [[United States Department of State]] official [[Dean Rusk]].<ref>{{cite web|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=vz42rDYmf3wC|page=423}} |title=Blacklisted by History|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=DNqasVI-gWMC|page=110}} |title=Taiwan|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=FRY0v7AH2ngC|page=326}} |title=Madame Chiang Kai-shek|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> The [[Formosa Resolution of 1955]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal71-1253311 |title=CQ Almanac Online Edition |website=Library.cqpress.com |access-date=22 December 2016 }}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> was passed unanimously by the [[United States Congress]]. Resolving the cross-strait relationship required both sides to rethink definitions of basic concepts such as sovereignty, "one China" and unification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscap.org/uploads/docs/CRSO/CRSO2014.pdf |title=CSCAP : Regional Security Outlook |website=Cscap.org |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211436/http://www.cscap.org/uploads/docs/CRSO/CRSO2014.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The two [[polities]] of ''accession''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=III-3&chapter=3&lang=en#4|title=UNTC|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=19 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519165249/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=III-3&chapter=3&lang=en#4|url-status=dead}}</ref> resulted in the PRC's [[Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries]], the lifting of its [[Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion|martial law]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/15/world/taiwan-ends-4-decades-of-martial-law.html|title=Taiwan Ends 4 Decades of Martial Law|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 July 1987|archive-date=8 February 2023|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208221908/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/15/world/taiwan-ends-4-decades-of-martial-law.html|url-status=live}}</ref> on PRC territory, and more recently the enactment of the PRC's [[Anti-Secession Law]] towards the ROC. The two sides have no cross-strait military confidence-building measures (CBM) "to improve military-to-military relations in ways that reduce fears of attack and the potential for military miscalculation".<ref>{{cite web|author=Bonnie S. Glaser|url=http://csis.org/files/publication/100107_Glaser_BuildingTrust_Web.pdf|title=Building Trust Across the Taiwan Strait|date=January 2010|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies|access-date=8 June 2013|archive-date=22 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622190306/http://csis.org/files/publication/100107_Glaser_BuildingTrust_Web.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Joseph Cirincione|url=https://www.un.org/disarmament/education/wmdcommission/files/No10.pdf |title=No. 10: A Global Assessment of Nuclear Proliferation Threats |publisher=[[Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission]]|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013143858/http://www.un.org/disarmament/education/wmdcommission/files/No10.pdf|archive-date=13 October 2013  |author-link=Joseph Cirincione }}</ref> Nuclear tensions have risen since the PRC promulgated the Anti-Secession Law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/2718.html|title=Association for Asia Research- Chinese military threatens nuclear war against the United States over Taiwan|work=Chinascope|date=20 September 2005|access-date=12 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175336/http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/2718.html|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/28cfe55a-f4a7-11d9-9dd1-00000e2511c8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/28cfe55a-f4a7-11d9-9dd1-00000e2511c8.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Top Chinese general warns US over attack|work=Financial Times|access-date=21 February 2015|date=14 July 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|author=Charles Glaser|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67479/charles-glaser/will-chinas-rise-lead-to-war|title=Will China's Rise Lead to War?|magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]]|date=March–April 2011|access-date=12 July 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714120104/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67479/charles-glaser/will-chinas-rise-lead-to-war|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/15/international/asia/15china.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 July 2005|author=Joseph Kahn|title=Chinese General Threatens Use of A-Bombs if U.S. Intrudes|archive-date=11 May 2015|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511185847/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/15/international/asia/15china.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The government position that both Taiwan and mainland China are parts of the same state is not universally accepted among the people of Taiwan. In particular, the pro-independence [[Pan-Green Coalition]] considers Taiwan and China to be different countries. By contrast, the [[Chinese unification|pro-unification]] [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] take the view that both Taiwan and mainland China are parts of the ROC. Former president [[Lee Tung-hui]] described these relations as "[[Special state-to-state relations]]".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023430/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_/ai_62170616Taiwan "Taiwan won't broach state-to-state concept again"]. "The press reports quoted Taiwan's incoming top China policy-maker Tsai Ing-wen as saying Thursday that the special state-to-state label was an adequate description of Taiwan's current ties with China."  "'The two-states theory is a good thing. It is a way to describe the current (cross-strait) situation,'" "Tsai said on local television. 'We can refrain from using it as a description, although we cannot deny the existence of the situation described by it,' Tsai said on local television."</ref> The Chen administrations described Taiwan and China by saying "[[one country on each side|...with Taiwan and China on each side of the Taiwan Strait, each side is a country.]]". Former President [[Ma Ying-jeou]] returned to the government position of the early 1990s, calling relations with Beijing [[special non-state-to-state relations|special relations between two areas within one state]]. That state, according to Taiwan is the ROC, and due to constitutional reasons, neither Taipei nor Beijing recognises each other as a legitimate government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview|newspaper=Taipei Times|date=8 October 2008|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320|archive-date=3 June 2009|access-date=8 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603213128/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=zh:馬總統: 兩岸關係是現實關係 |trans-title=President Ma: Cross-strait relations are relations based on current reality|publisher=Central News Agency of the Republic of China|date=8 October 2008|url=http://www.cna.com.tw/CNA/TodayTopicNews/TodayTopicNews.aspx?NewsID=200810070260|language=zh|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212234058/http://www.cna.com.tw/CNA/TodayTopicNews/TodayTopicNews.aspx?NewsID=200810070260|archive-date=12 February 2009|title= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|script-title=zh:馬: 大陸是中華民國領土 |trans-title=Ma: the mainland is the territory of the Republic of China|work=Liberty Times|date=8 October 2008|url=https://www.libertytimes.com/2008/new/oct/8/today-fo3.htm|language=zh|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010072015/http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2008/new/oct/8/today-fo3.htm|archive-date=10 October 2008}}</ref>

The term preferred by Taiwanese and Chinese governments is "[[cross-strait relations]]", referring to the geographical separator, the [[Taiwan Strait]]. The constitutional position of Taipei is that the territory of the ROC is divided into the "Mainland Area" and the "[[free area of the republic of china|Free Area]]" (also known as "Taiwan Area"). Administratively, cross-strait relations are not conducted by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of China)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] of Taiwan, but by the [[Mainland Affairs Council]], an instrument of the [[Executive Yuan]]. The relations with Hong Kong and [[Macau]] are also conducted by the Mainland Affairs Council, although not all regulations applicable to mainland China automatically apply to those territories.

Taiwanese and Chinese governments do not directly interact. Talks are conducted by China's [[Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits]] (ARATS) and Taiwan's [[Straits Exchange Foundation]] (SEF), privately constituted bodies that are controlled and directly answerable to the executive branches of their respective governments.

Until the late 1990s, Hong Kong and Macau were [[British Hong Kong|British]] and [[Portuguese Macau|Portuguese]] colonies respectively. They provided neutral detour points for people and goods crossing the strait. They and Singapore served as venues for talks between the two sides at that time. One ''[[modus vivendi]]'' outcome of such talks was the [[1992 Consensus]], arising from a 1992 meeting in Hong Kong. Under this consensus, the two sides agree that both Taiwan and mainland China are under the same single sovereignty of China, but the two sides agree to disagree on which side is the legitimate representative of that sovereignty. Setting aside that disagreement, the two sides agreed to co-operate on practical matters, such as recognising certifications authenticated by the other side.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=article&mnum=113&anum=9607 |title=Kuomintang News Network |publisher=Kmt.org.tw |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419103952/http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=article&mnum=113&anum=9607 |archive-date=19 April 2012}}</ref>

Relations between Taipei and Beijing warmed during the Ma government with the promotion of cross-strait links and increased economic and social interchanges between the two sides, but the [[2014 Taiwan local elections|2014 local elections]] cooled them again.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://origin.www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/Staff%20Report_Taiwan%27s%20Local%20Elections--Implications%20for%20Cross-Strait%20Relations%20_12%2030%202014.pdf |title=Taiwan's 2014 Local Elections: Implications for Cross-Strait Relations |website=Origin.www.uscc.gov |access-date=22 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224103514/http://origin.www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/Staff%20Report_Taiwan%27s%20Local%20Elections--Implications%20for%20Cross-Strait%20Relations%20_12%2030%202014.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> A [[2014 Wang-Zhang Meeting|high-level meeting]] was held on 11 February 2014 in [[Nanjing]] that marked the first time China recognised Taiwan's top government officials on matters across the Taiwan Strait.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303874504579375943230344648?KEYWORDS=taiwan&mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052702303874504579375943230344648.html%3FKEYWORDS%3Dtaiwan|title=Taiwan, China Talks End Cordially|author=Jenny W. Hsu|date=26 February 2014|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023431/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303874504579375943230344648?KEYWORDS=taiwan&mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052702303874504579375943230344648.html%3FKEYWORDS%3Dtaiwan|url-status=live}}</ref> The thawed tensions were not welcomed by the Pan-Green Coalition for the [[Taiwan independence]] movement after the [[2000 Republic of China presidential election|2000 presidential election]] and to the ''[[ex injuria jus non oritur]]'' basis<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unterm.un.org/DGAACS/unterm.nsf/8fa942046ff7601c85256983007ca4d8/c40ed8ccd326321a85256a0000075d40?OpenDocument |title=ex injuria jus non-oritur |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227171130/http://unterm.un.org/DGAACS/unterm.nsf/8fa942046ff7601c85256983007ca4d8/c40ed8ccd326321a85256a0000075d40?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 December 2014}}</ref> of the Anti-Secession Law. A [[First Ma–Xi meeting|meeting]] was held on 7 November 2015 between presidents Xi and Ma to affirm the [[1992 Consensus]] before the ROC [[2016 Taiwan general election|2016 general election]] and in the midst of US Navy tests of area sea claims.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lubold |first=Gordon |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-says-it-warned-u-s-warship-in-south-china-sea-1445928223 |title=U.S. Navy Tests China Over Sea Claims |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=15 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115174326/http://www.wsj.com/articles/china-says-it-warned-u-s-warship-in-south-china-sea-1445928223 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the election, Beijing cut off contact with the main Taiwan liaison body because of President [[Tsai Ing-wen]]'s refusal to endorse the concept of a single Chinese nation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bodeen |first=Christopher |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/a9482a5d03d14ab3a134bff857eaaf4b/beijing-cuts-contacts-between-china-taiwan-liaison-bodies |title=China cuts contact with Taiwan liaison body over Tsai |agency=Associated Press |date=25 June 2016 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918224507/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/a9482a5d03d14ab3a134bff857eaaf4b/beijing-cuts-contacts-between-china-taiwan-liaison-bodies |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===== Hong Kong =====
{{Excerpt|Hong Kong–Taiwan relations}}

===== Macau =====
{{Excerpt|Macau–Taiwan relations}}

====India====
{{Main|India–Taiwan relations}}

Leadership meetings between ROC and [[India]] were carried out in the early 1940s before Indian independence from Great Britain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ace.lu.se/images/Syd_och_sydostasienstudier/working_papers/Samarani.pdf |title=Shaping the Future of Asia |access-date=5 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611065601/http://www.ace.lu.se/images/Syd_och_sydostasienstudier/working_papers/Samarani.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2014}}</ref> The ROC is included in India's [[Look East policy (India)|Look East policy]]. Bilateral relations between India and the ROC improved starting from the 1990s, despite the absence of official diplomatic relations.<ref name="FICCI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/taiwan/taiwan.pdfIndia|title=Taiwan Commercial Relations}}</ref><ref name="VO">{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/HB15Cb02.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222171729/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/HB15Cb02.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=22 February 2006 |title=For the ROC, India's in the slightly-less-hard basket |work=Asia Times|date=15 February 2006 |access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref> India recognises only the PRC. However, economic and commercial links as well as people-to-people contacts have expanded.<ref name="FICCI"/> Like the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]], the ROC disputes the Chinese border with India over [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. The ROC [[Constitution of the Republic of China|Constitution]] declares this area a part of [[South Tibet]], and disputes the validity of the [[McMahon Line]].

====Iran====
{{Main|China–Iran relations}}

On 1 June 1920, a friendship agreement was signed between the ROC and [[Iran]]. Ratifications were exchanged on 6 February 1922, with effect on the same day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/LNTSer/1922/42.html |title=Text in ''League of Nations Treaty Series'', vol. 9, pp. 18–21 |publisher=Worldlii.org |date=1 June 1920 |access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref> These relations came to an end in 1971 as Iran recognised Beijing. During the [[Iran–Iraq War]], Taiwan was one of the only few countries that solely supported Iran. The two countries have a significant relationship in commerce and Taiwan imports a significant amount of its oil from Iran. An Iranian newspaper wrote on its front-page in December 2022 that Taiwan has a "legal right" to independence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2022/12/15/2003790744|title=Taiwan has right to independence: Iranian newspaper|first=Jonathan|last=Chin|date=15 December 2022|work=[[Taipei Times]]|archive-date=29 December 2022|access-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229082127/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2022/12/15/2003790744|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Israel====
{{Main|Israel–Taiwan relations}}

Due to the One China policy, Israel and Taiwan do not have formal diplomatic relations but each has a representative office in the other country and in practice the two countries have friendly relations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202404150018|title=Israeli parliamentary delegation calls for support after Iran's attack|date=15 April 2024|agency=[[Central News Agency (Taiwan)|Central News Agency]]|website=[[Focus Taiwan]]|quote=The delegation, composed of four members from the Israeli Knesset (parliament), thanked Taiwan for its support following the attack...[Tsai] said she looked forward to the two countries leveraging their own industrial strengths and continuing to deepen their partnership based on the shared values of freedom and democracy.|archive-date=16 June 2024|access-date=16 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616080544/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202404150018|url-status=live}}</ref> There is considerable contact in the areas of science and technology, including military technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=3,7,11,16,19&post=205473|access-date=2022-04-08|date=2021-08-06|title=Taiwan, Israel deepen friendship, expand exchanges|publisher=Taiwan Today|first=Meron|last=Medzini|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409004709/https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=3,7,11,16,19&post=205473|url-status=live}}</ref>

As relations between Israel and the PRC have worsened due to the [[Gaza war]], ties between Israel and Taiwan continue to warm and are driven by assertions that the two are both isolated democracies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3258086/israels-foreign-ties-falter-amid-war-gaza-taiwan-sees-chance-cosy|title=As Israel's foreign ties falter amid war in Gaza, Taiwan sees chance to cosy up|first=Jordyn|last=Haime|date=7 April 2024|work=[[SCMP]]|quote=Taiwan's desire for warmer ties with Israel began long before the October 7 attack. Bilateral trade between the two has grown steadily in recent years, rising to over US$3.2 billion in 2022 from US$2.4 billion the previous year. Taiwanese media and officials often speak with admiration for Israel's strong military and make comparisons between Taiwan and Israel as two isolated democracies with strong tech sectors.|archive-date=16 June 2024|access-date=16 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616080544/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3258086/israels-foreign-ties-falter-amid-war-gaza-taiwan-sees-chance-cosy|url-status=live}}</ref> Members of the [[Legislative Yuan]] set up the Taiwan-Israel Congressional Association on 23 February 2024 to promote people-to-people exchanges; cooperation in agriculture, technology and education; and bilateral visits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2024/02/24/2003814008|date=2024-02-24|title=72 DPP, KMT lawmakers establish joint US caucus|publisher=[[Taipei Times]]|quote=Separately, the Taiwan-Israel Congressional Association was established yesterday to promote people-to-people exchanges; cooperation in agriculture, technology and education; and bilateral visits, association chair DPP Legislator Chung Chia-pin (鍾佳濱) said. Israeli Representative to Taiwan Maya Yaron thanked Taiwan for supporting Israel and said that a parliamentary delegation is to visit the nation in the next few weeks.|access-date=16 June 2024|archive-date=16 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616080544/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2024/02/24/2003814008|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Japan====
{{Main|Japan–Taiwan relations}}

[[File:2016年5月20日總統就職 10.jpg|thumb|Member of the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representative of Japan]] [[Keiji Furuya]] and President [[Tsai Ing-wen]] in Taiwan on 20 May 2016]]

Japan–Taiwan relations are guided by the 1972 [[Japan–China Joint Communiqué]]. Japan has maintained non-governmental, working-level relations with Taiwan ever since.

====Malaysia====
{{Main|Malaysia–Taiwan relations}}

Malaysia operates a [[Malaysian Friendship and Trade Centre|trade centre office]] in Taipei,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/twn_taipei/home|title=Official Website of Malaysian Friendship and Trade Centre, Taipei|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia]]|access-date=22 May 2014|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506103938/https://www.kln.gov.my/web/twn_taipei/home|url-status=live}}</ref> and the ROC has an [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Malaysia|economic and cultural office]] in Kuala Lumpur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taiwanembassy.org/MY/mp.asp?mp=297|title=Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Malaysia|publisher=Taiwan Embassy|access-date=22 May 2014|archive-date=22 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522110248/http://www.taiwanembassy.org/MY/mp.asp?mp=297|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Mongolia====
{{Main|Mongolia–Taiwan relations}}

Until 1945, Nationalist China claimed sovereignty over Mongolia, but under Soviet pressure and as part of the [[Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance]] of August 1945, it recognised Mongolian independence. In 1953, due to the deterioration of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, it revoked this recognition and resumed considering it a part of China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=798&CtNode=128 |title=Onward to Mongolia |last=Green |first=Robert |date=1 January 2003 |access-date=3 August 2009 |publisher=Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430041810/http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=798&CtNode=128 |archive-date=30 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2002/08/20/164873Taipei Times, ''MOI rethinks Mongolia'', 20 August 2002, p. 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629231416/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2002/08/20/164873Taipei |date=29 June 2013 }}. Retrieved 2 June 2009</ref>

On 3 October 2002, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of China)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] recognised Mongolia as an independent country,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/archives/2002/10/11/0000175237|title=Mongolian office to ride into Taipei by end of the year|newspaper=Taipei Times|date=11 October 2002|access-date=28 May 2009|quote=In October 1945, the people of Outer Mongolia voted for independence, gaining the recognition of many countries, including the Republic of China. (...) Due to a souring of relations with the Soviet Union in the early 1950s, however, the ROC revoked recognition of Outer Mongolia, reclaiming it as ROC territory.|archive-date=10 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210192036/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/archives/2002/10/11/0000175237|url-status=dead}}</ref> although no legislative actions were taken to address concerns over its constitutional claims to Mongolia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1842387.stm|title=Taiwan 'embassy' changes anger China|work=BBC News|date=26 February 2002|access-date=28 May 2009|archive-date=26 May 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040526084615/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1842387.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office]] was opened in Ulaanbaatar, and Taipei excluded Mongolia from the definition of the "[[mainland China|mainland area]]" for administrative purposes. In 2006, old laws regulating the formation of [[banner (administrative division)|banners]] and [[monastery|monasteries]] in Outer Mongolia were repealed. Offices established to support Taipei's claims over Outer Mongolia, such as the [[Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtac.gov.tw/pages.php?lang=5|title=The History of MTAC|publisher=Mongolian & Tibetan Affairs Commission|access-date=7 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508080715/http://www.mtac.gov.tw/pages.php?lang=5|archive-date=8 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> are dormant.<ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Cs9yOuCZ-ekC}}|title=China Diplomacy, 1914–1918|last1=Blumenthal|first1=Tuvia|last2=Chi|first2=Madeleine|date=1970|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|isbn=978-0674118256}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2002/09/10/167505|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708172345/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2002/09/10/167505|url-status=dead|title=Taiwan-Mongolia ties move on – Taipei Times|archive-date=8 July 2015|website=Taipei Times}}</ref> However, the official borders of the ROC have not been changed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1842387.stm|title=Asia-Pacific &#124; Taiwan 'embassy' changes anger China|work=BBC News|date=26 February 2002|access-date=28 May 2009|archive-date=26 May 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040526084615/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1842387.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The official status of recognition is currently ambiguous, though in practice Mongolia is treated as an ordinary foreign power.

====Myanmar==== 
{{Excerpt|Myanmar–Taiwan relations}}

====North Korea====
{{Excerpt|North Korea–Taiwan relations}}

====Pakistan====
{{Excerpt|Pakistan–Taiwan relations}} 

====Philippines====
{{Main|Philippines–Taiwan relations}}

The Philippines recognises the One China Policy, but has relations with the ROC through the Manila Economic and Cultural Office in Taipei and the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in [[Manila]]. Both offices were established in 1975 and were organized as non-profit corporations. The Philippines is the focal country for the ROC's 2016–2020 Southbound Policy, where the ROC plans to push for greater ties. The push was initially welcomed by the [[Benigno Aquino III|Aquino]] Administration, however, the [[Rodrigo Duterte|Duterte]] Administration was elected in May 2016, complicating the issue as President Duterte was seen as 'pro-China', and thus would prefer better ties with the mainland over Taiwan. Political analysts during a forum in Manila said that ties between the Philippines and the ROC would have been the best coalition in the Far East, if the South China Sea territorial disputes between the two nations did not exist. The Philippines supports the ROC's membership in [[UNESCO]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}}

====Saudi Arabia====
{{Excerpt|Saudi Arabia–Taiwan relations}} 

====Singapore====
{{Main|Singapore–Taiwan relations}}

Singapore maintained unofficial relations with both the ROC and the PRC until 1992. It was decided in the Second Ministerial Meeting of APEC as chaired by Singapore in 1990 for the inclusion of the ROC commencing with the Third Ministerial Meeting in Seoul.<ref>{{cite web|title=Second APEC Ministerial Meeting : Singapore|url=http://www.apec.org/Groups/SOM-Steering-Committee-on-Economic-and-Technical-Cooperation/Working-Groups/~/~/media/Files/MinisterialStatements/Annual/1990/90_amm_jms.ashx|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Apec.org|archive-date=11 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311215142/http://www.apec.org/Groups/SOM-Steering-Committee-on-Economic-and-Technical-Cooperation/Working-Groups/~/~/media/Files/MinisterialStatements/Annual/1990/90_amm_jms.ashx|url-status=dead}}</ref> After the establishment of diplomatic ties between Singapore and PRC on 3 October 1992, Singapore maintained close economic and military ties with Taiwan as part of its attempt to position itself as a neutral party. A diplomatic row broke out between China and Singapore when [[Lee Hsien Loong]] visited Taiwan one month before he was sworn in as the [[Prime Minister of Singapore]].<ref>{{cite web|date=26 August 2004|title=China warns Singapore officials against future visits to Taiwan|url=http://www.singapore-window.org/sw04/040826a2.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716185655/http://www.singapore-window.org/sw04/040826a2.htm|archive-date=16 July 2012|access-date=25 April 2013|publisher=Singapore-window.org}}</ref> Singapore's [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|Ministry of Defence]] moved to correct an erroneous report in the [[Liberty Times]] on a joint military exercise between the Singapore and Taiwan in March 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.singapore-window.org/sw05/050322af.htm |title= Singapore denies reports of joint military exercise with Taiwan|website=www.singapore-window.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510201917/http://www.singapore-window.org/sw05/050322af.htm |archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> Singapore is the only foreign country to maintain military training camps in Taiwan, and continues to regularly send infantry, artillery, and armoured personnel there for training. The PRC has offered to support relocating some or all of these facilities to [[Hainan]].<ref>{{cite web|date=5 August 2004|title=A David-and-Goliath tussle: FEER|url=http://www.singapore-window.org/sw04/040805fe.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716185735/http://www.singapore-window.org/sw04/040805fe.htm|archive-date=16 July 2012|access-date=25 April 2013|publisher=Singapore-window.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ruby on Rails application could not be started|url=https://data.mongabay.com/reference/country_profiles/2004-2005/Taiwan.htmlTaiwan|website=data.mongabay.com}}{{Dead link|date=May 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> On the issue of United Nations participation for Taiwan, [[George Yeo]] and [[Mark Chen]], the two countries' Foreign Ministers at the time, engaged in a heated exchange of views in 2004 between<ref>{{cite news|date=28 September 2004|title=BBC ¤¤¤åºô &#124; ¤¤°ê³ø¾É &#124; ¥x¥~ªø¥H""ó"Ë"³ë·s¥[Y¤Þµo§åµû|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_3690000/newsid_3696700/3696788.stm|access-date=25 April 2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031036/http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_3690000/newsid_3696700/3696788.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Beijing's insistence that FTA can only be concluded among sovereign states complicates matters for Taiwan. Accordingly, Singapore and Taiwan signed the "Agreement between Singapore and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu on Economic Partnership (ASTEP)" in November 2013.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=The Diplomat|date=8 November 2013|title=Taiwan-Singapore FTA &#124; Pacific Money|url=https://thediplomat.com/pacific-money/2013/11/08/taiwan-singapore-fta/|magazine=The Diplomat|access-date=15 November 2013|archive-date=13 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113043518/http://thediplomat.com/pacific-money/2013/11/08/taiwan-singapore-fta/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=8 November 2013|title=Taiwan, Singapore sign free-trade pact|newspaper=Taipei Times|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/11/08/2003576388|access-date=15 November 2013|archive-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111171748/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/11/08/2003576388|url-status=live}}</ref>

====South Korea====
{{Main|South Korea–Taiwan relations}}

The ROC recognised the establishment of [[First Republic of South Korea|the First Republic of Korea]] in 1948.

On 4 January 1949, the ROC set up an embassy in [[Myeongdong]] in [[Seoul]]. On 23 August 1992 the ROK severed diplomatic relations with the ROC and then established diplomatic relations with the PRC as part of its [[Nordpolitik]], the last Asian country to switch. In 1991 in the last months of the Cold War, Beijing and Seoul have established ROK and PRC liaisons prior to this and later turned embassies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/24/world/chinese-and-south-koreans-formally-establish-relations.html|title=Chinese and South Koreans Formally Establish Relations|date=24 August 1992|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619113034/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/24/world/chinese-and-south-koreans-formally-establish-relations.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Thailand====
{{Excerpt|Taiwan–Thailand relations}} 

====Turkey====
{{Excerpt|Taiwan–Turkey relations}} 

====United Arab Emirates====
{{Excerpt|Taiwan–United Arab Emirates relations}} 

====Vietnam====
{{Main|Taiwan–Vietnam relations}}

Taiwan–Vietnam relations are conducted on an unofficial level, as Hanoi adheres to a [[one-China policy]] and [[People's Republic of China – Vietnam relations|officially recognises the PRC]] only. However, this has not stopped bilateral visits and significant flows of migrants and investment capital between the ROC and Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web|title=AEC, ECFA and Vietnam-Taiwan Economic Relations|url=http://www.aseancenter.org.tw/upload/files/outlook005-06.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224114032/https://www.aseancenter.org.tw/upload/files/outlook005-06.pdf|archive-date=24 December 2013|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Aseancenter.org.tw}}</ref> The ROC is an important [[foreign direct investment]] partner to Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Two decades of Taiwan's FDI in Vietnam – An analysis and Assessment|url=http://www.aseancenter.org.tw/upload/files/outlook005-05.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224103003/https://www.aseancenter.org.tw/upload/files/outlook005-05.pdf|archive-date=24 December 2013|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Aseancenter.org.tw}}</ref>

Other than the PRC itself, Vietnam is the only communist country that maintains an unofficial relationship with the ROC.

===Europe===
====Austria====
{{Excerpt|Austria–Taiwan relations}}

====Belgium====
In 2020, Belgium's [[Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)|Chamber of Representatives]] passed a resolution of support for Taiwan. In 2021, the [[Flemish Parliament]] did the same passing a resolution in support of Taiwan with 117 votes in favor, no votes in opposition, and four abstentions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McCartney |first1=Micah |title=Flemish Parliament throws support behind Taiwan |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4142176 |website=www.taiwannews.com.tw |date=4 March 2021 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=4 March 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304111555/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4142176 |url-status=live }}</ref> Flemish wind power companies [[Jan De Nul]] and [[DEME]] are involved in offshore wind farm development in Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pei-chun |first1=Tang |last2=Yu-chen |first2=Chung |last3=Lim |first3=Emerson |title=Flemish parliament passes resolution to strengthen ties with Taiwan |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202103040007 |website=focustaiwan.tw |date=4 March 2021 |publisher=Focus Taiwan |access-date=4 March 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304081056/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202103040007 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Bulgaria====
{{Excerpt|Bulgaria–Taiwan relations}}

====Czechia====
{{Main|Czech Republic–Taiwan relations}}

Relations between Czechia and Taiwan are significant. [[Jaroslav Kubera]], [[President of the Senate of the Czech Republic]], planned a visit to Taipei prior to his death, prompting threats of retaliation from [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)|China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-czech-taiwan/china-threatened-to-harm-czech-companies-over-taiwan-visit-letter-idUSKBN20D0G3 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |title=China threatened to harm Czech companies over Taiwan visit: letter |date=February 19, 2020 |first1=Raphael |last1=Satter |first2=Nick |last2=Carey |editor-first=Raju |editor-last=Gopalakrishnan |editor2-first=Helen |editor2-last=Popper |access-date=February 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219194743/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-czech-taiwan/china-threatened-to-harm-czech-companies-over-taiwan-visit-letter-idUSKBN20D0G3 |archive-date=February 19, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kubera's successor, [[Miloš Vystrčil]], however, led a delegation to Taiwan that arrived in Taipei on August 31, 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-czech-china-taiwan/czech-president-tries-to-tamp-down-china-anger-after-speakers-taiwan-trip-idUSKBN25X0I2 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |title=Czech president tries to tamp down China anger after speaker's Taiwan trip |date=2020-09-06 |access-date=2020-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908134622/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-czech-china-taiwan/czech-president-tries-to-tamp-down-china-anger-after-speakers-taiwan-trip-idUSKBN25X0I2 |archive-date=2020-09-08 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Denmark====
{{Main|Denmark–Taiwan relations}}

On 9 January 1950, Denmark became one of the first European countries to recognize the PRC.<ref>{{cite news|author=Christopher Bo Bramsen|title=Peace and friendship: Denmark's official relations with China, 1674–2000|year=2000|publisher=NIAS Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NiW-uogYXQMC&pg=PA6|isbn=8787062828|access-date=2011-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008204712/http://books.google.dk/books?id=NiW-uogYXQMC&pg=PA6&dq=&hl=da&ei=_rVBTbzHMcWAOtXa4bEB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ|archive-date=2012-10-08|url-status=live}}</ref> While Denmark has continued to maintain unofficial relations with the ROC ever since, they have primarily been related to trade, culture, science and economic affairs.<ref>{{cite news |author=Mads Kirkebæk|title=China and Denmark: relations since 1674
|quote=Trade and Economic Relations between Denmark and Taiwan 1949–1997|year=2000|publisher=NIAS Press
|isbn=8787062712}}<!--|access-date=2010-12-09--></ref>

====Estonia====
{{Main|Estonia–Taiwan relations}}

[[Estonia]] and Taiwan maintain informal relations, with cultural and economic exchanges despite lacking formal diplomatic ties. Taiwan is represented in Estonia through the [[Taipei Mission in the Republic of Latvia|Taipei Mission in Latvia]]. In recent years, Estonia has shown increasing support for Taiwan, notably through reciprocal diplomatic delegations and openness towards a possible Taiwanese representative office in [[Tallinn]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-10 |title=Estonia will let Taiwan open Tallinn office, despite China warnings |url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/11/10/estonia-ready-to-let-taiwan-open-tallinn-office-despite-china-warnings |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=Push being made for Taiwan office in Tallinn: Estonian lawmaker – Focus Taiwan |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202403070012 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Focus Taiwan – CNA English News |language=en-US}}</ref> Both nations have cooperated in areas like trade and crisis management, with notable contributions such as Taiwan's donations to Estonia during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and the [[Ukrainian refugee crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meiessaar |first=Maris |date=2025-02-05 |title=Vaga: Estonia donates 1.11 million medical masks to Ukraine in cooperation with Taiwan |url=https://www.riigikogu.ee/en/press-releases/others/vaga-estonia-donates-1-11-million-medical-masks-to-ukraine-in-cooperation-with-taiwan/ |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Riigikogu |language=en-US |archive-date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208092041/https://www.riigikogu.ee/en/press-releases/others/vaga-estonia-donates-1-11-million-medical-masks-to-ukraine-in-cooperation-with-taiwan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Finland ==== 
{{Excerpt|Finland–Taiwan relations}}

==== France ==== 
{{Excerpt|France–Taiwan relations}}

====Germany====
{{Main|Germany–Taiwan relations}}

In January 2021 the German government appealed to the Taiwanese government to help persuade Taiwanese semiconductor companies to ramp up production as a global semiconductor shortage was hampering the German economy's recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. A lack of semiconductors had caused vehicle production lines to be idled leading German Economy Minister [[Peter Altmaier]] to personally reach out to Taiwan's economics affairs minister [[Wang Mei-hua]] in an attempt to get Taiwanese semiconductor companies to increase their manufacturing capacity.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nienaber |first1=Michael |title=Germany urges Taiwan to help ease auto chip shortage |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-autos-chips/germany-urges-taiwan-to-help-ease-auto-chip-shortage-idUSKBN29T04V |website=www.reuters.com |date=24 January 2021 |agency=Reuters |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125032127/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-autos-chips/germany-urges-taiwan-to-help-ease-auto-chip-shortage-idUSKBN29T04V |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Greece====
{{Excerpt|Greece–Taiwan relations}}

====Hungary====
{{Excerpt|Hungary–Taiwan relations}}

====Ireland====
{{Excerpt|Ireland–Taiwan relations}}

====Holy See (Vatican City)====
{{Main|Holy See–Taiwan relations}}

Diplomatic relations between the Holy See (Vatican City) and the Republic of China were established on 23 October 1942<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholic.org.tw/en/Latest/latest045Diplomatic.html|title=Thanksgiving: 70th Anniv of Diplomatic Ties|website=www.catholic.org.tw}}</ref> and, with the presentation by Archbishop [[Antonio Riberi]] of his [[letter of credence]] to the President in 1946, the Holy See's Apostolic Delegation in China gained diplomatic status.<ref>Leung (1992), p. 44</ref><ref>Védrenne (2012), p. 42</ref>

The Holy See attempted to switch recognition to the CCP/PRC after the end of the civil war but were rebuffed and so ended up recognizing the KMT/ROC on Taiwan. The Holy See and the Republic of China have recognized each other ever since.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usccb.net/CCQ/CCQ%2076.pdf |title=China Church Quarterly, Fall 2008 |access-date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721171930/http://www.usccb.net/CCQ/CCQ%2076.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Holy See maintains negotiations with the PRC for recognition; however, the Holy See has given the ROC assurances that any negotiations with the PRC will not come at the expense of their relations with the ROC.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taiwan says it has Vatican assurances on China accord |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-china-accord-taiwan/taiwan-says-it-has-vatican-assurances-on-china-accord-idUSKBN2660ON |website=www.reuters.com |date=15 September 2020 |agency=Reuters |access-date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=4 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104150711/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-china-accord-taiwan/taiwan-says-it-has-vatican-assurances-on-china-accord-idUSKBN2660ON |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Italy====
{{Main|Italy–Taiwan relations}}

Until 1970, Taiwan, as the Republic of China, was represented by an embassy in [[Rome]] and a consulate-general in [[Milan]].<ref>[http://taiwaninfo.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=170497&ctNode=103 ROC severs relations with Italy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530233222/http://taiwaninfo.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=170497&ctNode=103 |date=2016-05-30 }}, ''[[Taiwan Info]]'', 8 November 1970</ref> This was separate from the [[Embassy of the Republic of China to the Holy See]], which, while located in Italian territory, remains accredited to [[Vatican City]].<ref>[http://www.taiwanembassy.org/VA/mp.asp?mp=152 New ROC (Taiwan) Ambassador Lee presents his Credentials to Pope Francis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427215434/http://www.taiwanembassy.org/VA/mp.asp?mp=152 |date=27 April 2016 }} [[Embassy of the Republic of China to the Holy See]]</ref> This led to confusion in 1989 following the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989|Tiananmen Square protests]] in Beijing, when Italians protested outside the embassy, believing it to be that of the People's Republic of China.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=aBfICQAAQBAJ&dq=republic+of+china+italy+relations+taipei&pg=PA189 ''Taiwan's Expanding Role in the International Arena: Entering the United Nations''], Maysing H. Yang, Routledge, 2015, p. 189</ref>

In 2014, Taiwan decided not to participate in [[Expo 2015]] in [[Milan]] after the [[Government of Italy]] proposed that it be represented as a corporate entity rather than as a country.<ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2014/11/26/2003605313 Taiwan shuns Milan expo after sovereignty squabble] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722003020/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2014/11/26/2003605313 |date=22 July 2019 }}, ''[[Taipei Times]]'', November 26, 2014</ref>

In 2020, Taiwan donated equipment and supplies to Italy as part of its [[medical diplomacy]] in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Equipment donated included 15 respirators donated to WHO hospitals in the hard-hit Lombardy region in April 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yu-li |first1=Lin |last2=Ya-shih |first2=Huang |last3=Hsu |first3=Elizabeth |title=Taiwanese donations reach Slovenia, Italy in COVID-19 fight |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202004220020 |website=focustaiwan.tw |date=22 April 2020 |publisher=Focus Taiwan |access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref>

==== Kosovo ==== 
{{Excerpt|Kosovo–Taiwan relations}}

====Latvia====
{{Main|Latvia–Taiwan relations}}

Today bilateral relations between Latvia and Taiwan are positive, with established economic ties, a visa-free travel regime in place between the two nations and the support of some Latvian parliamentarians towards the participation of the ROC in organizations such as the [[World Health Organization]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=10&post=154187|title=MOFA thanks Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania parliamentarians for supporting Taiwan's WHO participation|last=China (Taiwan)|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of|date=2019-05-02|website=Taiwan Today|language=en|access-date=2019-12-31|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214085133/https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=10&post=154187|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Lithuania====
{{Main|Lithuania–Taiwan relations}}

In November 2021, [[Republic of China|Taiwan]] opened its [[Taiwanese Representative Office in Lithuania|representative office in Vilnius]] under the name of "Taiwanese" (the first under this name in the world), with the Lithuanian office in Taipei to open in Spring 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-18 |title=Taiwan opens representative office in Lithuania |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/taiwan-opens-representative-office-in-lithuania/a-59853874}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-01 |title=Lithuanian trade representational office to open in Taiwan this Spring |url=https://www.lrytas.lt/verslas/rinkos-pulsas/2022/01/11/news/lietuvos-prekybos-atstovybe-taivane-bus-atidaryte-si-pavasari-22022981 |access-date=22 April 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422074005/https://www.lrytas.lt/verslas/rinkos-pulsas/2022/01/11/news/lietuvos-prekybos-atstovybe-taivane-bus-atidaryte-si-pavasari-22022981 |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, the [[People's Republic of China]] has imposed numerous unofficial economic sanctions on Lithuania, recalled its ambassador in Vilnius, Shen Zhifei, and demanded Lithuania recall its ambassador in Beijing, Diana Mickevičienė.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-27 |title=EU sues China over sanctions against Lithuania |url=https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1599277/eu-sues-china-over-sanctions-against-lithuania |access-date=22 April 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422073804/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1599277/eu-sues-china-over-sanctions-against-lithuania |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=China recalls envoy to Lithuania over Taiwan's move to open de facto embassy|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3144503/china-recalls-envoy-lithuania-over-taiwans-move-open-de-facto?module=lead_hero_story&pgtype=homepage|website=South China Morning Post|date=10 August 2021|access-date=10 August 2021|language=en|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128105622/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3144503/china-recalls-envoy-lithuania-over-taiwans-move-open-de-facto?module=lead_hero_story&pgtype=homepage|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Luxembourg====
{{Excerpt|Luxembourg–Taiwan relations}}

====North Macedonia====
{{Main|North Macedonia–Taiwan relations}}

====Netherlands====
{{Main|Netherlands–Taiwan relations}}

Netherlands–Taiwan relations go back to the 1600s when the Dutch East India Company set up a colony on Taiwan. In the modern era they are defined by the high degree of foreign direct investment which flows between the two countries and long lasting economic partnerships between Dutch and Taiwanese firms.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kastner |first1=Jens |title=The Dutch Connection Remains Firm |url=https://topics.amcham.com.tw/2019/08/dutch-connection-remains-firm/ |website=topics.amcham.com.tw |date=29 August 2019 |publisher=Taiwan Topics |access-date=4 March 2021 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302225205/https://topics.amcham.com.tw/2019/08/dutch-connection-remains-firm/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2020 the Netherlands' [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]] passed a motion supporting Taiwan's participation in international organizations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pei-ju |first1=Teng |title=Dutch parliament passes motion supporting Taiwan's international participation |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3792841 |website=www.taiwannews.com.tw |date=9 October 2019 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=4 March 2021}}</ref>

====Norway====
{{Excerpt|Norway–Taiwan relations}}

====Poland====
{{Excerpt|Poland–Taiwan relations}}

====Portugal====
{{Excerpt|Portugal–Taiwan relations}}

====Russia====
{{Main|Russia–Taiwan relations}}

In the [[Chinese Civil War]], the [[Soviet Union]] had a tumultuous yet strategic relationship with the [[Kuomintang]]-led Nationalist China until 1949. In the [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis]] of 1958,<ref name="USA relations">{{cite news |title=Milestones in relations between the U.S., China and Taiwan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/milestones-relations-between-us-china-taiwan-2022-08-02/ |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=2 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014143030/https://www.reuters.com/world/milestones-relations-between-us-china-taiwan-2022-08-02/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] recommended the internationalization of the [[Taiwan Question]] and appealed to the United Nations and other multilateral organizations to intervene. The [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] called for the Ten Nations Summit in New Delhi to discuss the issue on 27 September 1958 as one of the precursors of the later [[Sino-Soviet split]].<ref>{{cite web|date=25 June 2010|script-title=zh:炮擊金門幕後揭秘: 玩弄中蘇同盟種下分裂惡果-歷史名人-文化名城-廣佛都市網|url=http://big5.citygf.com/cul/cul_005005/201006/t20100625_489043_2.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313160105/http://big5.citygf.com/cul/cul_005005/201006/t20100625_489043_2.html|archive-date=13 March 2013|access-date=25 April 2013|publisher=Big5.citygf.com|title= }}</ref> Since the formation of the [[Russian Federation]], Taiwan has exported many ferric materials to Russia in 2004–2005. In 2005, the total amount of the trade between the two economies was $2,188,944,473. Russia has a representative office in Taipei,<ref>{{cite web |title=Representative office in Taipei for the Moscow-Taipei Coordination Commission on Economic and Cultural Cooperation v.2.0 |url=http://www.mtc.org.tw/english/about.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208061441/http://www.mtc.org.tw/english/about.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2023-10-20 |publisher=Mtc.org.tw}}</ref> and ROC has a representative office in Moscow.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=zh:首頁 – 台北莫斯科經濟文化協調委員會駐莫斯科代表處 ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЬСТВО В МОСКВЕ ТАЙБЭЙСКО-МОСКОВСКОЙ КООРДИНАЦИОННОЙ КОМИССИИ ПО ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМУ И КУЛЬТУРНОМУ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВУ|url=https://www.tmeccc.org/ru/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703214706/http://www.roc-taiwan.org/RU/mp.asp?mp=237|archive-date=3 July 2015|website=tmeccc.org|title= }}</ref> Russia keeps a positive balance in its trade relations with Taiwan mainly from crude oil, cast iron and steel, nonferrous metals, petrochemical products, ferroalloys, coking coal, timber, and chemical fertilizers. Russia imports mostly electronics and electronic parts, computers and computer parts, and home appliances. The two countries established unofficial diplomatic relations between 1993 and 1996. Taipei is targeting Russia for exporting opportunities and marketing potential.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Taipei, Russia Intensify Cooperation|url=http://www.taiwan.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=87756&ctNode=3085&mp=4|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203045223/http://www.taiwan.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=87756&ctNode=3085&mp=4|archive-date=3 December 2013|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Taiwan.gov.tw}}</ref>

====Spain====
{{Excerpt|Spain–Taiwan relations}}

====Sweden====
{{Excerpt|Sweden–Taiwan relations}}

====Slovakia====
{{Main|Taiwan-Slovakia relations}}

In 2021, the Foreign Affairs Committee of the [[National Council (Slovakia)|National Council]] of [[Slovakia]] passed a resolution to support the attendance of Taiwan to the [[World Health Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=2,6,10,15,18&post=199941|title = Slovak parliament's Foreign Affairs Committee thanked by MOFA for resolution backing Taiwan's WHA participation|date = 12 May 2021}}</ref>

====Ukraine====
{{Excerpt|Taiwan-Ukraine relations}}

====United Kingdom====
{{Main|Taiwan–United Kingdom relations}}

The United Kingdom's relations with Taiwan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/world/taiwan |title=UK and Taiwan – UK and the world |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203050935/https://www.gov.uk/government/world/taiwan |url-status=live }}</ref> are conducted unofficially through the [[British Office Taipei]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Taiwan |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/world/organisations/british-trade-cultural-office-taiwan |title=British Trade & Cultural Office Taiwan |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=18 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418183720/https://www.gov.uk/government/world/organisations/british-trade-cultural-office-taiwan |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[British Council]] in Taipei.

After the Chinese Civil War and the retreat of the [[Kuomintang|KMT]] government to Taiwan, the United Kingdom broke off diplomatic relations with the Republic of China and recognised the People's Republic of China from 6 January 1950.<ref>Wolf, David C. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/260389 'To Secure a Convenience': Britain Recognizes China – 1950] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215163208/https://www.jstor.org/stable/260389 |date=15 December 2023 }}. ''Journal of Contemporary History'', vol. 18, no. 2, 1983, pp. 299–326. {{JSTOR|260389}}.</ref> In September 1962, Taiwan opened a representative office in [[London]] under the name of the Free Chinese Centre, which was later renamed the [[Taipei Representative Office in the U.K.]] from April 1992.<ref name="TRO - U.K.">{{cite web|url=https://www.roc-taiwan.org/uk_en/post/39.html|title=Taiwan-UK Relations|work=Taipei Representative Office in the U.K.|access-date=15 February 2021|archive-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421091358/https://roc-taiwan.org/uk_en/post/39.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The United Kingdom opened a [[List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom|representative office]] in Taipei in 1993 under the name of the British Trade and Cultural Office, which was later renamed the British Office Taipei in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201505270023.aspx|title=U.K. renames representative office in Taiwan, retains functions|work=focustaiwan.tw|date=27 May 2015|access-date=15 February 2021|archive-date=6 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606184148/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201505270023.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2020, [[Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office]] ministers stated that the UK hopes Taiwan is allowed to attend the [[World Health Assembly]] as an observer.<ref name="TRO - U.K."/>

=== North America ===

====Belize====
{{Excerpt|Belize–Taiwan relations}}

====Dominica====
Dominica established ties with Taiwan on 10 May 1983.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chi|first=Le-Yi|date=August 1988|title=The People's Republic of China's Latin American Policy from Mao to Deng|trans-title= |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501175/m2/1/high_res_d/1002775145-Chi.pdf|language=English |location= |isbn=|page=51|publisher=[[University of North Texas]]}}</ref> In September 2001, Taiwanese Premier [[Chang Chun-hsiung]] visited Dominica to meet with Prime Minister [[Pierre Charles (Dominican politician)|Pierre Charles]].<ref>{{cite newspaper|title=PREMIER OF TAIWAN VISITS|date=5 September 2001|page=A13|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/279641592/|doi=|issn=|oclc=|work=[[Orlando Sentinel]]|via=ProQuest|url-access=subscription }}</ref> On 23 March 2004, shortly after Prime Minister [[Roosevelt Skerrit]] took office, Dominica severed ties with Taiwan in exchange for ties with the People's Republic of China.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1166512.stm| title = Timeline: Dominica|work=[[BBC News]]| date = 16 August 2012|accessdate=7 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://chicago.china-consulate.gov.cn/eng//zt/aboutchina/200403/t20040330_5422381.htm|title= China, Commonwealth of Dominica establish diplomatic ties |publisher=Consulate General of The People's Republic of China in Chicago|date=30 March 2004|accessdate=7 October 2025}}</ref>

==== Dominican Republic ====
{{Main|Dominican Republic–Taiwan relations}}

On 1 May 2018, the [[Dominican Republic]] switched. The government initially gave no reason, although it later said in the switchover ceremony that Taiwan was an inalienable part of China and that the switchover was to comply to the one-China policy. It was motivated by loans and investments worth US$3.1&nbsp;billion. "History and socioeconomic reality" were cited as reasons for the switchover. [[Flavio Dario Espinal|Flavio Darío Espinal]], a government executive, said that "In the following months and years, enormous opportunities for cooperation will gradually open up, not only in the commercial area, but also in the financial, technological, tourist, educational or energy fields. To take just one example, more than 135 million Chinese tourists visit international destinations annually. The establishment of these diplomatic relations will allow part of that tourism to flow into our country in the near future. And that is just one of the things that will improve."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/1266620/the-dominican-republic-is-switching-diplomatic-ties-from-taiwan-to-china/|title=Taiwan now has diplomatic relations with fewer than 20 countries – Quartz|website=Quartz|date=May 2018|access-date=24 June 2018|archive-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624040226/https://qz.com/1266620/the-dominican-republic-is-switching-diplomatic-ties-from-taiwan-to-china/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2144115/dominican-republic-breaks-taipei-forges-ties-beijing|title=Dominican Republic breaks with Taiwan, forges diplomatic ties with Beijing|date=1 May 2018|newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]]|access-date=1 May 2018|archive-date=1 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501011837/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2144115/dominican-republic-breaks-taipei-forges-ties-beijing|url-status=live}}</ref>

====El Salvador====
{{Main|El Salvador–Taiwan relations}}
On 20 August 2018, [[El Salvador]] broke ties with Taiwan and established them with the PRC. El&nbsp;Salvador now only recognizes the PRC. Just like Panama and the Dominican Republic, the event was broadcast nationwide on radio and television. Hours before the announcement, Taiwan (ROC) announced that it had broken ties with El&nbsp;Salvador, citing the imminent establishment of diplomatic and commercial ties with the PRC (China). El&nbsp;Salvador's president said that his government had decided to make the switchover due to UN Resolution 2758.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tvn-2.com/mundo/centroamerica/Salvador-Taiwan-establece-relaciones-China_0_5103989696.html|title=El&nbsp;Salvador establece relaciones diplomáticas con China y rompe con Taiwán|date=20 August 2018|website=TVN|access-date=21 August 2018|archive-date=21 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821063329/https://www.tvn-2.com/mundo/centroamerica/Salvador-Taiwan-establece-relaciones-China_0_5103989696.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Taiwanese government said that the switchover was not influenced by the Chinese government, but rather, the switchover was done in response to Taiwan refusing to fund the construction of {{ill|Puerto La Unión|es|Puerto La Unión}} and El&nbsp;Salvador's [[2019 Salvadoran presidential election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.critica.com.pa/mundo/taiwan-acusa-el-salvador-de-pedirle-suma-astronomica-de-ayuda-financiera-525954|title=Taiwán acusa a El&nbsp;Salvador de pedirle 'suma astronómica' de ayuda financiera|date=21 August 2018|website=Critica|language=es-PA|access-date=11 October 2018|archive-date=11 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011133723/https://www.critica.com.pa/mundo/taiwan-acusa-el-salvador-de-pedirle-suma-astronomica-de-ayuda-financiera-525954|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Guatemala====
{{Main|Guatemala–Taiwan relations}}

On 18 March 2014, [[Guatemala]]'s former president [[Alfonso Portillo]] pled guilty in the Federal District Court in Manhattan to a charge that he accepted bribes in exchange for recognising the ROC. President [[Otto Pérez Molina|Pérez Molina]] said that Guatemala's relations with the ROC were and are strong and that the Portillo confession would not affect diplomatic relations between the two nations.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/19/world/americas/guatemala-ex-president-admits-taking-taiwan-bribes.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&_r=0 "Guatemala: Ex-President Admits Taking Taiwan Bribes" Villegas, Paulina (18 March 2014).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723190230/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/19/world/americas/guatemala-ex-president-admits-taking-taiwan-bribes.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&_r=0 |date=23 July 2016 }} ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref> Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs declined comment.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 March 2014|title=Taiwan mum on bribery claims by Guatemala's ex-president|publisher=Focus Taiwan News Channel|agency=CNA|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201403190050.aspx|access-date=21 December 2019|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702064409/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201403190050.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Haiti====
{{Main|Haiti–Taiwan relations}}

Haiti currently recognises the Republic of China over the People's Republic of China. In 2018, Taiwan offered a US$150 Million loan for Haiti's power grid in a bid to maintain diplomatic ties with the country once its neighbour, [[Dominican Republic]] severed ties with Taiwan along with Burkina Faso. In 2018, Haiti's president visited Taiwan to discuss economic issues and diplomatic relations.

====Mexico====
{{Excerpt|Mexico–Taiwan relations}}

====Honduras====
{{See also|China–Honduras relations}}

In 2021, it was reported the new Honduras Government elected in the [[2021 Honduran general election]] led by the [[Liberty and Refoundation]] party was considering recognizing China.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newsweek.com/honduras-taiwan-ties-china-nicaragua-xiomara-castro-1658153|title=Honduras Likely to Follow Nicaragua in Cutting Taiwan Ties as China Courts Latin America|magazine=[[Newsweek]]|date=10 December 2021|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211132136/https://www.newsweek.com/honduras-taiwan-ties-china-nicaragua-xiomara-castro-1658153|url-status=live}}</ref> This announcement came on the heels of Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El&nbsp;Salvador, Nicaragua, and Panama having recently broken relations with the ROC;<ref name="latam">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/21/taiwan-president-to-visit-latin-america-us-stops |title=Taiwan president heads to Latin America after partners switch ties to China |agency=AFP |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2023-03-21 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Taiwan lost a total of nine diplomatic partners during Tsai Ing-wen's presidency with the switch from Honduras.<ref name="recall">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/taiwan-recalls-honduran-ambassador-as-country-establishes-diplomatic-ties-with-china |work=[[PBS NewsHour]] |publisher=[[PBS]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-23 |language=en-US |title=Taiwan recalls Honduran ambassador as country establishes diplomatic ties with China |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323225225/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/taiwan-recalls-honduran-ambassador-as-country-establishes-diplomatic-ties-with-china |url-status=live }}</ref> On 15&nbsp;March 2023, the president [[Xiomara Castro]] said she has instructed her foreign minister to establish official relations with the PRC.<ref>{{cite news |title=Honduras says plans to open diplomatic relations with China |date=15 Mar 2023 |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/14/honduras-says-plans-to-open-diplomatic-relations-with-china |access-date=15 March 2023 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315000307/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/14/honduras-says-plans-to-open-diplomatic-relations-with-china |url-status=live }}</ref>

Taiwanese leadership criticized Honduras' transition by urging them not to "fall into China's debt trap". Honduras' foreign minister Eduardo Enrique Reina stated that the country had asked Taiwan to double its annual aid and renegotiate its debt to the island, which went unanswered. Taiwan's foreign ministry disputed this, stating that they were still actively engaged in bilateral talks with Honduras' government.<ref>{{cite news |author=Rhoda Kwan |title=Don't 'quench your thirst with poison', Taiwan tells Honduras after switch to China |date=16 Mar 2023 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/16/dont-quench-your-thirst-with-poison-taiwan-tells-honduras-after-switch-to-china |access-date=16 March 2023 }}</ref> President [[Tsai Ing-wen]] responded to the announcement by scheduling time to visit heads of government and state in nearby Belize and Guatemala.<ref name="latam" /> The ROC recalled its Honduran ambassador on 23&nbsp;March, as Honduras began negotiations with the PRC.<ref name="recall" /> A 25&nbsp;March statement confirmed that Honduras had completed the switch<ref name="hondurasprc">{{Cite news |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/26/honduras-says-there-is-only-one-china-as-it-officially-cuts-ties-with-taiwan |title=Honduras says there is 'only one China' as it officially cuts ties with Taiwan |last=Davidson |first=Helen |date=2023-03-26 |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> and their embassy opened in Beijing on 11&nbsp;June.<ref name="hondurasembassy">{{Cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/06/11/1181542535/honduras-has-opened-an-embassy-in-china-after-breaking-off-ties-with-taiwan |title=Honduras has opened an embassy in China after breaking off ties with Taiwan |agency=[[Associated Press]] |publisher=[[NPR]] |language=en-US |date=2023-06-11 |access-date=2023-06-11 |department=World |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611070514/https://www.npr.org/2023/06/11/1181542535/honduras-has-opened-an-embassy-in-china-after-breaking-off-ties-with-taiwan |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Panama====
{{Main|China–Panama relations|Panama–Taiwan relations}}

On 13 June 2017, the government of [[Panama]] switched, breaking all ties with the ROC. Panamanians studying in Taiwan were given the choice of returning to Panama within 30 days or continuing their studies in China. Panama was motivated by promises of multibillion-dollar investments. The shift of recognition began with a letter sent in 2015 to the Chinese government that, according to [[Isabel Saint Malo]], Panama's vice president, was titled "Panama wants to make ties with China". The contents of the letter have been kept confidential, as well as the reasons why it was sent. It has also been kept confidential who delivered the letter and assisted in the switchover process, a person described only as "a distinguished member of the Chinese community living in Panama".

The US ambassador to Panama, [[John D. Feeley]], said that he had asked [[List of heads of state of Panama|Panamanian President]] [[Juan Carlos Varela]] about the switchover in 2016 but Varela lied to him, saying that there were no plans to make the switchover. Feeley also said that Varela didn't tell him the truth until one hour before the nationwide announcement.

Others questioned why the Panamanian government continues to use equipment donated by Taiwan. The Panamanian government initially gave no reason, later saying that one reason was because "China is the second largest user of the Panama Canal" and President Varela said it was because he "couldn't accept it anymore" and "that's what every responsible leader would do". The Panamanian government officially said that Taiwan was an inalienable part of China and that the switchover was to comply with the one-China policy. The ROC government said that Panama was its "number one ally" and that it would not participate in Beijing's checkbook diplomacy. The Taiwanese government complained that Panama maliciously hid the switchover process until the last moment.

A Panamanian government agency later said that the switchover was because of Taiwanese president [[Tsai Ing-wen]]'s violations and lack of regard to the 1992 consensus regarding China, Taiwan and the One-china policy. Panamanian newspaper La Estrella questioned the reasons Varela initially gave for the switchover, like "China has the world's largest population and the 2nd largest economy and user of the Panama Canal"; La Estrella called Varela's actions contradictory and said that the reasons Varela gave were the reality Panama has lived under for decades, so those couldn't be regarded as valid reasons for the switchover. The same newspaper also says that China's plans in Latin America convince Latin American nations easily, with apparent benefits in the short term but with dependency on China in the long term and that China is silently invading other countries and Latin America in general.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=GESE – La Estrella de Panamá|title=Panamá, ¿una franquicia china?|url=https://www.laestrella.com.pa/internacional/america/180718/china-panama-franquicia|website=La Estrella de Panamá|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219224140/https://www.laestrella.com.pa/internacional/america/180718/china-panama-franquicia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Panamá espera jugosas inversiones de China|url=http://elsiglo.com.pa/panama/panama-espera-jugosas-inversiones-china/24016355|website=El Siglo|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824034402/http://elsiglo.com.pa/panama/panama-espera-jugosas-inversiones-china/24016355|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=China, una agenda ambiciosa|url=https://m.prensa.com/opinion/China-agenda-ambiciosa_0_4812268806.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824034511/https://m.prensa.com/opinion/China-agenda-ambiciosa_0_4812268806.html|archive-date=24 August 2018|access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref>

In the first year of diplomatic relations, 19 treaties were signed, including a Free Trade Treaty. Varela said that its main purpose was to allow Chinese nationals to easily invest in Panama. Controversies over the sudden switchover included lack of due process, unusually high levels of confidentiality, and the fact that a few weeks before the switchover, Taiwan had donated medical equipment to Panama. In 2018, the first flight from Beijing to Panama by Air China landed at [[Tocumen International Airport]], with a technical stop in Houston. Varela called it a milestone in Panamanian aviation. Due to this new route, the Panamanian ministry of tourism expected at least 40,000 Chinese tourist visits per year. "History and socioeconomic reality" were later cited as reasons for the switchover. Varela said that the move was backed by diplomatic relationships dating from 1912 and that the move strengthened the existing relationships, despite the fact that those relationships were with the ROC, not the PRC. As a result, Panama City was almost immediately added to China's list of officially approved tourist destinations.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 April 2018|title=Aterriza el primer vuelo de Air China en Panamá &#124; La Prensa Panamá|url=https://www.prensa.com/economia/Aterriza-primer-Air-China-Panama_0_5001249854.html|website=www.prensa.com|access-date=29 January 2020|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129131357/https://www.prensa.com/economia/Aterriza-primer-Air-China-Panama_0_5001249854.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=GESE-La Estrella de Panamá|title=Air China inaugura vuelo Beijing-Houston-Panamá|url=https://www.laestrella.com.pa/nacional/180323/air-china-vuelo-beijing-inaugura|website=La Estrella de Panamá|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219224139/https://www.laestrella.com.pa/nacional/180323/air-china-vuelo-beijing-inaugura|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Panama cuts ties with Taiwan in favour of China|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-40256499|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619035643/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-40256499|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=17 February 2018|title=Conoce la posible ruta y estaciones del tren Panamá-Chiriquí|url=https://www.tvn-2.com/nacionales/Conoce-posible-ruta-estaciones-Panama-Chiriqui_0_4966003387.html|website=TVN|access-date=24 June 2018|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021614/https://www.tvn-2.com/nacionales/Conoce-posible-ruta-estaciones-Panama-Chiriqui_0_4966003387.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The CCP government has offered the [[Panameñista Party]]-led government a free feasibility study for the planned 4th set of locks in the Panama Canal to gain a competitive advantage in bids for choosing the company to build the 4th set of locks, not to mention plans for a 1,200 hectare industrial park on the Pacific coast and a 4-hectare campus in Amador near the Biomuseo to house the PRC embassy in Panama. There are also fears that Panama could turn into a conflict zone between the US and the PRC, due to Panama's strategic location.

====St. Kitts and Nevis====
{{Excerpt|Saint Kitts and Nevis–Taiwan relations}}

====St. Lucia====
{{Excerpt|Saint Lucia–Taiwan relations}}

====St. Vincent and the Grenadines====
{{Excerpt|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–Taiwan relations}}

====United States====
{{Main|Taiwan–United States relations}}
{{Further|History of China–United States relations}}

[[File:Eisenhower visits Taiwan (June 1960).jpg|thumb|U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] and President [[Chiang Kai-shek]] of ROC in Taiwan, 1960]]
[[File:U.S. President Eisenhower visited TAIWAN 美國總統艾森豪於1960年6月訪問臺灣台北時與蔣中正總統-2.jpg|thumb|Chiang Kai-shek and Eisenhower wave to the crowd during visit to Taiwan in June 1960.]]

The ROC and the U.S. signed a formal treaty of commerce and navigation in 1948. ROC passport holders can thus be granted an E1 and E2 Visa, with indefinite renewal status, based on continued operation of their enterprise<ref>{{cite web|date=14 January 2014|title=E-2 Treaty Investors|url=https://www.uscis.gov/working-united-states/temporary-workers/e-2-treaty-investors|website=USCIS|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=21 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221180246/https://www.uscis.gov/working-united-states/temporary-workers/e-2-treaty-investors|url-status=live}}</ref> in the US.<ref>{{cite web|title=Treaty Countries|url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/visa-information-resources/fees/treaty.html|website=travel.state.gov|access-date=17 January 2018|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125054336/https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/visa-information-resources/fees/treaty.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1979 the US recognised the PRC instead of ROC.<ref>{{Citation|author=U.S. Congress|title=Taiwan Relations Act|date=1 January 1979|url=http://www.ait.org.tw/en/taiwan-relations-act.html|publisher=American Institute in Taiwan website|access-date=30 January 2011|archive-date=15 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815173437/http://www.ait.org.tw/en/taiwan-relations-act.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Commercial<ref>{{cite web|title=Taiwan – United States Trade Representative|url=http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/china/taiwan|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=28 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128140049/https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/china/taiwan|url-status=live}}</ref> (such as [[Trade and Investment Framework Agreement]] signed in 1994,<ref name="Taiwan – Trade Summary">{{cite web|title=Taiwan – Trade Summary|url=http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/reports/2008/NTE/asset_upload_file508_14610.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128202521/http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/reports/2008/NTE/asset_upload_file508_14610.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2015|access-date=22 December 2016|website=Ustr.gov}}</ref> TIFA<ref>{{cite web|title=United States and Taiwan Enhance Trade Ties|url=http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/press-releases/2014/April/United-States-and-Taiwan-Enhance-Trade-Ties|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407103934/http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/press-releases/2014/April/United-States-and-Taiwan-Enhance-Trade-Ties|archive-date=7 April 2014|access-date=22 December 2016|website=Ustr.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Agreement between the American Institute in Taiwan and the Coordination Council for North American Affairs|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/IMG/pdf/19940919-Agreement_for_Trade_and_Investment__Trade_.pdf|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Bilaterals.org|archive-date=31 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831225742/http://www.bilaterals.org/IMG/pdf/19940919-Agreement_for_Trade_and_Investment__Trade_.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Taiwan-U.S. Relations: Developments and Policy Implications|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40493.pdf|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Fas.org|archive-date=23 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223220032/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40493.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Taiwan – Trade Summary" />), cultural and other substantial relations are currently governed, [[inter alia]], by the 1979 [[Taiwan Relations Act]]. The Act does not recognise the terminology of "Republic of China". United States policy does not support or oppose Taiwan's independence; instead US policy takes a neutral position of "non-support" for Taiwan's independence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kan|first1=Shirley A.|last2=Morrison|first2=Wayne M.|date=December 11, 2014|title=U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41952.pdf|journal=Congressional Research Service|page=4|archive-date=9 February 2017|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209020012/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41952.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

U.S. [[deputy assistant secretary|Deputy Assistant Secretary]] of State Alex Wong officially<ref>{{cite web|title=Wong, Alex N.|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/bureau/277461.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323030419/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/bureau/277461.htm|archive-date=23 March 2018}}</ref> visited the ROC in March 2018 to protest the amendment of the PRC Constitution that removed Presidential tenure restrictions.<ref>{{cite news|last=Horton|first=Chris|date=21 March 2018|title=In Taiwan, U.S. Official Says Commitment 'Has Never Been Stronger'|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/21/world/asia/taiwan-china-alex-wong.html|archive-date=30 March 2018|access-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330083429/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/21/world/asia/taiwan-china-alex-wong.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2002, Minister of Justice [[Chen Ding-nan]] became the first Taiwanese government official to be invited to visit the [[White House]] after the switch.

While the U.S. acknowledged PRC's [[One China|one-China principle]] in 1979,<ref>{{cite news |title=Milestones in relations between the U.S., China and Taiwan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/milestones-relations-between-us-china-taiwan-2022-08-02/ |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=2 August 2022 |language=en |quote=The United States endorses the 'One China Policy' and switches diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014143030/https://www.reuters.com/world/milestones-relations-between-us-china-taiwan-2022-08-02/ |url-status=live }}</ref> it did not accept the PRC's claim on Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Challenges and Opportunities in the Taiwan Strait|url=https://www.ncuscr.org/sites/default/files/page_attachments/New-Challenges-and-Opportunities-in-the-Taiwan-Strait.pdf|access-date=22 December 2016|website=Ncuscr.org|archive-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227062938/https://www.ncuscr.org/sites/default/files/page_attachments/New-Challenges-and-Opportunities-in-the-Taiwan-Strait.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Milestones: 1953–1960 – Office of the Historian|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/china-talks|website=history.state.gov|access-date=5 September 2017|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020172812/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/china-talks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wilson Center Digital Archive|url=http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/collection/74/sino-us-ambassadorial-talks-1955-1970|website=digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org|access-date=5 September 2017|archive-date=5 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905100421/http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/collection/74/sino-us-ambassadorial-talks-1955-1970|url-status=live}}</ref> The unofficial name "Taiwan" was mentioned in the [[Three Communiqués]] between the United States and China. Consistent with the United States' one-China policy, raising the ROC flag on an official government facility's property within U.S. territory is not approved by the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Department Daily Press Briefing|url=http://translations.state.gov/st/english/texttrans/2015/01/20150105312689.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128113633/http://translations.state.gov/st/english/texttrans/2015/01/20150105312689.html|archive-date=28 January 2015|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Daily Press Briefing – January 7, 2015|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2015/01/235660.htm|access-date=21 February 2015|work=U.S. Department of State|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731174612/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2015/01/235660.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Taiwan passport]] holders are included in the U.S. Visa Waiver Program for a stay of 90 days.<ref>{{cite web|title=American Institute in Taiwan – Visa Waiver Program|url=http://www.ait.org.tw/en/vwp.html|access-date=25 April 2013|publisher=Ait.org.tw|archive-date=13 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413093113/http://www.ait.org.tw/en/vwp.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="90 days">{{cite news |title=What visitors should know about updated entry rules – Taipei Times |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2022/09/30/2003786179 |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=www.taipeitimes.com |date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014144050/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2022/09/30/2003786179 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After 1979, the [[US–Taiwan Business Council]] continued to facilitate commercial activity (mostly semiconductor technology related) and arms sales service.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lotta Danielsson-Murphy|title=USTaiwan Business Council – U.S., Taiwan, China Technology Integration|url=http://www.us-taiwan.org/tech/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207021139/http://us-taiwan.org/tech/index.html|archive-date=7 December 2013|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Us-taiwan.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Lotta Danielsson-Murphy|title=USTaiwan Business Council – U.S., Taiwan, China Technology Integration – Products|url=http://www.us-taiwan.org/tech/products.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224092053/http://www.us-taiwan.org/tech/products.html|archive-date=24 December 2013|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Us-taiwan.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Lotta Danielsson-Murphy|title=USTaiwan Business Council – Defense & Security – Home|url=http://www.us-taiwan.org/defense/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110557/http://www.us-taiwan.org/defense/|archive-date=24 December 2013|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Us-taiwan.org}}</ref> The [[United States House of Representatives]] added an amendment to the fiscal year 2016 US defense budget that includes a clause urging the ROC's participation in the biennial Rim of the Pacific ([[RIMPAC]]) exercise.<ref>{{cite web|last=Phipps|first=Gavin|date=21 May 2015|title=Taiwan 'welcomes' congressional pressure over RIMPAC invitation|url=http://www.janes.com/article/51617/taiwan-welcomes-congressional-pressure-over-rimpac-invitation|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303142108/http://www.janes.com/article/51617/taiwan-welcomes-congressional-pressure-over-rimpac-invitation|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> The [[United States State Department]] has close bilateral cooperation with the ROC through [[Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs]]' [[Fulbright Program]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Fulbright Visiting (Non-U.S.) Scholar Program: Participating Country List|url=http://www.cies.org/fulbright-visiting-non-us-scholar-program-participating-country-list|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=26 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426011231/http://www.cies.org/fulbright-visiting-non-us-scholar-program-participating-country-list|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fulbright Commissions – Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs|url=http://eca.state.gov/fulbright/about-fulbright/funding-and-administration/fulbright-commissions|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=1 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101172159/http://eca.state.gov/fulbright/about-fulbright/funding-and-administration/fulbright-commissions|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="fulbright.org.tw">{{cite web|title=Fulbright Taiwan, Foundation for Scholarly Exchange|url=http://www.fulbright.org.tw/dispPageBox/MainEn.aspx?ddsPageID=FOSEENGHP|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209235210/http://www.fulbright.org.tw/dispPageBox/MainEn.aspx?ddsPageID=FOSEENGHP|archive-date=9 February 2015|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>

Recent disputes between the U.S. and the ROC include the ROC's ban on the import of U.S. beef and U.S. pork, which was resolved after the ROC adopted the new standard of a maximum residue limit for [[ractopamine]] in both beef and pork.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pork not a priority between Taiwan, US: official|newspaper=[[The China Post]]|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/foreign-affairs/2014/09/23/417820/Pork-not.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143633/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/foreign-affairs/2014/09/23/417820/Pork-not.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=22 December 2016}}</ref>

[[File:總統出席接見美國聯邦參議院軍事委員會馬侃（John McCain）主席訪問團 (26882360893).jpg|thumb|left|President [[Tsai Ing-wen]] meets with US Senate delegation led by [[John McCain]], June 2016]]

In 2007, a measure was introduced into the [[United States Congress]] that would dramatically strengthen US ties with the ROC.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 February 2007|title=Taiwan: US Calls for Diplomatic Relations|url=http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=6316|access-date=25 April 2013|publisher=UNPO|archive-date=1 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101182045/http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=6316|url-status=dead}}</ref> The United States House of Representatives passed a resolution calling for the lifting of curbs on visits by high-ranking or top ROC officials. The Resolution noted that "whenever high-level visitors from the ROC, including the President, seek to come to the United States, their requests result in a period of complex, lengthy and humiliating negotiations." It further said: "Lifting these restrictions will help bring a friend and ally of the United States out of its isolation, which will be beneficial to peace and stability in the [[Asia–Pacific]] Region."<ref>{{cite web|title=Text of S.Con.Res.48 as Introduced in Senate: A concurrent resolution expressing the sense of Congress regarding... OpenCongress|url=http://www.opencongress.org/bill/110-sc48/text|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102154705/http://www.opencongress.org/bill/110-sc48/text|archive-date=2 November 2012|access-date=25 April 2013|publisher=Opencongress.org}}</ref>

A bill was introduced to back the ROC's request to join the UN. The bill stated that the ROC and its 23 million people "deserve membership in the United Nations" and that the United States should fulfill a commitment "to more actively support Taiwan's membership in appropriate international organizations." The bill was introduced on 8 November 2007. The move was led by New Jersey Representative [[Scott Garrett]].<ref>{{cite web|date=20 October 2007|title=US lawmakers introduce bill backing UN membership for Taiwan |via=Yahoo! News|url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/071110/19/14w5t.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20071020013105/http://au.news.yahoo.com/071110/19/14w5t.html|archive-date=20 October 2007}}</ref>

Unofficial diplomatic relations are nevertheless maintained on both sides by means of [[de facto embassy|''de facto'' embassies]], which are technically "private organizations" staffed and funded by the respective State Departments. The ROC's ''de facto'' embassy network is the [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office]] (TECRO) with offices in Washington, D.C., 12 other US cities and many other countries without official ties. The US' analogous organization is the [[American Institute in Taiwan]] (AIT). As of 2010, officials of the ROC had made quasi-official level US visits at a governmental and political level.<ref name="brookings.edu" /><ref>{{cite web|title=American Institute in Taiwan|url=http://www.ait.org.tw/en/pressrelease-pr1417.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221171649/http://www.ait.org.tw/en/pressrelease-pr1417.html|archive-date=21 February 2015|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>

The [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] in July 2019 approved the selling of 108 M1A2T Abrams tanks and 250 Stinger missiles to Taiwan. The US [[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] said that the arms sale serves "US national, economic, and security interests by supporting" Taiwan's "continuing efforts to modernize its armed forces and to maintain a credible defensive capability."<ref>{{cite web|title=US approves major arms sale to Taiwan amid trade tensions with Beijing|date=8 July 2019 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/08/politics/us-arms-sale-taiwan/index.html|access-date=9 July 2019|publisher=CNN}}</ref>

In August 2019, the Trump administration officially announced arms sale to Taiwan, worth USD eight billion, which includes the latest Lockheed Martin-built 66 new F-16C/D fighter jets.<ref name="USA relations" /> China immediately criticized the deal, citing it as detrimental to its sovereignty and interests.<ref>{{cite web|title=It's Official! Trump Admin Sends Taiwan F-16 Deal To Congress, Here's What's in It|date=20 August 2019|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/29490/its-official-trump-admin-sends-taiwan-f-16-deal-to-congress-heres-whats-in-it|access-date=20 August 2019|publisher=The Drive|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821024552/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/29490/its-official-trump-admin-sends-taiwan-f-16-deal-to-congress-heres-whats-in-it|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 9 August 2020, U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services [[Alex Azar]] arrived in Taiwan. It marked the highest-level US official visit to Taiwan since 1979.<ref>{{cite web |last1= Blanchard |first1= Ben |title= U.S. health chief arrives in Taiwan on trip condemned by China |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-usa/u-s-health-chief-arrives-in-taiwan-on-trip-condemned-by-china-idUSKCN2550DI |work=[[Reuters]] |date=9 August 2020 |access-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200813043619/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-usa/u-s-health-chief-arrives-in-taiwan-on-trip-condemned-by-china-idUSKCN2550DI | archive-date=13 August 2020}}</ref> As retaliation, the Chinese force jets flew over the mid-line of the Taiwan Strait, which is in the air defense identification zone.<ref name="azar visit">{{cite news |title=Pelosi Taiwan visit: Beijing vows consequences if US politician travels to island |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-62310576 |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=[[BBC]] News |date=27 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="air zone">{{cite news |last1=Wong |first1=Edward |last2=Sanger |first2=David E. |last3=Qin |first3=Amy |title=U.S. Officials Grow More Concerned About Potential Action by China on Taiwan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/25/us/politics/china-taiwan-biden-pelosi.html |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=25 July 2022 |quote=as it did in 2020 in response to a visit by Alex Azar, then the U.S. secretary of health and human services.  Chinese fighter jets have crossed that line and flown into the island's air defense identification zone with increasing frequency since 2020}}</ref> The visit was also the highest profile visit since the introduction of Taiwan Travel Act.<ref name="azar visit high profile">{{cite news |title=US health secretary starts historic Taiwan visit |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3096660/us-health-secretary-alex-azar-starts-taiwan-visit-and-says-he |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |date=9 August 2020 |language=en |quote=US Secretary of Health Alex Azar arrived in Taiwan on Sunday, making him the highest ranking American official to visit the island since 1979. The visit is also the most high-profile since the Taiwan Travel Act}}</ref>

In August 2022, the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|U.S. House Speaker]], [[Nancy Pelosi]] visited the island, an act that was strongly condemned by [[China]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/02/politics/nancy-pelosi-visit-taipei-taiwan-trip/index.html | title=US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi lands in Taiwan amid threats of Chinese retaliation | website=[[CNN International]] | date=2 August 2022 }}</ref>

China sent fighter jets and drones near Taiwan on 27 October 2024  in response to a new $2 billion U.S. arms package for Taiwan, escalating tensions in the Taiwan Strait.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 October 2024|title=China held 'combat' patrol after latest US arms sales to Taiwan, says Taipei |newspaper=Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/taiwan-says-china-holds-combat-patrol-after-latest-us-arms-sales|access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 October 2024|title=Taiwan reports Chinese 'combat patrol' after Beijing slams US arms deal |newspaper=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-vows-countermeasures-after-2-bln-us-arms-sale-taiwan-2024-10-27/  |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>

===Oceania===
{{Main|Sino-Pacific relations}}

The ROC maintains diplomatic relations with three countries in Oceania: the [[Marshall Islands]], [[Palau]], and [[Tuvalu]]. The PRC has relations with 13 others (including [[Australia]], the [[Cook Islands]], the [[Federated States of Micronesia]], [[Fiji]], [[Kiribati]], [[Nauru]], [[New Zealand]], [[Niue]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Samoa]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Tonga]], and [[Vanuatu]]). The Pacific is an area of intense and continuous diplomatic competition between Beijing and Taipei, with several countries (Kiribati, Nauru, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu) having switched diplomatic support from one to the other at least once. Both the PRC and the ROC provide development aid to their respective allies. In exchange, ROC's allies support its membership bid in the United Nations. The ROC is one of Tuvalu's most important economic partners.

====History====
In September 2006, the first regional summit of Taiwan's Pacific Island allies took place, hosted by Palau in [[Koror City]]. The meeting brought together President [[Chen Shui-bian|Chen]] and delegates from the Marshall Islands, Tuvalu, Nauru, Palau, [[Solomon Islands]] and Kiribati.<ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/06/26/2003366902 "Marshall Islands president set to visit"], Ko Shu-ling, ''Taipei Times'', 26 June 2007</ref> It was to become a regular event, known as the Taiwan–Pacific Allies Summit.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130418214402/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/supplement/2007/10/10/126113/Taiwan-Pacific-Allies.htm "Taiwan-Pacific Allies Summit to highlight regional issues"], ''China Post'', 10 October 2007</ref><ref>[http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/fp.asp?xItem=23510&ctNode=1349 "What Really Counts"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226025905/http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/fp.asp?xItem=23510&ctNode=1349 |date=26 February 2012 }}, Taiwan Review (government website), 30 November 2006</ref> A second regional meeting was hosted by the Marshall Islands in October, and President Chen attended.<ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/10/03/2003381476 "Chen not planning any transit stops on way to Marshalls"], Ko Shu-ling, ''Taipei Times'', 3 October 2007</ref> This resulted in the [[Majuro Declaration]], in which Taiwan's six Pacific allies re-stated their recognition of the ROC's sovereignty, and promised to support the ROC's attempts to join the United Nations.<ref>[http://english.rti.org.tw/Content/GetSingleNews.aspx?ContentID=45435 "Taiwan signs Majuro Declaration with South Pacific allies"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717021222/http://english.rti.org.tw/Content/GetSingleNews.aspx?ContentID=45435 |date=17 July 2011 }}, Radio Taiwan International, 12 October 2007</ref>

In June 2007, the ROC donated an aid package of €700,000, distributed among eight Pacific regional organisations.<ref>[http://www.matangitonga.to/article/taiwaan_220607_1055.shtml "Taiwan injects over US$1m into regional development"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927173812/http://www.matangitonga.to/article/taiwaan_220607_1055.shtml |date=27 September 2011 }}, Matangi Tonga, 27 June 2007</ref>

In January 2008, following the victory of the Kuomintang in the ROC's elections, Kuomintang MP Yang Li-huan stated that under the new government Taiwan's interest in the Pacific could decrease.<ref name="RNZI_37668">{{cite news |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=37668 |title=Shift expected in Taiwan's Pacific policy |date=25 January 2008 |work=[[Radio New Zealand International]] |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> Three days later, however, it was confirmed that ROC Vice-president [[Annette Lu]] would lead a diplomatic visit to the Marshall Islands, Nauru and Solomon Islands.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120212182526/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/2008/01/28/140824/Vice-president.htm "Vice president to visit three allies in South Pacific: official"], ''China Post'', 28 January 2008</ref>

In March 2008, President-elect Ma was reported as saying that his government would put an end to Taiwanese "cheque-book diplomacy" in the Pacific (or more specifically, similar to the condition of [[cestui que use]] diplomacy).<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/ra/news/stories/200803/s2199657.htm?tab=latest "Taiwan president-elect vows to end Pacific 'cheque-book diplomacy'"], ABC Radio Australia, 26 March 2008</ref> In May of that same year, Ma called for what he referred to as a "cease-fire" in the competition between the ROC and the PRC for diplomatic allies. This followed a scandal due to allegations that Taiwan's Foreign Minister [[James C. F. Huang|James Huang]] had attempted to buy Papua New Guinea's diplomatic allegiance.<ref name="afp.google.com">[http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5htsHpviQR3eUftUSDnBaZlxVeYzg "Taiwan's next leader urges truce in cash diplomacy battle"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510082054/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5htsHpviQR3eUftUSDnBaZlxVeYzg |date=10 May 2008 }}, AFP, 6 May 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/06/asia/taiwan.php "Taiwan foreign minister resigns over diplomatic blunder"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510121305/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/06/asia/taiwan.php |date=10 May 2008 }}, Jonathan Adams,''International Herald Tribune'', 6 May 2008</ref> Papua New Guinea's foreign minister [[Sam Abal]] subsequently confirmed that his country had no intention of recognising the ROC.<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/stories/200805/s2238357.htm?tab=latest "PNG dismisses Taiwan's diplomatic moves"], ABC Radio Australia, 7 May 2008</ref>

In October, Taiwan cancelled a scheduled summit with its Pacific Island allies. Although the authorities cited "preparation problems", [[Radio Australia]] commented that "the decision appears to be an attempt by the new administration of President Ma Ying-jeou to keep the island's diplomatic activities low-profile and avoid offending China".<ref>[http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/stories/200810/s2385771.htm?tab=latest "Taiwan cancels Pacific islands summit"], ABC Radio Australia, 8 October 2008</ref> In June 2009, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that President Ma would "attend a [...] leadership summit between Taiwan and its South Pacific allies" in autumn. The summit, hosted by Solomon Islands, would be attended by the "heads of state of Taiwan's six allies in the region" and would focus on "countering the [[Late-2000s recession|current economic contraction]], [[climate change]] and how to strengthen the fisheries industry". Upon announcing the summit, the Ministry added that Ma had "developed a fondness for the Pacific region during his previous visit to Solomon Islands when he saw a handful of children at a market selling betel nuts and watermelons while wearing shirts donated by the people of Taiwan".<ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2009/06/10/2003445794 "Ma plans to visit South Pacific allies"], ''Taipei Times'', 10 June 2009</ref>

In July 2009, the ROC donated over €40,000 in a scholarship scheme benefiting students from Pacific countries, including those, such as Fiji or Papua New Guinea, that do not grant it diplomatic recognition. It donated €288,000 for regional development assistance programmes, to be used notably on access to water, sanitation and hygiene, renewable energy, solar photovoltaic assessments, fisheries management, education and youth training.<ref>[http://solomonstarnews.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=10118&change=71&changeown=78&Itemid=26 "Taiwan gives to the region"], ''Solomon Star'', 14 July 2009</ref>

Taiwan has asked to be recognised as an official dialogue partner of the [[Pacific Islands Forum]]. That status is currently awarded to the PRC.<ref name="RNZI_41647">{{cite news |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=41647 |title=Taiwan calls on Pacific Forum to allow it to be a proper Dialogue Partner |date=25 August 2008 |work=[[Radio New Zealand International]] |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref>

====Australia====
{{Main|Australia–Taiwan relations}}

In February 2008, Australia reportedly "chastised Taiwan for its renewed push for independence" and "reiterated its support for a one-China policy".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.theage.com.au/national/china-australia-hold-strategic-meeting-20080205-1q43.html |title=China, Australia hold strategic meeting |author=O'Malley, Sandra |date=5 February 2008 |work=[[The Age]] |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> Australia-Taiwan relations are growing in non-political areas including an annual Bilateral Economic Consultation and both sides also established Joint Energy, Mineral, Trade and Investment Cooperation Consultation (JEMTIC) as well as an Agriculture Working Group meeting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dfat.gov.au/geo/taiwan/Pages/taiwan-brief.aspx|title=Taiwan brief|website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|access-date=2 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130013833/http://dfat.gov.au/geo/taiwan/Pages/taiwan-brief.aspx|archive-date=30 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Australia does not object Taiwan's participation in international organizations where consensus has been achieved,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dfat.gov.au/geo/taiwan/pages/taiwan-country-brief.aspx |title=Taiwan country brief – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |website=Dfat.gov.au |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227062637/http://dfat.gov.au/geo/taiwan/pages/taiwan-country-brief.aspx |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and Australia-Taiwan relations are commercially and unofficially-driven, such as the Australia-Taiwan Business Council,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atbc.asn.au/ |title=Australia-Taiwan Business Council |publisher=Atbc.asn.au |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref> along with contacts in education, science, sports and arts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/taiwan/ |title=Taiwan – Countries and regions – Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |publisher=Dfat.gov.au |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109040012/http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/taiwan/ |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/taiwan/taiwan_brief.html |title=Taiwan country brief – Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |publisher=Dfat.gov.au |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roc-taiwan.org/ct.asp?xItem=136350&CtNode=1590&mp=212&xp1= |title= Organisation of TECO – Organizations – Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Australia 駐澳大利亞代表處|website=www.roc-taiwan.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222032806/http://www.roc-taiwan.org/ct.asp?xItem=136350&CtNode=1590&mp=212&xp1= |archive-date=22 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/taiwan |title=Home – Taiwan |publisher=Study in Australia |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109035015/http://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/taiwan |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Taiwan is unofficially represented in Australia by the [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Australia|Taipei Economic and Cultural Office]] in [[Canberra]] (which has branches in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane) while Australia is similarly represented by the [[Australian Office in Taipei]]. Taiwan has an official, government co-sponsored branch office of [[Taiwan External Trade Development Council]] in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sydney.taiwantrade.com.tw/note.jsp?id=1338&lang=en_US |title=Taiwan Trade Centre Sydney – Our Services |publisher=Sydney.taiwantrade.com.tw |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115055319/http://sydney.taiwantrade.com.tw/note.jsp?id=1338&lang=en_US |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Australian Consulate-General, Hong Kong and Macau|Australian Consulate-General]] in Hong Kong is responsible for Visa and Citizenship matters for applicants in Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.australia.org.tw/tpei/Visas_and_Migration.html |title=Visas and migration – Australian Office |publisher=Australia.org.tw |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref> Perth has [[sister city]] relations with Taipei City and Brisbane has sister city relations with Kaohsiung City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perth.wa.gov.au/static_files/sistercity/sc_taiwan.html|title=Sister Cities : Taipei – Taiwan |access-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329001211/http://www.perth.wa.gov.au/static_files/sistercity/sc_taiwan.html|archive-date=29 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-strategy/economic-development/international-relations-program/list-sister-cities/brisbanes-sister-city-kaohsiung|title=Brisbane's Sister City – Kaohsiung|date=12 March 2014|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221181117/http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-strategy/economic-development/international-relations-program/list-sister-cities/brisbanes-sister-city-kaohsiung|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Fiji====
The ROC set up a [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office|trade mission]] in Fiji in 1971.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Matthew|last1=Strong|date=13 July 2019|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3744304|title=Taiwan forced to change name of office in Fiji due to Chinese bullying|work=Taiwan News|access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref> In 1975, PRC established diplomatic relation with Fiji. The trade center became the Trade Mission of the ROC to the Republic of Fiji in 1988. In 1996, ROC and Fiji signed a 'mutual recognition' communique and Fiji set up its representative office named Fiji Trade and Tourism Representative Office in 1997 in Taipei. The Fiji office closed on 10 May 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2017/05/18/2003670817|date=18 May 2017|title=Fiji office closure not due to pressure from China: ministry|newspaper=Taipei Times|access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref>

====Kiribati====
{{Main|Kiribati–Taiwan relations}}

[[File:蔡英文總統與吉里巴斯共和國總統馬茂談話.jpg|thumb|Kiribati President [[Taneti Mamau]] and President [[Tsai Ing-wen]] in Taiwan]]
[[Kiribati]], under the government of President [[Taneti Mamau]], initially recognised the ROC but switched to the PRC later on.

From 1980 to 2003, Kiribati recognised the PRC. Relations between China and Kiribati then became a contentious political issue within Kiribati. President [[Teburoro Tito]] was ousted in a parliamentary [[vote of no confidence]] in 2003, over his refusal to clarify the details of a land lease that had enabled Beijing to maintain a satellite-tracking station in the country since 1997, and over Chinese ambassador Ma Shuxue's acknowledged monetary donation to "a cooperative society linked to Tito".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,FREEHOU,,KIR,45b632e02,473c549d23,0.html |title=Refworld – Freedom in the World 2004 – Kiribati |author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |work=Refworld |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008133924/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2CFREEHOU%2C%2CKIR%2C45b632e02%2C473c549d23%2C0.html |archive-date=8 October 2012 }}</ref> In the [[July 2003 Kiribatian presidential election|ensuing election]], Anote Tong won the presidency after "stirring suspicions that the station was being used to spy on US installations in the Pacific".<ref name="theage.com.au">{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/11/09/1068329419844.html |title=Tiny Pacific islands play China using the Taiwan card |author=McDonald, Hamish |author-link=Hamish McDonald |date=10 November 2003 |work=[[The Age]] |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> Tong had previously pledged to "review" the lease.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,FREEHOU,,KIR,45b632e02,473c549d23,0.html |title=Freedom in the World – Kiribati (2004) |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008133924/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2CFREEHOU%2C%2CKIR%2C45b632e02%2C473c549d23%2C0.html |archive-date=8 October 2012}}</ref>

In November 2003, [[Tarawa]] established diplomatic relations with Taipei<ref name="theage.com.au"/> and Beijing severed its relations with the country. For the PRC, the presence of the satellite-tracking station had made relations with Kiribati relatively important; the station had, in particular, been used to track [[Yang Liwei]]'s [[spaceflight]].<ref name="Currency of Persuasion">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081021200500/http://www.listener.co.nz/issue/3391/features/3950/currency_of_persuasion,2.html "Currency of Persuasion"], ''New Zealand Listerner'', May 2005</ref> Therefore, for three weeks the PRC called upon I-Kiribati President Anote Tong to break off relations with Taiwan and re-affirm his support for the "One China" policy. Only after those three weeks did the PRC sever relations,<ref>[http://ee.china-embassy.org/eng/dtxw/t111970.htm "China ceases diplomatic relations with Kiribati"], PRC embassy in Estonia, 29 November 2003</ref> thereby losing the right to maintain its satellite-tracking base. The ROC began providing economic aid to Kiribati, while Kiribati began supporting Taiwan in the United Nations.

In 2004, President Tong said he believed the PRC was trying to influence his country.<ref name="pacificmagazine.net">[http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2004/09/01/kiribati-plays-the-game "Kiribati Plays The Game: Taiwan vs. China Battle Continues"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007202131/http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2004/09/01/kiribati-plays-the-game |date=7 October 2008 }}, Mac William Bishop, ''Pacific Magazine'', 1 September 2004</ref> The comment was mainly due to the PRC's refusal to remove all its personnel from its closed embassy.<ref name="Currency of Persuasion"/> Tong stated that the Chinese personnel, who remained in Kiribati against his wishes, were handing out anti-government pamphlets; he told New Zealand journalist Michael Field: "I am sure if we did this in Beijing, we would be in jail in half a second".<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130806114437/http://www.michaelfield.org/kiribati.htm "Chinese refuse to leave Kiribati"]}}, Michael Field, 26 October 2005</ref> Tong's brother and main political opponent, [[Harry Tong]], responded by accusing Taiwan of excessive influence on Kiribati, notably of influencing the country's clergy.<ref name="pacificmagazine.net"/>

In 2008, Taiwan settled Kiribati's unpaid bills to [[Fiji Airways|Air Pacific]], enabling the airline to maintain its services from [[Tarawa]] to [[Kiritimati]].<ref>[http://www.pacificmagazine.net/news/2008/09/28/taiwan-3m-keeps-air-pacific-charters-going-to-kiritimati-island "Taiwan $3M Keeps Air Pacific Charters Going To Kiritimati Island"]{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Pacific Magazine'', 28 September 2008</ref>

In November 2010, despite their lack of diplomatic relations, the PRC was one of fifteen countries to attend the [[Tarawa Climate Change Conference]] in Kiribati, and one of twelve to sign the resulting [[Ambo Declaration]] on climate change.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2010/nov/16/kiribati-climate-change-conference-declaration "Kiribati climate change conference calls for urgent cash and action"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 16 November 2010</ref> On 20 September 2019, Kiribati switched diplomatic relation from ROC to PRC.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 September 2019|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-09-20/kiribati-to-switch-diplomatic-ties-from-taiwan-to-china/11532192|title=Kiribati cuts ties with Taiwan in diplomatic switch to China days after Solomon Islands pivot|work=ABC News|access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref>

====Marshall Islands====
[[File:10.30 總統抵達馬紹爾群島共和國，由海妮（Hilda C. Heine）總統陪同沿紅地毯前進，接受兩側馬國國家警察儀隊致敬 (24181095838).jpg|thumb|Marshall Islands President [[Hilda Heine|H.E. Hilda C. Heine]] with Taiwan President [[Tsai Ing-wen]] in October 2017]]

The [[Marshall Islands]] recognise the ROC and maintain an embassy in [[Taipei]]. The magazine ''Islands Business'' reported that President [[Litokwa Tomeing]], elected in January 2008, might turn instead to the PRC.<ref>[http://www.islandsbusiness.com/news/index_dynamic/containerNameToReplace=MiddleMiddle/focusModuleID=130/focusContentID=11282/tableName=mediaRelease/overideSkinName=newsArticle-full.tpl "New Marshall Islands president elected"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207002315/http://www.islandsbusiness.com/news/index_dynamic/containerNameToReplace%3DMiddleMiddle/focusModuleID%3D130/focusContentID%3D11282/tableName%3DmediaRelease/overideSkinName%3DnewsArticle-full.tpl |date=7 February 2012 }}, ''Islands Business'', 7 January 2008</ref> However, in office Tomeing expressed continued support for ties with Taiwan and met with ROC Vice President [[Annette Lu]] when she visited the Marshall Islands on 29 January 2008.<ref>[http://www.rmigovernment.org/news_detail.jsp?docid=225 "President Litokwa Tomeing welcomes Vice President Annette Lu of the Republic of China (Taiwan) to the Marshall Islands"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016002821/http://www.rmigovernment.org/news_detail.jsp?docid=225 |date=16 October 2013 }}, Office of the President of the Marshall Islands, 30 January 2008</ref> The current Marshallese ambassador to Taiwan is [[Anjanette Kattil]].<ref>{{cite news |script-title=zh:接受馬紹爾駐臺大使呈遞到任國書 |trans-title=Acceptance of the credentials presented by the Marshallese Ambassador to Taiwan |url=https://www.president.gov.tw/NEWS/27852 |access-date=31 October 2024 |work=Office of the President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) |date=30 August 2023 |language=zh-TW}}</ref>

====Micronesia====
Micronesia recognized the Republic of China until 1989, switching its foreign recognition to the People's Republic of China. In 2023, shortly before his term as [[President of Micronesia|president]] ended, [[David Panuelo]] wrote an open letter accusing Beijing of bribing Micronesian officials for recognition and to stay out of a potential conflict, as well as spying on the Micronesian government and personally surveilling him. He furthermore advocated for returning to relations with the Republic of China and held meetings with Taiwanese foreign minister [[Joseph Wu]] to determine if it was possible.<ref name="fsm">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/10/outgoing-president-of-micronesia-accuses-china-of-bribery-threats-and-interference |title=Outgoing president of Micronesia accuses China of bribery, threats and interference |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2023-03-09 |access-date=2023-03-10 |first1=Ben |last1=Doherty |first2=Kate |last2=Lyons}}</ref>

====Nauru====
{{Main|Nauru–Taiwan relations}}

[[File:2016年5月20日總統就職 13.jpg|thumb|Nauru President [[Baron Waqa]] and President [[Tsai Ing-wen]] in Taiwan]]

[[Nauru]] recognized the Republic of China until 2024, before switching its recognition to the People's Republic of China.

In 1980, Nauru established official relations with the ROC. In 2002, however, the government of [[René Harris]] established relations with the PRC,<ref>[http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/bmdyzs/gjlb/3407/default.htm PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs], 9 December 2003</ref> and adopted the One China Policy.<ref>[http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/bmdyzs/gjlb/3407/3408/t17068.htm "Joint Communiqué of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Nauru on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations"], 22 July 2002</ref> Consequently, Taiwan severed its relations with Nauru, and accused the PRC of having bought Nauru's allegiance with financial aid of over €90,000,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2143749.stm |title=Taiwan cuts diplomatic ties with Nauru |date=23 July 2002 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> A reporter for ''The Age'' agreed, stating that "Beijing recently bought off a threat by Nauru to revert to Taiwan only six months after opening ties with the mainland, offering a large loan to Nauru's near-destitute Government".<ref name="theage.com.au"/>

In 2003, Nauru closed its newly established embassy in Beijing. Two years later, ROC President Chen met Nauruan President [[Ludwig Scotty]] in the Marshall Islands. In May 2005, the ROC and Nauru re-established diplomatic relations,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930030514/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/archive/detail.asp?cat=1&id=62437 "ROC restores ties with Nauru after 3 years"], ''China Post'', 15 May 2005</ref> and opened embassies in each other's capitals. The PRC consequently severed its relations with Nauru.

The ROC is one of Nauru's two foremost economic aid partners (with Australia). In return, Nauru uses its seat in the United Nations to support the ROC's admittance proposal. Taiwan provides regular medical assistance to Nauru, sending specialised doctors to the country's only hospital.<ref name="RNZI_57025">{{cite news |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=57025 |title=Nauru urges use of Taiwan medical help |date=15 November 2010 |work=[[Radio New Zealand International]] |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref>

In 2007, Scotty was re-elected, amidst claims that his electoral campaign had been funded by Taiwan.<ref>[http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/stories/s2040205.htm "Claims Nauru election won with Taiwan money"], ABC Radio Australia, 21 September 2007</ref> Scotty's opponents claimed that the ROC wanted to ensure that a pro-Taiwan government remained in power. Scotty was replaced by Marcus Stephen in December 2007. Following Stephen's election, President Chen telephoned him to congratulate him, assure him of the ROC's continued assistance for Nauru, request Nauru's continued support in return, and invite him to visit Taiwan.<ref name="taipeitimes.com">[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/12/29/2003394719 "Chen calls new heads of Nauru, Solomon Islands"], ''Taipei Times'', 29 December 2007</ref>

Nauru remains the focus of diplomatic competition between Beijing and Taipei. In 2006, according to the ''New Statesman'', President Scotty "was allegedly accosted by a horde of screaming Chinese officials who tried to drag him on to a plane to Beijing just as he was boarding one bound for Taipei".<ref>[http://www.newstatesman.com/200709200021 "Why Beijing cares about tiny Nauru"], Lindsey Hilsum, ''New Statesman'', 20 September 2007</ref>

In 2008, Nauru co-submitted a proposal to the United Nations, requesting that the [[United Nations General Assembly]] consider enabling "Taiwan's participation in the activities of UN specialized agencies". The proposal was rejected.<ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90785/6502602.html "Taiwan's UN bid rejected"], ''People's Daily'', 19 September 2008</ref>

In 2011 [[WikiLeaks]] revealed that Taiwan had been paying a "monthly stipend" to Nauruan government ministers in exchange for their continued support, as well as a smaller sum to other members of parliament, as "project funding that requires minimal accounting". Reporting on the story, the ''[[Brisbane Times]]'' wrote: "One MP reportedly used his Taiwanese stipend to buy daily breakfast for all schoolchildren in his district, while others were happy to just pocket the cash". A "former Australian diplomat with close knowledge of politics in Nauru" stated that Nauruan President Marcus Stephen, Foreign Minister [[Kieren Keke]] and former President Ludwig Scotty, among others, had all accepted "under the counter" funding from Taiwan. The leaks revealed that "Chinese [PRC] agents had also sought to influence Nauru's elections through cash payments to voters, with at least $40,000 distributed in one instance in 2007".<ref name="payoffs">[http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/nauru-officials-friendly-payoffs-20110828-1jgnu.html "Nauru officials' 'friendly payoffs'"], ''Brisbane Times'', 29 August 2011</ref>

WikiLeaks also revealed that Australia had, at one time, been "pushing" Nauru to break its relations with Taiwan and establish relations with the PRC instead. Then President Scotty had reportedly resisted on the grounds that it was "none of Australia's business".<ref name="payoffs" />

In late 2011, Taiwan "doubled its health aid" to Nauru, notably providing a resident medical team on a five-year appointment.<ref>[http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=64695 "Nauru gets more health aid from Taiwan"], Radio New Zealand International, 28 November 2011</ref>

From 11 June 2013 to 27 August 2019, under the government of President [[Baron Waqa]], Nauru maintained its recognition of the Republic of China.

In 2018, a diplomatic row between the PRC and Nauru occurred at the [[Pacific Islands Forum]] when Nauruans would only stamp entry visas on personal passports of Mainland diplomats rather than diplomatic ones.<ref name="nauru">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/04/china-visa-spat-almost-derailed-pacific-leaders-summit-in-nauru |title=China visa spat almost derailed Pacific leaders summit in Nauru |date=4 September 2018 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

On 15 January 2024, Nauru chose to recognise the People's Republic of China, severing diplomatic ties with Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Davidson |first1=Helen |last2=Hawkins |first2=Amy |date=2024-01-15 |title=Nauru to sever diplomatic ties with Taiwan in favour of China |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/15/nauru-to-sever-diplomatic-ties-with-taiwan-in-favour-of-china |access-date=2024-01-15 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

====New Zealand====
{{Main|New Zealand–Taiwan relations}}

While New Zealand does not have formal diplomatic relations with Taiwan, the two countries still maintain informal trade, economic, and cultural relations. Taiwan has two [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in New Zealand|Economic and Cultural offices]] in Auckland and Wellington. New Zealand also has a [[New Zealand Commerce and Industry Office|Commerce and Industry Office]] in Taipei.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hoadley |first=Stephen |date=1998 |title=New Zealand Taiwan Relations |location=Auckland |publisher=New Zealand Asia Institute, University of Auckland and the Auckland Institute of Studies |isbn=0473055457 |pages=18–25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Taiwan |url=https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries-and-regions/asia/taiwan/ |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (New Zealand)|New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] |access-date=17 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205124859/https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries-and-regions/asia/taiwan/|archive-date=5 February 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 10 July 2013, New Zealand and ROC signed a bilateral Economic Cooperation Agreement.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Craymer |first1=Lucy |last2=Liu |first2=Fanny |title=Taiwan and New Zealand Sign Free-Trade Agreement |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324425204578597022344060966 |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=10 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517030544/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324425204578597022344060966 |archive-date=17 May 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Republic of China (Taiwan) signs economic cooperation agreement with New Zealand |url=http://www.roc-taiwan.org/ct.asp?xItem=399370&ctNode=2237&mp=2 |publisher=[[Republic of China Government]] |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110155936/http://www.roc-taiwan.org/ct.asp?xItem=399370&ctNode=2237&mp=2 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |date=10 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Palau====
{{Main|Palau–Taiwan relations}}

[[File:總統與帛琉共和國總統雷蒙傑索(Tommy E. Remengesau, Jr.) 合影 (27163348345).jpg|thumb|Palau President [[Tommy Remengesau]] and President [[Tsai Ing-wen]] in Taiwan]]

[[Palau]] recognises the ROC, and is one of the few countries to maintain an embassy in Taipei. Diplomatic relations began in 1999, five years after Palaun independence.<ref name="palau">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/sep/08/palau-against-china-the-tiny-island-defying-the-worlds-biggest-country |title= 'Palau against China!': the tiny island defying the world's biggest country |last=Lyons |first=Kate |date=7 September 2018 |access-date=8 September 2018 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> ROC maintains an embassy in [[Koror City]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/EnMobile/OverseasOffice_Detail.aspx?s=9C13959F19F93B2F |script-title=zh:Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in the Republic of Palau 駐帛琉共和國大使館 [Republic of Palau 帛琉共和國&#93; – Embassies & Missions Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan) Mobile – 中華民國外交部 – 全球資訊網英文網 |website=Mofa.gov.tw |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018225140/http://www.mofa.gov.tw/EnMobile/OverseasOffice_Detail.aspx?s=9C13959F19F93B2F |url-status=dead |title= }}</ref> The ROC provides scholarships to Palauan students, as well as computers for Palauan schools. In 2008, Mario Katosang, Palau's Minister of Education, stated:
{{blockquote|We were given 100 Windows-based computers by Taiwan. The education sector uses predominantly Apple Macintosh computers, so I mentioned that we may also need software. Taiwan immediately delivered 100 brand new copies of Windows XP, and offered to train our computer technicians.<ref>[http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/4892 "Wooing the Islands"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910104658/http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/4892 |date=10 September 2009 }}, Andre Vltchek, 15 January 2008</ref>}}

Travel from the Mainland to Palau is illegal.<ref name="palau" /><ref name="abc">{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-26/china-tourist-ban-leaves-palau-tourism-in-peril/10160020 |last=Beldi |first=Laura |title=China's 'tourist ban' leaves Palau struggling to fill hotels and an airline in limbo |date=28 August 2018 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref>

Taiwan and Palau entered into a maritime cooperation agreement in March 2019. Taiwan agreed to fund the building of an eight-ton patrol boat in Palau. The agreement also allows Taiwanese patrol boats to resupply in Palau, personnel exchanges, and joint training. The first joint exercise occurred on 23 March when the Taiwanese coast guard frigate ''Hsun Hu No. 7'' conducted a patrol mission with Palauan vessels.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Losinio |first1=Louella |title=Taiwanese president inks coastguard agreement with Palau |url=https://www.pncguam.com/taiwan-concludes-week-long-tour-in-palau-signs-coastguard-agreement/ |website=PNC Guam |date=April 2019 |publisher=Sorensen Media Group |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731190648/https://www.pncguam.com/taiwan-concludes-week-long-tour-in-palau-signs-coastguard-agreement/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China Airlines to add a flight to Palau: Tsai |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2019/03/24/2003712072 |website=Taipei Times |date=24 March 2019 |access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref>

====Papua New Guinea====
Papua recognises the PRC.

In 2005, Papua New Guinea, along with Fiji, supported Taiwan's wish to join the [[World Health Organization]].

====Solomon Islands====
{{Main|Solomon Islands–Taiwan relations}}

[[File:蔡英文總統接見索羅門群島總理蘇嘉瓦瑞伉儷訪華團.jpg|thumb|Solomon Islands Prime Minister [[Manasseh Sogavare]] meets with Taiwanese President [[Tsai Ing-wen]] in July 2016]]
[[File:11.03 索國警察儀隊向總統致敬 (24279934258).jpg|thumb|Picture from President [[Tsai Ing-wen]]'s state visit to Solomon Islands in November 2017]]

The two countries established diplomatic relations on 23 May 1983.<ref>[http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/national/2743-pm-hails-ties-with-taiwan "PM hails ties with Taiwan"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111831/http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/national/2743-pm-hails-ties-with-taiwan |date=24 December 2013 }}, ''Solomon Star'', 10 February 2010</ref> A ROC consulate general in [[Honiara]] was upgraded to an embassy two years later.<ref>[http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/national/14214-we-got-your-back-dpm-assures-taiwan "We got your back; DPM assures Taiwan"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105837/http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/national/14214-we-got-your-back-dpm-assures-taiwan |date=24 December 2013 }}, ''Solomon Star'', 9 April 2012</ref> Since 2011, the Solomons' ambassador to the ROC has been [[Laurie Chan]], a Solomon Islands national of Chinese ethnic background, and a former Solomon Islands Minister of Foreign Affairs who supported his country's continued relations with Taiwan.<ref>[http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/national/12679-chan-slams-wikileaks-report-vows-to-seek-legal-action "Chan slams Wikileaks report, vows to seek legal action"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224094216/http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/national/12679-chan-slams-wikileaks-report-vows-to-seek-legal-action |date=24 December 2013 }}, ''Solomon Star'', 28 October 2011</ref>

After pro-Taiwan Prime Minister [[Manasseh Sogavare]] was ousted in a vote of no confidence in December 2007, and replaced by [[Derek Sikua]], ROC President Chen telephoned Prime Minister Sikua, offering his congratulations and Taiwan's continued aid, and requested the Sikua government's continued diplomatic support. Chen also invited Sikua to visit Taiwan,<ref name="taipeitimes.com"/> which he did in March 2008. Sikua was welcomed with military honours by Chen, who stated: "Taiwan is the Solomon Islands' most loyal ally. [...] Taiwan will never forsake the people or government of the Solomon Islands."<ref>[http://english.rti.org.tw/Content/GetSingleNews.aspx?ContentID=53546 "Solomon Islands Prime Minister visits Taiwan"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717021241/http://english.rti.org.tw/Content/GetSingleNews.aspx?ContentID=53546 |date=17 July 2011 }}, Radio Taiwan International, 3 March 2008</ref> Solomon Islands has continued to recognise the ROC under Sikua's leadership.

In June 2019, secret negotiations with Australia were reported that involved the Solomon Islands reassessing if they wanted to switch recognition to the PRC with an internal deadline of mid-September to make a change or leave the status quo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/05/solomon-islands-decision-ties-with-taiwan-or-china |title=Solomon Islands to Decide Soon on Whether to Cut Ties with Taiwan |last=Lyons |first=Kate |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 June 2019 |access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref> In early September, they announced their intention to change recognition to the PRC.<ref name="sichange">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/06/solomon-islands-poised-to-switch-allegiance-from-taiwan-to-china |title=Solomon Islands Poised to Switch Allegiance from Taiwan to China |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=6 September 2019 |access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref> On 16 September, it officially broke its ties with Taiwan, switching its recognition to the PRC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3027420/taiwan-tries-stop-solomon-islands-diplomatic-switch-beijing|title=Taiwan too late to stop Solomon Islands' diplomatic switch to Beijing|date=16 September 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

In June 2020 the Premier of [[Malaita Province]], a critic of the switch in recognition, accepted rice from Taiwan as state aid. This was criticised by the national government, who called on him to respect the country's foreign policy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/418746/solomons-province-chastised-for-pro-taiwan-stance |title=Solomons province chastised for pro-Taiwan stance |work=Radio NZ |date=11 June 2020 |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>

====Tuvalu====
[[File:11.01 總統會晤吐瓦魯總督 (38093830851).jpg|thumb|President Tsai visits Governor-General of Tuvalu [[Iakoba Italeli]] in November 2017]]

[[Tuvalu]] recognises the ROC; Taiwan maintains the only foreign resident embassy in Tuvalu, in [[Funafuti]].

Tuvalu supports the ROC's bid to join the United Nations, and Taiwan has provided Tuvalu with mobile medical missions.<ref name="RNZI_37244">{{cite news |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=37244 |title=Taiwan thanks Tuvalu for its backing |date=27 December 2007 |work=[[Radio New Zealand International]] |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref>

In 2006, Taiwan reacted to reports that the PRC was attempting to draw Tuvalu away from the ROC. Taiwan consequently strengthened its weakening diplomatic relations with Tuvalu.<ref>[http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=5582 "Taiwan: Seeking to Prevent Tuvalu from recognising China"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023430/http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=5582 |date=4 September 2015 }}, UNPO, 9 October 2006</ref>

In 2019{{snd}}shortly after Kiribati and the Solomon Islands ended their relations with the Republic of China{{snd}}Tuvalu reiterated their support for the ROC.<ref name="tv2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-50501747 |title=Tuvalu: Pacific Nation Turns Down Chinese Islands and Backs Taiwan |publisher=BBC |date=21 November 2019 |access-date=22 November 2019}}</ref>

====Vanuatu====
[[Vanuatu]] recognises the PRC. In November 2004, Prime Minister [[Serge Vohor]] briefly established diplomatic relations with Taiwan, before he was ousted for that reason in a vote of no confidence.<ref name="vanuatudaily.com">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120210143743/http://vanuatudaily.com/news/currentweek.php?misc=search&subaction=showfull&id=1142202701&archive=&cnshow=news&ucat=1&start_from=& "Chinese influence corrupting government: opposition leader"]}}, ''Vanuatu Daily'', 12 March 2006</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4101169.stm|title=Vanuatu scraps deal with Taiwan|date=16 December 2004|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref>

=== South America ===

====Argentina==== 
{{Excerpt|Argentina–Taiwan relations}}

====Brazil==== 
{{Excerpt|Brazil–Taiwan relations}}

====Chile==== 
{{Excerpt|Chile–Taiwan relations}}

====Paraguay====
{{Main|Paraguay–Taiwan relations}}

[[File:2016年5月20日總統就職 09.jpg|thumb|Paraguay President [[Horacio Cartes]] and President [[Tsai Ing-wen]] in Taiwan]]

Paraguay [[political status of Taiwan|recognizes Taiwan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Tom|last2=Urdinez|first2=Francisco|year=2020|title=Status at the Margins: Why Paraguay Recognizes Taiwan and Shuns China|journal=Foreign Policy Analysis|volume=17|article-number=oraa002 |language=en|doi=10.1093/fpa/oraa002|doi-access=free}}</ref> Paraguayan leader General [[Alfredo Stroessner]] was a partner of Generalissimo Chiang. Many Paraguayan officers trained in [[Fu Hsing Kang College]] in the ROC.<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas A. Marks|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=04QiOlNKQGEC}}|title=Counterrevolution in China: Wang Sheng and the Kuomintang|access-date=22 December 2016}}</ref>

Stroessner's 1989 ousting and his successor [[Andrés Rodríguez (President)|Andrés Rodríguez]]'s reinventing himself as a democratically elected president, were immediately followed by invitations from Beijing to switch diplomatic recognition.<ref name="Marks, p. 301">Marks, p. 301</ref> However, the Taiwanese ambassador, [[Wang Sheng (general)|Wang Sheng]], and his diplomats were able to convince the Paraguayans that continuing the relationship with the ROC, and thus keeping the ROC's development assistance and access to the ROC's markets, would be more advantageous for Paraguay.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marks |first=Thomas A. |publisher=Frank Cass |title=Counterrevolution in China : Wang Sheng and the Kuomintang |date=1996 |isbn=0714647004 |location=London |page=301 |oclc=34410395}}</ref> Recognition of Taiwan was a matter of debate in the [[2023 Paraguayan general election]], with bilateral relations maintained after the results.<ref name="2023election">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/01/paraguays-taiwan-ties-safe-as-ruling-party-retains-presidency |language=en-GB |date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2023-05-01 |title=Paraguay's Taiwan ties safe as ruling party retains presidency |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

====Peru==== 
{{Excerpt|Peru–Taiwan relations}}

====Venezuela====
{{Main|Taiwan–Venezuela relations}}

In 2007, the Venezuelan government refused to renew visas for five members of the ROC commercial representation in Caracas.<ref>''[[International Herald Tribune]]''[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/07/18/asia/AS-GEN-Taiwan-Venezuela.phpReport: Taiwanese diplomats may have to leave Venezuela]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (18 July 2007). Retrieved 19 December 2007</ref>

Relations with Venezuela have worsened because of the increasing partnership between the socialist government of [[Hugo Chávez]] and the People's Republic of China, which has led to a more overt rejection of the [[Taiwan]]'s [[Legitimacy (political science)|legitimacy]] by Venezuela. During the [[2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis]], Taiwan has been supportive of [[Juan Guaidó]] and the opposition-led [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly]].

==Multilateral relations==
===Arab world===
[[File:Ma Bufang and Muhammad Naguib.jpg|left|thumb|Egyptian President [[Muhammad Naguib]] with [[Hui people|Chinese Muslim]] [[Kuomintang]] [[National Revolutionary Army]] General [[Ma Bufang]]]]
[[File:1955 Ma Bufang with KMT ambassador to Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|ROC Chinese Muslim [[National Revolutionary Army]] General Ma Bufang with the [[Kuomintang]] ambassador to Saudi Arabia in 1955]]
[[File:Ma Bufang and Family in Egypt 1954.jpg|thumb|Ma Bufang and family in Egypt in 1954]]

Egypt maintained relations until 1956, when [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] cut off relations and recognised the PRC. [[Ma Bufang]], who was then living in Egypt, was ordered to move to Saudi Arabia, and became the ROC ambassador to Saudi Arabia. [[Saudi Arabia]] ended its diplomatic relations with the ROC in 1990. Ambassador Wang Shi-ming was a Chinese Muslim, and the ROC ambassador to [[Kuwait]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Peter G. Gowing|date=July–August 1970|title=Islam in Taiwan|newspaper=Saudi Aramco World|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197004/islam.in.taiwan.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=7 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911170917/https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197004/islam.in.taiwan.htm|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref> The ROC also maintained relations with [[Libya]] and Saudi Arabia.

===European Union===
{{Main|Taiwan–European Union relations}}

The [[European Union]] has emphasized human rights in its relations with Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/taiwan/key_eu_policies/human_rights/index_en.htm |title=European Union – EEAS (European External Action Service) &#124; Human Rights |publisher=Europa (web portal) |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429070721/http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/taiwan/key_eu_policies/human_rights/index_en.htm |archive-date=29 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the largest source of [[foreign direct investment]] to Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taiwanembassy.org/public/Attachment/391216575571.pdf |title=Trade and Investment Relations between Taiwan and the EU |access-date=28 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911002123/http://www.taiwanembassy.org/public/Attachment/391216575571.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/editorial/taiwan-issues/2014/05/19/407984/Europe-Taiwan-partnership.htm |title=Europe-Taiwan partnership to inspire prosperity, stability |newspaper=[[The China Post]] |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=8 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025959/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/editorial/taiwan-issues/2014/05/19/407984/Europe-Taiwan-partnership.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[European Union]] has unofficial relations<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/taiwan/index_en.htm |title=European Union – EEAS (European External Action Service) &#124; EU and ROC |publisher=Europa (web portal) |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=10 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510125414/http://eeas.europa.eu/taiwan/index_en.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> with Taiwan through the [[European Economic and Trade Office]], which was opened on 10 March 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taiwanembassy.org/BE/ct.asp?xItem%3D80426%26CtNode%3D460%26mp%3D102%26xp1%3D |title=Taiwan–EU relations |access-date=31 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031180607/http://www.taiwanembassy.org/BE/ct.asp?xItem=80426&CtNode=460&mp=102&xp1= |archive-date=31 October 2014}}</ref> Taipei is one of the major trading partners via the [[European Free Trade Association]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.efta.int/~/media/files/publications/this-is-efta/this-is-efta-2012.pdf |title=2469-THIS-IS-EFTA-2012-06:1897-THIS-IS-EFTA-24 |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120223451/http://efta.int/~/media/Files/Publications/this-is-efta/this-is-EFTA-2012.pdf |archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> and a trading partner with the [[Eurozone]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecb.int/mopo/eaec/trade/html/index.en.html |title=ECB: External trade |publisher=European Central Bank |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=11 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311115652/http://www.ecb.int/mopo/eaec/trade/html/index.en.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Taiwanese passport]] holders with a listed [[National Identification Card (Taiwan)|identity card number]] do not require a [[Schengen visa]] to visit the [[Schengen Area]]; reciprocally, the ROC has also eliminated visa requirements for citizens of all EU countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://origin-www.roc-taiwan.org/portalOfDiplomaticMission_tc.html#ALL|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031051536/http://www.roc-taiwan.org/NO/ct.asp?xItem=176532&ctNode=6878&mp=517&nowPage=1&pagesize=45|url-status=dead |script-title=zh:中華民國駐外單位聯合網站|archive-date=31 October 2014|website=origin-www.roc-taiwan.org| title= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/pressroom/content/20101110IPR93914/html/MEPs-back-visa-waiver-for-Taiwan |title=MEPs back visa waiver for Taiwan |date=11 November 2010 |publisher=European Parliament |access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/taiwan/documents/news/schengen_entry_press_release_en.pdf |title=Press Release : Visits to the Schengen area: reminder |publisher=Europa (web portal) |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031052416/http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/taiwan/documents/news/schengen_entry_press_release_en.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> EU-Taiwan relations were debated in the [[European Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web |author=cs – čeština |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=CRE&reference=20110926&secondRef=ITEM-018&format=XML&language=EN |title=Debates – Monday, 26 September 2011 – EU-Taiwan trade (debate) |publisher=European Parliament |date=26 September 2011 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107155643/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=CRE&reference=20110926&secondRef=ITEM-018&format=XML&language=EN |url-status=live }}</ref> Sixteen EU member states have established offices in Taipei, along with some functional offices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/taiwan/eu_taiwan/eu_in_taiwan/index_en.htm |title=European Union – EEAS (European External Action Service) &#124; EU Presence in Taiwan |publisher=Europa (web portal) |date=29 May 2012 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721170208/http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/taiwan/eu_taiwan/eu_in_taiwan/index_en.htm |archive-date=21 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium is the unofficial diplomatic representation of Taiwan in the EU.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taiwanembassy.org/be/mp.asp?mp=102 |title=Portal of Republic of China (Taiwan) Diplomatic Missions |publisher=Taiwanembassy.org |access-date=15 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020033951/http://www.taiwanembassy.org/be/mp.asp?mp=102 |archive-date=20 October 2013 }}</ref> Chinese Taipei is an observer<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.oecd.org/countries/chinesetaipei/ |title=Chinese Taipei – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |doi=10.1787/5kgcf71l188x-en |publisher=Oecd.org |access-date=15 November 2013 |series=OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers |year=2011 |archive-date=7 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607030144/http://www.oecd.org/countries/chinesetaipei/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/trade/topics/trade-facilitation/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508220941/http://www.oecd.org/tad/facilitation/Chinese-Taipei_OECD-Trade-Facilitation-Indicators.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Trade Facilitation – OECD|archive-date=8 May 2015|website=oecd.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/governance/country-review_clp-10-5kmjlgt6j0wj |title=Country Review: Chinese Taipei &#124; OECD READ edition |language=fr |doi=10.1787/clp-10-5kmjlgt6j0wj |journal=OECD Journal: Competition Law and Policy |publisher=Keepeek.com |date=9 February 2006 |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=28 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628044548/http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/governance/country-review_clp-10-5kmjlgt6j0wj |url-status=live }}</ref> in the [[OECD]], which is headquartered in Paris, France. ROC's Civil Service Protection and Training Commission (CSPTC) and the Belgian Training Institute of the Federal Administration (TIFA) signed Memorandum of Understanding on 7 November 2014 for workshop attendance of [[public servants]] that highlighted leadership, innovation and conflict management, as well as global competitiveness strategies in [[Brussels]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=8742DCE7A2A28761&s=70A55789EB0B042E |script-title=zh:中華民國國家文官學院與比利時聯邦行政訓練學院簽署文官培訓及研究瞭解備忘錄 – 最新消息 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan) |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218190647/http://www.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=8742DCE7A2A28761&s=70A55789EB0B042E |url-status=live }}</ref> The EU rejects granting [[Mainland China]] [[market economy status]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/trade-society/news/eu-lawmakers-reject-granting-china-the-market-economy-status/|title=EU lawmakers reject granting China the market economy status|website=EURACTIV.com|date=12 May 2016|access-date=14 July 2017|archive-date=24 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524152817/http://www.euractiv.com/section/trade-society/news/eu-lawmakers-reject-granting-china-the-market-economy-status/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Overseas representation in Taiwan==
===Embassies===
[[File:The Diplomatic Quarter (使館特區) of Taiwan (中華民國), as seen from Lane 101, Tianmu West road (天母西路101巷) on 31 October 2017, around 1PM (Picture 1).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Embassy area]]

====Africa====
* {{SWZ}}

====Europe====
* {{Flag|Holy See}} ([[Vatican City]])

====North America====
* {{BLZ}}
* {{GUA}}
* {{HTI}}
* {{SKN}}
* {{LCA}}
* {{VCT}}

====Oceania====
* {{MHL}}
* {{PLW}}
* {{TUV}}

====South America====
* {{PAR}}

===Offices===
[[File:Taipei World Trade Center International Trade Building 20110709.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Office area]]

====Africa====
* {{NGA}}
* {{Flag|Somaliland}} 
* {{RSA}}

====Asia====
* {{BHR}}
* {{BRU}}
* {{IND}}
* {{IDN}}
* {{ISR}}
* {{JPN}}
* {{JOR}}
* {{KOR|name=Korea, Republic of (South Korea)}}
* {{KWT}}
* {{MYS}}
* {{MNG}}
* {{OMN}}
* {{PHL}}
* {{KSA}}
* {{SIN}}
* {{THA}}
* {{TUR|name=Türkiye}}
* {{UAE}}
* {{VNM}}

====Europe====
* {{AUT}}
* {{BEL}}
* {{CZE|name=Czechia}}
* {{DNK}}
* {{FIN}}
* {{FRA}}
* {{DEU}}
* {{HUN}}
* {{ITA}}
* {{LVA}}
* {{LTU}}
* {{LUX}}
* {{NLD}}
* {{POL}}
* {{RUS}}
* {{SVK}}
* {{ESP}}
* {{SWE}}
* {{SUI}}
* {{GBR}}

====North America====
* {{CAN}}
* {{MEX}}
* {{USA}}

====Oceania====
* {{AUS}}
* {{NZL}}
* {{PNG}}

====South America====
* {{ARG}}
* {{BRA}}
* {{CHL}}
* {{COL}}
* {{ECU}}
* {{PER}}

=== Multilateral organization in Taiwan ===
* [[File:Flag of Europe.svg|25px]] [[European Commission|European Union]] Taiwan Office – [[European Economic and Trade Office]]

==Free trade agreements==
* [[Guatemala]] – July 2005
* [[Paraguay]] – February 2018
* [[Eswatini]] – June 2018

==International organizations==
{{Excerpt|Taiwan and international organizations}}

==International agreements==
{{Incomplete list|date=March 2011}}
ROC is a party to major international treaties, including:
* Article 33<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legal.un.org/repertory/art33.shtml|title=Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs – Codification Division Publications|publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://legal.un.org/docs/?path=../repertory/art33/english/rep_orig_vol2_art33.pdf&lang=E|title=Official document of the United Nations|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> of [[United Nations Charter]].
* Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with United States of America.<ref name="ustraveldocs.com">{{cite web|title=Apply for a U.S. Visa Treaty Traders And Treaty Investors (E-1/E-2) – Taiwan (English)|url=http://www.ustraveldocs.com/tw/tw-niv-typee.asp|access-date=25 March 2018|website=ustraveldocs.com}}</ref>
* [[Metre Convention]] (associate as "Chinese Taipei")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bipm.org/en/convention/member_states/ |title=Metre Convention Member States and Associates |publisher=Bipm.org |date=6 February 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref>
* [[Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement]] with PRC (signed between [[Straits Exchange Foundation]] and [[Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits]] – for ROC and PRC respectively<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecfa.org.tw/EcfaAttachment/ECFADoc/ECFA.pdf |title=201057 |access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref> and included the topic of direct flights,<ref>[http://www.tsa.gov.tw/CustomerSet/tsa/tp_FlightScheduleCoast/u_fsout_v.asp?id={E3167C9C-76C7-4299-8393-75308DDB91BA}] {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and with the improving relations between mainland China and Taiwan, [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boca.gov.tw/ct.asp?CtNode=709&xItem=4900&mp=1 |script-title=zh:香港 – 外交部領事事務局全球資訊網 |publisher=Boca.gov.tw |date=31 August 2012 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=16 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916225611/http://www.boca.gov.tw/ct.asp?CtNode=709&xItem=4900&mp=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau]] was officially launched in Hong Kong and Macau, also [[Hong Kong Economic, Trade and Cultural Office]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hketco.hk/tc/welcome/index.html |script-title=zh:香港經濟貿易文化辦事處 – 歡迎辭 |publisher=Hketco.hk |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628103620/http://www.hketco.hk/tc/welcome/index.html |archive-date=28 June 2013  |title= }}</ref> and [[Macau Economic and Cultural Office]] was opened in Taiwan)

==Territorial disputes==
The ROC claims islands in the [[South China Sea]] on the same basis as its claim to historical Chinese territory retaining the borders dated prior to the [[Proclamation of the People's Republic of China|establishment of the PRC]] including [[Tibet]] and [[Outer Mongolia]]. Unlike its claims on the Asian mainland, however, the ROC actively pursues and defends some of its claims to these islands.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-12|title=Taiwan's South China Sea Policy Evolution|url=https://amti.csis.org/taiwan-scs-policy-evolution/|access-date=2021-05-12|website=Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative|language=en-US}}</ref> These include all of the [[Spratly Islands]], the [[Paracel Islands]], [[Macclesfield Bank]] and [[Scarborough Shoal]]. These islands are administered by a number of governments around the [[South China Sea]]. The ROC also claims the [[Senkaku Islands]], which are administered by Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taiwan's Policy toward the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands Dispute and the Implications for the US|url=https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/taiwans-policy-toward-the-diaoyu-senkaku-islands-dispute-and-the-implications-for-the-us/|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Association for Asian Studies|language=en-US|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509102735/https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/taiwans-policy-toward-the-diaoyu-senkaku-islands-dispute-and-the-implications-for-the-us/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Because [[ASEAN]] and the [[People's Republic of China]] did not invite the Republic of China to participate in the "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea", the Republic of China did not recognize it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/content.asp?cuItem=53456&mp=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108234158/https://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/content.asp?cuItem=53456&mp=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=2021-01-08|title=中華民國外交部 – 全球資訊網|date=8 January 2021}}</ref>

The PRC, in turn, asserts itself as the sole legitimate government of China, and claims all territories administered by the ROC.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

==Specialized diplomacy==

===Culinary diplomacy===
{{main|Culinary diplomacy#Taiwan}}
Taiwan emphasizes its [[Night markets in Taiwan|night markets]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rockower |first1=Paul |title=Taiwanese gastrodiplomacy 2.0 |date=3 December 2010 |url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=2&post=1551 |publisher=[[Taiwan Today]] |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> and the high rate of [[vegan]] eateries<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Ivan |title=Taiwan, Global Vegan Capital – An Eco-Friendly Lifestyle |url=https://www.taiwanembassy.org/se_en/post/1583.html |website=Taiwan Mission in Sweden |publisher=Taiwan Panorama |access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> among other aspects of its culinary culture in an effort to promote the nation globally.

In 2010, Taiwan launched a £20m [[culinary diplomacy]] campaign.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Booth |first1=Robert |title=Taiwan launches 'gastro-diplomacy' drive |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/08/taiwan-launches-gasto-diplomacy-drive |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=8 August 2010 |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>

===Medical diplomacy===
Taiwan's [[medical diplomacy]] began in 1961 with a team of medical professionals sent to Libya.<ref name="Sentinel 2019" /> In 2018 Taiwan set up a 2 million dollar healthcare fund for its Pacific [[island nation]] allies.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chung |first1=Lawrence |title=Taiwan sets up US$2 million health care fund for Pacific island nations amid diplomatic tussle with Beijing |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2162908/taiwan-sets-us2-million-health-care-fund-pacific-island-nations |work=South China Morning Post|date=5 September 2018 |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> Taiwan officially refers to most of its medical diplomacy as public health diplomacy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tseng |first1=Esther |title=The Power of Friendship |url=https://www.taiwan-panorama.com/en/Articles/Details?Guid=38a9b402-d5ff-4c01-8d00-ae5ed4bd3bf9&CatId=7 |work=Taiwan Panorama |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>

Medical diplomacy has formed a key part of Taiwan's outreach to regional countries, especially in Southeast Asia. It is one of the five key components of the New Southbound Policy. Unlike medical diplomacy under previous programs under the NSP medical diplomacy is not focused on providing direct medical care or basic public health programs but on providing high-level professional skill transfers.<ref name="Sentinel 2019" >{{cite web |last1=Hui Yan |first1=Ho |title=Taiwan Spreads Diplomatic Wings Through Regional Health Care |url=https://www.asiasentinel.com/p/taiwan-diplomatic-wings-regional-health-care |work=Asia Sentinel |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>

====Epidemic prevention diplomacy====
{{Further|Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan}}
Local media has referred to Taiwan's medical diplomacy related to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] as "epidemic prevention diplomacy".<ref>{{cite news |author1=Michael Peel |author2=Kathrin Hille |title=Taiwan in talks over gift of coronavirus masks to EU |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e47a8cf4-786d-4367-a589-054a6a198840 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e47a8cf4-786d-4367-a589-054a6a198840 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |work=Financial Times|date=April 2020 |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> In March 2020 Australia and Taiwan agreed to exchange 1 million liters of Australian [[Ethanol|alcohol]] to be used in making [[hand sanitizer]] for 3 metric tons of Taiwanese [[nonwoven fabric]] to be used in making facial masks.<ref>{{cite web |first2=Joseph|last2=Yeh |first1=Wu |last1=Po-wei |title=Taiwan, Australia to exchange raw materials to fight COVID-19 |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/business/202003300027 |website=focustaiwan.tw |date=30 March 2020 |publisher=Focus Taiwan |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>

=== Drone diplomacy ===
In 2025 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs launched a drone diplomacy program with the intent of supplying uncrewed vehicles to diplomatic allies,regional partners, and those facing Russian aggression especially in Europe. The effort would be facilitated in partnership with the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Taiwanese domestic industry.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lin |first1=Sean |title=Taiwan to launch 'drone diplomacy' initiative to aid allies |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202510220025 |website=focustaiwan.tw |publisher=Focus Taiwan |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kesteloo |first1=Haye |title=TAIWAN LAUNCHES “DRONE DIPLOMACY” INITIATIVE TO SUPPLY ALLIES FACING RUSSIAN THREATS |url=https://dronexl.co/2025/10/23/taiwan-drone-diplomacy-initiative/ |website=dronexl.co |publisher=DroneXL |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref>

==Transport and communications==
===Air links===
[[File:CHINA AIRLINES B747-409 (B-162 24310 778) (4528145712).jpg|thumb|A [[China Airlines]] [[Boeing 747-400]] in old livery, bearing the [[ROC flag]]]]

The dispute over Taiwan's status affects the island's air links with the outside world, particularly Europe, North America and Australia.

For many years, [[Mandarin Airlines]], a subsidiary of Taiwan's national airline, [[China Airlines]] (CAL), served many international destinations that CAL did not because of political sensitivities. However, in 1995 CAL dropped the [[national colours]] from its [[Aircraft livery|livery]], and now flies to international destinations under its own name. Many countries' national airlines similarly set up special subsidiaries, known as "shadow airlines", to operate services to Taipei, with a different name, and livery omitting national symbols. [[British Airways]]' subsidiary, [[British Asia Airways]], operated flights to London, [[KLM]]'s subsidiary, [[KLM Asia]], operated flights to [[Amsterdam]], and [[Swissair]]'s subsidiary, [[Swissair Asia]], operated flights to [[Zürich]], [[Air France Asie]] operated flights to Paris, [[Japan Air Lines]] established a subsidiary called [[Japan Asia Airways]] to operate flights to Tokyo, while [[Qantas]] had a subsidiary called [[Australia Asia Airlines]], which operated flights to Sydney. These subsidiaries ceased operations when their parent companies were privatized or went bankrupt (in Swissair's case), with KLM Asia being the only remaining active shadow subsidiary. Other countries' flag carriers, such as Germany's [[Lufthansa]], operated flights to Taipei using an existing subsidiary (in Lufthansa's case, [[Condor Airlines|Condor]]).

Before the completion of the second runway at New Tokyo International Airport (now [[Narita International Airport]]) in Chiba, Japan, airlines from Taiwan were required to utilize [[Haneda Airport|Haneda International Airport]] for their Tokyo routes in order not to offend the airlines from the PRC that flew to Narita. [[All Nippon Airways]], however, used an existing subsidiary, [[Air Nippon]]. With the implementation of a new Japan-Taiwan air agreement, JAL and ANA took over flight operations between Japan and Taiwan in April 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jal.com/en/history/history/jal/age_04-10.html|title=History of JAL – History of JAL|website=jal.com}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ana.co.jp/eng/aboutana/press/2007/080123.html|title=Press Release|website=ana.co.jp}}</ref>

Beginning July 2008, charter flights between mainland China and Taiwan, which were traditionally only allowed on special holidays such as Chinese New Year, were significantly expanded.

China has begun compelling foreign airlines with landing privileges in the mainland to identify Taiwanese destinations as if they were part of the mainland government, e.g. T'aipei CN instead of T'aipei TW.

===Telecommunications===
[[List of country calling codes|International dialling code]]s were assigned by the [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU), an agency of the [[United Nations]], to its member states and their dependencies in the 1960s. Despite the [[Republic of China]] on Taiwan still being a member of the UN, and hence the ITU, other member states declared that "the only representatives of the people of China are the delegates to the ITU and its permanent organs appointed by the [[Central government of the People's Republic of China|Central Government of the People's Republic of China]]".<ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22the+people+of+China+are+the+delegates+to+the+I.T.U+and+its+permanent%22 ''White Book''], Volume 1, [[ITU-T|International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee]], [[International Telecommunication Union]], 1969, p. 100</ref> This led to the [[People's Republic of China]] being assigned the country code 86.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=IcVjAAAAIAAJ&q=%22China%22 ''White Book''], Volume 2, Part 1, [[ITU-T|International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee]], [[International Telecommunication Union]], 1969, p. 10</ref> Consequently, in the early 1970s, Taiwan had to be unofficially assigned a separate code, 886, although there was pressure from China to change this to 866.<ref name="Daily">[https://books.google.com/books?id=QtEsAAAAMAAJ&q=%22dialing+code%22 ''Daily Report: People's Republic of China''], Issues 91-97, United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service
National Technical Information Service, 1994, p. 54</ref> This had to be listed as "reserved",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/ob-lists/icc/e164_763.pdf|title=List of ITU-T Recommendation E.164,  Assigned Country Codes, (Position on 1 May 2002)|website=www.itu.int}}</ref> but in 2006, the code was formally allocated to "[[Taiwan, China]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/ob-lists/icc/e164_763.pdf|title=List of ITU-T Recommendation E.164, Assigned Country Codes, (Position on 1 May 2005)}}</ref><ref>[https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-OB.870-2006-OAS-PDF-E.pdf ITU Operational Bulletin], No. 870 – 4</ref>

Codes in the +86 6 number range have since been allocated to cities in mainland China; for example, the area code for [[Shanwei]] is 0660.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=cge3AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Shanwei%22%20%220660%22 ''China Economic News''], Vol. 17, Issues 26-50, p. 10</ref> Consequently, calls from mainland China to Taiwan require the international access code and country code 00886.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7cUuAQAAIAAJ&q=%2200886%22%20taipei ''Beijing Review''], Vol. 37, 1994, p. 33</ref>

== See also ==
* [[China and the United Nations]]
* [[Foreign relations of China|Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China]]
* [[Foreign relations of Hong Kong]]
* [[Foreign relations of Macau]]
* [[Freedom pineapples]]
* [[History of Cross-Strait Relations]]
* [[International rankings of Taiwan]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions of Taiwan]]
* [[Milk Tea Alliance]]
* [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)]]
* [[Visa policy of Taiwan]]
* [[Wolf warrior diplomacy]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Library resources box}}
* Carpenter, Ted Galen. "The United States and the Taiwan Time Bomb." in ''Routledge Handbook of Asia in World Politics'' By Teh-Kuang Chang & Angelin Chang (Routledge, 2017) pp.&nbsp;169–177. [https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Handbook-of-Asia-in-World-Politics/Chang-Chang/p/book/9781138927131 contents]
* Chang, Gordon H. "To the nuclear brink: Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Quemoy-Matsu crisis." ''International Security'' 12.4 (1988): 96–123.
* Chiang, F. ''The One-China Policy: state, sovereignty, and Taiwan's international legal status'' (Elsevier, 2018).
* Copper, John Franklin. ''Taiwan: Nation-state or province?'' (7th ed. Routledge, 2019).
* Copper, John F. ''China Diplomacy: The Washington-Taipei-Beijing Triangle'' (Routledge, 2019).
* de Lisle, J. ''Taiwan: Sovereignty and participation in international organizations'' (Philadelphia: Foreign Policy Research Institute, 2011).
* Finkelstein, David. ''Washington's Taiwan dilemma, 1949–1950: from abandonment to salvation'' (Naval Institute Press, 2014).
* Green, Michael J. ''By more than providence: Grand strategy and American power in the Asia Pacific since 1783'' (Columbia UP, 2017) [https://cup.columbia.edu/book/by-more-than-providence/9780231180429 online]
* Kingston, Jeff. "Shadow boxing: Japan's para-diplomacy with Taiwan." in ''Japan's Foreign Relations in Asia'' (Routledge, 2018) pp.&nbsp;227–243.
* Lee, Wei-chin. "US arms transfer policy to Taiwan: from Carter to Clinton." ''Journal of Contemporary China'' 9.23 (2000): 53–75.
* Lee, Shyu-tu, Douglas Paal, and Charles Glaser. "Disengaging from Taiwan: Should Washington Continue Its Alliance With Taipei?." ''Foreign Affairs'' (2011): 179–182. {{JSTOR|23039619}}
* Lee, Wei-chin. ''Taiwan's Political Re-Alignment and Diplomatic Challenges'' (2018).
* Marinaccio, Jess. "Domestic and bilateral challenges to building relationality in [[cultural diplomacy]]: Tuvalu's performative cultural diplomacy in Taiwan." ''International Journal of Cultural Policy'' (2019): 1–16.
* Pantsov, Alexander V. ''Victorious in Defeat: The Life and Times of Chiang Kai-shek, China, 1887–1975'' (Yale University Press, 2023). {{ISBN|978-0300260205}}
* [[Rawnsley, Gary D.]] ''Taiwan's informal diplomacy and propaganda'' (Springer, 2000).
* Rawnsley, Gary. "Soft Power Rich, Public Diplomacy Poor: An Assessment of Taiwan's External Communications." ''China Quarterly'' 232 (2017): 982–1001.
* [[Rigger, Shelley]]. ''Why Taiwan matters: Small island, global powerhouse'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2013).
* Stolper, Thomas E. ''China, Taiwan and the offshore islands'' (Routledge, 2017).
* Sutter, Robert G., and William Oscar Johnson. ''Taiwan in world affairs'' (Routledge, 1994) [https://books.google.com/books?id=7AeiDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sutter%2C+Robert+G.%2C+and+William+Oscar+Johnson.+Taiwan+in+world+affairs.+Routledge%2C+2019.&pg=PT4 excerpt].
* [[Tucker, Nancy Bernkopf]]. ''Strait talk: United States-Taiwan relations and the crisis with China'' (Harvard University Press, 2009).

== External links ==
{{Commons category|International relations of the Republic of China}}
* [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan)"]

{{portal bar|Politics|Republic of China}}
{{Foreign relations of Taiwan |state = expanded}}
{{Asia topic|Foreign relations of}}
{{Cross-Strait relations}}
{{Taiwan topics}}
{{Foreign relations of states with limited recognition}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Foreign Relations Of Taiwan}}
[[Category:Foreign relations of Taiwan| ]]
[[Category:Cross-strait relations]]