View source for Francisco Macías Nguema

{{Short description|President of Equatorial Guinea from 1968 to 1979}}
{{family name hatnote|Macías|Nguema|lang=Spanish}}
{{Expand Spanish|topic=bio|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Francisco Macías Nguema
| image               = Don Francisco Macias.jpg
| image_size          = 220px
| caption             = Macías Nguema in 1968
| order               = 1st
| office              = President of Equatorial Guinea
| term_start          = 12 October 1968
| term_end            = 3 August 1979
| vicepresident       = {{Collapsible list|title=''See list''|1={{plain list|
* [[Edmundo Bossio]]<br />(1968–1974)
* [[Miguel Eyegue]]<br />(1974–1976)
* ''Vacant''<br />(1976–1978)
* [[Bonifacio Nguema Esono Nchama]]<br />(1978–1979)
}}
}}
| viceprimeminister   = 
| deputy              = 
| president           = 
| primeminister       = 
| predecessor         = ''Office established''<br />{{small|([[Víctor Suances y Díaz del Río]] as [[List of colonial governors of Spanish Guinea|colonial governor]])}}
| successor           = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] <br>(as Chairman of the Supreme Military Council) (1979)<br> (as President) (1982)
| office1             = [[Spanish Guinea|Deputy Prime Minister of the Autonomous Government of Equatorial Guinea]]
| term_start1         = 1 January 1964
| term_end1           = 12 October 1968
| primeminister1      = [[Bonifacio Ondó Edú]]
| predecessor1        = ''Office established''
| successor1          = ''Office abolished''
| birth_name          = Mez-m Ngueme
| birth_date          = 1 January 1924
| birth_place         = Nfengha,<!--some sources state Nsegayong--> [[Río Muni Province]], [[Spanish Guinea]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|df=y|1979|09|29|1924|01|1}}
| death_place         = [[Black Beach|Black Beach Prison]], Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| resting_place       = Malabo Cemetery
| constituency        = 
| party               = [[United National Workers' Party]] (1970–1979)
| otherparty          = [[Popular Idea of Equatorial Guinea|IPGE]] (1958–1963, 1968–1970)<br/>{{ill|MUNGE|es|Movimiento de Unión Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial}} (1963–1966)<br/>[[National Liberation Movement of Equatorial Guinea|MONALIGE]] (1966–1968)
| children            = [[Mónica Macías|Mónica]],<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2021-11-20|title=How I unintentionally ended up spending 15 years of my life in North Korea |url=https://www.nknews.org/2014/02/how-i-unintentionally-ended-up-spending-15-years-of-my-life-in-north-korea/|date=21 February 2014|work= North Korea News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404112434/https://www.nknews.org/2014/02/how-i-unintentionally-ended-up-spending-15-years-of-my-life-in-north-korea/|archive-date= April 4, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-11-20|title='평양에서 16년, 내게 김일성은 제2의 아버지였다'| url= https://www.bbc.com/korean/news-47366302|date=2 March 2019|website=BBC News 코리아|trans-title=16 years in Pyongyang, Kim Il-sung was my second father| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20230405160921/https://www.bbc.com/korean/news-47366302|archive-date= April 5, 2023}}</ref> Maribel, Paco, and at least one older son<ref name="Kids">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/12/world/asia/fond-recollections-of-dictators-colored-later-by-the-lessons-of-history.html|title=Fond Recollections of Dictators, Colored Later by the Lessons of History| first= Choe| last= Sang-Hun|work=[[The New York Times]] |date= 11 October 2013|access-date=12 August 2017| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20230404112435/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/12/world/asia/fond-recollections-of-dictators-colored-later-by-the-lessons-of-history.html|archive-date= April 4, 2023}}</ref>
| module              = {{Infobox criminal |child=yes |death_cause=[[Execution by firing squad]] |conviction=[[Genocide]]<br>[[Crimes against humanity]]<br>[[Mass murder]]<br>[[Treason]]<br>[[Embezzlement]] |criminal_penalty=[[Capital punishment in Equatorial Guinea|Death]] |criminal_status=Executed |victims={{approx.}} 50,000 – 80,000 |beginyear=1968 |endyear=1979 }}
}}
{{Francisco Macías Nguema sidebar}}
'''Francisco Macías Nguema''' (born '''Mez-m Ngueme''', later [[Africanisation|Africanised]] to '''Masie Nguema Biyogo Ñegue Ndong'''; 1 January 1924 – 29 September 1979), often referred to as '''Macías Nguema''' or simply '''Macías''',{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=262}} was an Equatoguinean politician who served as the first [[president of Equatorial Guinea|president]] of [[Equatorial Guinea]] from the country's gaining of independence in 1968, until his overthrow in 1979. He is widely remembered as one of the most brutal [[dictator]]s in history. As president, he exhibited bizarre and erratic behavior, to the point that many of his contemporaries believed he was insane.<ref name="pauron" />

A member of the [[Fang people]], Macías Nguema held numerous official positions under [[Spanish Guinea|Spanish colonial rule]] before [[1968 Spanish Guinean general election|being elected]] the first president of the soon-to-be independent country in 1968. Early in his rule, he consolidated power by establishing an extreme [[cult of personality]] and a [[one-party state]] ruled by his [[United National Workers' Party]] (PUNT), and declaring himself [[president for life]] in 1972.

Domestically, his presidency was characterized by attempts at Africanization and harsh persecution of non-Fang ethnic groups. In foreign policy, he quickly turned against Spain and allied himself with the [[Eastern Bloc]], receiving support from the [[Soviet Union]], [[Cuba]] and [[North Korea]], and to a lesser extent, [[France]] and its local allies such as [[Cameroon]]ian President [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] and [[Gabon]]ese President [[Omar Bongo]], although relations with Cameroon and Gabon collapsed by 1976. Due to his dictatorship's severe human rights abuses and economic mismanagement, tens of thousands of people fled the country to avoid persecution. This led to Equatorial Guinea being internationally nicknamed the "[[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]] of Africa".{{sfn|Roberts|2006|p=21}} His rule also led to significant [[brain drain]], as intellectuals and educated classes were particular targets for his persecution. In 1979, he was overthrown [[1979 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état|in a coup d'état]] by his nephew [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] and was subsequently tried and executed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Equatorial Guinea 'stops coup attempt by mercenaries' |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42557638 |access-date=29 January 2019 |date=3 January 2018| work= BBC.com |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20230316133618/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42557638|archive-date= March 16, 2023}}</ref>

According to various sources, anywhere from 20,000 to 80,000 of the roughly 200,000 to 300,000 people living in the country were killed under his regime, with tens of thousands more fleeing the country. He has been compared to [[Pol Pot]] because of the violent, unpredictable, and [[Anti-intellectualism|anti-intellectual]] nature of his government.<ref name="afroarticles.com"/>

== Background and early life ==
Originally named Mez-m Ngueme, Francisco Macías Nguema was born on 1 January 1924,<ref>{{harvnb|Iyanga Pendi|2021|p=602}}</ref> at Nzangayong, [[Spanish Guinea]]. His parents had been expelled with the rest of their clan from what is today [[Woleu-Ntem Province]], [[Gabon]],<ref name="pauron">{{Cite web |url= https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/640572/politique/ce-jour-la-le-12-octobre-1968-le-tigre-de-malabo-arrive-au-pouvoir/|title=Ce jour-là : le 12 octobre 1968, le Tigre de Malabo arrive au pouvoir|language=fr|publisher=JeuneAfrique.com|first=Michael|last=Pauron|date=12 October 2018|access-date=8 May 2019| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404164841/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/640572/politique/ce-jour-la-le-12-octobre-1968-le-tigre-de-malabo-arrive-au-pouvoir/ |archive-date= April 4, 2023}}</ref> at a time when the Spanish [[Colonial Guard of Spanish Guinea|Colonial Guard]] had not yet exerted control over the jungled area. The family was part of the Esangui clan of the [[Fang people]], Equatorial Guinea's majority ethnic group. His family settled in [[Mongomo]], where he was raised.<ref name="pauron" /> Differing accounts exist of Macías Nguema's parentage and childhood, with some alleging that he was the son of a [[witch doctor]] who allegedly killed his younger brother as a sacrifice.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=A ́bodjedi |first= Enènge |date=April 2010 |title=El sexo y la violencia: el caso de Masié Nguema Biyogo |url= http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Orafrica/article/view/225168/306400 |journal= Oráfrica |language=es |issue=6 |pages=129–152 |issn=1699-1788 |archive-date= April 4, 2023 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20230404233250/https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Orafrica/article/view/225168/306400| via= raco.cat| access-date= }}</ref> Other accounts claims that his father was merely a local Fang noble. According to this version, at age nine, Macías saw his father being fatally beaten by a local colonial administrator, when he tried to use his title to negotiate better wages for his people, Macías being orphaned a week later when his mother committed suicide, leaving him and 10 siblings to fend for themselves.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tucker |first=Steven |date=August 1, 2017 |title=Column: Strange Statesman |url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/fortean-times/20170801/281586650628830 |work=Fortean Times| via= pressreader.com| access-date= May 20, 2025}}</ref>

Macías Nguema managed to survive several bouts of [[tuberculosis]] as a child, which left him with a [[Death anxiety|profound fear of death]] for the remainder of his life. He was educated at a Catholic school through to [[Primary school|primary]] level.<ref name="pauron" /> He changed his name to Francisco Macías Nguema at this time<ref name="af">{{cite web| last= af Klinteberg| first= Robert | url= https://www.opensourceguinea.org/2016/08/klinteberg-robert-f-equatorial-guinea.html |title= Equatorial Guinea Macías Country: The Forgotten Refugees| website= opensourceguinea.org| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20230613175131/https://www.opensourceguinea.org/2016/08/klinteberg-robert-f-equatorial-guinea.html |archivedate=13 June 2023 |place= Geneva| publisher= International University Exchange Fund| year= 1978| access-date= }}</ref><ref name="bio">{{cite web| title=Biografía de Francisco Macías Nguema| website= cmeyanchama.com| publisher= |url= http://www.cmeyanchama.com/Documents/Guinee/Francisco_Macias_Nguema.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2016| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160809224115/http://www.cmeyanchama.com/Documents/Guinee/Francisco_Macias_Nguema.pdf| url-status=live| access-date= May 20, 2025}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> after being baptized by Spanish Catholic missionaries,<ref name=":0" /> and would come to learn [[Spanish language|Spanish]] in addition to his native [[Fang language|Fang]].<ref name="dab">{{cite book|access-date=25 April 2017 |year= 2012 |page= 458 |publisher= OUP USA| title=Dictionary of African Biography|isbn=978-0195382075|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&dq=francisco+macias+nguema+emancipado&pg=RA3-PA458|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230815202802/https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&dq=francisco+macias+nguema+emancipado&pg=RA3-PA458|url-status= live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> During his adolescence, he worked as a servant for some wealthy Spanish settlers, being described as helpful and obedient, which earned him ridicule and mistreatment by other non-Christianized Fang, and showed an [[inferiority complex]] with respect to the Spaniards.<ref name=":0" />

==Early career==
Macías Nguema failed the civil service exam three times in the 1930s.<ref name="Pariah">{{cite web |title=The Pariah President: Teodoro Obiang is a brutal dictator responsible for thousands of deaths. So why is he treated like an elder statesman on the world stage? |first=Dan |last=Gardner |author-link=Dan Gardner (author) |date=6 November 2005 |publisher= | work= [[The Ottawa Citizen]] |via= dangardner.ca |url=http://www.dangardner.ca/Featnov605.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080612161320/http://www.dangardner.ca/Featnov605.html |archive-date = 12 June 2008}}</ref> Regardless, he eventually became a clerk in the Spanish colonial administration, after passing the exam on the fourth try with assistance and some favoritism from colonial authorities, serving as court interpreter.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=266}} In the 1940s, he also worked for the Forest Service in [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]], the Río Benito Public Works Department,<ref name="bio"/> as a [[Catholic catechesis|catechist]] in Bata,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ds1l3XGv1F0C&dq=escuela+superior+indigena+de+santa+isabel&pg=PA98 |title=El laberinto guineano |date=1989 |publisher= IEPALA Ed |isbn=978-8485436736 |editor-last=Buale Borikó |editor-first=Emiliano |series=Debate político |location=Madrid |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815202804/https://books.google.com/books?id=ds1l3XGv1F0C&dq=escuela+superior+indigena+de+santa+isabel&pg=PA98 |url-status=live }}</ref> and in the Bata Public Works Service.<ref name=":1" /> In 1961, he first travelled to Madrid as spokesperson for a delegation which honoured [[Francisco Franco]], Spain's dictator, on the 25th anniversary of his seizure of power. At the time, Macías Nguema generally displayed no anti-Spanish sentiment and collaborated with the authorities, preferring to work towards eventual independence within the existing system.<ref name="mvv">{{cite book|access-date=25 July 2017|date=2006|first=Agustín|last=Nze Nfumu|title=Macías, Verdugo o Víctima|url=http://es.calameo.com/read/0000169470754d8b13051|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714165036/https://es.calameo.com/read/0000169470754d8b13051|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref name="tirano">{{cite news|access-date=30 May 2016| work= [[El País]]|date=5 August 1979|title=Francisco Macías, un tirano fruto del colonialismo español|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1979/08/05/internacional/302652002_850215.html|archive-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701084446/http://elpais.com/diario/1979/08/05/internacional/302652002_850215.html|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Unlike many Equatoguinean activists at the time, he was never jailed by the Spanish.<ref name="pauron" />

As court interpreter, Macías Nguema eventually began taking bribes to manipulate his translations to absolve or incriminate defendants. The Spanish interpreted his important role in many trials as evidence for influence and talent for leadership, and began to rapidly promote him. He became assistant interpreter,{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=266}} mayor of Mongomo,<ref name="pauron" /> minister of public works, and finally deputy president of the Governing Council within a single year in the 1960s after Spanish Guinea was transformed from a colony to a province of Spain.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=266}} He also served as a member of the territorial parliament.<ref name="afroarticles.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.afroarticles.com/article-dashboard/Article/Macias-Nguema--Ruthless-and-bloody-dictator/117291|title=Macias Nguema: Ruthless and bloody dictator|publisher=Afroarticles.com|first=Rashid|last=Suleiman|access-date=1 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104035212/http://www.afroarticles.com/article-dashboard/Article/Macias-Nguema--Ruthless-and-bloody-dictator/117291|archive-date=4 November 2014}}</ref>

Even at this early point of his career, Macías Nguema already exhibited erratic tendencies. In a conference to discuss the future independence of Equatorial Guinea at [[Madrid]], he suddenly began an "incoherent eulogy of the [[Nazi Party|Nazis]]", claiming that [[Adolf Hitler]] had wanted to save Africans from colonialism and only got "confused", causing him to [[World War II|attempt to conquer Europe]].{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=266}} At one point he declared himself a "Hitlerian-Marxist".<ref>{{harvnb|Iyanga Pendi|2021|p=626}}</ref><ref name="caden" />{{Reference page|page=4}}

In 1964, Macías Nguema was named deputy prime minister of the autonomous transition government established the prior year.<ref name="afroarticles.com" /> Around this time, Macías Nguema himself came to fear that he was mentally unstable. Before the [[1968 Spanish Guinean general election]], aged 44, he travelled to Madrid, where he was treated at the Ruben clinic.<ref name="pauron" /> Despite these concerns, Macías Nguema ran for president of the soon-to-be independent country against Prime Minister [[Bonifacio Ondó Edú]] on a strongly nationalist platform in 1968.<ref name="afroarticles.com" />

He employed a Spanish lawyer to write his texts, providing him with a coherent agenda, and made various promises to improve his popularity.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=266}} He would point at European-owned houses and ask the crowds if they wanted to own the place; when they responded positively, he stated that he would give them to the listeners if they voted for him.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=267}} However, Macías Nguema was easily distracted from his speeches, and often made "chaotic public appearances". His bouts of erratic behavior were generally believed to be the sign of a  "fearless" and "charming" leader.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|pp=266–267}}

In what has been the only free election held in the country to date, he defeated Ondó Edú in the runoff and was sworn in as president on 12 October.<ref name="afroarticles.com" /> During his time as president-elect, he was awarded the [[Order of Civil Merit|Collar of the Order of Civil Merit]]. He was also made Commander of the {{Ill|Civil Order of Africa|es|Orden Civil de África}} for his service during the colonial administration. By this point he had also distanced himself from Catholicism, becoming outwardly critical of the Church.<ref name="piñar">{{cite web |authorlink= Blas Piñar | first= Blas |last= Piñar |date=20 April 2012| title= 'Escrito para la Historia': La independencia de Guinea (Capítulo 12)|url=http://www.alertadigital.com/2012/04/20/escrito-para-la-historia-la-independencia-de-guinea-capitulo-12/|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161220035248/http://www.alertadigital.com/2012/04/20/escrito-para-la-historia-la-independencia-de-guinea-capitulo-12/|url-status=live |access-date=5 December 2016}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

== Presidency ==
=== Early rule ===
[[File:Fraga na sinatura da independencia de Guinea Ecuatorial.jpg|thumb|Signing of the independence of [[Spanish Guinea]] by the then Spanish minister [[Manuel Fraga]] together with the new Equatorial Guinean president Macías Nguema on 12 October 1968]]

After assuming power, Macías Nguema initially maintained a moderate policy{{clarification needed|date=June 2024}} and good relations with Spain,<ref>{{cite journal|access-date=14 August 2017|date=2000|first=José|last=Martínez Carreras|page=166|title=Balance de la descolonización africana. Problemas y desafíos ante el siglo XXI|url=http://revistas.um.es/analeshc/article/viewFile/57301/55191|journal=[[Universidad de Murcia]]|language=es-ES|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820061411/http://revistas.um.es/analeshc/article/viewFile/57301/55191|url-status=dead}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> but within a year began to hold inflammatory, anti-European speeches and claimed that there were plots to overthrow him. His rival Bonifacio Ondó Edú then fled to Gabon.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=267}} Relations with Spanish Deputy Prime Minister [[Luis Carrero Blanco]] had rapidly deteriorated. The coffers of the only two banks in the new country, the Banco Exterior de España and the Banco de Crédito, were emptied, meaning officials could not be paid. The country still lacked a national bank or its own currency, meaning the [[Spanish peseta]] had to be used, and according to the transition agreements with Spain, any biennial budgets approved for the territory prior to independence would need to be used, but Spain refused to honor its obligations.<ref name="crono">{{cite web|access-date=7 December 2016|first=Xavier|last=Lacosta|title=Cronología de Guinea Ecuatorial: 1950 / 1979 De la independencia al juicio contra Macías|url=https://www.angelfire.com/sk2/guineaecuatorial/Lacosta2.htm|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091324/http://www.angelfire.com/sk2/guineaecuatorial/Lacosta2.htm|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

In March 1969, Macías Nguema arrested his own foreign minister and political rival, [[Atanasio Ndongo Miyone]], on treason charges, and killed him by [[Defenestration|defenestrating]] him. Macías then took photographs of Ndongo dying on the street, later showing the album to ''[[Newsweek]]'' correspondent John Barnes.<ref>«El [http://www.asodeguesegundaetapa.org/el-golpe-del-5-de-marzo-de-1969-una-version-espanola-documental-18-minutos/ golpe del 5 de marzo de 1969. Una versión española. Documental (18 minutos)]»</ref> Ondó Edú was also captured and brought back to Equatorial Guinea, where he and several other senior officials were killed at [[Black Beach]].{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=268}}{{efn|Ondó Edú was officially reported to have committed suicide on 5 March 1969, although it is reported that he was actually executed soon after his return on trumped-up charges of plotting a coup.<ref name="afroarticles.com" /> }} Macías Nguema then accused Spain of creating an economic blockade by refusing to acknowledge obligations under the transition agreements, declaring he would not abide by the 1968 Constitution that had been "imposed" on the country by Spain and which he opposed.<ref name="crono" />

He started travelling the country, encouraging his followers to fight against the Spanish, provoking a diplomatic crisis,<ref name="gustav">{{cite journal|access-date=22 February 2017|date=2016|first=Gustau|last=Nerín|number=37|pages=149–168|periodical=Éndoxa |publisher=National University of Distance Education|title=Francisco Macías: Nuevo Estado, Nuevo Ritual |url=http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:Endoxa-2016-37-5035/Francisco_Macias_nuevo_estado.pdf|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917204416/http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:Endoxa-2016-37-5035/Francisco_Macias_nuevo_estado.pdf|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref name="servido">{{cite web|access-date=29 April 2017|date=5 July 2007|first=José|last=Eburi Palé|title=Febrero de 1969: dos provincias españolas bajo el terror|url=http://librodenotas.com/cartasdesdeelexilioguineano/11481/febrero-de-1969-el-terror-esta-servido}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> also ordering the confiscation of all weapons possessed by Spaniards in the country<ref name="tensión">{{cite web|access-date=4 February 2017|first=Xavier|last=Lacosta|title=España – Guinea, 1969: la estrategia de la tensión| url= https://www.angelfire.com/sk/guineaecuatorial/lacosta1.htm|archive-date=5 February 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170205100633/http://www.angelfire.com/sk/guineaecuatorial/lacosta1.htm|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> and demanding they abandon all property they owned there.<ref name="africa2">{{cite book|access-date=4 April 2017| year= 2011 |first=Martin|last=Mereth|publisher=Intermón Oxfam Editorial|title=África|isbn=978-8484525950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_JpQURiWyYC&dq=CLAN+ESANGUI&pg=PT149|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815202807/https://books.google.com/books?id=a_JpQURiWyYC&dq=CLAN+ESANGUI&pg=PT149|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=8 February 2017 |work= El País |date=24 August 1979|title=Situación jurídica de las propiedades españolas en Guinea| url= http://elpais.com/diario/1979/08/24/internacional/304293613_850215.html|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155652/http://elpais.com/diario/1979/08/24/internacional/304293613_850215.html|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=29 April 2017|date=16 June 2008|first=José|last=Eburi Palé|title=Marzo de 1969. La suerte de las familias españolas abandonadas en Guinea|url=http://librodenotas.com/cartasdesdeelexilioguineano/13999/marzo-de-1969-la-suerte-de-las-familias-espanolas-abandonadas-en-guinea|archive-date=8 June 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170608060019/http://librodenotas.com/cartasdesdeelexilioguineano/13999/marzo-de-1969-la-suerte-de-las-familias-espanolas-abandonadas-en-guinea|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> The Spanish government subsequently organized the evacuation of all its citizens (roughly 7,500)<ref name="occidente">{{cite web|access-date=20 October 2016|date=27 June 2007|first=Juan Antonio |last= Falcón |title= Guinea Ecuatorial: El País Donde Occidente Perdió la Dignidad|url=http://www.otromundoesposible.net/guinea-ecuatorial-el-pais-donde-occidente-perdio-la-dignidad/}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=20 February 2017|language=es|date=9 April 1969|title=El Jefe de Estado español rechazó una absurda acusación de Macías contra la Guardia Civil|url=http://linz.march.es/Documento.asp?Reg=r-11063|archive-date=20 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220093059/http://linz.march.es/Documento.asp?Reg=r-11063|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> and all its [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Civil Guard]] forces,<ref name="ndongo">{{cite web|access-date=24 September 2016 |authorlink= Donato Ndongo-Bidyogo| first=Donato | last=Ndongo-Bidyogo |date=30 July 2009|title= El derrocamiento de Macías. La caída del tigre |url= http://www.asodegue.org/julio3009.htm|archive-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924120620/http://www.asodegue.org/julio3009.htm|url-status=dead}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> while the British ambassador described the Equatoguinean capital as being in a state of total chaos.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=268}} 
At this point, Macías Nguema still recognized his own mental instability, and again sought help. After assuming the presidency, he made a secret trip to [[Barcelona]] and visited a [[psychiatrist]] for help. Although little was known about what advice the Spanish expert gave Macías Nguema, Kenyon argued that the treatment appeared to have failed, considering the president's subsequent development. Macías Nguema persisted in consuming large amounts of drugs.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=262}}

On [[Christmas Eve]] 1969, Macías Nguema had 186 alleged [[dissident]]s executed inside [[Estadio de Malabo|the national football stadium]] in Malabo, as amplifiers in the stadium played [[Mary Hopkin]]'s song "[[Those Were the Days (song)|Those Were the Days]]",<ref name="time20aug1979" /> which was supposedly one of the dictator's favorite songs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smoltczyk |first=Alexander |date=2006-08-28 |title=Rich in Oil, Poor in Human Rights: Torture and Poverty in Equatorial Guinea |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/rich-in-oil-poor-in-human-rights-torture-and-poverty-in-equatorial-guinea-a-434691.html |access-date=2025-06-22 |work=Der Spiegel |language=en |issn=2195-1349}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vidal |first=Bill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrV33AGk_rkC&dq=francisco+macias+nguema+pop+tunes&pg=PA233 |title=The Aztec |date=2010-07-01 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4090-6494-7 |pages=233 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Koch |first=Christian |date=2010-01-16 |title=Osama Van Halen and the 50 Cent dictator |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jan/16/osama-ipod-guardian-guide |access-date=2025-06-22 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> 150 of them were shot or hanged, with the remaining 36 being ordered to dig ditches, in which they were subsequently buried up to their necks and eaten alive by [[red ants]] over the next few days.<ref name="Cronjé1976">{{cite book| first= Suzanne| last= Cronjé|title=Equatorial Guinea, the forgotten dictatorship: forced labour and political murder in central Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GN0AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Those+Were+the+Days%22|year=1976|publisher=Anti-Slavery Society|isbn=978-0900918056}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fegley |first1=Randall |title=The U. N. Human Rights Commission: The Equatorial Guinea Case |journal=Human Rights Quarterly |date=February 1981 |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=37 |doi=10.2307/762065 |jstor=762065 |url= https://doi.org/10.2307/762065 |access-date=25 May 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 1971, he began forcing the entire population to undergo daily military training with a wooden rifle.<ref name="crono"/><ref name="gep">{{cite web |archive-date= 6 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506103654/http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=132|author1= |title= Cronología Histórica|url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=132|website=Guinea Ecuatorial Press|access-date=6 December 2016}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

On 7 May 1971, Macías Nguema issued Decree 415, which repealed parts of the 1968 Constitution and granted him "all direct powers of Government and Institutions", including powers formerly held by the legislative and judiciary branches, as well as the cabinet of ministers.<ref>{{Cite news |last= Borders |first=William |date=1971-05-10 |title=Equatorial Guinea Under Harsh Rule |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/10/archives/equatorial-guinea-under-harsh-rule.html |access-date=2025-05-20 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110011638/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/10/archives/equatorial-guinea-under-harsh-rule.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 October 1971, Law 1 imposed the death penalty as punishment for threatening the President or the government. Insulting or offending the President or his cabinet was punishable by 30 years in prison. On 14 July 1972, a presidential decree merged all existing political parties into the [[United National Party (Equatorial Guinea)|United National Party]] (later the United National Workers' Party<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-23 |title=BLANCO Y NEGRO MADRID 30-10-1976 página 20 - Archivo ABC |url=https://www.abc.es/archivo/periodicos/blanco-negro-19761030-20.html |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=abc}}</ref><ref name="gustav" />), with Macías Nguema as [[President for Life]] of both the nation and the party.<ref name="ap">{{cite news| agency = [[Associated Press]]| title = Equatorial Guinea Reports Coup| newspaper = The New York Times| date = 6 August 1979| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/06/archives/equatorial-guinea-reports-coup-foreigners-were-kept-out.html| page= 1 |access-date=30 August 2021| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20230405013752/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/06/archives/equatorial-guinea-reports-coup-foreigners-were-kept-out.html| archive-date= April 5, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tamames |first=Ramón |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wppAAAAMAAJ&q=francisco+mac%C3%ADas+1979+marroquies |title=España 1931-1975: una antología histórica |date=1980 |publisher=Planeta |isbn=978-84-320-5659-8 |pages=373 |language=es}}</ref> Fearing that the Spanish wanted to overthrow him, Macías Nguema offered promotions and other rewards to anyone who revealed a Spanish spy. This led to a climate of fear and suspicion, as owning the wrong book or having talked with the wrong person could result in punishment, imprisonment or death.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=268}}

Having turned against Spain, Macías Nguema allied with the [[Eastern Bloc]], enlisting support from the [[Soviet Union]], [[Cuba]], and [[North Korea]]. He allowed the Soviets to channel weapons through Equatorial Guinea to the [[MPLA]] in [[People's Republic of Angola|Angola]], while repeatedly threatening to terminate this alliance in order to blackmail the Eastern Bloc into providing him with money. Throughout the 1970s, Macías Nguema exploited the [[Sino-Soviet split]] to play his backers against each other. The Soviets, Chinese and North Koreans provided Macías Nguema with military trainers and bodyguards. Soviet military assistance by 1975 amounted to small arms, eight patrol boats, twenty armored vehicles, and an [[Antonov An-24|An-24]] passenger aircraft, although the latter quickly fell into disrepair. By 1977, about 200 soldiers had been trained in the Eastern Bloc. China and Cuba also contributed large numbers of technical experts, although their contributions were more varied, a 1976 U.S. diplomatic cable reporting that the vast majority of Cuban experts worked in the fields of teaching, medicine, agriculture, and public works, mostly on the mainland.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Jensen |first= Geoffery |date=September 2019 |title=Tyranny, Communism, and U.S. Policy in Equatorial Guinea, 1968–1979 |url=https://academic.oup.com/dh/article-abstract/43/4/699/5490292?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Diplomatic History |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=699–728|doi=10.1093/dh/dhz020 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Macías Nguema reportedly viewed Chinese assistance in the most favorable light owing to the  perceived lack of strings and the humble lifestyle of Chinese advisors and by 1974, only Spain exceeded China in aid contributions. In 1977, Macías Nguema took a trip to East Asia in hopes of shoring up support from China and North Korea in the face of increased Soviet and Cuban frustration.<ref name=":2" /> His relationship with North Korea remained good until his overthrow.<ref name="pauron" /> He admired the North Korean dictator [[Kim Il Sung]], and according to his daughter [[Monica Macias]], the two were friends.<ref name="pauron" />

During the early 1970s, France also attempted to court Macías Nguema, who maintained good relationships with their closest regional allies, Cameroon and Gabon. For example, following the reported arrest of approximately 160 notables in August 1971, including the ambassador to Cameroon, the official French response was to back Macías Nguema's claim that the arrests were made following the discovery of a "Bubi conspiracy" against the president.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoffacker |first=Roscoe Lewis |date=October 27, 2013 |title=Murder in an Embassy, Part I - "I am not losing my mind" |url=https://adst.org/2013/09/i-am-not-losing-my-mind-murder-in-an-embassy-part-i/ |website=Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training |access-date=15 December 2024 |archive-date=27 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027131149/https://adst.org/2013/09/i-am-not-losing-my-mind-murder-in-an-embassy-part-i/ |url-status=live }}</ref> These relations sharply declined as increasing numbers of refugees from Rio Muni poured into Cameroon, many coming to be employed in Cameroonian industrial plantations, which Macías Nguema claimed was a form of exploitation of his nationals. Cameroon and Gabon in turn raised concerns about the growing Eastern Bloc presence, and by 1976, relations had collapsed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tsafack |first=Delmas |date=2017 |title=Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and the management of Equatoguinean Refugees from 1960 to 1979 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352326073 |journal=Afrika Zamani |volume=25 |pages=87–106}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

Starting in the early 1970s, Macías Nguema began repressing the [[Demographics of Equatorial Guinea#Ethnic groups|non-Fang ethnic groups in the country]], such as the [[Bubi people]] of [[Bioko|Santa Isabel]], whom he associated with relative wealth and education, and the [[Annobón]]ese, due to what he felt was too much affection for Spain. In the decade preceding independence, Admiral [[Luis Carrero Blanco]] had actively promoted Bubi nationalism on Fernando Po in hopes of gaining leverage over mainland Fang leaders, in an unsuccessful bid to extend Spanish rule.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campos |first=Alicia |year= 2003 |title=The Decolonization of Equatorial Guinea: The Relevance of the International Factor |journal=Journal of African History |volume=44 |pages= 95–116 |doi=10.1017/S0021853702008319 |hdl=10486/690991 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> During the post-independence years, these tensions did not abate. Santa Isabel was then militarized, with its inhabitants harassed.<ref>{{cite web |authorlink= Justo Bolekia Boleká| first= Justo |last= Bolekia Boleká |title= Estado y poder en Guinea Ecuatorial|url=https://www.angelfire.com/sk2/guineaecuatorial/poder.htm|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190725103951/http://www.angelfire.com/sk2/guineaecuatorial/poder.htm|url-status=live |access-date=16 October 2017}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Pagalu, part of Annobón, was cut off from aid during a 1973 cholera epidemic,<ref name="cap7">{{cite web |access-date=9 February 2017 | first=| last= |title=La Dictadura. 1970–1976| work= asodegue.org|url=http://www.asodegue.org/hdojmc07.htm|archive-date=27 October 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191027103318/http://www.asodegue.org/hdojmc07.htm|url-status=dead}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=22 November 2018 |date=21 November 2018|title='Annobón jamás olvidará a Batho Obama Nsue Mangue'. Número especial de 'La Verdad', órgano de prensa de CPDS, sobre los 50 años de Independencia de Guinea Ecuatorial. CPDS| url= http://www.asodeguesegundaetapa.org/annobon-jamas-olvidara-a-batho-obama-nsue-mangue-numero-especial-de-la-verdad-organo-de-prensa-de-cpds-sobre-los-50-anos-de-independencia-de-guinea-ecuatorial-cpds/| work= asodeguesegundaetapa.org | publisher= |archive-date=22 November 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181122092404/http://www.asodeguesegundaetapa.org/annobon-jamas-olvidara-a-batho-obama-nsue-mangue-numero-especial-de-la-verdad-organo-de-prensa-de-cpds-sobre-los-50-anos-de-independencia-de-guinea-ecuatorial-cpds/|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> resulting in around 100 deaths.<ref name="mvv" /> In 1972, mass arrests had taken place on Annobón after a majority of its electorate voted against Macías Nguema in the 1968 elections.<ref name="crono" /> Use of the Fang language was forcibly imposed, with penalties for anyone caught using Spanish<ref>{{cite journal|access-date=24 July 2016| first= Gloria| last= Nistal Rosique|page=74|title=El Caso del Español en Guinea Ecuatorial |url= http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_08.pdf|language=es-ES|journal=Centro Virtual Cervantes|archive-date=26 October 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121026105600/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_08.pdf|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite book|access-date=12 May 2017|date=2015|first=Inmaculada|last=Díaz Navarro |page= 371| publisher= Verbum Editorial| title=Literaturas hispanoafricanas: realidades y contextos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haYJCgAAQBAJ&dq=francisco+macias+nguema+prensa+espa%C3%B1ola&pg=PA371 |archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230815202805/https://books.google.com/books?id=haYJCgAAQBAJ&dq=francisco+macias+nguema+prensa+espa%C3%B1ola&pg=PA371|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite news |work= [[La Voz Libre]] |date=22 December 2009|first=Belén|last=Piedrafita|title=Agustín Nze: 'En Guinea Ecuatorial el español es innegociable' |url=http://www.fundeu.es/noticia/agustin-nze-en-guinea-ecuatorial-el-espanol-es-innegociable-2613/|archive-date=17 August 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170817082908/http://www.fundeu.es/noticia/agustin-nze-en-guinea-ecuatorial-el-espanol-es-innegociable-2613/|url-status=live| access-date=16 May 2017}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> or languages belonging to ethnic minorities.<ref name="elefante">{{cite book |access-date=23 March 2017|date=2006|first=Fernanado|last=Muakuku Rondo Igambo|page=80|publisher=Editorial Cumio|title=Conflictos étnicos y gobernabilidad / Ethnic conflicts and governance: Guinea Ecuatorial|isbn=978-8496357389|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XJAvDgAAQBAJ&q=union+bubi+constitucion|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230815202807/https://books.google.com/books?id=XJAvDgAAQBAJ&q=union+bubi+constitucion|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

=== Totalitarian dictatorship ===
==== Growing paranoia and cult of personality ====
In a [[plebiscite]] [[1973 Equatorial Guinean constitutional referendum|held on 29 July 1973]], the 1968 Constitution was replaced with [[Equatorial Guinea Constitution of 1973|a new document]] that gave Macías Nguema absolute power and formally made his party the [[One-party state|only one legally permitted]]. According to official figures, 99 percent of voters approved the new document.<ref name="murcia" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=FRANCISCO MACÍAS: NUEVO ESTADO, NUEVO RITUAL |trans-title=FRANCISCO MACÍAS: NEW STATE, NEW RITUAL |url=http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:Endoxa-2016-37-5035/Francisco_Macias_nuevo_estado.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223125735/http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:Endoxa-2016-37-5035/Francisco_Macias_nuevo_estado.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-23 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=e-spacio.uned.es}}</ref> The same year, a [[United Nations]] mission was expelled from the country.<ref name="ikuska">{{cite web|access-date=25 October 2016|title=Biografía de Francisco Macías Nguema| url= http://www.ikuska.com/Africa/Historia/biografias/m/macias_francisco.htm| website= ikuska.com| publisher= |archive-date=4 January 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170104175821/http://www.ikuska.com/Africa/Historia/biografias/m/macias_francisco.htm|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite book|access-date=8 April 2017|date=1998|first=John|last=Jessup|page=441|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |title= An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996|isbn=978-0313281129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hP7jJAkTd9MC&dq=nsegayong+guinea&pg=PA441|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230815202803/https://books.google.com/books?id=hP7jJAkTd9MC&dq=nsegayong+guinea&pg=PA441|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Macías Nguema went on to establish a [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian regime]] with three important pillars: the [[United National Workers' Party]], the Juventud en Marcha con Macías (JMM; {{Langx|en|Youth on the March with Macías}}) militia/youth group, and the Esangui clan of [[Río Muni]]. The country's instruments of repression (the military and presidential bodyguard) were entirely controlled by Macías Nguema's relatives and clan members.<ref name="Daniels">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3610187/If-you-think-this-ones-bad-you-should-have-seen-his-uncle.html|title=If you think this one's bad you should have seen his uncle|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Anthony|last=Daniels|date=29 August 2004|access-date=7 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306160338/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3610187/If-you-think-this-ones-bad-you-should-have-seen-his-uncle.html|archive-date= March 6, 2023}}</ref>

The JMM became increasingly powerful, and its members abused their powers, often drunkenly harassing and imprisoning individuals based on mere suspicions of sympathy for dissident ideas.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=268}} The President mostly filled his inner circle with family members such as [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]], who was his nephew and served as military governor of Bioko and Vice-Minister of the Armed Forces.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|pp=261–262}}

Macías Nguema developed an extreme [[cult of personality]], and assigned himself titles such as the "Unique Miracle" and "Grand Master of Education, Science, and Culture". The island of Fernando Pó had its name Africanised after him to Masie Ngueme Biyogo Island; upon his overthrow in 1979, its name was again changed to [[Bioko]]. The capital, Santa Isabel, had its name changed to [[Malabo]].<ref name="afroarticles.com"/> His cult of personality even infiltrated the [[Catholic Church in Equatorial Guinea]], as priests were ordered to thank the President before [[Mass in the Catholic Church|Mass]], while pictures of him were placed in churches. At the ''Iglesia de San Fernando'' in Malabo a photo of the President was adorned with the statement "God created Equatorial Guinea thanks to Macías".{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=269}}

Macías Nguema suffered from extreme [[paranoia]], perceiving plots everywhere against his life and rule. Over time, he ordered the mass murder of government ministers, members of the [[Parliament of Equatorial Guinea|National Assembly]], officials, and even members of his own family.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=262}} Intellectuals and skilled professionals were a particular target, according to [[human rights]] researcher Robert af Klinteberg, who has described Macías Nguema's policy as "deliberate cultural regression".<ref name="af"/> The president's paranoid actions included mandating the death of those who wore glasses,<ref name="Daniels" /> banning use of the word "intellectual", and destroying boats to stop his people fleeing from his rule.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=271}} Fishing was banned.<ref>{{cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea Background Info |url= http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/africa/equatorial-guinea/essential?a=culture |year=2007 |publisher=Lonely Planet |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070309031011/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/africa/equatorial-guinea/essential?a=culture |archive-date= 9 March 2007}}</ref> He was known to order entire villages destroyed just to eliminate one suspected dissident.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=262}}

His prisons, especially Black Beach, were notorious for human rights abuses. Prisoners were humiliated, starved, tortured, and murdered without [[due process]].{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|pp=261–262, 273, 276–279}} When there was a trial at all, dissidents faced [[kangaroo court]]s organized by the JMM militia,{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=273}} as almost all judges in the country fled or were jailed during Macías Nguema's rule.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=271}} In one of these show trials in 1974, even the defence team of the accused requested a death sentence for their clients.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=273}} Prisoners sentenced to death were usually beaten to death with wooden clubs.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=273}} Female prisoners were also subjected to rape, often in front of their husbands.<ref name="pauron" /> Macías Nguema's regime often imprisoned entire families, including the spouses and children of suspected dissidents.<ref name="pauron" />{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|pp=276–279}} The abuse in the prisons was overseen by Obiang, who reportedly enjoyed mocking and torturing the prisoners.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|pp=261–262, 276–279}} Among the few people who could still convince Macías Nguema to spare suspected dissidents were his relatives, such as Raimundo Ela Nve Senior, though his circle of confidants grew ever smaller.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|pp=274–276, 279}}

==== Last years ====
[[Image:Old Equatorial Guinean 1000 pesetas banknote, 1969.jpg|thumb|300px|Macías Nguema depicted on the 1969 1,000 [[Equatorial Guinean peseta|Pesetas]] banknote.]]

Growing increasingly paranoid, Macías Nguema stopped living at the presidential palace starting around 1974, and he visited the capital on ever more rare occasions.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=262}} He instead sequestered in a fortified villa at his home village of Mongomo; the location had a private bunker as well as prison and was protected by a military camp.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=263}} The villa's private prison usually housed about 300 inmates, and the President occasionally personally executed some of them.<ref name="pauron" /> Increasingly, Macías Nguema's actions became more bizarre. He declared private education subversive, banning it entirely on 18 March 1975 with Decree 6.<ref name="maciastrial">{{cite book |url=https://www.icj.org/the-trial-of-macias-in-equatorial-guinea-the-story-of-a-dictatorship/|title=The Trial of Macias in Equatorial Guinea |publisher=International Commission of Jurists | first= Alejandro| last= Artucio |date= 1979 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517050409/https://www.icj.org/the-trial-of-macias-in-equatorial-guinea-the-story-of-a-dictatorship/|archive-date=May 17, 2023}}</ref>{{rp|6–55}}

He [[Africanization|Africanized]] his name to "{{lang|fan|Masie Nguema Biyogo Ñegue Ndong|italic=no}}" in 1976 after demanding that the rest of the Equatoguinean population replace their Hispanic names with African names. He banned Western clothes, foods and medicines, stating that they were un-African,<ref name="af" /><ref name="estética">{{cite book|access-date=23 March 2017|date=2009|first=Joseph-Désiré|last=Otabela|title=Entre Estética Y Compromiso. la Obra de Donato Ndongo-bidyogo|publisher=Editorial UNED |isbn=978-8436258257 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8wxxvF30GQC&q=juventudes+en+marcha+con+macias}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite book|access-date=13 April 2017 |year= 2015 |first= Óscar|last=Scafidi|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|title=Equatorial Guinea|isbn=978-1841629254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1engCgAAQBAJ&dq=FRANCISCO+MACIAS+GERMAN+WOMAN&pg=PA23|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815204204/https://books.google.com/books?id=1engCgAAQBAJ&dq=FRANCISCO+MACIAS+GERMAN+WOMAN&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>{{sfn|Roberts|2006|p=20}} with Macías Nguema obtaining the little food available and reselling it at prices the vast majority of the population could not afford to punish those he thought did not want to work. As he also decided at what time the food would be resold, products would often be expired before they were offered to the public.<ref name="mvv"/>

He eventually outlawed Christianity,{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|pp=269–270}} and used the slogan, sometimes claimed to be the [[national motto]],<ref name= "afroarticles.com" /> "There is no other God than Macías".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sundiata |first=Ibrahim K. |date=1988 |title=The Roots of African Despotism: The Question of Political Culture |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/524581 |journal= [[African Studies Review]] |volume=31 |issue=1 |page=22 |doi= 10.2307/524581 |jstor=524581 |s2cid=154948219 |issn=0002-0206 |access-date=30 December 2022 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221230222239/https://www.jstor.org/stable/524581 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayart |first=Jean-François |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rtbxgp6m7fIC&q=160&pg=PA116 |title=The Illusion of Cultural Identity |date=2005 |publisher=C. Hurst |isbn=978-1850656609 |page=116 |language=en |access-date=29 January 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230404123343/https://books.google.com/books?id=rtbxgp6m7fIC&q=160&pg=PA116 |url-status=live }}</ref> Owning anything related to Christianity became a reason for imprisonment due to alleged support for anti-government plots or coup attempts.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=271}}

Following his repeated purges and unpredictable policies, the country's government began to fall apart. During Macías Nguema's rule, the country had neither a development plan nor an accounting system or budget for government funds.<ref name="crono"/><ref>{{cite news |work= [[El País]] |date=26 September 1979|title=Hoy puede dictarse sentencia contra Macías |url= http://elpais.com/diario/1979/09/26/internacional/307144817_850215.html|archive-date=5 August 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160805034821/http://elpais.com/diario/1979/09/26/internacional/307144817_850215.html|url-status=live |access-date=8 June 2016}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> After the killing of the governor of the Central Bank, he carried everything that remained in the national treasury to his Mongomo villa.<ref name="afroarticles.com"/> Statisticians were also heavily repressed, and as a consequence, little economic data was generated on Equatorial Guinea during the 1970s. When the director of the Equatorial Guinea Institute of Statistics, Saturnin Antonio Ndongo, published demographic data considered too low by Macías, he was dismembered to "help him learn to count".<ref name="pauron" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Meredith|first=Martin|title=The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair |year= 2006| edition= 2011| publisher= Public Affairs |isbn= 9781586483982| page=240}}</ref>

After 1973, his regime also suppressed private commercial activity,<ref name="mvv"/><ref name="gogo">{{cite news|access-date=14 March 2017| work= [[Diario ABC]] | date=30 October 1976|title=Millones y corrupción a 'go-go' |url= http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/blanco.y.negro/1976/10/30/021.html|archive-date=4 November 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125848/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/blanco.y.negro/1976/10/30/021.html|url-status= live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> and due to a lack of exports<ref name="mvv"/> and foreign investment (the latter due to Macías Nguema's refusal in most cases),<ref name="mvv"/> the nation lacked foreign currency,<ref name="paradero">{{cite news|access-date=9 March 2017| work= [[Hoja del Lunes]]|date=13 August 1979|title=Macías, en paradero|url=http://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.cmd?posicion=2&path=1000257439&presentacion=pagina&idBusqueda=228426&idImagen=1001980763|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170810051051/http://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.cmd?posicion=2&path=1000257439&presentacion=pagina&idBusqueda=228426&idImagen=1001980763|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> meaning that the [[Equatorial Guinean ekwele]] introduced in 1975, which had quickly lost nearly all value,<ref name="mvv"/><ref name="murcia">{{cite book |last=Owono–Okomo |first=Mansueto Nsí |url=https://www.casafrica.es/sites/default/files/contents/document/libro_de_mansueto_nsi_owono-okomo._publicacion_on_line-editum_-umu.pdf |title=El Proceso Político de Guinea Ecuatorial |date=2014 |publisher=University of Murcia |isbn=978-84-695-9920-4 |access-date=1 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182850/https://www.casafrica.es/sites/default/files/contents/document/libro_de_mansueto_nsi_owono-okomo._publicacion_on_line-editum_-umu.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2022 |url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> could not be replaced. Only Macías Nguema, the army, and the police were able to receive a regular salary during this time, with others sometimes going months without getting paid, eventually leading to the economy regressing to a [[Subsistence economy|subsistence]] [[Barter|barter system]] and government services shrinking to only cover internal security.<ref name="caden">{{cite book|access-date=6 December 2016|archive-date=25 March 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160325005634/http://alerta360.org/secciones/terror/guinea_ecuatorial.pdf|first=Cynthia|last=Caden |title= Guinea Ecuatorial El Auschwitz De África |url=http://www.alerta360.org/secciones/terror/guinea_ecuatorial.pdf}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=14 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314054810/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/africa/equatorial_guinea.html| title= Equatorial Guinea| publisher= San Diego State University | website= www-rohan.sdsu.edu | first= Robert| last= Winslow| authorlink= Robert Winslow (academic) | url=http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/africa/equatorial_guinea.html}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=20 April 2017| website= state.gov| publisher= [[United States Department of State]]|language=en|title=Equatorial Guinea (11/04)|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/equatorialguinea/40580.htm}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Starting in 1976, Macías Nguema mandated that all children between the ages of 7 and 14 receive military training, and that any parent or person refusing would be imprisoned or shot.<ref name="caden"/>

Tens of thousands of citizens responded by fleeing in fear of persecution and to protect their personal safety. Af Klinteberg reported that as of 1978, at least 101,000 persons, out of a contemporary population that the [[World Bank]] estimates totalled 215,284 persons—nearly 47% of the population—had fled the country.<ref name= af /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/equatorial-guinea|title=Equatorial Guinea &#124; Data |website= data.worldbank.org| publisher= [[World Bank]] |access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121121900/https://data.worldbank.org/country/equatorial-guinea|url-status=live}}</ref> Other reporting, such as a 1979 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine account stating that "perhaps 150,000" persons fled, suggests that the proportion of the population that sought safety in exile may have approached 70%, based on the World Bank's estimate of the population in 1979.<ref name="time20aug1979">{{cite magazine |title= Despot's Fall |date=20 August 1979 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947351,00.html?promoid=googlep|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930083553/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947351,00.html?promoid=googlep|url-status=dead| archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> By the end of his rule, nearly all of the country's educated class was either executed or forced into exile—a [[brain drain]] from which the country has never recovered. Two-thirds of the legislature and 10 of his original ministers were also killed or had been disappeared.<ref>{{cite book |title=The World Today Series: Africa 2012 |last=Dickovick |first=J. Tyler |year=2008 |publisher=Stryker-Post Publications |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-1610488815 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/africa20120000dick }}</ref>

To prevent people from escaping, Macías Nguema had mines buried in the only road out of the country{{sfn|Roberts|2006|p=20}} and ordered camouflaged ditches with spikes be constructed along the mainland border.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=263}} In 1976, Nigeria evacuated 45,000 contract laborers from the country, citing "brutal ill treatment" by Macías Nguema's regime. In 1977, responding to falling [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] production (one of the country's main export items), the President instituted a "system of slavery".<ref name="ap" /> During his presidency, his country was nicknamed the "[[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]] of Africa",{{sfn|Roberts|2006|p=21}} with condemnations of his government issued by the [[International Commission of Jurists]],<ref>{{cite news |work= El País |date=20 December 1978|title=Denuncia al presidente guineano por "liquidar" sin piedad a sus opositores |url= http://elpais.com/diario/1978/12/20/internacional/282956413_850215.html|archive-date=1 July 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160701084616/http://elpais.com/diario/1978/12/20/internacional/282956413_850215.html |url-status=live| access-date=30 May 2016}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[World Council of Churches]],<ref name="maciastrial" />{{rp|31}} the UN,<ref name="crono"/> the [[Organisation of African Unity]],<ref>{{cite news|access-date=9 February 2017 |work= El País | date=8 August 1979|title=El nuevo régimen guineano no controla todo el país| url= http://elpais.com/diario/1979/08/08/internacional/302911202_850215.html|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170802081947/https://elpais.com/diario/1979/08/08/internacional/302911202_850215.html|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=1 March 2017| work= Diario ABC |date=20 July 1979|title=La OUA condena la tiranía de Macías Nguema|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/sevilla/abc.sevilla/1979/07/20/009.html}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Amnesty International]],<ref name="amnistía">{{cite news|access-date=6 March 2017|work= [[El Periódico de Cataluña]]|date=5 August 1979| title= Guinea ya no es de Macías|url=http://archivo.elperiodico.com/ed/19790805/pag_001.html?search_Texto=francisco%20macias%20nguema|archive-date=6 March 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306133024/http://archivo.elperiodico.com/ed/19790805/pag_001.html?search_Texto=francisco%20macias%20nguema|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite book|access-date=13 April 2017| date=1979|publisher=Morehouse-Gorham Company|title=The Living Church, Volumen 178|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=413kAAAAMAAJ&dq=FRANCISCO+MACIAS+GERMAN+WOMAN&pg=RA3-PA26|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230815202806/https://books.google.com/books?id=413kAAAAMAAJ&dq=FRANCISCO+MACIAS+GERMAN+WOMAN&pg=RA3-PA26|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> and the [[European Commission]].<ref name="Pariah" />

By 1978, a [[United States House of Representatives]] joint resolution condemning him for acts of religious persecution and genocide had been proposed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dornan |first1=Robert K. |title=H.J.Res.1112 - A resolution to provide an end to the persecution of religion and genocide in Equatorial Guinea. |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/95th-congress/house-joint-resolution/1112 |website=congress.gov |date=10 August 1978 |publisher= United States House of Representatives |access-date=4 December 2021| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20230404112435/https://www.congress.gov/bill/95th-congress/house-joint-resolution/1112|archive-date= April 4, 2023}}</ref> By 1979, his servants stated that Macías Nguema had become increasingly withdrawn. He wandered in his villa, repeatedly saying the names of his victims, and worshipping a collection of heads as per Fang tradition, hoping that this would grant him power. Even more disturbing to the servants was one occasion when he ordered a meal and table to be prepared for eight guests. He then sat there alone, casually talking "with the dead".{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=263}}

Members of Macías Nguema's inner circle and government officials became more and more worried about his erratic behavior.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=260}} By that time, the government had mostly ceased to function, as most minister posts were vacant, officials were no longer paid, and the National Assembly was effectively defunct, while the JMM militia ran amok across Equatorial Guinea, drunkenly murdering civilians.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=260}} The overcrowding of the prisons was solved through regular mass executions, though many prisoners were simply left to starve to death.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|pp=261–262}} Even the presidential guards were forced to survive by scavenging fruits and hunting wild animals, as supply had mostly collapsed.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=260}}

In mid-April 1979, Macías Nguema's wife travelled to [[North Korea]] for surgery, taking with her their three younger children, [[Monica Macias|Monica]], Maribel and Paco.<ref name="Kids" />

=== Overthrow ===
{{main|1979 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état}}
[[File:(Teodoro Obiang Nguema) Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo se reúne con el presidente de Guinea Ecuatorial. Pool Moncloa. 13 de mayo de 1982 (cropped).jpeg|thumb|[[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]], Macías Nguema's nephew and leader [[1979 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état|of the coup against him]]]]
By 1979, Macías Nguema's government had garnered condemnation from the [[United Nations]] and [[European Commission]]. That summer, Macías Nguema organised the execution of several members of his own family, leading several members of his inner circle to fear that he was no longer acting rationally. On 3 August 1979, he was overthrown by his nephew, Colonel Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo,<ref name="time20aug1979" /> whose brother was among those murdered by the President.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=279}} Obiang achieved his coup mostly with the help of his cousins with whom he had previously attended a Spanish military academy together and who now headed the military. As Macías Nguema was still at his palace, isolated from the rest of the country due to his fear of being overthrown, the coup met no organized opposition.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=279}}

The deposed ruler and a contingent of loyal forces initially tried to resist the coup upon hearing of it, but his forces eventually abandoned him.<ref name="maciastrial"/> He fled into the jungle of Rio Muni, possibly intending to get across the border into exile,{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=279}} but was captured on 18 August.<ref name="maciastrial"/> The former president was found by an old woman; he was exhausted and probably delirious, sitting beneath a tree and eating sugarcane. Obiang's troops proceeded to arrest him, and found his nearby car stuffed full of suitcases{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=279}} with $4 million in cash.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=281}}

It was believed that Macías Nguema had actually burned $100 million (much of Equatorial Guinea's cash reserves) before attempting to escape the country as revenge.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=279}} When his wife heard of his overthrow, she returned to Equatorial Guinea to protect their eldest son. Monica, Maribel, and Paco remained behind for their own safety, and consequently lived in North Korea for the remainder of their childhood. Monica stated that Kim Il Sung honored his friendship to Macías Nguema by acting as their guardian and financing their education.<ref name="Kids"/>

==Trial and execution==
{{History of Equatorial Guinea}}
The Supreme Military Council opened Case 1979 on 18 August 1979, and began interviewing witnesses and collecting evidence against the Macías Nguema government. The Council subsequently convened a [[military tribunal]] on 24 September to try Macías Nguema and ten members of his government. The charges for the ten [[defendant]]s included [[genocide]], [[mass murder]], [[embezzlement]] of public funds, violations of human rights, and [[treason]].<ref name="maciastrial"/> Besides the deposed President, the accused were described by Kenyon as "bit-part actors" who had held no important positions under the old regime. Their presence was supposed to make the trial look more legitimate. Macías Nguema appeared generally calm and unafraid during the trial.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=280}}

The state prosecutor requested that Macías Nguema receive a [[Capital punishment|death sentence]], five others receive 30-year sentences, three others receive a year in prison, and two be sentenced to time served. Macías Nguema's defense counsel countered that the other co-defendants were responsible for specific crimes, and asked for acquittal. Macías Nguema himself delivered a statement to the court outlining what he viewed as the extensive good deeds he had performed for the country. At noon on 29 September 1979, the Tribunal delivered its sentences, which were more severe than what the prosecution had requested. Macías Nguema and six of his co-defendants were sentenced to death, and the confiscation of their property; the deposed President was sentenced to death "101 times".<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/teodoro-obiang-nguema-a-brutal-bizarre-jailer-448575.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219113546/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/teodoro-obiang-nguema-a-brutal-bizarre-jailer-448575.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 December 2008 |location=London |work=The Independent  | first=Steve | last=Bloomfield | title=Teodoro Obiang Nguema: A brutal, bizarre jailer | date=13 May 2007}}</ref> Two defendants were sentenced to fourteen years in prison each, and two others to four years each.<ref name="maciastrial"/>

With no higher court available to hear appeals, the decision of the Special Military Tribunal was final. However, one problem arose, as Macías Nguema reportedly swore that his ghost would return and take revenge on those who had condemned him. As a result, the Equatoguinean soldiers refused to shoot him. A group of hired Moroccan troops was instead employed to carry out the sentence.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|pp=281–282}} The 55-year old Macías Nguema and the six other defendants sentenced to death were executed by the hired firing squad at [[Black Beach Prison]], at 6&nbsp;pm the same day.<ref name="maciastrial"/><ref>John B. Quigley (2006) ''The Genocide Convention: An International Law Analysis'', Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, {{ISBN|0754647307}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXZ8qMR5YVQC&pg=PA31 p.31] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404123345/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXZ8qMR5YVQC&pg=PA31 |date=4 April 2023 }}, 32</ref><ref>Max Liniger-Goumaz (1988) ''Small is Not Always Beautiful: The Story of Equatorial Guinea'', C. Hurst and Company, {{ISBN|1850650233}}. p.64</ref>

== Regime impact ==
At his trial, Macías Nguema's regime was estimated to have killed between 20,000 and 50,000<ref name="time20aug1979" /> people,<ref name="occidente"/> equating to between 9 and 23 percent of the country's contemporary population, with some estimates ranging as high as 80,000 deaths.<ref name="análisis">{{cite web|access-date=27 June 2016 |last= Núñez| first= Álvaro Rodríguez|pages=22–23 |title= La Antigua Guinea Española: Análisis y Perspectivas| url= http://www.cmeyanchama.com/Documents/Guinee/trabajoceseden_Seminario.pdf|archive-date=5 July 2016| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160705092056/http://www.cmeyanchama.com/Documents/Guinee/trabajoceseden_Seminario.pdf|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref name="coomil">{{cite web| website= uned.es| publisher= [[Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia]]|date=June 2013| first=José Antonio| last=Latorre Remón| title= La Cooperación Militar Española en Guinea Ecuatorial: Primera Misión en el Exterior en la Reciente Historia de las Fas Españolas| url=http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:master-IUGM-PSD-Jalatorre/Latorre_Remon_Jose_Antonio_TFM.pdf| archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313130959/http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:master-IUGM-PSD-Jalatorre/Latorre_Remon_Jose_Antonio_TFM.pdf|url-status=live |access-date=12 March 2017}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite book|access-date=17 April 2017| year= 2015|pages=405|publisher= ABC-CLIO |title=Africa: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society | isbn= 978-1598846669|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjoVCwAAQBAJ&dq=francisco+macias+nguema+china+soviet+union&pg=PA405|archive-date=15 August 2023| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230815202803/https://books.google.com/books?id=YjoVCwAAQBAJ&dq=francisco+macias+nguema+china+soviet+union&pg=PA405|url-status= live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> The lower end of estimates by scholars such as Scott Straus and Max Liniger-Goumaz, however, are approximately 5,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last= Straus |first=Scott |title=Making and Unmaking Nations (War, Genocide and Leadership in Modern Africa) |year=2019 |pages=117 |chapter=Mass Categorical Violence and Genocide in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1960–2008}}</ref> By the end of Macías Nguema's rule, over half the population had been arrested at least once, or had a relative who had been killed.<ref name= "matanzas">{{cite news|access-date=7 June 2016|work= El País |date=27 September 1979| title= Macías mantiene que desconocía las matanzas en Guinea Ecuatorial|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1979/09/27/internacional/307231207_850215.html|archive-date=5 August 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160805034052/http://elpais.com/diario/1979/09/27/internacional/307231207_850215.html|url-status= live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> During his trial, 514 deaths were specifically enumerated. Equatorial Guinea's per capita income fell from about $1,420 in 1968<ref>{{cite news|access-date=7 February 2017| work= El País |date=10 August 1979|title=Con la llegada al poder de Macías la economía se desplomó|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1979/08/10/internacional/303084002_850215.html|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181224023929/https://elpais.com/diario/1979/08/10/internacional/303084002_850215.html|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite book|access-date=12 March 2017|date=2012|first=Sara|last=Núñez Torres|page=317|title=La Tierra de Bisila (Memorias de Fernando Póo 1958–1969) (Bioko – Guinea Ecuatorial)|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1446648766|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vooiAwAAQBAJ&q=Guinea+ecuatorial+la+renta+per+c%C3%A1pita+macias|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230815204206/https://books.google.com/books?id=vooiAwAAQBAJ&q=Guinea+ecuatorial+la+renta+per+c%C3%A1pita+macias|url-status= live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> to about $70 in 1975.<ref name="occidente"/> [[Infant mortality]] rose to about 60%.<ref name="piñar"/> National [[life expectancy]] declined to about 30 years.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=1 March 2017| work= [[La Vanguardia]]|date=28 September 1979| title=Malabo: EI fiscal pide la pena de muerte para Macías|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1979/08/14/pagina-17/33435818/pdf.html?search=Guinea%20Ecuatorial| archive-date=1 March 2017| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170301181739/http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1979/08/14/pagina-17/33435818/pdf.html?search=Guinea%20Ecuatorial |url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

== Personal life ==

=== Family ===
Macías Nguema's wider clan, led by Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, still leads Equatorial Guinea as of 2018.{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=295}} By 2007, his children had all left North Korea. However, Macías Nguema's daughter [[Mónica Macías|Mónica]] had relocated from North Korea to [[South Korea]], considering Korea her home and [[Korean language|Korean]] her [[First language|native tongue]]; she had published a Korean-language memoir about her own life. Macías Nguema's wife and daughter Maribel live in Spain, and his sons in Equatorial Guinea.<ref name="Kids" />

=== Personality and mental illness===
Macías is widely considered to have been [[Mental disorder|mentally ill]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-06 |title=CRONOLOGÍA HISTÓRICA - Página Oficial del Gobierno de la República de Guinea Ecuatorial |url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=132 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506103654/http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=132 |archive-date=May 6, 2018 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website= }}</ref>

Medical reports from his early career suggested that Macías Nguema was mentally unstable. Based on a report from 1968, the French foreign intelligence service [[Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage|SDECE]] argued that he suffered from [[mental disorder]]s and [[venereal disease]]s whose effects on his psyche were made even worse by his regular abuse of drugs such as [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] in the form of the edible derivative ''[[bhang]]''; and ''[[iboga]]'', a drink with strong hallucinogenic effects.<ref name="pauron" />{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=262}}<ref name="afroarticles.com"/> Before independence, during the Constitutional Conference in 1967, a Spanish doctor confidentially diagnosed him as paranoid and schizoid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-28 |title=HISTORIA DE GUINEA |url=http://www.asodegue.org/hdojmc05.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528195948/http://www.asodegue.org/hdojmc05.htm |archive-date=May 28, 2022 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=ASODEGUE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Macías's Guinea. The Awakening of the Monster |url=http://librodenotas.com/cartasdesdeelexilioguineano/15049/la-guinea-de-macias-el-despertar-del-monstruo}}</ref> During one of his stays in Spain, he was also diagnosed as [[Bipolar disorder|manic-depressive]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Torres |first=Sara Núñez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vooiAwAAQBAJ&q=Guinea+ecuatorial+la+renta+per+c%C3%A1pita+macias |title=La Tierra de Bisila (Memorias de Fernando Póo 1958-1969) (Bioko - Guinea Ecuatorial) |date=2010-10-27 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4466-4876-6 |pages=312 |language=es}}</ref> In 1970, Macías was treated by the same Spanish doctor who had diagnosed him in 1967.<ref name= af />

Several contemporaries, such as the French ambassador to Equatorial Guinea, believed that Macías Nguema was insane.<ref name="pauron" /> Some observers have posited that Macías Nguema may have been a [[Psychopathy|psychopath]], a disorder potentially enabled, in part, by reported childhood [[psychological trauma]], and that his behaviour could have been affected by other possible mental illnesses, as well as his reported periodic use of drugs.<ref>{{cite book| chapter-url= https://www.hofstra.edu/pdf/community/culctr/culctr_guinea040209_ivbcasavis.pdf| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20230405074136/https://www.hofstra.edu/pdf/community/culctr/culctr_guinea040209_ivbcasavis.pdf |archivedate= 2023-04-05| first= David| last= Casavis| chapter= Teasing Out Psychopathic Behaviors of African Leaders: Francisco Macías| format= Conference paper| place= |title= Between Three Continents: Rethinking Equatorial Guinea on the Fortieth Anniversary of its Independence from Spain |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230405015257/http://www.hofstra.edu/community/culctr/culctr_events_equatorial_guinea.html| year= 2009| publisher= [[Hofstra University]]'s Cultural Center| access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| first= Rene| last= Pelissier| title= Equatorial Guinea: Autopsy of a Miracle| journal= [[The Africa Report]]| volume= 25| number= 3| date= May–June 1980}}</ref> Journalist [[Paul Kenyon]] described Macías Nguema as "dangerously mentally ill".{{sfn|Kenyon|2018|p=263}}

In the book ''Guinea Materia Reservada'', Rafael Fernández gave the following description of Macías and his behavior:
{{blockquote|... of a sanguine nature, he ostensibly tries to display a strong personality, although he frequently falls into outbursts that denote a lack of emotional balance. His notable deafness creates awkward situations and makes dealing with him difficult in personal interviews. He is naturally distrustful, suspicious, and lacks mental agility. He tends to raise his voice even to his own ministers and diplomats, some of whom he even verbally abuses. (...) The president lives as the protagonist twenty-four hours a day, and the distance separating him from all his collaborators is abysmal. The reports from the Cabinet meetings indicate that only the vice president of the government dares to disagree on technical matters. A curious note is his public allusions to his desire to imitate Franco, whose persona he usually respects in almost all his speeches and with whom he has said he wishes to meet, but at the level of colleagues or "homonyms."

...He is an uneducated man, but he has a primitive art for words, an intuition for the verb. He alternates between Fang and Spanish, but he connects with the masses and achieves surprising effects.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernández |first=Rafael |title=Guinea Materia Reservada}}</ref>}}

Rafael Mendizábal, Macías's technician during the first year of his presidential term, described him as "prudent and violent", "realistic and utopian simultaneously" and "energetic but hesitant".<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Owono - Okomo |first=Mansueto Nsí |title= El Proceso Político de Guinea Ecuatorial |isbn=978-84-695-9920-4}}</ref> Macías suffered from outbursts of violence that were then followed by intervals of balance and lucidity, having an incongruously changeable and fickle personality.<ref name=":3" /> With paroxysmal tendencies, Macías went through phases of total silence or verbosity.<ref name=":3" /> A fearful, insecure person (according to his palace guards, he did not recognize his weaknesses and blamed others for his mistakes)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Mengue |first=Clarence |title= El Contexto Colonial y Poscolonial en la Narrativa Hispano-Guineana |url= http://dspace.uah.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10017/22582/Tesis%20de%20Clarence%20Mengue.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170223211530/http://dspace.uah.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10017/22582/Tesis%20de%20Clarence%20Mengue.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date= February 23, 2017}}</ref> and very suspicious,<ref>{{Cite news |last=País |first=El |date=1979-08-05 |title=Francisco Macías, un tirano fruto del colonialismo español |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1979/08/05/internacional/302652002_850215.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |work=El País |language=es |issn=1134-6582}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Macías was always thinking that someone would assassinate him<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hery |date=2016-05-13 |title=Cuatro de los dictadores más locos en la historia {{!}} Marcianos |url=https://marcianosz.com/cuatro-de-los-dictadores-mas-locos-en-la-historia/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=es}}</ref> or take power from him, and came to count around twenty alleged [[Coup d'état|coup]] attempts.<ref name=":3" /> According to Macías, some alleged coup attempts were even plotted inside prisons.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lacosta |first=Xavier |title=Cronología de Guinea Ecuatorial: 1950 / 1979 |url=https://www.angelfire.com/sk2/guineaecuatorial/Lacosta2.htm |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.angelfire.com}}</ref> Before leaving on official trips, Macías ordered the execution of several political prisoners to dissuade his opponents from plotting against him.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Meredith |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_JpQURiWyYC&dq=CLAN+ESANGUI&pg=PT149 |title=África |date=2011 |publisher= Intermón Oxfam Editorial |isbn=978-84-8452-595-0 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea {{!}} Mass Atrocity Endings |url= https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/equatorial-guinea/ |archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20241212034417/https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/equatorial-guinea/ |archive-date=2024-12-12 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website= sites.tufts.edu | publisher= Tufts University |language=en-US}}</ref> He was also obsessed with his safety, and surrounded himself with a Praetorian Guard composed of 155 soldiers.<ref name=":4" /> Always worried about a possible overthrow, Macías stopped making public appearances in 1975 and retired to live first in [[Mongomo]], and then in his hometown, Nzangayong.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nerín |first=Gustav |title=FRANCISCO MACÍAS: NUEVO ESTADO, NUEVO RITUAL |url=http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:Endoxa-2016-37-5035/Francisco_Macias_nuevo_estado.pdf |url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Borrego Nadal |first=Victor |title="Visión" y conocimiento : el arte Fang de Guinea Ecuatorial |url= http://eprints.ucm.es/1717/1/AH1008401.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170328110902/http://eprints.ucm.es/1717/1/AH1008401.pdf |archive-date=March 28, 2017}}</ref> There, he would spend hours sitting around a campfire talking with relatives and village elders about state policy.<ref name=":5" /> In his home village, Macías dedicated himself to fishing, hunting and subsistence farming, using political prisoners who were sent to him as labor.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Guinea Ecuatorial y sus presuntos criminales de guerra. Ute Ute, Florencio Mayie Elá Mangué" del blog de Pedro Nolasco, en Periodistas en Español, España H24, 9 de agosto de 2011 |url= http://www.asodegue.org/agosto10112.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417155129/http://www.asodegue.org/agosto10112.htm |archive-date= April 17, 2017 |website= asodegue.org| publisher= | access-date= }}</ref> He refused to move to Malabo unless an extremely urgent situation arose.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hery |date=2016-05-13 |title=Cuatro de los dictadores más locos en la historia| website= Marcianosz.com |url= https://marcianosz.com/cuatro-de-los-dictadores-mas-locos-en-la-historia/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=es}}</ref>

Despite being a leader of the masses, on a personal level he was introverted,<ref name="tirano" /><ref name=":3" /> moody<ref name=":4" /> and socially maladjusted.<ref name=":4" /> He has been described as megalomaniac<ref name=":3" /> (on one occasion he declared "I am the president, therefore I am more than all of you together"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Probabilidad de ganar en Casino Nine en 2023 {{!}} España |url=https://blogdebanderas.com/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Blog de Banderas |language=es}}</ref> and at the same time, paradoxically, it has been suggested that he suffered from a marked inferiority complex.<ref name=":3" /> From this double complex (of inferiority with respect to Spain and of superiority with respect to other Guineans)<ref name=":3" /> his ultranationalist political thinking may have arisen.<ref name=":3" />

Macías has also been described as a very suspicious individual.<ref name="tirano" /> According to Adolfo Enrique Millan, a former colonial official and secretary to Macías during the early days of his government, the dictator had a rather childish mentality.<ref>Statements by Millan in the documentary ''Memoria negra''.</ref> Other people who were close to him at one time describe him as vain and fond of luxury.<ref name=":4" /> All the furniture in his palace was imported,<ref name=":4" /> with air conditioning and a golden bathroom faucet.<ref name="crono" /> Macías demanded that women from surrounding towns walk kilometers to his palace and wake him up with songs.<ref name="mvv" />

Macías's full unbridled personality came to light after he became president: during his time as vice president of the Autonomous Government, he was known as a healthy, simple man, without vices, not a womanizer, and above all rational.<ref name="murcia" />

At the height of his insanity, Macías would engage in monologues and even "dine" with already eliminated adversaries.<ref name= af /><ref name="Pariah" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-08 |title=The Burning Splint: FRANCISCO MACIAS NGUEMA. The mad man from Equatorial Guinea. |url=http://theburningsplint.blogspot.cl/2010/01/francisco-macias-nguema-mad-man-from.html |access-date=2025-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408082136/http://theburningsplint.blogspot.cl/2010/01/francisco-macias-nguema-mad-man-from.html |archive-date=8 April 2017 }}</ref><ref name=":7" /> He even went so far as to make decisions based on his nightmares and night visions.<ref name="Pariah" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-16 |title=The World's Most Respectable Criminal |first= Dan| last= Gardner |author-link=Dan Gardner (author) |url=http://dangardner.ca/the-worlds-most-respectable-criminal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416044726/http://dangardner.ca/the-worlds-most-respectable-criminal/ |archive-date=April 16, 2017 |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=dangardner.ca}}</ref>

His noticeable deafness also became a problem during his 1979 trial, as Macías could not hear some of the questions asked by the Court.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Historia de Guinea |url=http://www.asodegue.org/hdojmc15.htm |website= asodegue.org |archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20210927005001/http://www.asodegue.org/hdojmc15.htm |archive-date=2021-09-27 |access-date=2025-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= September 26, 1979 |title=Se suspende el juicio de Macías |url=http://store.diariodelaltoaragon.es/cgi-bin/Pandora?xslt=ejemplar;filename=NE19790926;place=none;publication=Nueva%20España;day=26;month=09;year=1979;page=0011;id=0000443827;collection=prensa;url_high=http://store.diariodelaltoaragon.es/prensa/Nueva%20España/1979/197909/19790926/NE19790926-0011.pdf;lang=es;archivo=;encoding=utf-8 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170308134927/http://store.diariodelaltoaragon.es/cgi-bin/Pandora?xslt=ejemplar;filename=NE19790926;place=none;publication=Nueva%20España;day=26;month=09;year=1979;page=0011;id=0000443827;collection=prensa;url_high=http://store.diariodelaltoaragon.es/prensa/Nueva%20España/1979/197909/19790926/NE19790926-0011.pdf;lang=es;archivo=;encoding=utf-8 |archive-date=March 8, 2017 |access-date= |website=Diario del Alto Aragón}}</ref>

== Macías in popular culture ==

* ''Macías, a general essay on power and glory'' is a 1985 Chilean play written by Sergio Marras and starring actor Tennyson Ferrada as Macías.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Macías, ensayo general sobre el poder y la gloria (1985) |url=http://www.cinechile.cl/pelicula-2132 |archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20180920072254/http://cinechile.cl/pelicula-2132 |archive-date=2018-09-20 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Cinechile}}</ref>
* The novel ''[[The Dogs of War (novel)|The Dogs of War]]'' by [[Frederick Forsyth]] (as well as the [[The Dogs of War (film)|film adaptation of the same name]]) is partially based on the situation in Equatorial Guinea during the Macías regime.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |title=African Cup of Nations 2015: Rich history of Africa's stand-in football hosts |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/african-cup-of-nations-2015-rich-history-of-africas-stand-in-football-hosts-9984532.html| website= [[The Independent]]| publisher= | date= | access-date= May 20, 2025}}</ref>
* The novel ''Palm Trees in the Snow'' by [[Luz Gabás]] (as well as the [[Palm Trees in the Snow|film adaptation of the same name]]) narrates the colonial era of Equatorial Guinea and the first months after independence, during the Macías regime.
* Some episodes of the Spanish television series ''Cuéntame Cómo Pasó'' deal with events in Equatorial Guinea at the beginning of the Macías regime, including the country's independence and the diplomatic crisis of 1969. These episodes include ''El día de la raza'' and ''Hundido''.<ref>{{Cite web | title= B-1 Hundido |url=http://www.cuentamecomopaso.net/index.php?id=93&option=com_content&task=view |publisher= Televisión Española |url-status=dead | website= cuentamecomopaso.net| access-date= }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Kenyon |first=Paul |year=2018 |title=Dictatorland. The men who stole Africa |location=London |publisher=Head of Zeus |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WivXDgAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1784972141 |access-date=25 August 2021 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230302120312/https://books.google.com/books?id=WivXDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book|last=Iyanga Pendi|first=Augusto|title=Historia de Guinea Ecuatorial| year= 2021 |publisher=Nau Libres |language= es| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tnMYEAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-8418047411|access-date=23 September 2023|archive-date=31 October 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231031235028/https://books.google.com/books?id=tnMYEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Adam|year=2006|title=The Wonga Coup|publisher=Public Affairs|isbn=978-1586483715}}
* {{Cite book|last=Uwechue|first=Ralph|title=Makers Of Modern Africa: Profiles in History|date=1981|publisher=Africa Books Limited| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TinBoAEACAAJ}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal| last= Jensen| first= Geoffrey | url= https://academic.oup.com/dh/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/dh/dhz020/5490292?redirectedFrom=fulltext |title= Tyranny, Communism, and U.S. Policy in Equatorial Guinea, 1968–1979| journal= [[Diplomatic History (journal)|Diplomatic History]]| publisher= Oxford University Press |url-access= registration| date= September 2019| doi= 10.1093/dh/dhz020| volume= 43| number= 4| pages= 699–728}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

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{{succession box|title=[[President of Equatorial Guinea]]|before=[[Víctor Suances y Díaz del Río]]<br />(as colonial governor)|after=[[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]]|years=1968–1979}}
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{{EquatoguineanPresidents}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Macias Nguema, Francisco}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by Equatorial Guinea]]
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[[Category:Executed mass murderers]]
[[Category:Executed presidents]]
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[[Category:Presidents for life]]
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