View source for Frank (comics)

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox comics character
| character_name = Frank
| image          = Frank(comics).jpg
| caption        = Frank, from the cover of ''[[Frank in the River]]'' ([[Fantagraphics Books|Fantagraphics]], 1992)
| publisher      = {{Plainlist|
* [[Fantagraphics Books]]
* [[Tundra Publishing]]}}
| debut          = ''[[Jim (comics)|JIM]]'' #4
| creators       = [[Jim Woodring]]
| module         = {{infobox comic book title | subbox = yes | italic title = no
| title          = Frank
| image          = JimWoodringFrankComicNumberTwo1996.jpg
| imagesize      = 100x180px
| caption        = Cover to ''Frank'' #2 ([[Fantagraphics Books|Fantagraphics]], 1996)
| schedule       = irregular
| format         = comic book
| issues         = 4
| genre          = [[Alternative comics]], [[Fantasy comics]], [[Pantomime comics]]
| startyr        = 1996
| endyr          = 2001
| startmo        = September
| endmo          = February
| sort           = Frank (comics)
}}
}}

'''Frank''' is a cartoon character created by American cartoonist [[Jim Woodring]].  Frank is a [[bipedal]], bucktoothed animal of uncertain species whom Woodring described as a "generic [[anthropomorphism|anthropomorph]]".  The stories and supporting characters appear in a world called the Unifactor.

==Overview==
Frank is a bipedal [[anthropomorphic animal]] character of uncertain species—what his creator [[Jim Woodring]] describes as a "generic anthropomorph".{{sfn|Hancock|2010|p=224}}  The surreal, symbolic, and pantomimic stories take place in an idyllic world of mysterious forces{{sfn|Hancock|2010|p=224}} called the Unifactor.{{sfn|Hancock|2010|p=225}}  Woodring describes Frank as "11 years old&nbsp;... covered with short, dense fur like a mole's&nbsp;... innocent but not noble&nbsp;... mortal and must someday die".{{sfn|Hancock|2010|p=225}}  His pets and protectors Pupshaw and Pushpaw accompany him on his wanderings through the Unifactor, where he encounters colorful, top-shaped [[jiva]]s, geometrically shaped Jerry Chickens, the diabolic moon-faced Whim, his "Faux Pa" (or "false father"),{{sfn|Hancock|2010|p=225}} and the avaricious Manhog.{{sfn|Hancock|2010|p=224}}  Frank is prey to his temptations and subverts expectations by not always triumphing; despite the consequences he undergoes, he never learns from his experiences.{{sfn|Hancock|2010|p=225}}

==Publication history==
The first published drawing of Frank was the cover of ''[[Jim (comics)|Jim]]'' #4, and the first comic story featuring the character was in ''Buzz'' #2, the [[Kitchen Sink Press]]-published [[comics anthology]]. Frank was a regular feature in the ''[[Tantalizing Stories]]'' series by Woodring and [[Mark Martin (cartoonist)|Mark Martin]], and dominated that comic's inaugural special issue, ''[[Tantalizing Stories Presents Frank in the River]]''. When ''Tantalizing Stories'' ended Frank became a recurring feature in ''Jim Volume II''; in 1996 he got his own self-titled comic series which ran for four issues. A long Frank story titled ''Frank's Real Pa'' also appeared in 1994's ''[[The Millennium Whole Earth Catalog]]'' and was later released as a comic book. Two book collections of the Frank stories were released in 1994 and 1997. In 2003 ''The Frank Book'' collected nearly all of the previously published Frank stories as well as the conclusion of "Frank's High Horse", a serialized story that had been left unfinished at the end of the ''Frank'' comic book.  In 2005 a standalone, limited-release comic ''The Lute String'' was released, and beginning in 2010 two full-length graphic novels featuring Frank were published.

===''Frank'' series===

From 1996 to 2001 [[Fantagraphics Books|Fantagraphics]] put out four issues of Woodring's series ''Frank''.  All but the first issue included one color story.  The ending to "Frank's High Horse"—the first two installments of which appeared in the last two issues of ''Frank''—was only published when Fantagraphics put out the deluxe ''The Frank Book'' in 2003 (it was later included in ''The Portable Frank'' as well).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold; "|Issues of ''Frank''
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | #
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Date
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Stories
|-
|1
|Sept 1996
|
*"High-Rise Hopper"
*"Gentlemanhog"
|-
|2
|Dec 1997
|
*"Sprank" (color)
*"Pushpaw"
*untitled
|-
|3
|March 2000
|
*"Trosper" (color)
*"Frank's High Horse" (part 1)
*"Bliss"
|-
|4
|Feb 2001
|
*"Frank's High Horse" (part 2)
*untitled (color)

|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold; "|''Frank Graphic Novels''
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Title
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Date
|-
|''Weathercraft''
|June 2010
|-
|''Congress of the Animals''
|June 2011
|}

==Characters==
The stories involving these characters occur in the [[surrealism|surreal]] world Woodring calls the Unifactor.
;Frank:A bipedal, bucktoothed animal of uncertain species with a short tail, described by Woodring as a "generic [[anthropomorphism|anthropomorph]]" and "naive but not innocent", "completely naive, capable of sinning by virtue of not knowing what he's really about."<ref name="NicePaperInterview" /> The character design is reminiscent of those found in American animated shorts from the 1920s and 1930s, such as from [[Fleischer Studios]]. Usually he appears in black and white, but when he appears in color his fur is purple.
;Manhog:An "unholy hybrid of human ambivalence". Woodring says he sympathizes with Manhog: "He is very much at a disadvantage because of his looks and his weak character. He’d be good if he could, and when given a chance, he ''is'' good. But he has no discipline, no grit, no ability to select a better path and stick with it."<ref name="IllustFridayInterview" /> Earlier, however, Woodring had said he was "completely craven, incapable of a good act." His acts often led to a very nasty, bloody end.<ref name="NicePaperInterview" />
;Whim: A perpetually smiling, [[devil]]ish character who inhabits a body with a moon-shaped head, "the spirit of politics".<ref name="IllustFridayInterview" /> When the body is destroyed, it turns out that Whim is actually a "tiny, malicious worm" that is able to crawl inside others (including Frank) and has the power of transformation.  According to Woodring, "[h]e’s a conniver, a user. His body can be smashed, but he always gets a new one. Much in the same way that politicians are more or less interchangeable. They surrender their individuality to be part of that hideous game."
;The Jerry Chickens:Mischievous chicken-like characters, each a different geometric shape.
;Pupshaw:A female<ref name="Woodring-p351">Woodring, Jim. 2003. ''The Frank Book'', p. 351. Seattle, WA: Fantagraphics Press.</ref> [[dog|canine]]-like "godling" companion whom Frank bought from one of the Jerry Chickens in an early story. Testy in nature, but a faithful protector to Frank.
;Pushpaw:Pupshaw's somewhat simple-minded but plucky and good-natured mate and male counterpart.
;Lucky:A man with a grotesquely elongated, pendulous proboscis for a mouth. His feet are wrapped in rags and he wears a nightgown. He is a born drudge taking on the most menial work (the best job was being a delivery man in the story that introduced Pupshaw). In another story, he is amputating his proboscis, a painful task.
;Frank's Pas:Identical creatures that resemble older, less anthropomorphic versions of Frank. One of them (Frank's "Real Pa") is Frank's father; the other is thus his "[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/faux_pas Faux Pa]". Frank will look like them when he grows old. They are physically identical to one another except for one tiny difference. The Faux Pa enthusiastically embraces his role as a father figure and gives Frank the worst possible advice.

==Influence and recognition==
While the Frank stories have never been a mainstream success, they have attracted an avid [[cult following]] and have been extensively [[merchandise]]d as [[t-shirts]], [[action figure]]s and other things. Many [[alternative comics|alternative]] cartoonists ([[Dave Cooper]], for example) have cited the Frank stories as an [[Artistic inspiration|inspiration]], and mainstream [[comic book creator]]s have also expressed their admiration, with [[Alan Moore]] including an image of Frank as part of an [[Parallel universe (fiction)|alternate universe]] in the pages of his [[superhero]] series ''[[1963 (comic book)|1963]]''. Various artists have created short Frank animations based on Woodring's original tales, nine of which were collected on the 2007 DVD release, ''Visions of Frank: Short Films by Japan's Most Audacious Animators''.

Woodring has won multiple [[Harvey Awards]] for his Frank stories, including the Best Single Issue or Story award for "[[Frank in the River]]" in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.harveyawards.org/awards_1993win.html |title=The Harvey Awards |access-date=2007-10-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103035141/http://harveyawards.org/awards_1993win.html |archive-date=November 3, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In 1999 ''[[The Comics Journal]]'' ranked the Frank stories #55 in its list of the 100 best comics of the century.<ref>"Top 100 Comics". ''The Comics Journal'' #210 (February 1999), 58.</ref>

Frank is also referenced on the [[Channel 4]] sitcom ''[[The IT Crowd]]''. A color poster of Frank is prominently displayed on the wall behind the desk of main character Roy.

[[Yo La Tengo]] bassist [[James McNew]] has a tattoo of the characters Pupshaw and Pushpaw on his arm.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://blog.fantagraphics.com/yo-la-tengo-listening-party-with-jim-woodring-this-saturday/ |title="Yo La Tengo Listening Party with Jim Woodring" |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=January 13, 2011 |newspaper=Fantagraphics Blog |access-date=February 21, 2021}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Title
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Publisher
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | ISBN
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
|1994
|''Frank Vol. 1''
|rowspan="11"|[[Fantagraphics Books]]
|{{ISBNT|978-1-560-97153-5}}
|
|-
|1997
|''Frank Vol. 2''
|{{ISBNT|978-1-56097-279-2}}
| <!-- no note -->
|-
|2002
|''Trosper''
|{{ISBNT|1-56097-426-5}}
|with music by [[Bill Frisell]]
|-
|2003
|''The Frank Book''
|{{ISBNT|1-56097-534-2}}
|foreword by [[Francis Ford Coppola]]
|-
|2008
|''The Portable Frank''
|{{ISBNT|978-1-56097-978-4}}
|foreword by [[Justin Green (cartoonist)|Justin Green]]
|-
|2010
|''[[Weathercraft]]''
|{{ISBNT|978-1-60699-340-8}}
| <!-- no note -->
|-
|2011
|''[[Congress of the Animals]]''
|{{ISBNT|978-1-60699-437-5}}
| <!-- no note -->
|-
|2013
|''[[Fran (comics)|Fran]]''
|{{ISBNT|978-1-60699-661-4}}
| <!-- no note -->
|-
|2018
|''Poochytown''
|{{ISBNT|978-1-68396119-2}}
| <!-- no note -->
|-
|2020
|''And Now, Sir… Is This Your Missing Gonad?''
|{{ISBNT|978-1-68396326-4}}
| <!-- no note -->
|-
|2022
|''One Beautiful Spring Day''
|{{ISBNT|978-1-68396-555-8}}
|a compilation of ''Congress of the Animals'', ''Fran'' and ''Poochytown'', along with 100 pages never before published
|}

===Foreign editions===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|'''''Translations'''''
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Language
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Title
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Publisher
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | ISBN
|-
|rowspan="4"|French
|''Frank''
|rowspan="4"|[[l'Association]]
|1998
|{{ISBNT|2-84414-005-X}}
|-
|''Frank, Tome 1''
|2001-07-13
|{{ISBNT|978-2-844-14005-0}}
|-
|''Frank, Tome 2''
|2006-09-11
|{{ISBNT|978-2-844-14216-0}}
|-
|''Frank's Real Pa: Suivi de Frank et la corde de luth''
|2007-01-20
|{{ISBNT|978-2-844-14224-5}}
|-
|rowspan="4"|Japanese
|''Pupshaw and Pushpaw''
|Press Pop
|2004
|{{ISBNT|4-9900812-9-3}}
|-
|''The Lute String''<br />''リュートの弦''
|rowspan="2"|Presspop Gallery
|2005
|{{ISBNT|978-4-90309-003-0}}
|-
|''The Frank color stories''
|2006
|{{ISBNT|978-4-90309-006-1}}
|-
|''Black & White Frank''
|Press Pop
|2011
|{{ISBNT|978-4-903090-28-3}}
|-
|colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|''[[Weathercraft]]''
|-
|Dutch
|''Weersomstandigheden''<ref>Product page for ''[http://www.debezigebij.nl/web/Webshop-detailpagina.htm?ean=9789054922759 Weersomstandigheden] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929162348/http://www.debezigebij.nl/web/Webshop-detailpagina.htm?ean=9789054922759 |date=September 29, 2011 }}''</ref>
|De Bezige Bij
|2009–11
|{{ISBNT|978-9-054-92275-9}}
|-
|Norwegian
|''Værverk''<ref>Product page for ''[http://www.jippicomics.com/2009/11/12/v%C3%A6rverk-%E2%80%93-ny-bok-av-jim-woodring/ Værverk]'' (in Norwegian)</ref>
|[[Jippi Comics]]
|2009–11
|{{ISBNT|978-8-292-22623-0}}
|-
|French
|''Weathercraft''
|[[l'Association]]
|2010-01-09
|{{ISBNT|978-2-844-14390-7}}
|-
|Italian
|''Weathercraft''
|Coconino Press
|2010-07
|{{ISBNT|978-8-876-18169-6}}
|-
|colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|''[[Congress of the Animals]]''
|-
|French
|''Frank et le congrès des bêtes''
|[[l'Association]]
|2011-04-29
|{{ISBNT|978-2-844-14422-5}}
|-
|Norwegian
|''Dei samlar seg, dyra''<ref>Product page for ''[http://www.jippicomics.com/2011/05/18/dei-samlar-seg-dyra/ Dei samlar seg, dyra]'' (in Norwegian)</ref>
|[[Jippi Comics]]
|2011-05
|{{ISBNT|978-8-292-22634-6}}
|-

|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Comics}}
*''[[The Book of Jim]]''
*[[Pantomime]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="IllustFridayInterview">{{cite web
 |url         = http://illustrationfriday.com/blog/2010/10/01/the-words-and-worlds-of-jim-woodring/
 |access-date  = 2010-04-12
 |date        = 2010-10-01
 |title       = The Words and Worlds of Jim Woodring
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20101004204735/http://illustrationfriday.com/blog/2010/10/01/the-words-and-worlds-of-jim-woodring/
 |archive-date = October 4, 2010
 |df          = mdy-all
}}</ref>

<ref name="NicePaperInterview">{{cite web
|url       = http://www.tcj.com/guttergeek/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Pages-from-NicePaperInterviews.jpg
|first     = Chris
|last      = Reilly
|title     = Jim Woodring: From Tantalus to Revelations?
|date      = March 25–31, 1993
|access-date = 2011-04-12}}</ref>

|2}}

===Works cited===

{{Refbegin}}

* {{cite book
|last         = Hancock
|first        = Michael W.
|chapter      = The Frank Book
|title        = Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels
|volume       = 1
|editor-first = M. Keith
|editor-last  = Booker
|pages        = 224–226
|publisher    = [[ABC-CLIO]]
|year         = 2010
|isbn         = 978-0-313-35748-0
}}

{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.jimwoodring.com jimwoodring.com]
* [http://mindlessones.com/2008/05/09/fraaoooooooooiiiiink-detourning-the-dream-factory Detourning the Dream Factory] – an essay on Frank [https://jimwoodring.blogspot.com/2008/05/essay-on-frank.html cited by Woodring] as "the single best piece of writing" about his character

{{Jim Woodring}}
{{Fantagraphics comics}}

<!--Categories-->
[[Category:Comics by Jim Woodring]]
[[Category:American comics characters]]
[[Category:Fantagraphics titles]]
[[Category:Anthropomorphic mammals]]
[[Category:Comics about anthropomorphic mammals]]
[[Category:1992 comics debuts]]
[[Category:2001 comics endings]]
[[Category:Fantasy comics]]
[[Category:Pantomime comics]]
[[Category:Comics characters introduced in 1992]]
[[Category:Male characters in comics]]