View source for Fort Prince George

{{Short description|Incomplete 18th century fort in colonial Pennsylvania}}
{{About|the frontier fort in Pennsylvania|Fort Prince George in South Carolina|Fort Prince George (South Carolina)}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name=Fort Prince George
|location= [[Allegheny County, Pennsylvania]] (present day [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]])
|image= 
|caption=
|coordinates = {{coord|40|26|23|N|79|58|35|W|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Pennsylvania
| pushpin_map_caption  = Location of Fort Prince George in Pennsylvania
|type=Military fort
|built=1754
|materials=
|used=
|controlledby=
|garrison=
| past_commanders=Captain [[William Trent]]<br>Lieutenant [[John Fraser (frontiersman)|John Fraser]]<br>Ensign Edward Ward
|battles=
|embedded={{designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Pennsylvania
 | designation1_date = May 8, 1959
}}
}}
[[File:Fort Prince George (1740s) P6210240.jpg|thumb|right|Miniature of Fort Prince George with French troops approaching. Ensign Edward Ward (in red) can be seen talking to Captain Mercier, with an interpreter and two drummers. [[Diorama]] in the [[Fort Pitt Museum]], Pittsburgh.|300px]]'''Fort Prince George''' (sometimes referred to as '''Trent's Fort''') was an incomplete fort on what is now the site of [[Pittsburgh]], at the confluence of the [[Allegheny River|Allegheny]] and [[Monongahela River]]s in [[Allegheny County, Pennsylvania]]. The plan to occupy the strategic forks was formed by Virginia Lieutenant Governor [[Robert Dinwiddie]], on the advice of Major [[George Washington]], whom Dinwiddie had sent on a mission to warn French commanders they were on English territory in late 1753, and who had made a military assessment and a map of the site. The fort was still under construction when it was discovered by the French, who sent troops to capture it. The French then constructed [[Fort Duquesne]] on the site.[[File:Gwash map01.jpg|right|thumb|George Washington's 1754 map of the confluence of the Monongahela and the Allegheny rivers, showing the spot he felt would be an ideal location for a fort. Fraser's plantation is just south of the forks, on Turtle Creek.|220px]]

== Background ==

In 1749 the British Crown awarded the [[Ohio Company]] a grant of 500,000 acres in the Ohio Country between the [[Monongahela River|Monongahela]] and the [[Kanawha River]]s, provided that the company would settle 100 families within seven years.<ref name=Ambler>{{cite web|last=Ambler|first=Charles Henry|title=George Washington and the West|url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pitttext;cc=pitttext;xc=1;idno=00agb5351m;g=pitttextall;type=simple;q1=ohio%20company;submit=Search;didno=00agb5351m;rgn=full%20text;view=image;seq=48;page=root;size=s;frm=frameset;|work=Historic Pittsburgh Text Collection|publisher=University of Pittsburgh|access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref> The Ohio Company was also required to construct a fort and provide a garrison to protect the settlement at their own expense.<ref name=Thurston>{{cite web|last=Thurston|first=George H.|title=Allegheny county's hundred years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=na2TNhB3BuAC|work=Historic Pittsburgh General Text Collection|date=1888 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh|access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref> [[Logstown#Treaty_of_Logstown,_1752|The Treaty of Logstown]] was intended to open up land for settlement so that the Ohio Company could meet the seven-year deadline, and to obtain explicit permission to construct a fort.<ref>[https://archive.org/download/ohiocompanyofvirbail/ohiocompanyofvirbail.pdf Kenneth P. Bailey, ''The Ohio Company of Virginia and the Westward Movement, 1748-1792: A chapter in the History of the Colonial Frontier,'' University of California at Los Angeles. The Arthur H. Clark Co., Glendale, California, 1939]</ref>{{rp|123-144}}

On 29 May 1751, at a council meeting at Logstown between [[George Croghan]], [[Andrew Montour]] and representatives of the [[Iroquois|Six Nations]], Croghan reported the following statement from Iroquois speaker Toanahiso:
:"We expect that you our Brothers will build a [[Blockhouse|Strong House]] on the River Ohio, that if we should be obliged to engage in a war that we should have a Place to secure our Wives and Children...Now, Brothers, we will take two months to consider and choose out a place fit for that Purpose, and then we will send You word. We hope Brothers that as soon as you receive our Message you will order such a House to be built. Brothers: that you may consider well the necessity of building such a Place of Security to strengthen our arms, and that this, our first request of that kind may have a good effect on your minds.<ref name = "Hazard">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gk0OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA341 Samuel Hazard, ed. ''Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania: From the Organization to the Termination of the Proprietary Government, Mar. 10, 1683-Sept. 27, 1775,'' Vol 4 of Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Provincial Council, Pennsylvania Committee of Safety; J. Severns, 1851.]</ref>{{rp|538–39}}"

Governor Hamilton used this statement as evidence to the [[Pennsylvania Provincial Council]] that they should pay for the construction of a fort at a site selected by the sachems at Logstown, arguing that unless the fort were built, the English might lose not only Indian support, but control over the fur trade in Ohio.<ref name = "Wainwright">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20088029 Wainwright, Nicholas B. "An Indian Trade Failure: The Story of the Hockley, Trent and Croghan Company, 1748-1752." ''The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography,'' vol. 72, no. 4 (1948): 343-75]</ref> However, the Provincial Council decided not to provide funding for a fort, arguing that fair dealings and occasional presents would hold the Indians as allies.<ref name = "Hazard"/>{{rp|547}} At the Treaty of Logstown in June 1752, [[Tanacharison]] agreed to the construction of a fort upriver from Logstown, and Virginia's [[Ohio Company]] began construction of a road from Will's Creek to the Monongahela River where they built a storehouse at the mouth of Redstone Creek.<ref name = "Cherry">[https://books.google.com/books?id=qA6IDwAAQBAJ Cherry, Jason A. ''Pittsburgh's Lost Outpost: Captain Trent's Fort.'' Charleston, SC: HISTORY Press, 2019.]{{ISBN|1467141623}}</ref>{{rp|45}} At a meeting in [[Winchester, Virginia]] in September 1753, Native American leaders expressed willingness to cooperate with the British and repeated their request that a fort be built on the Ohio.<ref name = "MacGregor">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27778786 Doug MacGregor, "The Shot Not Heard Around the World: Trent's Fort and the Opening of the War for Empire." ''Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies,'' Summer 2007, Vol. 74, No. 3, State College: Penn State University Press pp. 354-373]</ref>{{rp|364}} The following summer, the Ohio Company obtained permission from the Six Nations to build Fort Prince George.<ref name = "Cherry"/>{{rp|54}}

=== Washington's journey ===

Governor Dinwiddie decided to warn the French that they were occupying British-claimed land. He assigned the 21-year-old Major [[George Washington]] to carry the message to French commander [[Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre]] at [[Fort Le Boeuf]]. Washington left [[Williamsburg, Virginia]] on October 31, 1753. On his way to Logstown to meet with Native American allies, he stopped at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, noting that "I spent some Time in viewing the Rivers, and the Land in the Fork, which I think extremely well situated for a Fort, as it has the absolute Command of both Rivers."<ref name = "Hunter">[http://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/OCA/Books2012-06/fortsonpennsylva00hunt/fortsonpennsylva00hunt.pdf Hunter, William Albert. ''Forts on the Pennsylvania Frontier: 1753–1758,'' (Classic Reprint). Fb&c Limited, 2018; pp 313-19]</ref>{{rp|44}} Washington met with the French commander, who refused to acknowledge that the British had any claim over land in the [[Ohio Country]]. On January 6 1754, near Will's Creek, while Washington was on his way back to Williamsburg, he met "17 horses loaded with Materials and stores for a fort at the Forks of the Ohio."<ref name = "Hunter"/>{{rp|44}} These supplies were intended for Fort Prince George.<ref name = "MacGregor"/>{{rp|365}}<ref name = "Cherry"/>{{rp|36}}

=== Trent's orders ===

On January 26, Governor Dinwiddie issued a captain's commission in the Virginia militia to fur trader [[William Trent]],<ref name = "Cherry"/>{{rp|44}} with orders to raise one hundred men who would "keep possession of his Majesty's land on the Ohio, and waters thereof, and to dislodge and drive away, and...to kill and destroy, or take prisoners, all and every person and persons whatsoever, not subjects of the King of Great Britain, who now are, or shall hereafter come to settle, and take possession of any lands on the said Ohio." A second letter informed Trent that he should proceed to the Ohio River to assist in the building of a fort there and defend it against any French actions. George Washington was ordered to raise an additional one hundred men to garrison the fort.<ref name = "MacGregor"/>{{rp|366}}

== Construction ==

[[File:Captain Snow's sketch. LOC gm71000593.jpg|thumb|right|Captain Snow's map of western Pennsylvania, showing the site of Fort Prince George, with the notation "Trent drove out by ye French 1754."]]According to the 1756 deposition of Ensign Edward Ward, on February 17 Trent met [[Christopher Gist]] and Seneca leader [[Tanacharison]] and his followers, at the Forks of the Ohio.<ref name = "Cherry/>{{rp|54}} After clearing the ground, Tanacharison "laid the first log and said that the fort belonged to the English & them and whoever offered to prevent the building of it, they, the Indians, would make war against them."<ref name = "Hunter"/>{{rp|46-47}} Construction was initiated by 33 Virginia militia, with 8 fur traders and trappers recruited by Trent with the assistance of his friend, Indian trader [[John Fraser (frontiersman)|John Fraser]], to whom Trent gave a lieutenant's commission.<ref name = "MacGregor"/> Trent accepted on condition that he be permitted to remain at his plantation, where he was engaged in fur trading, and come to the fort only once a week or whenever necessary.<ref name = "Clark1">[https://journals.psu.edu/wph/article/view/2495/2328 Clark, Howard Glenn. "John Fraser, Western Pennsylvania Frontiersman, Parts 1 & 2" ''Western Pennsylvania History Magazine,'' Vol. 38, No 3-4, Fall-Winter 1955; pp 83-93]</ref>{{rp|90}} Within 10 days they had "finished a Store House, and a large quantity of timber hew'd, boards saw'd, and shingles made."<ref name = "Hunter"/>{{rp|47}} The fort was referred to as "Trent's Fort," and the title of Fort Prince George, (named for the [[crown prince]] and later [[George III of Great Britain|King George III]]), was not attached to the fort until September 1754, when Governor Dinwiddie proposed it in a letter to his London superiors.<ref name = "Marker">[https://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-8C "Fort Prince George," historical marker placed May 8, 1959, explorepahistory.com]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9vm070SV2_gC Spencer Tucker, ''The Encyclopedia of North American Colonial Conflicts to 1775: A-K,'' ABC-CLIO, 2008]</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Stotz, Charles Morse |author-link=Charles Morse Stotz| title=Outposts Of The War For Empire: The French and English In Western Pennsylvania: Their Armies, Their Forts, Their People 1749-1764 | location=Pittsburgh | publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqZAPgAACAAJ | year=2005 | isbn=0-8229-4262-3}} </ref>

== Capture ==

On March 4 1754, a French detachment under Ensign [[Michel Maray de La Chauvignerie]] discovered the fort under construction. Chauvignerie immediately reported to  [[Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur]] at Venango,<ref name = "Kent">[https://www.academia.edu/37292956/PAPIERS_CONTRECOEUR_Le_Conflit_Angelo_Francias_Sur_L_Ohio_De_1745_a_1756_English_Translation_by_Donald_Kent_1952 ''Papiers Contrecoeur: Le Conflit Anglo - Français Sur L'Ohio de 1745 à 1756.'' English translation of documents in the Quebec Seminary by Donald Kent, 1952]</ref>{{rp|129}}<ref name = "Temple">[https://books.google.com/books?id=aQ8QAQAAMAAJ Henry Wilson Temple, "Logstown," ''The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine,'' vol. 1, no. 1, Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania., 1918. Pp 248-258]</ref> that "The scouts...took notice [of] an advanced house almost made, which is to serve as a [[Gunpowder magazine|Magazine]], but because of the distance they could not know in what manner they were constructing their fort, since it was still only marked out."<ref name = "Cherry">[https://books.google.com/books?id=qA6IDwAAQBAJ Cherry, Jason A. ''Pittsburgh's Lost Outpost: Captain Trent's Fort.'' Charleston, SC: HISTORY Press, 2019.]{{ISBN|1467141623}}</ref>{{rp|54}} [[Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville|Governor-General Duquesne]] wrote immediately to Contrecœur: "From the letter from Sieur La Chauvignerie of March 11, it appears that the English are planning to settle at the mouth of [the Allegheny River], since there is already a storehouse built there. You must hasten, Sir, to interrupt and even destroy their work from the start, because their consolidation would lead us to a siege...which it would
be wise to avoid, considering the bad state of the finances of the King."<ref name = "Kent"/>{{rp|132}}

At that point, only a storehouse had been built, as Trent's men were still clearing the land and preparing stakes for the palisade. They had been subsisting on flour and corn they brought with them, along with meat traded to them by Native Americans from Logstown, but their supplies were running low. They were anticipating the arrival of now Lieutenant Colonel Washington and his troops, but on March 17, Trent decided to travel to [[Wills Creek (North Branch Potomac River tributary)|Wills Creek]] to obtain more supplies, leaving Ensign Edward Ward in command, as Lieutenant Fraser was at his own plantation at [[Turtle Creek (Monongahela River)|Turtle Creek]], tending to personal business.<ref name = "MacGregor"/>{{rp|367}}

On April 13, Ensign Ward received word via [[Robert Callender (frontiersman)|Robert Callender]] that a French military force was descending the Allegheny and would arrive within days.<ref name = "Cherry"/>{{rp|61}}<ref name = "Hunter"/>{{rp|48}} Alarmed, Ward went to inform Lieutenant Fraser, but there was nothing they could do except abandon the fort, in violation of their orders. Fraser refused to return to the fort, leaving Ward to confront the French. Ward returned to the construction site and had his men erect a [[stockade]] wall around the storehouse, completing it on April 16.<ref name = "Hunter"/>{{rp|49}} Ward was determined to "hold out to the last extremity before it should be said that the English had retreated like cowards before the French forces appeared" as that "would give the Indians a very indifferent opinion of the English ever after."<ref name = "MacGregor"/>{{rp|367}} In his deposition of June 30, 1756, Ensign Ward reported that "there was no Fort but a few [[Palisade]]s he ordered to be cut and put up four days before the French came down."<ref name = "Hunter"/>{{rp|52}}

In April, a force of more than 600 men{{#tag:ref|Sources disagree on the number of men under Contrecœur's command. Ensign Ward testified in 1754 that witnesses later informed him that the French arrived in 360 pirogues and batteaux, each carrying 4 passengers, although 18 of the boats carried light cannon, and he estimated that close to a thousand French troops and Indians were in the force. In 1756 Ward testified that the French were "eleven hundred in number." Trent reported 700 men and 9 cannons.<ref name = "Cherry"/>{{rp|61}} Dahlinger, after a careful examination of French documents including the diary of one of Contrecœur's soldiers, concludes that the force consisted of "from five to six hundred men."<ref name = "Dahlinger">[https://journals.psu.edu/wph/article/viewFile/1576/1424 Charles W. Dahlinger, "The Marquis Duquesne, Sieur de Menneville, Founder of the City of Pittsburgh," part 2, ''Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine,'' 15, August 1932]</ref>{{rp|135}} Other sources also report between 500<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9IGYcIkA3yAC Schumann, M., Schweizer, K. W. ''The Seven Years War: A Transatlantic History.'' London: Routledge; Taylor & Francis, 2012]</ref>{{rp|15}} and 600<ref name = "Hunter"/>{{rp|34, 49}} French soldiers, arguing that Ward exaggerated the number to gain sympathy.|group="Note"}} under the command of Captain Contrecœur traveled in [[pirogues]] and [[batteaux]] down the Allegheny River from Venango, landing at [[Shannopin's Town]].<ref name = "Dahlinger"/>{{rp|135}}<ref>[https://founders.archives.gov/?q=Shannopin%27s%20Town&s=1511311111&r=2 "From Benjamin Franklin to Richard Partridge, 8 May 1754," ''Founders Online,'' National Archives,''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin,'' vol. 5, July 1, 1753, through March 31, 1755, ed. Leonard W. Labaree. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962, pp. 272–275.]</ref> On April 18 the French Commander sent Captain Francois Le Mercier, two drummers and an interpreter to present Ensign Ward with a [[summons]] stating that the French Army intended to lay siege to the fort, and commanded Ward to "retreat peaceably with your troops" and "not to return." Ward and his men were given one hour to leave. Ward, on advice from Tanacharison, who was present, requested that the French wait until Ward's commanding officer, Captain Trent, returned, but Contrecœur refused. Ward then asked if the British might wait until the following day to leave, and Contrecœur agreed. He then invited Ward to dine with him, and Ward accepted. At dinner, Ward politely refused to discuss military or political matters, and declined Contrecœur's offer to buy Ward's carpentry tools.<ref name = "Cherry/>{{rp|68}}

According to Ward, "the French entered, but behaved with great civility [and] said it might be their fate ere long to surrender it again so they would set [us] a good example. They however immediately went to work removing some of the logs as they complained the fort was not to their liking, and by break of day next morning 50 men went off with axes to hew logs to enlarge it." Tanacharison "stormed greatly at the
French and told them it was he Order'd that Fort and laid the first Log of it himself, but the French paid no Regard to what he said."<ref name = "Hunter"/>{{rp|50}} The British withdrew, and the French destroyed the partially built fort in order to construct their own.<ref name = "Hunter"/>{{rp|51-52}}

== Aftermath ==

Captain Trent's men marched to Washington's camp at Wills Creek.<ref name = "Clark1"/>{{rp|91}} They were mostly Indian traders and Trent's employees, but still considered themselves militia and therefore not under Washington's command. Washington ordered them to wait for the Governor's instructions, but the men ignored this and disbanded.<ref name = "Hunter"/>{{rp|51}}

Tanacharison wrote immediately to Washington, stating that he was "ready to fight them as you are yourselves...if you do not come to our aid soon, it is all over with us, and I think that we shall never be able to meet together again."<ref>[https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/01-01-02-0004-0002 George Washington, "Expedition to the Ohio, 1754: Narrative," Founders Online, National Archives. ''The Diaries of George Washington,'' vol. 1, 11 March 1748 – 13 November 1765, ed. Donald Jackson. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976, pp. 174–210.]</ref> Washington regarded the capture of Trent's Fort as an act of war, and prepared to advance, writing on April 20 to Governor Dinwiddie to request artillery. Counting on Tanacharison to support him with Native American warriors, he prepared to attack French troops in what would become the first battle of the [[French and Indian War]], the [[Battle of Jumonville Glen]].<ref name = "MacGregor"/>{{rp|369}}

On May 1, Governor Dinwiddie, unaware that the fort had been captured, wrote to Governor [[Horatio Sharpe]] of Maryland that "The Plan of the Fort is not yet Drawn, as the Ground is not fix'd on being left with discretional Power to the Engineer." When Ensign Ward returned from [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]], he brought letters dated May 4, expressing anger with Trent and Fraser to Colonel [[Joshua Fry]]: "I am advis’d that Capt. Trent, and his Lieut., Fraser have been long absent from their duty...Which Conduct & Behaviour I require & expect You will enquire into at a Court Martial, & give Sentence accordingly."<ref>[https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/02-01-02-0046 "To George Washington from Robert Dinwiddie, 4 May 1754," Founders Online, National Archives.''The Papers of George Washington,'' Colonial Series, vol. 1, 7 July 1748 – 14 August 1755, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1983, pp. 91–93.]</ref><ref name = "Hunter"/>{{rp|51}} Lieutenant Fraser was almost court-martialed at Williamsburg for desertion, but he was released after Washington reminded Governor Dinwiddie that Fraser had accepted his lieutenant's commission with reservations. He later served as Chief of Scouts in General [[Edward Braddock]]'s army, [[Adjutant]] of Virginia Forces, and Captain of guides in the army of [[John Forbes (British Army officer)|Brigadier-General John Forbes]].<ref name = "Clark1"/>{{rp|92}}

The French erected [[Fort Duquesne]] after seizing Fort Prince George, and maintained control of traffic on the Ohio River until November, 1758. This had a devastating impact on British trade with Native Americans in the Ohio Country, leading many to side with the French at the beginning of the French and Indian War.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yg8QAQAAMAAJ Charles W. Dahlinger, "Fort Pitt," ''Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine,'' vol 5, No. 1, January 1922; Pittsburgh: Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania]</ref>{{rp|4}}

Fort Prince George was the first of five forts to be built to control the strategic "Forks of the Ohio".<ref>[https://colonialwarspa.org/fort-prince-george-aka-trents-fort-february-1754/ "Fort Prince George, aka Trent’s Fort – February 1754," Society of Colonial Wars of Pennsylvania, 2024]</ref>  Following the capture of Fort Duquesne in the 1758 [[Forbes Expedition]], the British built [[Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)|Fort Pitt]]. [[Mercer's Fort]] was a temporary British fort built to defend against a French counterattack while Fort Pitt was being constructed. The final fort in what is now downtown Pittsburgh was an American post called [[Fort Lafayette (Pennsylvania)|Fort Lafayette]], built in 1792 and located farther up the Allegheny River.

== Memorialization ==

A historical marker commemorating Fort Prince George was placed in [[Point State Park]] in downtown Pittsburgh on May 8, 1959.<ref name = "Marker"/><ref>[https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM2EH Fort Prince George historical marker]</ref> A [[diorama]] depicting the fort's surrender to the French can be seen at the [[Fort Pitt Museum]] in Pittsburgh.<ref>[https://pabucketlist.com/exploring-point-state-park-in-pittsburgh-pa/ Rusty Glessner, "Exploring Point State Park in Pittsburgh"]</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="Note"}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Pennsylvania during the French and Indian War}}
{{Pittsburgh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prince George}}
[[Category:French and Indian War forts]]
[[Category:Forts in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Colonial forts in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:British forts in the United States]]
[[Category:History of Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:George Washington]]
[[Category:Allegheny County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:French military occupations]]
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of Pennsylvania]]