View source for Formula One car

{{Short description|Class of formula race car}}
{{For|a summary of the technical and sporting regulations of Formula One racing|Formula One regulations}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}

{{Formula One|related}}

A '''Formula One car''' or '''F1 car''' is a single-seater, open-cockpit, [[open-wheel racing car|open-wheel]] formula racing car used to compete in [[Formula One]] racing events. A typical F1 car is characterised by substantial front and rear wings, large wheels, and [[turbocharged]] engines [[mid-engine design|positioned behind the driver]]. The cars are constructed of [[carbon fibre]] and other composite materials for durability and are built to withstand high impact forces and considerable [[G force]]s. 

Early F1 cars were simpler in design with no wings, front mounted engines. These cars also required significant driver effort for control. Later improvements saw the introduction of lighter cars as resulted by metallurgical advancements, introduction of [[ground effect (cars)|ground effect]], and the addition of wings and other aerodynamic devices, and control electronics. The introduction of turbocharged engines in the sport along with higher efficiency, and [[energy recovery system|energy recovery systems]] to boost speeds, led to faster and more efficient F1 cars.

Modern F1 cars are composed of carbon fibre [[monocoque|monocoques]] with open cockpits consisting of a single driver seat and detachable [[steering]]. An F1 power unit, a 1.6 L turbo hybrid [[V6 engine]], is capable of producing up to {{cvt|950|hp}}. This enables the car to reach speeds of up to {{cvt|375|kph}}. It uses a [[semi-automatic transmission|semi-automatic gear box]] with an eight-speed [[transmission (car)|transmission]] and electro-hydraulic components for steering the car. The 18-inch wheels are fitted with [[slick tyres]] during normal dry conditions, and are fitted with carbon [[disc brakes]] capable of handling temperatures of up to {{cvt|1000|C}}. The wings act as inverted [[aerofoil]]s to produce negative [[lift (force)|lift]], resulting in increased down force.

The regulations governing the cars are specified by the [[FIA]] and have undergone considerable changes since their introduction in the late 1940s. The cars are constructed and operated by the [[Formula One constructors|constructors]] in racing events, though the design and manufacture can be outsourced. Since the 2000s, several changes have been made by the FIA, which are aimed at sustainability and cost reduction, such as the cap on car parts, usage of mixed fuel, and usage of energy recovery systems. It has also sought to reduce the downforce and limit speeds, while simplifying car design and improving close racing. Cars have also been made safer with durable materials, improvement in [[Safety in Formula One|safety]] features and the recent addition of the [[Halo (safety device)|halo]].

== History ==
{{see|Formula One regulations}}
[[File:Ferrari 625A at Silverstone Classic 2011 noBG.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Early F1 cars were simpler with no wings and front mounted engines.]]

The early F1 cars were simpler in design with no wings, front mounted [[engines]], and required significant driver effort for control. In the early 1960s, lighter cars with [[aluminum]] [[chassis]] were introduced with the addition of wings towards the end of the decade. In the 1970s, understanding of [[aerodynamics]] began to impact car design significantly, with the introduction of nose boxes in the front, and [[air box]]es behind the driver to increase air flow to the engine. The advent of [[Ground effect (cars)|ground effect]] cars in the 1980s, allowed a significant increase in [[downforce]] with a small [[Aerodynamic drag|drag]] penalty. With continuous improvement in engines and the introduction of [[turbochargers]], the cars produced an increased amount of thrust.<ref name="Evol">{{cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/us-en/evolution-of-f1-cars|title=Evolution of F1 cars|work=[[Red Bull Racing]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The maximum permitted width of the cars was {{cvt|2150|mm}} with a {{cvt|1500|mm}} front axle and {{cvt|1000|mm}} wide rear axle, and the maximum width was reduced to {{cvt|2000|mm}} in {{f1|1994}}.<ref name="Dimen">{{cite web|url=https://www.f1technical.net/features/23219|title=Bodywork rules|work=F1technical.net|date=11 June 2021 |access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803130019/https://www.f1technical.net/features/23219|url-status=live}}</ref> 

Following the [[1994 San Marino Grand Prix]], a number of changes were introduced, which led to the development of modern day F1 cars. A {{cvt|10|mm}} thick wooden [[skid block]] was added on the underside of the body to enforce minimum [[ground clearance]]. In the following seasons, several modifications were introduced, the underbody plank was lengthened and a {{cvt|50|mm}} tall, {{cvt|500|mm}} wide block was added on top of the plank to minimize the ground effect. The height of the front wing was increased from {{cvt|40 to 50|mm}} and the maximum height was reduced to {{cvt|200|mm}} above the reference plane. A step wise design was introduced with reduced side pods, [[engine cowling]], and exclusion zones were added around the wheels to prevent any bodywork in the area apart from the [[Car suspension|suspension]].<ref name="Dimen"/>

[[File:Williams FW15C front-left 2017 Williams Conference Centre.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|The structure of modern F1 cars developed in the 1990s.]]

Since the 1990s, improved electronics were incorporated to increase the efficiency, handling and reliability of the cars. Since the 2000s, with [[computer aided design]], teams have been able to produce more efficient cars, with several changes aimed at sustainability and cost reduction, such as the cap on car parts, usage of mixed fuel, and usage of [[energy recovery system]]s.<ref name="Evol"/> In the 2000s, the front height was increased progressively to {{cvt|150|mm}} and the maximum width and height were defined as {{cvt|500|mm}} and {{cvt|950|mm}} respectively. [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA) enacted further changes to the body structure over the subsequent years to improve racing such as changes to the structure and height of the front wing, and changes to the floor design. The governing body outlawed several structures introduced by the teams, including double [[Diffuser (automotive)|diffuser]]s, modified [[Exhaust system|exhaust ducts]], and extra aerodynamic elements such as [[sharklets]], cooling slots, [[winglets]] and [[dive planes]]. Modifiable front wings were also trialled in {{f1|2009}} and the [[drag reduction system]] (DRS) was introduced in {{f1|2011}}. The latest rules in the late 2010s introduced simpler front wings, which reduced the intake of dirty air from the cars in front, and enabled closer racing.<ref name="Dimen"/> The underside of the vehicle was required to be flat between the axles with the wear of skid block limited to a maximum of {{cvt|1|mm}} during the race.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/115F0A1E47E0A282C12573FB0042CB0D/$FILE/1-2008%20F1%20TECHNICAL%20REGULATIONS%2022-02-2008.pdf|title=2008 Formula One Technical Regulations|work=[[FIA]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511170606/http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/115F0A1E47E0A282C12573FB0042CB0D/$FILE/1-2008%20F1%20TECHNICAL%20REGULATIONS%2022-02-2008.pdf|archive-date=11 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> The latest regulations which came into effect in {{f1|2022}} with the intention of enabling closer racing, simplified the aerodynamic components, which reduced [[vortices]], and created more ground effect.<ref>{{cite web|title=Formula 1 in 2022: Explaining the new rules and car changes as teams prepare for first launches|url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12524402/formula-1-in-2022-explaining-the-new-rules-and-car-changes-as-teams-prepare-for-first-launches|access-date=10 February 2023|work=[[Sky Sports]]|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210030411/https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12524402/formula-1-in-2022-explaining-the-new-rules-and-car-changes-as-teams-prepare-for-first-launches|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Morlidge|first=Matt|date=4 February 2022|title=Formula 1 in 2022: Explaining the new rules and car changes as teams prepare for first launches|url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12524402/formula-1-in-2022-explaining-the-new-rules-and-car-changes-as-teams-prepare-for-first-launches|url-status=live|access-date=10 February 2023|work=[[Sky Sports]]|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210030411/https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12524402/formula-1-in-2022-explaining-the-new-rules-and-car-changes-as-teams-prepare-for-first-launches }}</ref>

== Design ==
[[File:FIA F1 Austria 2022 Nr. 55 Sainz (2) (edited).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Modern F1 cars feature elaborate aerodynamic elements.]]

The modern Formula One car is a [[single-seater cars|single-seat]], open-cockpit, [[open-wheel racing car|open-wheel]] racing car with substantial front and rear wings, large wheels, and a [[turbocharged]] engine [[mid-engine design|positioned behind the driver]]. The [[monocoque]] is constructed of reinforced [[carbon fiber]], lined with [[kevlar]] and fire resistant materials to protect the driver from high impact crashes and fires. The driver cockpit consists of single seat with a detachable [[steering wheel]] in the front. A [[Halo (safety device)|halo]] safety device mounted on top of the open cockpit was introduced in {{f1|2018}}. Two front and rear wheels are bolted to the suspension and the engine is mounted behind the driver. The front and rear wings are aerodynamic surfaces fitted on the extremes.<ref name="Design">{{cite web|url=https://www.fortloc.com/pages/articles/motorsportgen2/F1Car/|title=Parts of Formula One car|work=Fortloc|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=20 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720090300/https://www.fortloc.com/pages/articles/motorsportgen2/F1Car/|url-status=live}}</ref> The minimum weight permissible is {{cvt|798|kg}} including the driver, while fitted with [[Formula One tyres|dry-weather tyres]] and no fuel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/technical_regulations/8711/|title=Technical Regulations – Weight|work=[[FIA]]|access-date=21 January 2013|archive-date=26 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226191923/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/technical_regulations/8711/|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/Scrutineering_and_weighing.html|title=Scrutineering and weighing|work=[[FIA]]|access-date=24 June 2018|archive-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624232757/https://www.formula1.com/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/Scrutineering_and_weighing.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The cars are limited to dimensions of {{cvt|5.63|m}} in length, {{cvt|2|m}} in width, and {{cvt|0.9|m}} in height.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1-vs-f2-top-speed-car-sizes-race-weekends-and-more-compared/10500369/|title=F1 vs F2 compared|work=Motorsport.com|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== Components ==
=== Engine and fuel ===
{{Main|Formula One engines}}

[[File:Cosworth_DFV_in_Tyrrell_008.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|A [[Cosworth]] [[Cosworth DFV|DFV]] [[V8 engine]] fitted to a [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]], used from the late 1960s to early 1980s.]]

Since its inception, Formula One has used a number of different [[engine]] [[Formula One regulations|regulations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mclaren.com/racing/car/history-of-the-f1-engine/|title=McLaren Racing - History of the F1 engine|work=[[McLaren Racing]]|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=18 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318192041/https://www.mclaren.com/racing/car/history-of-the-f1-engine/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="E1">{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1-dictionary.net/engine_rule_changes_history.html|title=F1 Engine rule change through the years|work=Formula1 dictionary|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111173531/http://www.formula1-dictionary.net/engine_rule_changes_history.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the early years, a [[front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout]] was used with a 4.5&nbsp;[[liter|L]] [[naturally aspirated]] or a 1.5&nbsp;L [[supercharged]] engine capable of an output power of up to {{cvt|425|hp|kW|disp=flip}}. Progressively the [[engine capacity]] and power were reduced, and was limited to 0.75&nbsp;L with compressor or 2.5&nbsp;L without one during the late 1950s. In 1961, the engine was [[mid-engine design|positioned behind the driver]] and the capacity was regulated to 1300&ndash;1500 cc with a power output of 150&ndash;225 hp without supercharging. In 1966, FIA increased engine capacity and allowed up to 3.0&nbsp;L atmospheric with a power range of {{cvt|390-500|hp|kW|disp=flip}} or 1.5&nbsp;L supercharged with a power range of {{cvt|500-900|hp|kW|disp=flip}}. While the basic structure and configuration of a Formula One remained same since the late 1960s, the power output of the engines increased progressively to {{cvt|1400|hp|kW|disp=flip}} at 12000 [[rpm]] in 1986. In 1987-88, [[turbocharged]] eight-cylinder engines were introduced alongside atmospheric engines with fuel caps for races introduced for turbocharged engines. Turbochargers were banned from [[1989 Formula One season|1989]] with 3.0&nbsp;L engines becoming the norm in the 1990s and led to the introduction of [[V10 engine|V10]] and [[V12 engine]]s.<ref name="E1"/><ref name="E2">{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1-dictionary.net/engine.html|title=Formula 1 Engine|work=Formula1 dictionary|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035405/http://www.formula1-dictionary.net/engine.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:BMW M12-13 BMW-Museum.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|left|A four-cylinder 1.5&nbsp;L [[turbocharged|turbo]] [[BMW]] engine from the 1980s.]]

The teams started constructing engine components using advanced metal alloys such as [[titanium]] and [[beryllium]], which reduced weight and improved the efficiency and durability. FIA outlawed the use of these towards the late 1990s with only [[iron]] and [[aluminum]] permitted. The introduction of [[pneumatic valve springs]] in the same period allowed the engines to reach up to 20,000 rpm.<ref name="E2"/> For a decade, the F1 cars had run with 3.0&nbsp;L naturally aspirated V10 engines producing {{cvt|980-1000|hp|kW|disp=flip}} of power with top speeds of up to {{cvt|375|kph}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Villeneuve: A peak of 375 km/h|url=https://www.auto123.com/fr/course-automobile/bvilleneuve-une-pointe-de-375kmh-la-semaine-derniereb?artid=48003|url-status=live|access-date=20 January 2022|work=Auto123|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422204333/https://www.auto123.com/fr/course-automobile/bvilleneuve-une-pointe-de-375kmh-la-semaine-derniereb?artid=48003}}</ref> Though the FIA continually enforced material and design restrictions to limit power, the V10s in the [[2005 Formula One World Championship|2005 season]] were reported to develop {{cvt|980|hp|kW|disp=flip}}, power levels not seen since the ban on turbocharged engines in 1989. Before the [[2006 Formula One season|2006 season]], FIA introduced a new engine formula, which mandated cars to be powered by 2.4 liter naturally aspirated [[V8 engine]] configuration, with no more than four valves per cylinder and banned variable intake trumpets. For the [[2009 Formula One season|2009 season]], the engines were limited to 18,000 rpm to improve engine reliability and cut costs.<ref name="E1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/technical_regulations/8699/fia.html|title=F1 2010 Technical Regulations – Engines and KERS|work=[[FIA]]|access-date=23 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100115010921/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/technical_regulations/8699/fia.html|archive-date=15 January 2010}}</ref> In 2012, the engines consumed around {{cvt|450|L|cuft}} of air per second with a race fuel consumption rate of {{cvt|75|L/100km}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5280.html|title=Engine / gearbox|work=Formula1|access-date=17 March 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120412041247/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5280.html|archive-date=12 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:ATL-F1-Fuel-Bladder.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Crash resistant [[fuel bladder]]s, reinforced with [[kevlar]] are used.]]

For the [[2014 Formula One season|2014 season]], FIA introduced 1.6&nbsp;L six-cylinder turbocharged engines with a [[kinetic energy recovery system]] (KERS) to increase fuel-efficiency.<ref name="E1"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Benson|first=Andrew|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/13878359|title=Formula 1 bosses confirm engines will not change until 2014|work=[[BBC News]]|date=29 June 2011|access-date=17 March 2012|archive-date=3 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903040719/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/formula_one/13878359.stm|url-status=live }}</ref> For {{F1|2022}}, a modified V6 configuration was introduced with a more powerful KERS.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/formula-1s-2021-regulations-whats-new-for-2021-5115288/5115288/|title=Formula 1's 2021 regulations: What's new for 2021?|date=15 Jan 2021|work=Autosport|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913104046/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/formula-1s-2021-regulations-whats-new-for-2021-5115288/5115288/|url-status=live}}</ref> Over the years, FIA has been gradually reducing the overall allocation of engines per season and with the increasing number of races, each engine is expected to last for at least {{cvt|2000|km}}. FIA had also introduced standardization of certain engine parts and cap on engine components to reduce costs with grid penalties applied for drivers who exceed the allocation.<ref name="E1"/> As per the current regulations, a maximum of five power units are allowed per season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.speedcafe.com/2017/11/01/formula-1-unveils-2021-engine-plans/|title=Formula 1 unveils 2021 engine plans|work=Speedcafe|date=1 November 2017|access-date=8 September 2020|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107131517/https://www.speedcafe.com/2017/11/01/formula-1-unveils-2021-engine-plans/|url-status=live}}</ref> The engine is located between the driver and the rear axle and is bolted to the cockpit at the front end, and transmission and rear suspension at the back end.<ref name="E2"/>

The [[fuel]] used in F1 cars is a mixture of [[unleaded petrol]] and [[ethanol]] with a tightly controlled mixture ratio. As a part of the regulation change in 2022, the ethanol content was increased from 5.75% to 10%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.planetf1.com/features/major-changes-f1-2022-season/|title=All the major changes for the F1 2022 season|author=Jamie Woodhouse|work=PlanetF1|date=28 February 2022|access-date=28 February 2023|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407161356/https://www.planetf1.com/features/major-changes-f1-2022-season/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-on-course-to-deliver-100-sustainable-fuels-for-2026.1szcnS0ehW3I0HJeelwPam|title=Formula 1 on course to deliver 100% sustainable fuels for 2026|date=26 June 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Formula 1|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522213843/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-on-course-to-deliver-100-sustainable-fuels-for-2026.1szcnS0ehW3I0HJeelwPam|url-status=live}}</ref> Cars were allowed to be refuelled during the race till 2010, after which refuelling was banned. The cars are stipulated to carry a maximum fuel of 110 kg per race, with at least 1 kg to be made available to the FIA for post race inspection. Any abnormalities in the fuel or failure to provide the sample results in disqualification from the race.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/why-was-refuelling-banned-in-f1/10555079/|title=Why was refuelling banned in F1? History of refuelling and previous accidents|date=27 December 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Motorsport.com|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106200015/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/why-was-refuelling-banned-in-f1/10555079/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[fuel bladder]] is made of high-quality rubber lined with [[kevlar]] for protection against crashes and is located in front of the engine, behind the cockpit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.racecar-engineering.com/articles/f1/technology-explained-f1-fuel-systems/|title=Formula 1 fuel systems|date=7 May 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Racecar engineering|archive-date=15 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415212147/https://www.racecar-engineering.com/articles/f1/technology-explained-f1-fuel-systems/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://f1chronicle.com/formula-1-fuel-tank-safety-formula-1-technology/|title=Formula 1 Fuel Tank Safety Explained|date=7 August 2024|access-date=1 November 2024|work=F1 Chronicle|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620164150/https://f1chronicle.com/formula-1-fuel-tank-safety-formula-1-technology/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Steering and transmission ===
[[File:Toyota steering wheel 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|A typical electronic steering wheel used in a F1 car.]]

A typical steering wheel used in a F1 car is an electronic control with an array of knobs, buttons and levers. It is made of carbon fibre with titanium, [[silicon]], [[fibreglass]], and [[copper]] parts. It has two driver handles on the sides with a [[LCD display]] in the center, [[LED]] gear shift lights at the top and gear shift paddles in the back. The steering wheel is used to control various functions of the car such as gears, engine revolutions, fuel&ndash;air mix, brake balance, differential mapping, among others. The display displays various data points including engine parameters, gears, temperature and time. The steering wheel is also used to access the [[radio]] and control the drinking mechanism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/news/how-does-an-f1-steering-wheel-work|title=How Does an F1 Steering Wheel Work?|work=[[Mercedes F1]]|access-date=28 October 2024|archive-date=23 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823212435/https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/news/how-does-an-f1-steering-wheel-work|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/accelerator/40976/how-does-an-f1-steering-wheel-work|title=How Does an F1 Steering Wheel Work?|work=The Drive|date=17 June 2021 |access-date=28 October 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919232605/https://www.thedrive.com/accelerator/40976/how-does-an-f1-steering-wheel-work|url-status=live}}</ref> It weighs about {{cvt|1.3|kg}} and can cost about $50,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jalopnik.com/5785331/the-70000-steering-wheels-of-formula-1|title=The $50,000 steering wheels of Formula 1|work=Jalopnik|date=25 March 2011|access-date=28 October 2012|archive-date=15 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215103537/http://jalopnik.com/5785331/the-70000-steering-wheels-of-formula-1|url-status=live }}</ref> 

[[File:F1 Gearbox.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|The gearbox and rear suspension from a [[Lotus T127]] in [[2010 Formula One season|2010 season]].]]

While conventional [[manual gearbox]]es were used earlier,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.f1rejects.com/teams/forti/profile.html|title=Forti-Corse – full profile|work=F1rejects|access-date=29 October 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071010053720/http://www.f1rejects.com/teams/forti/profile.html|archive-date=10 October 2007 }}</ref> modern Formula One cars use [[semi-automatic transmission|semi-automatic]] [[sequential manual transmission|sequential]] [[gearbox]]es with a [[rear-wheel-drive]]. It has eight forward gears and a reverse gear operated with paddle-shifters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Future vision: Engineers discuss 2014 changes|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2013/8/14875.html|access-date=20 October 2014|url-status=dead|work=Formula 1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006170808/http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2013/8/14875.html|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/reglement/technique.pdf|title=F1 2025 Technical Regulations|work=Formula 1|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref> The gearbox is constructed of carbon reinforced titanium, and is bolted onto the back of the engine.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5280.html|title=Understanding the Sport – Engine/Gearbox|work=Formula 1|access-date=24 August 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043956/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5280.html|archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> [[automatic transmission|Fully-automatic gearboxes]], and systems such as [[Launch control (automotive)|launch control]] and [[traction control]] were banned in the 2000s to keep driver skill and involvement important in controlling the car, and reduce costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grandprix.com//news/traction-control-returns-but-its-not-quite-as-simple-as-that.html|title=Traction control returns; but it's not quite as simple as that|work=Grandprix.com|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027092747/https://www.grandprix.com//news/traction-control-returns-but-its-not-quite-as-simple-as-that.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last1=Masefield | first1=Fraser |url = https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1816116#:~:text=The%20last%20piece%20of%20tech,cars%20of%20the%20late%20'80s.|title = What Has F1 Ever Done for Us?|work=[[Bleacher Report]]|access-date = 5 December 2020|archive-date = 28 April 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220428185837/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1816116#:~:text=The%20last%20piece%20of%20tech,cars%20of%20the%20late%20'80s.|url-status = live}}</ref> When the driver initiates gear shifts using paddles mounted on the back of the steering wheel, a system of [[Solenoid|solenoids]], [[Hydraulics|hydraulic]] [[actuator]]s, and [[sensor]]s perform the actual shift, and [[electronic throttle control]]. [[Clutch control]] is also performed in the same manner except when launching from neutral into first gear, where the driver operates the clutch manually using a lever on the back of the steering wheel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f1technical.net/articles/66|title=F1 Transmission|date=3 October 2003|work=F1technical.net|access-date=25 August 2010|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119125753/https://www.f1technical.net/articles/66|url-status=live}}</ref> The clutch is a multi-plate carbon design with a diameter of less than {{cvt|100|mm|in}}, and weight of less than {{cvt|1|kg}}, capable of handling up to {{cvt|720|hp|kW|disp=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f1technical.net/articles/4|title=F1 Engines|date=18 July 2009|work=F1technical.net|access-date=25 August 2010|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109180232/https://www.f1technical.net/articles/4|url-status=live}}</ref> The cars use seamless shift [[Transmission (mechanics)|transmission]]s, which allow almost instantaneous changing of gears with minimum loss of drive and a [[shift time]]s of 2&ndash;3 [[millisecond|ms]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.formula1-dictionary.net/seamless_gearbox.html|title=Seamless Gearbox|work=Formula1-dictionary|access-date=30 June 2022|archive-date=18 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518150350/https://www.formula1-dictionary.net/seamless_gearbox.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As a measure to reduce costs, gearbox ratios are fixed for a season.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2008/2/7380.html|title=Managing change: what's new for 2008 – Part Two|quote=Sporting Regulations, Article 28.6|work=Formula 1|date=21 February 2008|access-date=4 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090420054834/http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2008/2/7380.html|archive-date=20 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/the-beginners-guide-to-formula-1-engine-and-gearbox-penalties.2TSy7BFgEvdNLojGLWS3F1|title=The beginner's guide to Formula 1 engine and gearbox penalties|date=10 February 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Formula 1|archive-date=29 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529085511/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/the-beginners-guide-to-formula-1-engine-and-gearbox-penalties.2TSy7BFgEvdNLojGLWS3F1|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Wheels and tyres ===
{{Main|Formula One tyres}}
[[File:Michelin rain and intermediate tyres 2005 United States GP (19889979).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Grooved tyres were used between 1999 and 2008.]]

During the 1950s and 1960s, Formula One tyres were treaded rubber tyres similar to the automobile tyres but larger.<ref name="Tyre">{{cite web|url=https://automobilist.com/en-us/blogs/stories/formula-1-tyre-evolution?srsltid=AfmBOopuRUz4yYqO3zGEUAnvrY2nKjHw-qPFOx_OE4KBWY55kRxn3blI|title=Formula 1 tyre evolution|work=Automobilist|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> In the late 1950s, [[cotton]] fabric was replaced with [[nylon]] fabric, which reduced weight and increased durability. In the 1960s, the tyres became wider and synthetic rubber was used along with nylon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stuckey.com.au/News-and-Info/ArtMID/462/ArticleID/14/The-Evolution-of-Race-Tyres|title=The Evolution of Race Tyres|work=Stuckey Tyres|access-date=17 November 2018}}</ref> [[Racing slick|Slick tyres]] were introduced for the first time during the [[1971 Formula One season|1971 season]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hemmings.com/blog/2013/08/12/montjuic-1971-when-formula-1-met-racing-slicks/|title=Montjuic, 1971: When Formula 1 met racing slicks|last=Ernst|first=Kurt|date=12 August 2013|work=Hemmings Daily|access-date=1 May 2020|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214202612/https://www.hemmings.com/blog/2013/08/12/montjuic-1971-when-formula-1-met-racing-slicks/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[1975 Formula One season|1975 season]], the cars used 26.0"×16.2"–13" slick tyre (diameter × width) in the rear on a 13"×18" rim, and a 20.0"×9.2"–13" slick tyre in the front on a 13×10" rim.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f1technical.net/f1db/cars/335/ferrari-312t|title=Ferrari 312T|work=F1technical.net|access-date=1 June 2019|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720151620/https://www.f1technical.net/f1db/cars/335/ferrari-312t|url-status=live}}</ref> For the [[1981 Formula One season|1981 season]], the maximum diameter of the rear tyre was limited to 26.0", and the diameter of the front tyres was increased, with the tyres measuring 25.0"×10.0"–13" in the front and 26.0"×15.0"–13" in the rear.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f1technical.net/f1db/cars/615/ferrari-f1-87-88|title=Ferrari F1 87-88|work=F1technical.net|access-date=17 November 2018|archive-date=17 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117193135/https://www.f1technical.net/f1db/cars/615/ferrari-f1-87-88|url-status=live}}</ref> Ahead of the [[1993 Formula One season|1993 season]], the width of the rear was reduced from 18" to 15".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f1technical.net/articles/62|title=F1 rules and stats 1990–1999|work=F1technical.net|date=January 2009 |access-date=1 June 2019|archive-date=6 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106042258/https://www.f1technical.net/articles/62|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1998, grooved tyres were introduced with three groove lines in the front tyres and four groove lines in the rear tyres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f1technical.net/articles/1|title=Tyre use in Formula One|last=De Groote|first=Steven|date=3 July 2008|work=F1technical.net|access-date=6 December 2016|archive-date=5 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105170829/https://www.f1technical.net/articles/1|url-status=live}}</ref> Between {{F1|1999}} and {{F1|2008}}, regulations required the tyres to feature a minimum of four {{cvt|14|mm|inch}} grooves in them, with the intention of slowing the cars down as the slick tyre, with no indentations, provides the most grip in dry conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/1754DB4574B7A2C0C1257329003642F0/$FILE/2007-F1-SPORTING_REG_13-07-2007.pdf?Openelement|title=Formula One – Sporting Regulations – 2007|date=13 July 2007|work=[[FIA]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129122734/https://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/1754DB4574B7A2C0C1257329003642F0/$FILE/2007-F1-SPORTING_REG_13-07-2007.pdf?Openelement|archive-date=29 January 2019|url-status=live|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/115F0A1E47E0A282C12573FB0042CB0D/$FILE/1-2008%20F1%20TECHNICAL%20REGULATIONS%2022-02-2008.pdf|title=Formula One – Technical Regulations – 2008|date=12 February 2008|work=[[FIA]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021004252/https://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/115F0A1E47E0A282C12573FB0042CB0D/$FILE/1-2008%20F1%20TECHNICAL%20REGULATIONS%2022-02-2008.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2017|url-status=live|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> The tyre sizes were limited to {{cvt|355|mm}} at the front and {{cvt|380|mm}} at the rear, and the maximum diameter was {{cvt|660|mm}} for dry and {{cvt|670|mm}} for wet tyres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/90D889BE20961303C1257483004B8AC0/$FILE/1-2009%20F1%20TECHNICAL%20REGULATIONS%2011-07-2008.pdf|title=Formula One – Technical Regulations – 2009|date=11 July 2008|work=[[FIA]]|access-date=21 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910025533/http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/90D889BE20961303C1257483004B8AC0/$FILE/1-2009%20F1%20TECHNICAL%20REGULATIONS%2011-07-2008.pdf|archive-date=10 September 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Briefly in {{F1|2005}}, tyre changes during the race were outlawed and the tyre compounds were made harder to last the full race distance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.williamsf1.com/posts/faf938a0-663c-4ccc-b76b-199433864f6b/everything-you-need-to-know-about-f1-tyres-in-2023|title=Everything you need to know about F1 tyres|work=[[Williams F1]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=25 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525083105/https://www.williamsf1.com/posts/faf938a0-663c-4ccc-b76b-199433864f6b/everything-you-need-to-know-about-f1-tyres-in-2023|url-status=live}}</ref> 

[[File:Pirelli_Formula_One_tires_2013_Britain.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|left|Various compounds of colour coded slick tyres are used during dry weather.]]

Slick tyres were reintroduced at the beginning of {{F1|2009}}, with the front tyres narrowed from {{cvt|270|mm}} to {{cvt|245|mm}}, to shift the balance towards mechanical grip in an attempt to increase overtaking.<ref name="Tyre"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zonef1.com/2010/reglements.php|title=Règlements 2010: technique et sportif|date=2010|work=ZoneF1|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419135305/http://www.zonef1.com/2010/reglements.php|archive-date=19 April 2016|url-status=live|access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref> Since the introduction of slick tyres in 2009, the tyre construct has remained almost the same with only variations to tyre sizes.<ref name="Tyre"/> The teams are given a fixed number of sets of three compounds of slick dry weather tyres, and additional sets of grooved intermediate and wet weather tyres for a race weekend. The tyre compounds are demarcated by a colour coding, with the teams mandated to use at least two dry compounds during a dry race.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2010/6/10935.html|title=Pirelli tyres, adjustable rear wings among 2011 changes|date=23 June 2010|work=[[Tata Communications]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021022947/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2010/6/10935.html|archive-date=21 October 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pirellif1.co.uk/?p=460|title=Pirelli tyres to have six different colours for 2011 Formula 1 season|work=[[Pirelli]]|access-date=28 March 2011}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetf1.com/driver/3213/6889405/New-markings-for-Pirelli-s-tyres|title=New markings for Pirelli's tyres|work=Planet F1|access-date=28 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425172231/http://www.planetf1.com/driver/3213/6889405/New-markings-for-Pirelli-s-tyres|archive-date=25 April 2011}}</ref> Briefly in [[2016 Formula One season|2016]], teams were given an option to choose tyre compounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/122220|title=How the 2016 Formula 1 tyre rules will work|last=Parkes|first=Ian|work=Autosport|date=11 December 2015|access-date=3 June 2016|archive-date=5 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605101300/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/122220|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/championship/inside-f1/understanding-f1-racing/Tyres.html|title=Tyres|work=Formula 1|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629121416/https://www.formula1.com/en/championship/inside-f1/understanding-f1-racing/Tyres.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For the [[2017 F1 season]], significantly wider Pirelli tyres were introduced at both the front and rear axles, while the overall diameter of the tyres was increased from {{cvt|660|to|670|mm}}. Front tyre size increased to 305/670-R13 while rear-tyre size increased to 405/670-R13.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.motorsport.com/au/f1/news/gp2-series-to-use-pirelli-s-f1-tyres-in-2011/2493664/|title=GP2 series to use Pirelli's F1 tyres in 2011|work=Motorsport.com|access-date=17 November 2018|archive-date=17 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117193218/https://www.motorsport.com/au/f1/news/gp2-series-to-use-pirelli-s-f1-tyres-in-2011/2493664/|url-status=live}}</ref> For the [[2022 F1 season]], the wheel rim diameter size was increased from {{cvt|13|to|18|in|mm}}, and the diameter was increased from {{cvt|670|to|720|mm}}.<ref name="Tyre"/>

[[File:2011 Canadian GP Mercedes brakes.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|A brake disc on a F1 car.]]

[[Disc brake]]s are used for braking, similar to road cars. The brakes consist of a rotor disc and a caliper, with six piston clamp pads inside each caliper. The driver applies pressure on the brake pedal, which uses hydraulic pressure to drive the clamps and the friction on the disc slows the car. The front brakes are simpler with direct pressure applied onto the brake discs to slow down. In the rear, braking is achieved by the combination of three forces, friction on the brakes, resistance from the engine, and the energy recovery system. The driver can control the effect of these and brake distribution using the steering wheel.<ref name="Brake">{{cite web|url=https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/news/formula-one-brake-systems-explained|title=Formula One brake systems explained|work=[[Mercedes F1]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209094715/https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/news/formula-one-brake-systems-explained|url-status=live}}</ref> 
An average F1 car can decelerate from {{cvt|100 to 0|kph}} in less than {{cvt|15|m}} and hence the brakes are subjected to high temperatures of up to {{cvt|1000|C}} and severe [[g force]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f1technical.net/articles/2|title=Break system|work=F1technical.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406210123/http://www.f1technical.net/articles/2|archive-date=6 April 2022|access-date=21 July 2007}}</ref> To withstand high temperatures, brakes are made of carbon composites. The brakes are cooled by air passing through numerous small holes in the brake ducts.<ref name="Brake"/>

=== Wings ===
[[File:Toyota TF110 front nose front-left 2019 Prototyp Museum.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|A typical front wing of a F1 car in the 2000s.]]

Early designs linked wings directly to the suspension, but several accidents led to rules stating that wings must be fixed rigidly to the chassis.<ref name="Evol"/> The wings are [[airfoil|aerofoil]]s on the front and rear of the car, and are made of carbon fibre composites for higher strength and reduced weight. The front wing is a forked structure with a maximum width of {{cvt|1800|mm}} and must not extend more than {{cvt|200|mm}} beyond the center line. It can have a maximum of four wing elements and should not bend more than {{cvt|5|mm}}. It is made of aluminium alloy, carbon fibre and fibre glass, and can cost up to $300,000.<ref name="Front">{{cite web|url=https://f1blast.com/how-an-f1-front-wing-works-a-comprehensive-guide/|title=How a F1 front wing works|work=F1 blast|date=20 March 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624140843/https://f1blast.com/how-an-f1-front-wing-works-a-comprehensive-guide/|url-status=live}}</ref> The rear wing consists of a main plane which spans the width of the car with smaller horizontal flaps that angle downwards. There are short upright tabs on the trailing edge of the flaps with vertical end plates at the wing tips. The DRS is a flap adjustment mechanism in the rear wings that is operated hydraulically following steering inputs from the driver.<ref name="Rear">{{cite web|url=https://f1blast.com/f1-tech-how-f1-rear-wing-works/|title=How a F1 rear wing works|work=F1 blast|date=28 March 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624121620/https://f1blast.com/f1-tech-how-f1-rear-wing-works/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Energy recovery system ===
[[File:Kinetic_Energy_Recovery_System.gif|thumb|Operation of [[Kinetic energy recovery system|KERS]] in a F1 car.]]

The [[kinetic energy recovery system]]s (KERS) recovers the kinetic energy created by the car's braking process. It stores that energy and converts it into power that can be used to boost acceleration. There are principally two types of systems: electrical and mechanical flywheel. Electrical systems use a motor-generator incorporated in the car's transmission which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. Once the energy has been harnessed, it is stored in a battery and released at will. Mechanical systems capture braking energy and use it to turn a small flywheel which can spin at high speeds. When extra power is required, the flywheel is connected to the car's rear wheels.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.racecar-engineering.com/articles/f1-essentials-how-kers-works/|title=How KERS works|work=Racecar engineering|date=29 March 2009 |access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=4 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904032745/https://www.racecar-engineering.com/articles/f1-essentials-how-kers-works/|url-status=live}}</ref> KERS typically adds {{cvt|120|hp|kW}} additional power boost for a specific time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fia.com/resources/documents/1151088479__2009_F1_TECHNICAL_REGULATIONS.pdf|title=2009 Technical regulations|work=[[FIA]]|date=22 December 2006|access-date=8 July 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625190106/http://www.fia.com/resources/documents/1151088479__2009_F1_TECHNICAL_REGULATIONS.pdf|archive-date=25 June 2008}}</ref>

=== Other elements ===
A nose box or nose cone is a structure to which the front wing is attached. It directs the airflow towards the floor of the car, and acts as a shock absorber in case of accidents. It is made of high strength composite materials and is subjected to various load tests by the FIA to ensure its rigidity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f1technical.net/articles/11|title=Nose Cone design|work=F1technical.net|date=September 2013 |access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=15 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515001338/https://www.f1technical.net/articles/11|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Halo (safety device)|halo]] is a safety device mounted on the cockpit, and is made of series of curved metal bars intended to protect the driver's head during crashes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.f1i.com/news/290164-fia-approves-formula-1s-first-halo-supplier.html |title=The FIA approves Formula&nbsp;1's first supplier to the Halo |date=16 January 2018 |work=F1i.com |access-date=28 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329204733/http://en.f1i.com/news/290164-fia-approves-formula-1s-first-halo-supplier.html |archive-date=29 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The air box is situated behind the cockpit, and serves as the receptacle of the high speed air moving over the body. It supplies the pressurized air to the engine intakes, boosting its power and absorbs the turbulence generated from the air passing over the driver's helmet. Air filters are used to filter the dirty air before being passed into the engines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.racecar-engineering.com/articles/f1/technology-explained-f1-airboxes-filters/|title=Air boxes and filters|work=Racecar engineering|date=12 April 2013 |access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304191511/https://www.racecar-engineering.com/articles/f1/technology-explained-f1-airboxes-filters/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Aerodynamics ==
[[Aerodynamics]] has become key to success in the sport, and the teams spend time and money on research and development of the same each year.<ref name="Evol"/> The sculpted front and rear wings with the rest of the body parts such as the vanes beneath the nose, [[Bargeboard (aerodynamics)|bargeboards]], sidepods, underbody, and the rear [[Diffuser (automotive)|diffuser]], play a role in determining the aerodynamic efficiency of the car. A modern Formula One car capable of developing up to six [[g force|G]] of lateral cornering force and a [[downforce]] equivalent to twice its weight at {{cvt|190|kph}}.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5281.html|title= Understanding F1 Racing – Aerodynamics|access-date=17 July 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140326180548/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5281.html|work=Formula 1|archive-date=26 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2009/9/10005.html|title=Japanese Grand Prix – team and driver preview quotes|access-date=12 October 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100228061655/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2009/9/10005.html|archive-date=28 February 2010|work=Formula 1}}</ref> The car is designed to create the maximum amount of downforce for the minimal amount of drag with the configuration often modified to the  requirements of a particular track.<ref name="Front"/> The interaction of various components amplify the total downforce more than the sum of their standalone contributions.<ref name="Rear"/>

[[File:Redbull F1 (6610261021).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Front of a F1 car showing the front wing arrangement.]]

The wings operate similarly to inverted airplane wings, to produce a negative [[Lift (force)|lift]] or downward force. The profile of the front wing, along with the angle of attack against the incoming air, define the downforce generated. Other smaller elements such as flaps, and gaps between the elements help with controlling the airflow. A steeper angle of attack increases the downforce while creating increased drag. The front wing also directs the airflow to the rest of the car with the air flowing into the sidepod intakes used for the temperature regulation of the engine. The air flowing underneath the floor helps to seal the gap with the ground, contributing to the [[ground effect (cars)|ground effect]]. A low-pressure area is created which effectively sucks the car towards the ground, increasing the down force and grip of the car. The designers aspire for a smoother airflow over the body of the car, while minimizing the [[Wake (physics)|wakes]] formed by the rotating wheels.[[vortex|Vortices]] created between the front wing and the nose box help to reduce the turbulence. Minor changes to the front wing can have drastic effects on the aerodynamics of the car.<ref name="Front"/>

[[File:Catalunya test 2011 - 43.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Rear of a F1 car, showing the rear wing and [[Diffuser (automotive)|diffuser]] configuration.]]

The rear wings serve similarly to the front wings as inverted airfoils, and deflect the air downwards, causing a down force. The angle of the main plane and flaps determine the direction of the airflow, with other elements used to further fine tune the same. Higher angles increase downforce while also contributing to a higher turbulence and decreased stability of the rear wing. The rear wings are designed so as to withstand high loads without decreasing the downforce. The other structural elements of the car such as the side pods, and body work determine the amount of air flowing through the rear wings. The rear wing generates vortexes which keep the airflow attached to the car longer, delaying the aerodynamic stall. The rear wing can be modified to various configurations depending on the race track and the circumstances.<ref name="Rear"/> The DRS opens a slot in the rear wing at the behest of the driver. It reduces drag and increases power, and hence speed, and is allowed to be operated in specific instances.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 March 2011 |title=2011 F1 Technical Regulations, Section 3.18 |url=http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/055CFD424959A061C1257870003A02F0/$FILE/1-2011%20TECHNICAL%20REGULATIONS%2008-03-2011.pdf |access-date=8 May 2024 |work=[[FIA]] |archive-date=13 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313184045/http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/055CFD424959A061C1257870003A02F0/$FILE/1-2011%20TECHNICAL%20REGULATIONS%2008-03-2011.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Diffuser (automotive)|diffuser]] located at the rear is used to combine the pressurized airflow from the underside of the car to create more downforce.<ref name="Front"/>

== Performance == 
[[File:Jenson Button 2005 Canada 2.jpg|thumb|The [[BAR 007|BAR-Honda 007]] set an unofficial speed record of {{cvt|413|kph}} at [[Bonneville Speedway]].]]

The 1.6&nbsp;L V6 hybrid engine on a modern F1 car is capable of outputting {{cvt|950|bhp|disp=flip}} at 15,000 rpm when combined with the hybrid power system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jamesallenonf1.com/2015/11/f1-v6-turbos-are-more-powerful-than-v8s-or-v10s-says-mercedes-engine-boss/|title=F1 V6 turbos are more powerful than V8s or V10s says, Mercedes' engine boss|date=27 November 2015|work=James Allen|access-date=11 October 2016|archive-date=22 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122184110/http://www.jamesallenonf1.com/2015/11/f1-v6-turbos-are-more-powerful-than-v8s-or-v10s-says-mercedes-engine-boss/|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sport/formula-1/f1-car-spec/|title=F1 car specifications|work=Radio times|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> This enables a modern F1 car to accelerate from {{cvt|0|to|60|mph}} in 1.8 seconds, and from {{cvt|0|to|100|mph}} in 2.6 seconds.<ref name="Speed">{{cite web|url=https://racingnews365.com/f1-car-top-speed|title=F1 car top speed|work=Racing news|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> It has a [[power-to-weight ratio]] of 1,297&nbsp;[[Horsepower|hp]]/[[tonne|t]], which would theoretically allow the car to reach {{cvt|100|kph}} in less than a second.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/power-to-weight-ratio|title=Power to weight ratio|work=Omni|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=22 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422061302/https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/power-to-weight-ratio|url-status=live}}</ref> However, due to traction loss, it accelerates slower and when the traction loss is minimal at higher speeds, the car accelerates at a very high rate.<ref>{{citation|title=F1 2016 V6 Turbo 0–100 kmh Onboard – all manufacturers|date=6 October 2016|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOhAIsLdRpk| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190918220248/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOhAIsLdRpk| archive-date=18 September 2019| url-status=dead|access-date=11 October 2016}}</ref> A F1 car is also capable of rapid deceleration and cornering at high speeds. Due to rapid acceleration and deceleration, the drivers may experience high levels of [[g force]]. The drivers experience 3–4&nbsp;g during acceleration, and 5–6&nbsp;g when braking from high speeds. During cornering at high speeds, drivers experience lateral forces between 4–6.5&nbsp;g.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1-dictionary.net/g_force.html|title=G-Force|website=formula1-dictionary.net|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524102320/https://www.formula1-dictionary.net/g_force.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://f1chronicle.com/f1-g-force-how-many-gs-can-a-f1-car-pull/|title=How many gs can a f1 car pull|work=F1 Chronicle|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=26 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226104610/https://f1chronicle.com/f1-g-force-how-many-gs-can-a-f1-car-pull/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A modern F1 car can achieve top speeds of nearly {{cvt|375|kph}}, and operate on average speeds of about {{cvt|200|kph}} during a race.<ref name="Speed"/> Top speeds in practice are achieved in straight parts of a track, and is determined by the aerodynamic configuration of the car in balancing between high straight-line speed (low aerodynamic drag) and high cornering speed (high downforce) to achieve the fastest lap time.<ref>{{cite web|title=The importance of aerodynamics|url=http://www.f1technical.net/articles/3893|work=F1technical.net|date=6 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918220247/http://www.f1technical.net/articles/3893|archive-date=18 September 2019|access-date=26 January 2007}}</ref> In 2005, [[McLaren F1|Mclaren]] recorded a record top speed of {{cvt|372.6|kph}} during testing, which was officially recognised by the FIA as the fastest speed ever achieved by an F1 car.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redbull.com/us/en/motorsports/f1/stories/1331743488299/fastest-f1-records|title=Blink and you'll miss these F1 records|work=[[Red Bull]]|access-date=31 October 2016|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723034514/https://www.redbull.com/us/en/motorsports/f1/stories/1331743488299/fastest-f1-records|url-status=live}}</ref> At the [[2016 Mexican Grand Prix]], the [[Williams F1|Williams]] of [[Valtteri Bottas]] reached a top speed of {{cvt|372.54|kph}} in racing conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fia.com/file/49841/download?token=pw7Swwc6|title=Race Speed Trap|work=[[FIA]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423135323/http://www.fia.com/file/49841/download?token=pw7Swwc6|archive-date=23 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://storify.com/sikaheimo/372-56|title=372.54&nbsp;km/h by Valtteri Bottas in Mexico GP, new F1 speed record according to official statistics (with image, tweet)|work=Storify|access-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123175041/https://storify.com/sikaheimo/372-56|archive-date=23 January 2017}}</ref> Away from the track, the [[British American Racing|BAR Honda]] team used a modified [[BAR 007]] car, to set an unofficial speed record of {{cvt|413|kph}} on a one way straight-line run on 6 November 2005 at [[Bonneville Speedway]] and the car set an FIA ratified record of {{cvt|400|kph}} on 21 July 2006 Bonneville.<ref>{{cite news|title=FIA ratify Honda Racing F1 Team's Bonneville records|date=15 November 2006|url=http://www.bonneville400.com/flash/default.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102030216/http://www.bonneville400.com/flash/default.aspx|archive-date=2 November 2005|access-date=24 January 2007|work=Bonneville 400}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.formula1.com/ Official F1 site]
* [http://www.f1technical.net/ F1 Technical]
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/car_guide/default.stm Animated F1 Car Guide]
*[https://archive.today/20060616100600/http://www.formula1.com/redirector/HomepageSmallTechnicalAnalysis.html?/insight/technical_analysis/ Official F1 site – Technical analysis]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081012214615/http://www.racecar-engineering.com/articles/1/f1.html Racecar Engineering] Cars
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081106195349/http://www.racecar-engineering.com/articles/f1/273555/inside-an-f1-engine.html Racecar Engineering] Engines

{{DEFAULTSORT:Formula One Car}}
[[Category:Formula One]]
[[Category:Formula One cars|*]]