View source for Fort Ticonderoga

{{Short description|Historic fort in New York State}}
{{Featured article}}
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{{Use American English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name                 = Fort Ticonderoga
| nrhp_type            = nhl
| image                = Fort Ticonderoga, Ticonderoga, NY.jpg
| image_size           = 300
| alt                  = The fort's configuration is described in detail below.
| caption              = Fort Ticonderoga from [[Mount Defiance (New York)|Mount Defiance]]
| location             = [[Ticonderoga (village), New York|Ticonderoga]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
| nearest_city         = [[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]], [[Vermont]]
| locmapin             = New York Adirondack Park#New York#USA
| coordinates          = {{coord|43|50|30|N|73|23|15|W|region:US-NY_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| map_width            = 300
| map_alt              = The fort is located by Lake Champlain in New York near the Vermont border, about 2/5 of the way north from New York City to Montreal.
| area                 = {{Convert|21950|acre|sqmi km2|1}}
| built                = 1755–1758
| architect            = [[Michel Chartier de Lotbinière, Marquis de Lotbinière|Marquis de Lotbinière]]
| architecture         = [[Vauban]]-style fortress
| designated_nrhp_type = October 9, 1960<ref name="nhlsum"/>
| added                = October 15, 1966<ref name="nris">[[#nris|National Register Information System]]</ref>
| visitation_num       =
| visitation_year      =
| refnum               = 66000519
| mpsub                = 
}}
{{Campaignbox
|raw_name=
|name=Military engagements at Ticonderoga-Carillon
|battles=[[Battle of Carillon|1758]]&nbsp;– [[Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)|1759]]&nbsp;– [[Capture of Fort Ticonderoga|1775]]&nbsp;– [[Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)|1777]]
}}
[[Image:Fort Ticonderoga 1758 Restored.png|thumb|right|305px|upright=1.2|Detail of a 1758 map showing the fort's layout]]
'''Fort Ticonderoga''' ({{IPAc-en|t|aɪ|k|ɒ|n|d|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|g|ə}}), formerly [[Fort Carillon]], is a large 18th-century [[Bastion fort|star fort]] built by the [[New France|French]] at a narrows near the south end of [[Lake Champlain]] in northern [[New York (state)|New York]]. It was constructed between October 1755 and 1757 by French-Canadian military engineer [[Michel Chartier de Lotbinière, Marquis de Lotbinière]] during the [[French and Indian War]], sometimes known overseas as the "North American theater" of the [[Seven Years' War]]. The fort was of strategic importance during the 18th-century colonial conflicts between Great Britain and France, and again played an important role during the [[American Revolutionary War]].

The site controlled a river portage alongside the mouth of the rapids-infested [[La Chute River]], in the {{convert|3.5|mi}} between Lake Champlain and [[Lake George (lake), New York|Lake George]]. It was strategically placed for the trade routes between the British-controlled [[Hudson River]] Valley and the French-controlled [[Saint Lawrence River]] Valley.

The terrain amplified the importance of the site. Both lakes were long and narrow and oriented north–south, as were the many ridge lines of the [[Appalachian Mountains]] which extend as far south as [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. The mountains created nearly impassable terrains to the east and west of the [[Great Appalachian Valley]] that the site commanded.

The name "Ticonderoga" comes from the [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquois]] word ''tekontaró:ken'', meaning "it is at the junction of two waterways".<ref name="NameCite">[[#Afable|Afable]], p. 193</ref>

During the 1758 [[Battle of Carillon]], 4,000 French defenders were able to repel an attack by 16,000 British troops. In 1759, the British returned and drove a token French garrison from the fort. The British controlled the fort at the beginning of the Revolutionary War, but the [[Green Mountain Boys]] and other state militia under the command of [[Ethan Allen]] and [[Benedict Arnold]] [[Capture of Fort Ticonderoga|captured it]] on May 10, 1775. [[Henry Knox]] led a party to [[Noble train of artillery|transport many of the fort's cannon]] to Boston to assist in the [[Siege of Boston|siege against the British]], who [[Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)|evacuated the city]] in March 1776. The Americans held the fort until June 1777, when British forces under General [[John Burgoyne]] [[Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)|occupied high ground above it]]; the threat resulted in the [[Continental Army]] troops withdrawing from the fort and its surrounding defenses.  The only direct attack on the fort during the Revolution took place in September 1777, when [[John Brown of Pittsfield|John Brown]] led 500 Americans in an unsuccessful attempt to capture it from about 100 British defenders.

The British abandoned the fort after the failure of the [[Saratoga campaign]], and it ceased to be of military value after 1781. The United States allowed the fort to fall into ruin, and local residents stripped it of much of its usable materials. It was purchased by a private family in 1820 and became a stop on tourist routes of the area. Early in the 20th century, its private owners restored the fort. The Fort Ticonderoga Association now operates it as a tourist attraction, museum, and research center.

==Geography and early history==
[[Lake Champlain]] forms part of the border between [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[Vermont]], and the [[Hudson River]] together formed an important travel route that was used by [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indians]] long before the arrival of European colonists.  The route was relatively free of obstacles to navigation, with only a few portages.  One strategically important place on the route lies at a narrows near the southern end of Lake Champlain. Ticonderoga Creek was known in [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial times]] as La Chute River because it was named by French colonists; enters the lake at this point carrying water from [[Lake George (lake), New York|Lake George]].  The site provides commanding views of the southern extent of Lake Champlain, [[Mount Defiance (New York)|Mount Defiance]], at {{convert|853|ft|m|abbr=on}}, and two other hills (Mount Hope and [[Mount Independence (Vermont)|Mount Independence]]) overlook the area.<ref name="Lonergan2">[[#Lonergan|Lonergan (1959)]], p. 2</ref>

[[Image:DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg|thumb|left|Engraving after a 1609 drawing by [[Samuel de Champlain|Champlain]] of an American Indian battle near Ticonderoga|alt=A black and white engraving.  Two masses of Native North Americans face each other in the center, firing at each other with bows and arrows.  In front of each group there are a number of canoes pulled up against the shore of a body of water.  In the background are trees.  Between the two groups stands a single man wearing some sort of armor.  He is firing a rifle or musket at the group on the right, and a puff of smoke rises from the weapon.  Further back near the trees are two other men who are also firing weapons at the group on the right.  Two wounded individuals are lying on the ground next to the group on the right.]]

American Indians had occupied the area for centuries before French explorer [[Samuel de Champlain]] first arrived there in 1609.  Champlain recounted that the [[Algonquin people|Algonquins]] with whom he was traveling  battled a group of [[Iroquois]] nearby.<ref name="Lonergan5_8">[[#Lonergan|Lonergan (1959)]], pp. 5–8</ref> In 1642, French missionary [[Isaac Jogues]] was the first white man to traverse the portage at Ticonderoga while escaping a battle between the Iroquois and members of the [[Wyandot people|Huron]] tribe.<ref name="Lonergan9_10">[[#Lonergan|Lonergan (1959)]], pp. 9–10</ref>

The French had [[French colonization of the Americas|colonized]] the [[Saint Lawrence River]] valley to the north, and the English had taken over the [[Dutch colonization of the Americas|Dutch settlements]] that became the [[Province of New York]] to the south. The French and English began contesting the area as early as 1691, when [[Pieter Schuyler]] built a small wooden fort at the Ticonderoga point on the western shore of the lake.<ref name="Lonergan15_18">[[#Lonergan|Lonergan (1959)]], pp. 15, 18</ref>  These colonial conflicts reached their height in the [[French and Indian War]], which began in 1754 and is sometimes considered to be the North American front of the Seven Years' War.<ref>[[#AndersonCrucible|Anderson (2000)]], pp. 11–12</ref>

==Construction==
[[Image:ChamplainValley1777.jpg|thumb|upright|A 1777 map depicting [[Lake Champlain]] and the upper [[Hudson River]]|alt=The map is oriented with north to the top. The lower section of the map shows Saratoga, New York and Fort Edward, on the Hudson River.  Red markers depict the position of John Burgoyne's army near Saratoga at the time of its surrender in 1777. A line of mountains is shown to the right of the Hudson, extending northward but eventually bending off the map to the east.  North of Fort Edward are Fort George, at the southern end of Lake George, and Skenesborough, near the southern end of Lake Champlain.  About one third of the way up the map,  Lake George joins with Champlain, and Fort Ticonderoga is shown at the northwest side of the junction.  Lake Champlain extends to the north and is dotted with islands.  There is a red line marking the boundary between New York and Quebec, and the upper third of the map shows the Richelieu River extending north to meet the Saint Lawrence River at Sorel, with Montreal southwest of that point.]]

The French decided to construct a fort here in 1755, following the [[Battle of Lake George]]. [[Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal|Marquis de Vaudreuil]], the governor of the French [[Canada, New France|Province of Canada]], sent his cousin [[Michel Chartier de Lotbinière, Marquis de Lotbinière|Michel Chartier de Lotbinière]] to design and construct a fortification at this militarily important site, which the French called Fort Carillon.<ref name="Lonergan17">[[#Lonergan|Lonergan (1959)]], p. 17</ref>  Some have attributed the name "Carillon" to French officer Philippe de Carrion du Fresnoy, who established a trading post at the site in the late 17th century.<ref name="Ketchum29">[[#Ketchum|Ketchum]], p. 29</ref> It is more commonly attributed to the sounds made by the rapids of La Chute River, which were said to resemble the chiming bells of a [[carillon]].<ref name="Nester110"/> Construction on the [[star fort|star-shaped fort]] was based on designs of the renowned French military engineer [[Vauban]]. It began in October 1755 and proceeded slowly during the warmer-weather months of 1756 and 1757, using troops stationed at nearby [[Fort St. Frédéric]] and from Canada.<ref name="Lonergan22">[[#Lonergan|Lonergan (1959)]], p. 22</ref><ref name="Stoetzel297">[[#Stoetzel|Stoetzel]], p. 297</ref>

The work in 1755 consisted primarily of beginning construction on the main walls and on the Lotbinière [[redoubt]], an outwork to the west of the site that provided additional coverage of La Chute River.  During the next year, the four main [[bastion]]s were built, as well as a sawmill on La Chute.  Work slowed in 1757, when many of the troops participated in the [[Battle of Fort William Henry|attack on Fort William Henry]]. The barracks and [[Ravelin|demi-lunes]] were not completed until spring 1758.<ref name="Lonergan19_25">[[#Lonergan|Lonergan (1959)]], pp. 19–25</ref>

===Walls and bastions===
The French built the fort to control the south end of Lake Champlain and prevent the British from gaining military access to the lake.  Consequently, its most important defenses, the Reine and Germaine bastions, were directed to the northeast and northwest, away from the lake, with two demi-lunes further extending the works on the land side.  The Joannes and Languedoc bastions overlooked the lake to the south, providing cover for the landing area outside the fort.  The walls were {{convert|7|ft|spell=in}} high and {{convert|14|ft|spell=in}} thick, and the whole works was surrounded by a [[glacis]] and a dry [[moat]] {{convert|5|ft|spell=in}} deep and {{convert|15|ft|spell=in}} wide.  When the walls were first erected in 1756, they were made of squared wooden timbers, with earth filling the gap.  The French then began to [[Stonemasonry|dress the walls with stone]] from a [[quarry]] about one mile (1.6&nbsp;km) away, although this work was never fully completed.<ref name="Nester110">[[#Nester|Nester]], p. 110</ref>  When the main defenses became ready for use, the fort was armed with [[cannon]]s hauled from [[Montreal]] and Fort St. Frédéric.<ref name="Kaufmann75_76">[[#Kaufmann|Kaufmann]], pp. 75–76</ref><ref name="Lonergan19">[[#Lonergan|Lonergan (1959)]], p. 19</ref>

===Inside and outside===
The fort contained three [[barracks]] and four [[warehouse|storehouse]]s.  One bastion held a bakery capable of producing 60 loaves of bread a day.  A [[Magazine (artillery)|powder magazine]] was hacked out of the [[bedrock]] beneath the Joannes bastion.  All the construction within the fort was of stone.<ref name="Nester110"/>

A wooden [[palisade]] protected an area outside the fort between the southern wall and the lake shore.  This area contained the main landing for the fort and additional storage facilities and other works necessary for maintenance of the fort.<ref name="Nester110"/>  When it became apparent in 1756 that the fort was too far to the west of the lake, the French constructed an additional redoubt to the east to enable cannon to cover the lake's [[narrows]].<ref name="Chartrand36">[[#Chartrand|Chartrand]], p. 36</ref>

<gallery>
File:Fort Ticonderoga barracks, canon.JPG|Officers' barracks, right; soldiers' barracks, left
File:Fort Ticonderoga, inside the first wall.jpg|Inside the first wall; officers' barracks at left, soldiers' barracks at right
File:Fort Ticonderoga, store room and powder magazine.jpg|Store room and powder magazine (now Mars Education Center); soldiers' barracks at right
File:Forttic1.jpg|Front of the fort
File:Forttic2.jpg|View of the lake from the front
File:Forttic3.jpg|Back view of the fort
</gallery>

==Analysis==
The fort was largely complete by 1758; the only ongoing work thereafter consisted of dressing the walls with stone. Still, General [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm|Montcalm]] and two of his military engineers surveyed the works in 1758 and found something to criticize in almost every aspect of the fort's construction: the buildings were too tall and thus easier for cannons to hit, the powder magazine leaked, and the masonry was of poor quality.<ref name="Lonergan25">[[#Lonergan|Lonergan (1959)]], p. 25</ref>  The critics apparently failed to notice the fort's significant strategic weakness: several nearby hills overlooked the fort and made it possible for besiegers to fire down on the defenders from above.<ref name="Lonergan26">[[#Lonergan|Lonergan (1959)]], p. 26</ref>  Lotbinière's career suffered for years afterwards.<ref name="LBio">[[#CITEREFThorpeNicolini-Maschino|Thorpe]]</ref>

[[#Nester|William Nester]] notes additional problems with the fort's construction.  The fort was small for a Vauban-style fort, about {{convert|500|ft}} wide, with a barracks capable of holding only 400 soldiers.  Storage space inside the fort was similarly limited, requiring the storage of provisions outside the walls in exposed places.  Its [[cistern]] was small, and the water quality was supposedly poor.<ref name="Nester111">[[#Nester|Nester]], p. 111</ref><ref name="Ketchum28">[[#Ketchum|Ketchum]], p. 28</ref>

==Military history==
[[Image:Ticonderoga attack plan2.jpg|thumb|Restored manuscript map, dated May 29, 1759, for the British plan of attack at the [[Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)|1759 Battle of Ticonderoga]]|alt=A hand-drawn manuscript map. The northern end of Lake George is visible at the bottom of the map, with the short La Chute River going north and east to join with a narrow section of Lake Champlain.  A trail is marked from the northern end of Lake George to the area near Fort Ticonderoga, which is located to the north of the mouth of the La Chute.  Military lines are drawn near the fort, and there are other map elements that are labeled by letters.  There is a key explaining the letters in the lower-right section of the manuscript.]]

===French and Indian War===
{{Main|Battle of Carillon|Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)}}
[[File:Daguerreotype of the ruins of Fort Ticonderoga.jpg|thumb|[[Daguerreotype]] of the ruins of Fort Ticonderoga]]
In August 1757, the French [[Battle of Fort William Henry|captured Fort William Henry]] in an action launched from Fort Carillon.<ref name="AndersonMade109_15">[[#AndersonMade|Anderson (2005)]], pp. 109–115</ref>  This and a string of other French victories in 1757 prompted the British to organize a large-scale attack on the fort as part of a multi-campaign strategy against French Canada.<ref name="AndersonMade126">[[#AndersonMade|Anderson (2005)]], p. 126</ref> In June 1758, British General [[James Abercrombie (British Army general)|James Abercromby]] began amassing a large force at [[Fort William Henry]] in preparation for a military campaign directed up the Champlain Valley.  These forces landed at the north end of [[Lake George (lake), New York|Lake George]] on July 6, only four miles from the fort.<ref name="AndersonMade132">[[#AndersonMade|Anderson (2005)]], p. 132</ref>  French General [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm]] had only arrived at Carillon in late June, and he engaged his troops in a flurry of work to improve the fort's outer defenses.  They built entrenchments in two days around a rise between the fort and Mount Hope, about three-quarters of a mile (one kilometer) northwest of the fort, and then constructed an [[abatis]] (felled trees with sharpened branches pointing out) below these entrenchments.<ref name="AndersonC242">[[#AndersonCrucible|Anderson (2000)]], p. 242</ref>  They conducted the work unimpeded by military action, as Abercromby failed to advance directly to the fort on July 7. Abercromby's second-in-command was Brigadier General [[George Howe, 3rd Viscount Howe|George Howe]], who had been killed when his column encountered a French reconnaissance troop.  Abercromby felt Howe's death "most heavily" and may have been unwilling to act immediately.<ref name="AndersonMade135">[[#AndersonMade|Anderson (2005)]], p. 135</ref>

On July 8, 1758, Abercromby ordered a frontal attack against the hastily assembled French works. He tried to move rapidly against the few French defenders, opting to forgo field cannon and relying instead on the numerical superiority of his 16,000 troops, but the British were soundly defeated by the 4,000 French defenders in the [[Battle of Carillon]].<ref name="AndersonMade135_8">[[#AndersonMade|Anderson (2005)]], pp. 135–138</ref>  The battle took place far enough away from the fort that its guns were rarely used.<ref name="Few uses">[[#Chartrand|Chartrand]] and [[#Nester|Nester]] both wrote detailed accounts of the battle and describe only one brief period during the battle when the cannons on the southwest bastion were fired at an attempted British maneuver on the river.</ref>  The battle gave the fort a reputation for impregnability, which affected future military operations in the area, notably during the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref name="Furneaux51"/> Following the French victory, Montcalm anticipated further British attacks, so he ordered additional work on the defenses, including the construction of the Germain and Pontleroy [[redoubt]]s to the northeast of the fort, named for the engineers under whose direction they were constructed.<ref name="ASHPS1913_619">[[#ASHPS1913|ASHPS Annual Report 1913]], p. 619</ref><ref name="Stoetzel453">[[#Stoetzel|Stoetzel]], p. 453</ref>  However, the British did not attack again in 1758, so the French withdrew all but a small garrison in November for the winter.<ref name="Atherton419">[[#Atherton|Atherton]], p. 419</ref>

The British under General [[Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst|Jeffery Amherst]] captured the fort the following year in the [[Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)|1759 Battle of Ticonderoga]].  In this confrontation, 11,000 British troops used emplaced artillery and drove off the token garrison of 400 Frenchmen.  The French used explosives to destroy what they could of the fort as they withdrew<ref name="Lonergan56">[[#Lonergan|Lonergan (1959)]], p. 56</ref> and spiked the cannons that they did not take with them.  The British worked to repair and improve the fort in 1759-60,<ref name="Kaufmann90_91">[[#Kaufmann|Kaufmann]], pp. 90–91</ref> but it was not part of any further significant action in the war.  After the war, the British garrisoned the fort with a small number of troops and allowed it to fall into disrepair.  Colonel [[Frederick Haldimand]] was in command of the fort in 1773, and he wrote that it was in "ruinous condition".<ref name="Lonergan59">[[#Lonergan|Lonergan (1959)]], p. 59</ref>

===Early Revolutionary War===
{{Main|Capture of Fort Ticonderoga|Invasion of Canada (1775)}}

In 1775, Fort Ticonderoga was in disrepair but still manned by a token British force.  They found it extremely useful as a supply and communication link between Canada and New York.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web| url = https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2010-featured-story-archive/capture-of-fort-ticonderoga.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110525163426/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2010-featured-story-archive/capture-of-fort-ticonderoga.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = May 25, 2011| title = Intelligence Throughout History: The Capture of Fort Ticonderoga, 1775}}</ref> A small American force surprised the 48 British soldiers within the fort on May 10, 1775, less than one month after the [[American Revolutionary War]] was ignited with the [[battles of Lexington and Concord]]. The Americans consisted of Vermont's [[Green Mountain Boys]] led by [[Ethan Allen]], and militia volunteers from [[Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts]] and [[Connecticut Colony|Connecticut]] led by [[Benedict Arnold]].<ref name="Martin70_72">[[#Martin|Martin]], pp. 70–72</ref>  Allen called out, "Come out you old Rat!" to the fort's commander Captain William Delaplace.<ref name="Martin71">[[#Martin|Martin]], p. 71</ref>  He also demanded that the British commander surrender the fort "in the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress!" The surrender demand was actually made to Lieutenant Jocelyn Feltham and not the fort's commander, but Delaplace did later appear and surrender his sword.<ref name="Martin71"/>

With the capture of the fort, the [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriot]] forces obtained a large supply of cannons and other armaments, much of which [[Henry Knox]] [[Noble train of artillery|transported to]] [[Boston]] during the winter of 1775–1776.  Ticonderoga's cannons were instrumental in ending the [[siege of Boston]] when they were used to [[Fortification of Dorchester Heights|fortify Dorchester Heights]],<ref name="Martin73">[[#Martin|Martin]], p. 73</ref> forcing the British to evacuate the city in March 1776.<ref name="CIA"/> The capture of Fort Ticonderoga by the Americans also made communication much more difficult between the British commands in Canada and America.

Benedict Arnold remained in control of the fort until a thousand Connecticut troops arrived in June 1775 under the command of [[Benjamin Hinman]]. However, Arnold was never notified that Hinman was to take command due to a series of political maneuvers and miscommunications. A delegation from Massachusetts arrived to clarify the matter, and Arnold resigned his commission and departed, leaving the fort in Hinman's hands.<ref name="Martin80_97">[[#Martin|Martin]], pp. 80–97</ref>

[[Image:Fort Ticonderoga 1775 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Ethan Allen demanding that the fort be surrendered|alt=A black and white engraving, captioned "Capture of Fort Ticonderoga". Two men, one holding a lit lantern and the other with his left hand raised and a sword in his right hand, stand in the center, facing the doorway of a stone building to the right. A man stands in the doorway, wearing a nightgown and nightcap, and holding a lit candle on a candlestick. Behind him a woman is visible. To the right of the doorway is a small cannon or mortar. In the background on the left men in uniform are visible, as are stacked cannonballs, cannons, and a ladder leaning against a wall.]]

Beginning in July 1775, Ticonderoga was used as a staging area for the [[Invasion of Canada (1775)|invasion of Quebec]], planned to begin in September under the leadership of generals [[Philip Schuyler]] and [[Richard Montgomery]]. Men and materials for the invasion were accumulated there through July and August.<ref name="Smith14I252_270">[[#Smith14I|Smith, Vol 1]], pp. 252–270</ref> Montgomery received word on August 28 that British forces at [[Fort Saint-Jean (Quebec)|Fort Saint-Jean]], not far from the New York–[[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Quebec]] border, were nearing completion of boats to launch onto Lake Champlain. He launched an invasion, leading 1,200 troops down the lake.<ref name="Smith14I320">[[#Smith14I|Smith (1907), Vol 1]], p. 320</ref>  Ticonderoga continued to serve as a staging base for the action in Quebec until the [[Battle of Quebec (1775)|battle and siege at Quebec City]] which resulted in Montgomery's death.<ref name="SmithV2">These events are recounted in detail in [[#Smith14II|Smith (1907), Vol 2]].</ref>

In May 1776, British troops began to arrive at [[Quebec City]], where they broke the [[Continental Army]]'s siege.<ref name="Smith14II316">[[#Smith14II|Smith (1907), Vol 2]], p. 316</ref>  The British chased the American forces back to Ticonderoga in June and then moved down Lake Champlain under [[Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester|Guy Carleton]] in October, after several months of ship building. The British destroyed a small fleet of American gunboats in the [[Battle of Valcour Island]] in mid-October, but snow was already falling, so the British retreated to winter quarters in Quebec. About 1,700 troops from the Continental Army wintered at Ticonderoga under the command of Colonel [[Anthony Wayne]].<ref name="SmithV2"/><ref name="Hamilton165">[[#Hamilton|Hamilton]], p. 165</ref>  The British offensive resumed the next year in the [[Saratoga campaign]] under General [[John Burgoyne]].<ref name="Lonergan101">[[#Lonergan|Lonergan (1959)]], p. 101</ref>

===Saratoga campaign===
{{Main|Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)}}
During the summer of 1776, the Americans added substantial defensive works to the area under the direction of General Schuyler, and later under General [[Horatio Gates]]. [[Mount Independence (Vermont)|Mount Independence]] is almost completely surrounded by water, and it was fortified with trenches near the water, a horseshoe artillery battery part way up the side, a citadel at the summit, and redoubts armed with cannons surrounding the summit area.  These defenses were linked to Ticonderoga with a [[pontoon bridge]] that was protected by land batteries on both sides.  The works on Mount Hope were improved to include a star-shaped fort. [[Mount Defiance (New York)|Mount Defiance]] remained unfortified.<ref name="Lonergan97_9">[[#Lonergan|Lonergan (1959)]], pp. 97–99</ref>

[[Image:Ticonderoga1.jpg|thumb|right|Fort Ticonderoga as seen from [[Lake Champlain]]|alt=The fort is shown above foreground greenery, photographed through some grass-like plants.  Some of the fort's star-points are visible, and a flag is flying from its flagstaff.  The sky is a hazy blue-white.]]

In March 1777, American generals were strategizing about possible British military movements and thought it likely that the enemy would make an attempt on the Hudson River corridor.  General Schuyler headed the forces stationed at Ticonderoga, and he requested 10,000 troops to guard Ticonderoga and 2,000 to guard the [[Mohawk River]] valley against British invasion from the north. [[George Washington]] had never been to Ticonderoga,<ref name="Lonergan123">[[#Lonergan|Lonergan (1959)]], p. 123</ref> but he believed that an overland attack was unlikely from the north because of the alleged impregnability of Ticonderoga.<ref name="Furneaux51">[[#Furneaux|Furneaux]], p. 51</ref>  This and continuing incursions up the Hudson River valley by British forces occupying New York City led Washington to believe that any attack on the [[Albany, New York|Albany]] area would be from the south, as it was part of the supply line to Ticonderoga and would necessitate a withdrawal from the fort.  As a result, no significant actions were taken to further fortify Ticonderoga or significantly increase its garrison.<ref name="Furneaux52">[[#Furneaux|Furneaux]], p. 52</ref>  The garrison consisted of about 2,000 men under General [[Arthur St. Clair]] and was too small to man all the defenses.<ref name="Lonergan99">[[#Lonergan|Lonergan (1959)]], p. 99</ref>

General Gates oversaw the northern defenses and was aware that [[Mount Defiance (New York)|Mount Defiance]] threatened the fort.<ref name="Furneaux54_55"/> [[John Trumbull]] had pointed this out as early as 1776, when a shot fired from the fort was able to reach Defiance's summit, and several officers inspecting the hill noted that there were approaches to its summit where gun carriages could be pulled up the sides.<ref name="Furneaux54_55">[[#Furneaux|Furneaux]], pp. 54–55</ref>  The garrison was too small to properly defend all the existing works in the area, so Mount Defiance was left undefended.<ref name="Furneaux55">[[#Furneaux|Furneaux]], p. 55</ref>  Anthony Wayne left Ticonderoga in April 1777 to join Washington's army; he reported to Washington that "all was well", and that the fort "can never be carried, without much loss of blood".<ref name="Furneaux58">[[#Furneaux|Furneaux]], p. 58</ref>

{{Quote box|width=20%|align=right|"Where a goat can go, a man can go; and where a man can go, he can drag a gun."|British Major General [[William Phillips (General)|William Phillips]], as his men brought cannon to the top of [[Mount Defiance (New York)|Mount Defiance]] in 1777}}

General Burgoyne led 7,800 British and [[Hessian (soldiers)|Hessian]] forces south from Quebec in June 1777.<ref name="Furneaux47">[[#Furneaux|Furneaux]], p. 47</ref>  They occupied nearby [[Fort Crown Point]] without opposition on June 30, then prepared to [[Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)|besiege Ticonderoga]].<ref name="Furneaux49_57">[[#Furneaux|Furneaux]], pp. 49, 57</ref>  Burgoyne recognized the tactical advantage of the high ground and had his troops haul cannons to the top of Mount Defiance, and General St. Clair ordered Ticonderoga abandoned on July 5, 1777.  Burgoyne's troops moved in the next day,<ref name="Furneaux65_67">[[#Furneaux|Furneaux]], pp. 65–67</ref> with advance guards pursuing the retreating Americans.<ref name="Furneaux74">[[#Furneaux|Furneaux]], p. 74</ref>  Washington heard of Burgoyne's advance and the retreat from Ticonderoga and stated that the event was "not apprehended, nor within the compass of my reasoning".<ref name="Furneaux88">[[#Furneaux|Furneaux]], p. 88</ref>  News of the abandonment of the "Impregnable Bastion" without a fight caused "the greatest surprise and alarm" throughout the colonies.<ref name="ThacherQuote">Dr. [[James Thacher]], quoted in [[#Furneaux|Furneaux]], p. 88</ref>  General St. Clair was court-martialed in 1778, but he was cleared on all charges.<ref name="Furneaux88"/>

===One last attack===
Ticonderoga and the surrounding defenses were garrisoned by 700 British and Hessian troops under the command of Brigadier General [[Henry Watson Powell]].  Most of these forces were on Mount Independence, with only 100 each at Fort Ticonderoga and a blockhouse that they were constructing on top of Mount Defiance.<ref name="Hamilton215_6">[[#Hamilton|Hamilton]], pp. 215–216</ref>  George Washington sent General [[Benjamin Lincoln]] into [[Vermont]] to "divide and distract the enemy".<ref name="Hamilton216">[[#Hamilton|Hamilton]], p. 216</ref>  Lincoln was aware that the British were housing American prisoners in the area, and he decided to test the British defenses.  On September 13, he sent 500 men to [[Whitehall (village), New York|Skenesboro]], which they found the British had abandoned, and 500 each against the defenses on either side of the lake at Ticonderoga.  Colonel [[John Brown of Pittsfield|John Brown]] led the troops on the west side, with instructions to release prisoners if possible and attack the fort if it seemed feasible.<ref name="Hamilton217">[[#Hamilton|Hamilton]], p. 217</ref>

[[Image:Surrender of General Burgoyne.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|[[John Trumbull (painter)|John Trumbull]]'s depiction of the ''[[Surrender of General Burgoyne]]'' at Saratoga|alt=A color painting. In the center is the white-haired Horatio Gates, facing front, wearing a blue military jacket, yellow pants, and knee-length dark boots.  His right hand is reaching out to accept the sword of John Burgoyne, who faces to the right, and wears a red coat and white pants.  Behind and to his left is another similarly attired officer. Behind him, and to the left of Gates, are Continental Army soldiers wearing a variety of different uniforms; those on the right of the painting are standing behind a brass cannon, and to the far left is a blue-coated man on a gray horse.  The background on the left is countryside with hills visible in the distance, and a partly cloudy sky.  The background on the right includes a white tent, above which waves a flag similar to the United States flag, although it has a smaller number of stars on the blue field, arranged in a square.]]

Early on September 18, Brown's troops surprised a British contingent holding some prisoners near the Lake George landing, while a detachment of his troops snuck up Mount Defiance and captured most of the sleeping construction crew.  Brown and his men then moved down the portage trail toward the fort, surprising more troops and releasing prisoners along the way.<ref name="Hamilton218">[[#Hamilton|Hamilton]], p. 218</ref>  The fort's occupants were unaware of the action until Brown's men skirmished with British troops occupying the old French lines.  At this point, Brown's men dragged two captured six-pound guns up to the lines and began firing on the fort.  The men who had captured Mount Defiance began firing a twelve-pounder from that site.<ref name="Hamilton219">[[#Hamilton|Hamilton]], p. 219</ref>  The column that was to attack Mount Independence was delayed, and its numerous defenders were alerted to the action at the fort below before the attack began on their position.  Their musket fire and [[grapeshot]] fired from ships anchored nearby intimidated the Americans sufficiently that they never launched an assault on the defensive positions on Mount Independence.<ref name="Hamilton219"/> A stalemate persisted with regular exchanges of cannon fire until September 21, when 100 Hessians arrived from the Mohawk Valley to provide reinforcement to the besieged fort.<ref name="Hamilton220">[[#Hamilton|Hamilton]], p. 220</ref>
Brown eventually sent a truce party to the fort to open negotiations; the party was fired on, and three of its five members were killed.<ref name="Hamilton222">[[#Hamilton|Hamilton]], p. 222</ref>  Brown realized that their weaponry was insufficient to take the fort and decided to withdraw, destroying many [[bateaux]] and seizing a ship on Lake George. He then set off to annoy British positions on the lake.<ref name="Hamilton222"/>  His action resulted in the freeing of 118 Americans and the capture of 293 British troops, while suffering fewer than 10 casualties.<ref name="Hamilton219"/>

===Abandonment===

The fort at Ticonderoga became increasingly irrelevant after Burgoyne's [[Battles of Saratoga|defeat at Saratoga]]. The British abandoned it and nearby [[Fort Crown Point]] in November 1777, destroying both as best they could before their withdrawal.<ref name="Crego70">[[#Crego|Crego]], p. 70</ref>  The fort was occasionally reoccupied by British raiding parties in the following years, but it no longer held a prominent strategic role in the war.  It was finally abandoned by the British for good in 1781, following their [[Siege of Yorktown|surrender at Yorktown]].<ref name="Lonergan122">[[#Lonergan|Lonergan (1959)]], p. 122</ref>  In the years following the war, area residents stripped the fort of usable building materials, even melting some of the cannons down for the metal.<ref name="Pell91">[[#Pell|Pell]], p. 91</ref>

==Tourist attraction==
[[Image:Cole Thomas Gelyna (View near Ticonderoga) 1826-1828.jpeg|thumb|[[Thomas Cole]]'s ''Gelyna, View near Ticonderoga'']]

In 1785, the fort's lands became the property of the state of New York. The state donated the property to [[Columbia University]] and [[Union College]] in 1803,<ref name="Hamilton226">[[#Hamilton|Hamilton]], p. 226</ref> and the colleges sold the property to [[William Ferris Pell]] in 1820.<ref name="Crego76">[[#Crego|Crego]], p. 76</ref>

Pell first used the property as a summer retreat. Completion of railroads and canals connecting the area to [[New York City]] brought tourists to the area,<ref name="Crego73">[[#Crego|Crego]], p. 73</ref> so he converted his summer house into a hotel to serve the tourist trade.  In 1848, [[Hudson River School]] artist Russell Smith painted ''Ruins of Fort Ticonderoga'', depicting the condition of the fort.<ref name="Crego75">[[#Crego|Crego]], p. 75</ref>

The Pell family hired English architect [[Alfred Bossom]] to restore the fort and opened it to the public in 1909 as a historic site.  The ceremonies commemorated the 300th anniversary of the discovery of Lake Champlain by European explorers and were attended by President [[William Howard Taft]].<ref name="Lonergan124">[[#Lonergan|Lonergan (1959)]], p. 124</ref> [[Stephen Hyatt Pell]] spearheaded the restoration effort and founded the Fort Ticonderoga Association in 1931, which is now responsible for the fort.<ref name="Hamilton230">[[#Hamilton|Hamilton]], p. 230</ref> Funding for the restoration also came from [[Robert M. Thompson]], father of Stephen Pell's wife Sarah Gibbs Thompson.<ref name="Crego6">[[#Crego|Crego]], p. 6.</ref>

Between 1900 and 1950, the foundation acquired the historically important lands around the fort, including Mount Defiance, Mount Independence, and much of Mount Hope.<ref name="Lonergan125_127">[[#Lonergan|Lonergan (1959)]], pp. 125–127</ref>  The fort was rearmed with fourteen 24-pound cannons provided by the British government.  These cannons had been cast in England for use during the American Revolution, but the war ended before they were shipped over.<ref name="Pell108_9">[[#Pell|Pell]], pp. 108–109</ref>

[[Image:Fortticonderoga inside.jpg|thumb|left|A view of the restored Fort Ticonderoga|alt=A photograph of two stone buildings with red roofs, surrounding a stone-paved central area. The buildings have entrances on two levels, with wooden stairs outside leading to the doorways on the upper level. An American flag is visible waving in the gap between the buildings.]]

The fort has been designated a [[National Historic Landmark]] by the Department of Interior and is now operated by the foundation as a tourist attraction, early American military museum, and research center.  The fort opens annually around May 10, the anniversary of the 1775 capture, and closes in late October.<ref name="FortHours">[[#FortHours|Fort Hours]]</ref>

The fort has been on a watchlist of [[National Historic Landmark]]s since 1998 because of the poor condition of some of the walls and of the 19th-century pavilion constructed by William Ferris Pell.<ref name="nhlsum"/>  The pavilion was being restored in 2009. The powder magazine was destroyed by the French in 1759, but it was reconstructed in 2008 by Tonetti Associates Architects,<ref>[http://www.traditional-building.com/Previous-Issues-10/OctoberProject10Tonetti.html "Tonetti Associates Architects' Historic Reconstruction at Fort Ticonderoga"], ''Traditional Building Magazine'', October 2008</ref> based in part on the original 1755 plans.<ref name="Foster">[[#Foster|Foster]]</ref>  A major donor withdrew financial support in 2008, which forced the museum to consider selling [[Thomas Cole]]'s ''Gelyna, View near Ticonderoga'', one of their major art works.  However, fund raising activities were able to prevent the sale.<ref name="TUArticle">[[#TU081218|Albany Times Union, December 18, 2008]]</ref>

The not-for-profit Living History Education Foundation conducts teacher programs at Fort Ticonderoga during the summer that last approximately one week.  The program trains teachers how to teach Living History techniques, and to understand and interpret the importance of Fort Ticonderoga during the French and Indian War and the American Revolution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livinghistoryed.org |title=Index |publisher=Livinghistoryed.org |access-date=November 8, 2012}}</ref> The fort conducts other seminars, symposia, and workshops throughout the year, including the annual War College of the Seven Years' War in May and the Seminar on the American Revolution in September.<ref>{{cite web|title=Workshops & Seminars|url=https://www.fortticonderoga.org/education/workshop-seminars|website=Fort Ticonderoga|access-date=January 31, 2018}}</ref>

The Pell family estate is located north of the fort. In 1921, Sarah Pell undertook reconstruction of the gardens. She hired [[Marian Cruger Coffin]], one of the most famous American landscape architects of the period. In 1995, the gardens were restored and later opened for public visiting; they are known as the King's Garden.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fortticonderoga.org/visit/what-to-see/formal-garden|title=The King's Garden|publisher=Fort Ticonderoga|access-date=June 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628013533/http://www.fortticonderoga.org/visit/what-to-see/formal-garden|archive-date=June 28, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Memorials==
[[Image:Fort Ticonderoga-1955 Issue-3c.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|Stamp issued in 1955 marking Fort Ticonderoga's 200th anniversary|alt=A stamp, red ink on white background. The corners are labeled "3c" in reverse. A banner across the top reads "Fort Ticonderoga", one across the bottom reads "United States Postage". A banner down the left side reads "Bicentennial" in italic script, and one on the right reads "1755–1955". Imagery in the center of the stamp includes a diagram of the fort's layout, a colonial soldier brandishing a sword, and a cannon and cannonballs.]]
The [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] has given the name 'Ticonderoga' to [[USS Ticonderoga|five different vessels]], as well as to entire classes of [[Ticonderoga-class cruiser|cruisers]] and [[Ticonderoga-class aircraft carrier|aircraft&nbsp;carriers]].<ref name="BauerShips">[[#Bauer|Bauer]], pp. 36, 65, 67, 118, 119, 217, 218</ref><ref name="GSub">[[#GSub|US Office of Naval Records]], p. 106</ref>

The fort was declared a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1960.<ref name="nhlsum">[[#NHLSUM|NHL summary webpage]]</ref>  Included in the landmarked area are Mount Independence and Mount Defiance, as well as the fort.<ref name="nrhpinv">[[#NRHPINV|Ashton]]</ref>  It was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1966.<ref name="nhlsum"/>  

The Ticonderoga pencil, manufactured by the [[Dixon Ticonderoga]] Corporation, is named for the fort.<ref name="DixonCorp">[[#DixonCorp|Dixon Ticonderoga Corporation]]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Battle on Snowshoes (1757)]]
*[[Battle on Snowshoes (1758)]]
*[[List of French forts in North America]]
*[[Duncan Campbell (died 1758)]], Scottish officer of the British Army, subject of a legend about the fort
*[[Seymour Reit|Reit, Seymour]].  ''Guns for General Washington: A Story of the American Revolution.'' Clarion Books, 2001. 

==Notes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==

===Fort history sources===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Forts of New France in Northeast America 1600–1763|first=Rene|last=Chartrand|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84603-255-4|ref=Chartrand|oclc=191891156}}
*{{Cite book|title=Fort Ticonderoga|first=Carl R.|last=Crego|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|location=Charleston, South Carolina|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7385-3502-9|ref=Crego|oclc=56032864}}
*{{Cite book|title=Fortress America: The Forts that Defended America, 1600 to the Present|first=J. E.|last=Kaufmann|author2=Idzikowski, Tomasz|publisher=Da Capo Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=2004|ref=Kaufmann|isbn=978-0-306-81294-1|oclc=56912995|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780306812941}}
*{{Cite book|first=Edward|last=Hamilton|title=Fort Ticonderoga, Key to a Continent|ref=Hamilton|publisher=Little, Brown|location=Boston|year=1964|oclc=965281}}
*{{Cite book|title=Ticonderoga, Historic Portage|first=Carroll Vincent|last=Lonergan|ref=Lonergan|publisher=Fort Mount Hope Society Press|location=Ticonderoga, New York|year=1959|oclc=2000876}}
*{{Cite book|first=Stephen|last=Pell|title=Fort Ticonderoga: A Short History|ref=Pell|publisher=Fort Ticonderoga Museum|location=Ticonderoga, New York|year=1966|oclc=848305}}
{{Refend}}

===Battle history sources===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=Fred|title=The War that made America|location=New York|publisher=Viking|year=2005|isbn=978-0-670-03454-3|ref=AndersonMade|oclc=60671897|url=https://archive.org/details/warthatmadeameri00ande}}
*{{Cite book|title=Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766|first=Fred|last=Anderson|ref=AndersonCrucible|location=New York|publisher=Vintage Books|year=2000|isbn=978-0-375-70636-3|oclc=253943947|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/crucibleofwarsev00ande_0}}
*{{Cite book|title=Montreal, 1535–1914, Under British Rule, Volume 1|first=William Henry|last=Atherton|location=Montreal|publisher=S. J. Clarke|year=1914|ref=Atherton|oclc=6683395|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dmtaxmIuqcC}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Battle of Saratoga|first=Rupert|last=Furneaux|location=New York|publisher=Stein and Day|ref=Furneaux|year=1971|isbn=978-0-8128-1305-0|oclc=134959}}
*{{Cite book|title=Saratoga: Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War|first=Richard M.|last=Ketchum|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8050-6123-9|ref=Ketchum|oclc=41397623}}
*{{Cite book|title=Benedict Arnold: Revolutionary Hero|first=James Kirby|last=Martin|location=New York|publisher=New York University Press|year=1997|ref=Martin|isbn=978-0-8147-5560-0|oclc=36343341|url=https://archive.org/details/benedictarnoldre0000mart}}
*{{Cite book|last=Nester|first=William|url=http://www.sunypress.edu/details.asp?id=61555|title=The Epic Battles of the Ticonderoga, 1758|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7914-7321-4|ref=Nester|oclc=105469157}}
*{{Cite book|title=Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony: Canada, and the American Revolution, Volume 1|first=Justin H|last=Smith|ref=Smith14I|location=New York|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|year=1907|isbn=978-0306706332 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ls9BAAAAIAAJ|oclc=259236}}
*{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Justin H|title=Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony: Canada, and the American Revolution, Volume 2|location=New York|year=1907|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19VBAAAAIAAJ|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|isbn=9780306706332 |ref=Smith14II|oclc=259236}}
*{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the French and Indian War in North America, 1754–1763|first=Donald I|last=Stoetzel|ref=Stoetzel|location=Westminster, Maryland|publisher=Heritage Books|isbn=978-0-7884-4517-0|year=2008|oclc=243602289}}
{{Refend}}

===Other sources===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book|last=Afable|first=Patricia O.|author2=Beeler, Madison S.|year=1996|chapter=Place Names|title=Languages|editor-first=Ives |editor-last=Goddard|series=[[Handbook of North American Indians]] |volume=17|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|ref=Afable|isbn=978-0-16-048774-3|oclc=43957746}}
*{{Cite book|title=Annual Report, 1913|author=American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society|publisher=J.B. Lyon|location=Albany, New York|year=1913|ref=ASHPS1913|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmgAAAAAYAAJ|oclc=1480703}}
*{{cite web|url={{NHLS url|id=66000519}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination: Fort Ticonderoga / Mount Independence National Historic Landmark|first=Charles H|last=Ashton|author2=Hunter, Richard W|date=August 1983|publisher=National Park Service|format=PDF|access-date=January 10, 2009|ref=NRHPINV}} and {{NHLS url|id=66000519|title=Accompanying 40 photos, from 1983, 1967, and 1980.|photos=y}}&nbsp;{{small|(13.5&nbsp;MB)}}
*{{Cite book|title=Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants|first=Karl Jack|last=Bauer|author2=Roberts, Stephen S.|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=New York|year=1991|isbn=978-0-313-26202-9|ref=Bauer|oclc=24010356}}
*{{cite web | url=http://www.preservationnation.org/magazine/2008/todays-news/fort-ticonderoga-rededicates.html | title=Fort Ticonderoga Rededicates Green Replica of Building Lost in 1759 |first=Margaret|last=Foster | date=July 3, 2008 | access-date=February 9, 2009| work=Preservation magazine | publisher=National Trust for Historic Preservation|ref=Foster}}
*{{NRISref|2007a|dateform=mdy}}
*{{Cite news|title=Fort Ticonderoga art sale scrapped|first=Brian|last=Nearing|newspaper=Albany Times Union|date=December 18, 2008|ref=TU081218}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet|first=Norman|last=Polmar|edition=17|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2001|isbn=978-1-55750-656-6|ref=Polmar}}
*{{cite DCB |first1=F.J. |last1=Thorpe |first2=Sylvette |last2=Nicolini-Maschino |title=Chartier de Lotbinière, Michel, Marquis de Lotbinière |volume=4 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/chartier_de_lotbiniere_michel_4E.html}}{{bots|deny=InternetArchiveBot}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScsBAAAAMAAJ|title=German Submarine Activities on the Atlantic Coast of the United States and Canada|author=United States Office of Naval Records|ref=GSub|publisher=Government Printing Office|location=Washington, DC|year=1920|oclc=50058251}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.dixonusa.com/index.cfm/fuseaction=Ticonderoga.home|title=Dixon Ticonderoga|publisher=[[Dixon Ticonderoga]] Corporation|access-date=April 1, 2009|ref=DixonCorp}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.fortticonderoga.org/hours-directions|title=Fort Ticonderoga Hours and Rates|publisher=Fort Ticonderoga Association|ref=FortHours|access-date=January 10, 2009}}
*{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=372&ResourceType=District|title=NHL summary webpage for Fort Ticonderoga|access-date=September 13, 2007|ref=NHLSUM|publisher=National Park Service|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118075255/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=372&ResourceType=District|archive-date=November 18, 2007}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website}}
**Timeline [http://www.fortticonderoga.org/history-and-collections/timeline 18th & 19th] century
*{{HABS |survey=NY-3212 |id=ny0211 |title=Fort Ticonderoga, Fort Ticonderoga, Essex County, NY |photos=5}}
*[http://www.historiclakes.org/Ticonderoga/Ticonderoga.html Fort Ticonderoga history] at Historic Lakes
*[http://www.britishbattles.com/battle_of_Ticonderoga.htm Battle of Ticonderoga – 1758] at British Battles
*[http://www.generalatomic.com/AmericanHistory/ticonderoga.html Capture of Ticonderoga] at Thrilling Incidents in American History

{{New France}}
{{Portal bar|Architecture|France|North America}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1757 establishments in New France]]
[[Category:American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places]]
[[Category:American Revolutionary War forts|Ticonderoga]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Essex County, New York]]
[[Category:Champlain Valley National Heritage Area]]
[[Category:Colonial forts in New York (state)|Ticonderoga]]
[[Category:Forts in New York (state)|Ticonderoga]]
[[Category:Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)|Ticonderoga]]
[[Category:French and Indian War forts|Ticonderoga]]
[[Category:French forts in the United States|Ticonderoga]]
[[Category:Historic American Buildings Survey in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Living museums in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Military and war museums in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Military installations established in 1757]]
[[Category:Museums in Essex County, New York]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in New York (state)]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, New York]]
[[Category:Star forts]]
[[Category:Pell family]]