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{{Short description|American politician (1864–1921)}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name         = Franklin Knight Lane
|image        = LANE, FRANKLIN K. LCCN2016856093 Crop.jpg
|caption      = Portrait {{circa}} 1913–1920
|office       = 26th [[United States Secretary of the Interior]]
|president    = [[Woodrow Wilson]]
|term_start   = March 6, 1913
|term_end     = March 1, 1920
|predecessor  = [[Walter L. Fisher]]
|successor    = [[John Barton Payne|John Payne]]
|office1      = Chair of the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]]
|term_start1  = January 13, 1913
|term_end1    = March 5, 1913
|predecessor1 = [[Charles A. Prouty]]
|successor1   = [[Edgar E. Clark]]
|office2      = Commissioner of the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]]
|term_start2  = July 2, 1906
|term_end2    = March 5, 1913
|predecessor2 = [[Joseph W. Fifer]]
|successor2   = [[John Hobart Marble|John Marble]]
|office3      = [[City Attorney of San Francisco]]
|term_start3  = January 1, 1899
|term_end3    = January 1, 1904
|predecessor3 = [[Harry T. Creswell]]
|successor3   = [[Percy V. Long]]
|birth_date   = {{birth date|1864|7|15}}
|birth_place  = [[DeSable, Prince Edward Island]] (now [[Canada]])
|death_date   = {{death date and age|1921|5|18|1864|7|15}}
|death_place  = [[Rochester, Minnesota]], U.S.
|party        = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|spouse       = Anne Wintermute
|education    = [[University of California, Berkeley]]<br/>[[University of California, Hastings]]
|signature    = Franklin K Lane Signature.svg
}}
'''Franklin Knight Lane''' (July 15, 1864&nbsp;– May 18, 1921) was an American progressive politician from California. A member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], he served as [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] from 1913 to 1920. He also served as a commissioner of the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]], and was the Democratic nominee for [[Governor of California]] in 1902, losing a narrow race in what was then a heavily [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] state.

Lane was born July 15, 1864, near [[Charlottetown]], Prince Edward Island, in what was then a [[British Empire|British colony]] but is now part of Canada. In 1871, his family moved to California. After attending the [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California]] while working part-time as a reporter, Lane became a New York correspondent for the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', and later became editor and part owner of a newspaper.  Elected City Attorney of San Francisco in 1898, a post he held for five years, Lane [[1902 California gubernatorial election|ran in 1902]] for governor and [[1903 San Francisco mayoral election|in 1903]] for [[mayor of San Francisco]], losing both races. In 1903, he received the support of the Democratic minority in the [[California State Legislature]] during the legislature's vote to elect a [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from California.

Appointed a commissioner of the Interstate Commerce Commission by U.S. President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] in 1905 and confirmed by the Senate the following year, Lane was reappointed in 1909 by President [[William Howard Taft]]. His fellow commissioners elected him as chairman in January 1913. The following month, Lane accepted President-elect [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s nomination to become [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]], a position in which he served almost seven years until his resignation in early 1920.  Lane's record on conservation was mixed: he supported the controversial [[Hetch Hetchy Reservoir]] project in [[Yosemite National Park]], which flooded a valley esteemed by many conservationists, but also presided over the establishment of the [[National Park Service]].

The former Secretary died of heart disease at the [[Mayo Clinic]] in [[Rochester, Minnesota]], on May 18, 1921. Because of two decades of poorly paid government service and the expenses of his final illness, he left no estate, and a public fund was established to support his widow.  Newspapers reported that had he not been born in what is now Canada, he would have become president.  In spite of that limitation, Lane was offered support for the Democratic nomination for vice president, though he was [[United States Constitution|constitutionally]] ineligible for that office as well.

== Early life ==

[[File:Laneplaque.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Plaque erected near Lane's birthplace, DeSable, Prince Edward Island]]

Lane was born in [[DeSable, Prince Edward Island|DeSable]], west of [[Charlottetown]], Prince Edward Island, on July 15, 1864, the first of four children of Christopher Lane and the former Caroline Burns.<ref name="outlook" />{{sfn|Lane|1922|pp=xxiii–xxiv}}  Christopher Lane was a preacher who owned a farm outside Charlottetown; when his voice began to fail, he became a dentist.{{sfn|Lane|1922|p=3}} The elder Lane, disliking the island colony's cold climate, moved with his family to [[Napa, California]], in 1871,{{sfn|Lane|1922|p=5}} and to [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] in 1876, where Franklin graduated from [[Oakland High School (California)|Oakland High School]].{{sfn|Lane|1922|pp=xxiii–xxiv}}  Franklin Lane was hired to work in the printing office of the ''Oakland Times'', then worked as a reporter, and in 1884 campaigned for the [[Prohibition Party]].{{sfn|Lane|1922|p=9}} From 1884 to 1886, he attended the University of California at Berkeley, though he did not graduate.{{sfn|Lane|1922|pp=xxiii–xxiv}}  Lane later wrote, "I put myself through college by working on vacation and after hours, and I am very glad I did it."{{sfn|Lane|1922|p=11}}  He later received honorary Doctor of Laws degrees from the University of California, from [[New York University]], [[Brown University]], and the [[University of North Carolina]].<ref name="la" />  After leaving college, he worked as a reporter for the ''San Francisco Chronicle''.<ref name="outlook" /> In 1889,<ref name="americanyearbook" /> he was admitted to the California Bar, having attended [[University of California, Hastings College of the Law|Hastings Law School]].{{sfn|Lane|1922|pp=xxiii–xxiv}}

Rather than practicing law, Lane moved to New York City to continue his newspaper career as a correspondent for the ''Chronicle''. There he became a protégé of the reformer [[Henry George]] and a member of New York's Reform Club<!-- Please don't wikilink the Club unless there's been an article written on THIS Reform Club -->.<ref name="igs" /> He returned to the West Coast in 1891 as editor and part owner of the [[The News Tribune|''Tacoma News'']]. He was successful in driving a corrupt chief of police into exile in Alaska, but the business venture as a whole was unsuccessful, and the paper declared bankruptcy in 1894,{{sfn|Lane|1922|p=28}} a victim of the [[Panic of 1893|poor economy]] and Lane's espousal of Democratic and [[People's Party (United States)|Populist Party]] causes.  In 1893, Lane married Anne Wintermute; they had two children, Franklin Knight Lane, Jr. and Nancy Lane Kauffman.{{sfn|Lane|1922|pp=xxiii–xxiv}}

Lane moved back to California in late 1894, and began to practice law in San Francisco with his brother George.  He also wrote for ''Arthur McEwen's Letter'', a newspaper which crusaded against corruption, especially in the San Francisco Bay area and in the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]].{{sfn|Reid|1964|p=450}}  In 1897–98, he served on the Committee of One Hundred<!-- Please don't wikilink the Committee unless there's been an article written on THIS Committee of 100 -->, a group which was tasked with drafting a new city charter.{{sfn|Lane|1922|pp=xxiii–xxiv}}  The charter required the city to own its own water supply.{{sfn|Brechin|2006|p=336}}

== California politician ==

[[File:laneposter.jpg|thumb|1898 election poster for Lane]]

In 1898, Lane, running as a Democrat, was elected to the combined position of City and County Attorney, defeating California's sitting [[California Attorney General|Attorney General]], W. F. Fitzgerald,<ref name="chron" /> by 832&nbsp;votes in a year that otherwise saw most offices across the state fall to the Republicans.<ref name="igs" /> He was re-elected in 1899 and 1901.{{sfn|Lane|1922|p=50}}

Lane ran for Governor of California in 1902 on the Democratic and Non-Partisan tickets.{{sfn|Lane|1922|pp=xxiii–xxiv}}  At a time when California was dominated by the Republican Party, he lost by less than a percentage point to [[George Pardee]]. (Theodore Roosevelt won the state by 35&nbsp;points two years later.)<ref name="Warren 2008 p70" />  Between 8,000 and 10,000&nbsp;votes were disqualified on various technicalities, possibly costing him the election.{{sfn|Lane|1922|p=22}}  During the campaign, the influential ''San Francisco Examiner'' slanted its news coverage against him.  ''Examiner'' owner [[William Randolph Hearst]] later denied responsibility for this policy, and stated that if Lane ever needed anything, he should send Hearst a telegram.  Lane retorted that if Hearst received a telegram purportedly signed by Lane, asking him to do anything, he could be sure it was a forgery.<ref name="chron" />

Journalist [[Grant Wallace]] wrote of Lane at the time of the gubernatorial campaign:

{{blockquote|
That Lane is a man of earnestness and vigorous action is shown in&nbsp;... every movement. You sit down to chat with him in his office. As he grows interested in the subject, he kicks his chair back, thrusts his hands way to the elbows in his trouser pockets and strides up and down the room. With deepening interest he speaks more rapidly and forcibly, and charges back and forth across the carpet with the heavy tread of a grenadier.{{sfn|Lane|1922|p=4}}
}}

At the time, the state legislatures still elected United States Senators, and [[1903 United States Senate election in California|in 1903]], Lane received the vote of the state legislature's Democratic minority in the Senate election.<ref name="americanyearbook" />  However, the majority Republicans backed incumbent [[George Clement Perkins]], who was duly re-elected.  Later that year, City Attorney Lane ran for mayor of San Francisco, but again was defeated, finishing third in the race.<ref name="igs" /> He returned to the private practice of law,<ref name="igs" /> and would not again stand for elective office.{{sfn|Reid|1964|p=450}}

Even before the mayoral election, there was support for Lane as a potential Democratic candidate for vice president, though since he was born in what was by then a Canadian province he was ineligible under the [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution]]. In an era when political convention delegates were far more free to make their own choices than they are today, Lane wrote that he had heard that he could gain the support of the New York delegation, which he declined to do.<ref name="chron" /> While returning to California from a trip to Washington, D.C., as an advocate for the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir project, he stopped in [[Austin, Texas]], to confer with Democratic leaders and address the legislature.{{sfn|Lane|1922|p=42}} ''[[The New York Times]]'' saw this as part of a campaign to secure the vice-presidential nomination, and stated that he had been promised help from Texas.<ref name="The New York Times 1903-04-11" />

== Interstate Commerce Commission ==

=== Appointment and confirmation ===

The railroad companies, which were loosely regulated by the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]] (ICC), exercised great power in California because of the lack of alternate means of shipping freight. Lane had taken cases against those corporations in his law practice, and, in his gubernatorial campaign, had argued that they had too much power. In early 1904, [[Benjamin Wheeler]], president of the [[University of California]], suggested to [[Theodore Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]] that Lane would be an admirable choice to serve on the ICC. Roosevelt agreed, and promised to name him to the next ICC vacancy. When that vacancy occurred in early 1905, Roosevelt forgot his promise and instead named retiring five-term Senator [[Francis Cockrell]] of [[Missouri]]. Wheeler wrote to remind Roosevelt that he had said he would name Lane.<ref name="work" /> Roosevelt apologized for his oversight, but noted that, as he had [[1904 United States presidential election|just been re-elected]], "I shall make ample amends to Lane later".<ref name="work" />

In December 1905, Commissioner [[Joseph W. Fifer]] resigned from the ICC and on December 6, 1905, President Roosevelt named Lane to fill the remaining four years in his term.{{sfn|Venzon|1999|p=327}}<ref name="iccbook" /> Opposition to the appointment came from Republicans, who pointed out that were the nominee to be confirmed by the Senate, three of the five commissioners would be from the minority Democratic Party.<ref name="work" />  Historian Bill G. Reid, in his journal article about Lane, suggests that Lane's liberal record was a factor in the Senate's hesitation to confirm him.{{sfn|Reid|1964|p=450}}  The dispute held up Senate approval. However, Republican Congressman [[William Peters Hepburn]] proposed legislation which, though its primary purpose was increased railroad regulation, would expand the Commission by two members. Roosevelt indicated that he would appoint Republicans to the new positions, and opposition to Lane's nomination dissipated. The resultant [[Hepburn Act]] was signed by President Roosevelt on June 29, 1906, while his nominee was confirmed the same day and was sworn in on July 2, 1906.{{sfn|Lane|1922|pp=61–62}}

The City of San Francisco suffered [[1906 San Francisco earthquake|a severe earthquake]] on April 18, 1906. Lane, who was living in [[Berkeley, California|north Berkeley]] while awaiting Senate confirmation, hurried to the city within hours of the earthquake to do what he could to help. Mayor [[Eugene E. Schmitz]] immediately appointed him to the [[Committee of Fifty (1906)|Committee of Fifty]] to deal with the devastation of the earthquake and subsequent fire, and plan the rebuilding of the city. According to Lane's friend, writer [[William Henry Irwin|Will Irwin]], Lane did not content himself with committee work, but personally fought the fire, helping to save much of the [[Western Addition, San Francisco, California|Western Addition]].  In late April, the commissioner-designate took the train east to Washington, where he unsuccessfully fought to obtain Federal money to help the city's recovery.{{sfn|Lane|1922|pp=59–61}}

=== Commission work ===
[[File:Lane1909.jpg|thumb|right|Commissioner Lane in Chicago, 1909]]
The new commissioner spent the second half of 1906 attending ICC hearings around the country. The Hepburn Act had given the Commission broad powers over the railroads, and the Commission worked to deal not only with past railroad abuses, but to strike a balance between the desires of railroads and those of shippers.{{sfn|Lane|1922|pp=63–64}}

There was a severe shortage of coal in the Upper [[Midwest]] in late 1906, especially in [[North Dakota]], and President Roosevelt ordered an investigation.  Railroad companies were accused of failing to send cars with coal to that region that could then be used to transport grain from that region to [[Great Lakes]] ports. It was alleged the companies were waiting for the lakes to freeze over before sending cars so that the grain would have to be transported by rail all the way to market instead of by water transport. Lane led the inquiry and held hearings in Chicago, and concluded that the car shortage was due to demand for cars further west, and that it would actually cause area railways to lose money since they could not transport the grain to port.<ref name="The New York Times 1906-12-23" />  In January 1907, he submitted his report to Roosevelt, which set out the causes of the shortage.  He found that fifty million bushels of grain still remained on North Dakota farms or in the state's grain elevators, because of lack of space in eastbound railroad cars. He recommended that railroad companies pool their cars with neighboring lines.<ref name="The New York Times January 3, 1907" />

The Commission spent much of 1907 investigating the railroads and other companies owned by [[Edward H. Harriman]], holding hearings across the country. In October, Lane determined that the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]], one of Harriman's lines, was engaged in rebating, a practice of effectively giving special rates to favored shippers that had been outlawed by the Hepburn Act.<ref name="The New York Times October 15, 1907" />

Lane was reappointed as commissioner by President [[William Howard Taft]] on December 7, 1909, this time to a full seven-year term, and was confirmed by the Senate three days later.<ref name="iccbook" />  He was also approached by, as he put it, "a good many people" who urged him to seek the Democratic nomination for Governor of California in 1910.{{sfn|Lane|1922|p=70}} He did not run, remaining an ICC commissioner.{{sfn|Lane|1922|p=70}} Taft designated Lane as a U.S. delegate to the 1910 International Railways Congress.{{sfn|Lane|1922|p=75}} The Congress, which convened every five years, met in [[Berne, Switzerland]]. Before adjourning in anticipation of meeting in 1915 in Berlin, it elected Lane to its Permanent International Commission.<ref name="The New York Times July 17, 1910" />

On July 1, 1911, the ICC ordered a "sweeping investigation" into the activities of [[package delivery|express companies]], which transported and delivered parcels.<ref name="The New York Times 1911-07-02" />  Lane presided over a lengthy hearing in New York in November 1911.<ref name="The New York Times 1911-11-26" /> Fellow Commissioner [[James S. Harlan]] noted that after hearing of the abuses of the express system, Lane recommended to Congress that it establish a [[parcel post]] service as part of the [[United States Post Office Department]].{{sfn|Lane|1922|pp=100–101}}  Parcel post began on January 1, 1913, and was an immediate success.<ref name="Smithsonian Institution" />

Early in 1912, Commissioner Lane returned to New York to preside over hearings (begun on the Commission's own initiative) into [[pipeline transport|oil pipelines]].  While investigating the sale of pipelines to the [[Standard Oil|Standard Oil Company]], he grew frustrated with the testimony of a witness who, though secretary of several pipeline companies, could not say who authorized the sales. "I don't want to deal with a clerk or one of your $5,000 a year men. I want testimony from someone who can speak with authority."<ref name="The New York Times 1912-01-25" /> The Commission held that oil pipelines were common carriers, and ordered the companies owning them to file rate schedules and otherwise comply with the Interstate Commerce Act.<!-- As Interstate Commerce Act redirects to Interstate Commerce Commission, there is no point in a link until someone writes an article on the Act. --><ref name="The New York Times 1912-06-14" />

Lane also gave attention to improving the ICC's internal capabilities.  Lane and his ally, fellow Commissioner [[Balthasar H. Meyer]], supported increasing the Commission's ability to compute marginal rates, and the Commission engaged noted economist [[Max O. Lorenz]] (inventor of the [[Lorenz curve]]) for this task.<ref name="ohdarn" /> Lane also advocated the creation of a new commission with powers over any corporation engaged in [[Commerce Clause|interstate commerce]], as the best way to prevent [[Trust (19th century)|trusts]].<ref name="la" />

== Secretary of the Interior ==

=== Selection by Wilson ===
[[File:Franklin Knight Lane in the 1910s, from- Laneburleson (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Franklin Knight Lane in the 1910s]]
In the [[1912 United States presidential election|1912 presidential election]], Lane supported Democratic candidate and [[Governor of New Jersey|New Jersey Governor]] [[Woodrow Wilson]], though he declined to make campaign speeches on Wilson's behalf, citing ICC policy that commissioners act in a nonpartisan manner.{{sfn|Lane|1922|p=106}} Wilson was elected on November 5, 1912, and on November 21 the commissioner spent much of the day with Colonel [[Edward M. House]], the President-elect's advisor, who would play a key role in selecting Cabinet appointees. The possibility of Lane becoming Secretary of the Interior was discussed, but he indicated he was happy in his present position.{{sfn|Righter|2006|p=119}} After the meeting, Lane had second thoughts, and asked House if he would have a free hand as Interior Secretary. House indicated that were he to prove capable in the position, Wilson would not interfere. Colonel House did not immediately recommend Lane for the job, but went on to consider other candidates, such as former San Francisco mayor [[James D. Phelan]] and Wilson friend [[Walter Hines Page|Walter Page]].{{sfn|Righter|2006|p=119}}

At the ICC meeting on January 8, 1913, the commissioners elected Lane as the new chairman, effective January 13.<ref name="The New York Times 1913-01-09" /> Wilson continued to keep his Cabinet intentions quiet, and Lane noted in January 1913 of those who met with the President-elect in New Jersey, "nobody comes back from Trenton knowing anything more than when he went".{{sfn|Lane|1922|p=124}} On February 16, House met again with him (on Wilson's instructions) to get a better sense of the ICC chairman's views on conservation.{{sfn|Righter|2006|p=119}} According to House's diaries, Lane, while reluctant to leave his position as chairman, was willing to serve in the Interior position if offered. He considered the position the most difficult Cabinet post but was also willing to serve in any other capacity.<ref name="housediary" />

As Wilson adjusted his lineup of potential Cabinet appointees, he and House considered Lane for the positions of [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] and [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]].<ref name="housediary" /> Finally, Wilson wrote to him on February 24, 1913, offering him the Interior position,{{sfn|Righter|2006|p=119}} and, although the two had never met, he accepted the post.{{sfn|Righter|2006|pp=118–119}} According to ''The New York Times'', Chairman Lane was selected since he was one of the few California Democrats who had fought the railroads and who was not beholden to Hearst.<ref name="The New York Times 1913-03-16" /> At the time, it was customary not to make an official announcement of Cabinet appointments until the new president formally submitted the names to the Senate on the afternoon of [[Inauguration Day]], March 4; however, ''The New York Times'' obtained the list of Wilson's appointees a day early.<ref name="The New York Times 1913-03-04" /> The Senate met in special session on March 5, and approved all of President Wilson's Cabinet appointees.<ref name="Shaw 1913" />

=== Department activities ===

[[File:Pres. Wilson--Cabinet of 1913.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|President Wilson and his Cabinet with Lane forward row, second from right]]

The [[United States Department of the Interior|Department of the Interior]] in 1913 was a hodgepodge of different agencies. Many of them, such as the Pensions Office, [[Bureau of Indian Affairs|Indian Office]], and [[Bureau of Land Management|General Land Office]] had been departmental responsibilities since the Interior Department was organized in 1849. Others, such as the Bureau of Education, the [[United States Geological Survey|Geological Survey]] and the Bureau of Mines, had been added later.<ref name="Secretary of the Interior 1913pii" />  The Department was also responsible for [[national park]]s, the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|Patent Office]], the [[United States Capitol]] building and grounds, [[Howard University]], [[Gallaudet University]], [[St. Elizabeths Hospital]] and the Maritime Canal Company of [[Nicaragua]],<ref name="Secretary of the Interior 1913ppiv–vi" /> charged with building [[Nicaragua Canal|a canal]] upon which work had been suspended for twenty years.<ref name="globalsecurity" />

Soon after taking office in 1913, Lane became involved in the [[Hetch Hetchy Valley]] dispute. San Francisco had long sought to dam the [[Tuolumne River]] in Yosemite National Park to create a reservoir that would assure a steady flow of water to the city. Lane had supported the project as City Attorney and continued his advocacy as the new Interior Secretary.<ref name="int" /> The Hetch Hetchy project was strongly opposed by many conservationists, led by [[John Muir]], who said, "Dam Hetch Hetchy! As well dam for water tanks the people's cathedrals and churches; for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man."<ref name="int" />  In spite of Muir's objections, Lane was successful: Congress [[Raker Act|authorized the project]] after a long and bitter battle.<ref name="int" />

The new Secretary sought allies in Congress to implement his agenda.  One such ally was the new junior senator from [[Montana]], [[Thomas J. Walsh]], whose support was key to the passage of the Hetch Hetchy legislation. While Walsh dissented from Lane's policies on national parks, for example by supporting local control of development in his home state's [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier National Park]], he sided with him on subjects ranging from development of Alaska to [[Bureau of Reclamation|reclamation projects]].{{sfn|Bates|1999|pp=101–105}}  The Interior Secretary advocated leasing, rather than selling, public lands with possible mineral deposits, and Senator Walsh pursued legislation in this area.<ref name="Middleton 1916" /> While the two were successful in providing for coal land leasing in Alaska, a general minerals leasing bill would not be passed until shortly after Lane left office in 1920.{{sfn|Bates|1999|pp=106–114}}

In July 1913, Lane left on a long inspection tour of National Parks, Indian reservations, and other areas under the Interior Department's jurisdiction.  Fearful that local employees would control what he was allowed to see, he sent an assistant to visit each site and provide him with a complete report on it two weeks in advance of his arrival. The tour was interrupted in August, when President Wilson asked his Interior Secretary to go to [[Denver]] and serve as his representative at the Conference of Governors. Lane did, and then rejoined his inspection party in San Francisco. After several days of meetings there, he collapsed because of an attack of [[angina pectoris]]. After three weeks recuperating, he returned to Washington against medical advice to resume his work.{{sfn|Lane|1922|pp=139–140}} Following the death of Justice [[Horace Harmon Lurton]], Lane was considered a possibility for elevation to the Supreme Court;<ref name="Democrat">"Democrat Likely to be Nominated in Lurton's Place"; ''[[The Birmingham News]]'', July 13, 1914, p. 7</ref> however, Wilson chose another member of his cabinet, [[James Clark McReynolds]].

As Interior Secretary, Lane was responsible for the territories, and advocated the development of the [[Alaska Territory]]. While private railroads had been established there, they were not successful, and he pushed for a government-built railroad, which he believed would lead to large-scale population movement into Alaska.<ref name="The New York Times 1914-07-23" /> In 1914, Congress passed a bill authorizing construction of the [[Alaska Railroad]], which passed the Senate following a two-day speech in support by Walsh.{{sfn|Bates|1999|p=105}}  Lane was the first Interior Secretary to appoint an Alaska resident, [[John Franklin Alexander Strong]], as territorial governor.{{sfn|Reid|1964|p=450}}  Secretary Lane's vision for the territory was, "Alaska should not, in my judgment, be regarded as a mere storehouse of materials on which the people of the States may draw.  She has the potentialities of a State. And whatever policies may be adopted should look toward an Alaska of homes, of industries, and of an extended commerce."<ref name="The New York Times 1914-03-22" />

[[File:2009 Presidential Inauguration - crowds on 18th Street NW.JPG|thumb|The new Interior Department building, now home to the GSA, as it appears today.]]

Despite his role in the Hetch Hetchy controversy, Lane was friendly towards the National Park movement, and in 1915 hired [[Stephen Mather]] to oversee the parks for which the Department was responsible.<ref name="int" />  Mather, a self-made millionaire and member of the [[Sierra Club]], had written Lane a bitter letter in late 1914, complaining that the national parks were being exploited for private profit. Lane was intrigued by Mather's letter, made inquiry, and found that Mather was well thought of by Lane's friends—and had, like Lane, attended the University of California.{{sfn|Albright|1999|pp=30–32}}  Mather's advocacy led to the establishment of the National Park Service in 1916.

In 1915, Lane returned to San Francisco to open the [[Panama-Pacific International Exposition (1915)|Panama-Pacific International Exposition]]. The President was supposed to open the fair, but was unable to attend, and sent the Interior Secretary in his place.{{sfn|Brechin|2006|p=245}} In 1916, Wilson appointed Lane to lead the American delegation and meet with the Mexican commissioners at [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]] about the unstable military situation in Mexico. These negotiations led to the withdrawal of United States troops from Mexico.<ref name="obit" />

The Interior Department had never had a central headquarters, but had worked from offices scattered across Washington, with the bulk of the department located in the old Patent Office building.  The Secretary lobbied for a new building for the Department, and, after Congress appropriated the funds, construction went ahead and the building was opened in early 1917.{{sfn|Albright|1999|pp=217–218}}  The structure, located at 1800 F Street N.W., now houses the [[General Services Administration]].

Mather, who had been appointed the first director of the National Park Service, began to display apparent mental illness in 1917. His assistant, [[Horace Albright]], reported this condition to Lane.  The Secretary chose to keep Mather in his position, while allowing Albright to perform the functions of Mather's job until Mather recovered, keeping all of this secret.{{sfn|Albright|1999|pp=200–202}} According to Albright, Lane was not a conservationist, but did not care to interfere in the decisions of his officials, and so let Mather and Albright have free rein.{{sfn|Albright|1999|p=335}} Lane wrote in 1917:

{{blockquote|
A wilderness, no matter how impressive and beautiful, does not satisfy this soul of mine, (if I have that kind of thing). It is a challenge to man. It says, 'Master me! Put me to use! Make me something more than I am.'{{sfn|Lane|1922|p=258}}
}}

=== World War I responsibilities ===

In 1916, Wilson appointed Lane to the [[Council of National Defense]] (CND), where he urged cooperation between the private and public sectors. He defused a difficult situation for the CND when it decided to merge its male-dominated state and local organizations with the separate Women's Committee into a unified Field Division. Lane headed the Division, leading a board of five men and five women.{{sfn|Venzon|1999|p=327}}

Lane bitterly opposed what he saw as the President's hesitation to commit the country to war. He wrote to his brother George in February 1917:

{{blockquote|
...&nbsp;in Mexico, Cuba, Costa Rica, and Europe we have trouble. The country is growing tired of delay, and without positive leadership is losing its keenness of conscience and becoming inured to insult. Our Ambassador in Berlin is held as a hostage for days—our Consuls' wives are stripped naked at the border, our ships are sunk, our people killed—and yet we wait and wait! What for I do not know. Germany is winning by her bluff, for she has our ships interned in our own harbors.{{sfn|Lane|1922|p=237}}
}}

Lane was a strong advocate of preparedness in the prelude to U.S. involvement in World War I. In early 1917, he urged Wilson to authorize the arming and [[convoy]]ing of [[merchant ship|merchant vessels]]. Wilson refused, but changed his mind when informed of the [[Zimmermann Telegram]]. In a critical Cabinet meeting in March 1917, Lane, with other Cabinet members, urged American intervention in the war.{{sfn|Venzon|1999|p=327}}

He helped [[Thomas Garrigue Masaryk]] to create Washington Declaration in October 1918.<ref>Preclík, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 str., vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karvina, CZ) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, {{ISBN|978-80-87173-47-3}}, pages 101–102, 124–125, 128, 129, 132, 140–148, 184–190.</ref>

With Lane's support, the nation's railroads voluntarily united to form a Railroad War Board to meet the emergency. Lane made many effective speeches for the [[Committee on Public Information]]. The Secretary penned two brief works for the Committee, ''Why We Are Fighting Germany'' and ''The American Spirit'', which were well received and widely distributed.{{sfn|Venzon|1999|p=327}} He urged businessmen to make "sacrifices as worthy as those of the men on their way to the trenches".<ref name="la" /> President Wilson reportedly stopped discussing matters of importance at Cabinet meetings because the "gregarious" Lane divulged confidential matters.{{sfn|Venzon|1999|p=327}}

Lane was a supporter of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] and of the [[League of Nations]]. He wrote articles urging, in vain, U.S. ratification of the treaty establishing the international organization.<ref name="obit" />

== Later life and legacy ==

On December 17, 1919, Lane confirmed rumors that had been circulating in Washington for some months that he would be leaving the Cabinet.  Secretary Lane stated that he had not done so earlier because of President Wilson's illness. While he gave no specific reason for his departure, ''The New York Times'' reported that Lane had found it difficult to make ends meet on a Cabinet officer's salary of $12,000 and desired to make more money for himself and his family.<ref name="The New York Times 1919-12-18" />

As Lane prepared to leave office in January 1920, he reflected on the postwar world:

{{blockquote|
But the whole world is skew-jee, awry, distorted and altogether perverse. The President is broken in body, and obstinate in spirit. [[Georges Clemenceau|Clemenceau]] is beaten for an office he did not want. [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] has declared the law of gravitation outgrown and decadent. ... Oh God, I pray, give me peace and a quiet chop. I do not ask for power, nor for fame, nor yet for wealth.{{sfn|Lane|1922|p=391}}
}}

Lane resigned in February 1920, and left office on March 1. He subsequently accepted employment as vice president and legal advisor to the Mexican Petroleum Company, which was run by [[Edward Doheny]] (who, after Lane's death, would be implicated in the [[Teapot Dome scandal]]), as well as a directorship of the [[Metropolitan Life Insurance Company]].<ref name="obit" />

In a letter to Democratic presidential candidate and [[List of Governors of Ohio|Ohio Governor]] [[James M. Cox]] in July 1920, Lane set forth his vision for America:

{{blockquote|
We want our unused lands put to use. We want the farm made more attractive through better rural schools, more roads everywhere&nbsp;... [W]e want more men with garden homes instead of tenement homes. We want our waters, that flow idly to the sea, put to use&nbsp;... [W]e want fewer boys and girls, men and women, who cannot read or write the language of our laws, newspapers, and literature ... [T]he framing of our policies should not be left to emotional caprice, or the opportunism of any group of men, but should be result of sympathetic and deep studies by the wisest men we have, regardless of their politics ... [W]e want our soldiers and sailors to be more certain of our gratitude&nbsp;... [W]e are to extend our activities into all parts of the world. Our trade is to grow as never before. Our people are to resume their old place as traders on the seven seas. We are to know other people better and make them all more and more our friends, working with them as mutually dependent factors in the growth of the world's life{{sfn|Lane|1922|pp=346–349}}
}}

[[File:lanehigh.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Franklin K. Lane High School]], New York City]]
[[File:Lane Peak.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Lane Peak]]]]
By early 1921, Lane's health was failing, and he sought treatment at the [[Mayo Clinic]]. He was able to leave the Clinic and spend the remainder of the winter in warmer areas as advised by his physicians, but soon returned.  Lane's heart was in such poor condition that the Clinic could not give him general anesthesia during his heart operation. Lane survived the operation, and wrote of the ordeal, but died soon afterward.<ref name="obit" /> According to his brother, George Lane, the former Secretary left no will or estate. The vice-president of Lane's company noted that the Californian had worked 21 years for the Government on a "living salary", and the earnings from the one year of substantial wages had been heavily sapped by illness.<ref name="la" /><ref name="obit" /> Lane's body was cremated, and his ashes thrown to the winds from atop [[El Capitan]] peak in Yosemite National Park.<ref name="The New York Times 1921-05-20" />

According to newspapers reporting Lane's death, it was said that had he been born in the United States he would have been elected president.<ref name="la" /><ref name="obit" /><ref name="The Washington Post 1921-05-19" /> Following Lane's death, a memorial committee was formed by [[United States Secretary of Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]] [[Herbert Hoover]], former Assistant Secretary of the Navy [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and former Lane assistant and member of the [[Federal Reserve Board]] [[Adolph C. Miller]]. The committee established a Franklin K. Lane Memorial Fund, initially dedicated to the support of Lane's widow, Anne Lane, and upon her death to be used to promote causes in which her husband believed.<ref name="The New York Times 1921-10-14" />  The two future presidents, Miller, and National Park Service Director Mather were among the major contributors to the fund.<ref name="igs" />  In 1939, after Mrs. Lane's death, the corpus of the trust (just over $100,000) was transferred to the former Secretary's alma mater, the University of California, to promote the understanding and improvement of the American system of democratic government.<ref name="igs" /> Fifty years later, the entrusted amount, still administered by the University, had grown to almost $1.9 million.<ref name="igs" />

A 1922 collection of Lane's letters concluded with a fragment written the day before his death in which he speculates on the [[afterlife]], mentioning figures from [[Ancient Greece]] before concluding that he would most like to "loaf with [Abraham] Lincoln along a river bank".{{sfn|Lane|1922|pp=464–465}} In [[Vladimir Nabokov]]'s 1962 novel ''[[Pale Fire]]'', the fictional narrator [[Charles Kinbote]] quotes part of this "remarkable fragment" from "a great book by a great guy".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nabokov |first1=Vladimir |title=Pale Fire |date=November 1962 |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/palefire0000unse/page/261 261], [https://archive.org/details/palefire0000unse/page/310 310] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/palefire0000unse/}}</ref><ref>{{multiref|
{{cite journal |last1=Sweeney |first1=Susan Elizabeth |title=The Absence of Justice in Nabokov's Pale Fire |journal=Nabokov Studies |date=2019 |volume=16 |id={{Project MUSE|747609}} |issue=1 |doi=10.1353/nab.2019.0003 |issn=1548-9965}}|
{{cite journal |last1=Levine |first1=June Perry |title=Vladimir Nabokov's ''Pale Fire'': "The Method of Composition" as Hero |journal=International Fiction Review |date=1978 |volume=5 |issue=2 |page=105 |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/IFR/article/view/13313}}
}}</ref>

In November 1921, [[Lane Peak]] in [[Mount Rainier National Park]] was named for the former Secretary.<ref name="The New York Times 1921-11-05" /> Lane was named a National Historic Person on the advice of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada on May 19, 1938.<ref>[https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=1343 Franklin Knight Lane National Historic Person], Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, Parks Canada</ref> A federal plaque was affixed to a cairn reflecting that honor near his DeSable, PEI, birthplace. Other tributes to Lane included a World War II [[Liberty ship]], a [[Franklin K. Lane High School|New York City high school]], and a California redwood grove.<ref name="igs" /> Lane's patriotic essay "Makers of the Flag" adapted from a speech he delivered to Interior Department employees on [[Flag Day in the United States|Flag Day]] 1914, continues to be reprinted as a speech and in schoolbooks.<ref name="Grissom 2008p49" /><ref name="O'Neill 2007p140" />

== See also ==
{{portal|San Francisco Bay Area}}
* [[List of foreign-born United States Cabinet members]]
* [[Bo Sweeney]]

== References ==

{{Reflist
| colwidth = 30em
| refs =

<ref name="outlook">
{{citation
| last = Abbott
| first = Lawrence
| year = 1921
| title = A Passionate American
| periodical = The Outlook
| volume = 128
| page = 205
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wwNqNqym2LYC&q=Franklin+Knight+Lane&pg=PA208
| access-date = 2009-01-27
}}
</ref>

<ref name="la">
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| access-date = 2009-03-27
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| url-status = dead
| archive-date = October 23, 2012
}} {{subscription required}}
</ref>

<ref name="americanyearbook">
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| access-date = 2009-01-27
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</ref>

<ref name="igs">{{citation
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| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

<ref name="chron">
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| title = Letters of a high-minded man, part I
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</ref>

<ref name="Warren 2008 p70">
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<ref name="work">
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<ref name="iccbook">
{{citation
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| year = 1938
| pages = 625–627
}}
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<ref name="The New York Times 1906-12-23">
{{citation
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}}
</ref>

<ref name="The New York Times January 3, 1907">
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<ref name="The New York Times October 15, 1907">
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<ref name="The New York Times 1911-07-02">
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<ref name="The New York Times 1912-06-14">
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<ref name="The New York Times 1913-01-09">
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<ref name="The New York Times 1921-05-20">
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<ref name="The Washington Post 1921-05-19">{{citation
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| archive-date = 2015-06-13
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}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

<ref name="The New York Times 1921-10-14">
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</ref>

<ref name="The New York Times 1921-11-05">
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<ref name="Grissom 2008p49">
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</ref>

<ref name="O'Neill 2007p140">
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| access-date = 2009-02-11
}}
</ref>

}}

== Bibliography ==

'''Books'''

* {{citation
  | last = Albright
  | first = Horace
  | year = 1999
  | title = Creating the National Park Service
  | publisher = University of Oklahoma Press
  | isbn = 978-0-8061-3155-9
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CN_BsBgO1KUC
  }}
* {{citation
  | last = Bates
  | first = James
  | year = 1999
  | title = Senator Thomas J. Walsh of Montana
  | publisher = University of Illinois Press
  | isbn = 978-0-252-02470-2
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-aJU_-XOdfkC
  }}
* {{citation
  | last = Brechin
  | first = Horace
  | year = 2006
  | title = Imperial San Francisco
  | publisher = University of California Press
  | isbn = 978-0-520-25008-6
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UKFaw7g0NS4C
  }}
* {{citation
  | last = Lane
  | first = Franklin
  | editor1-last = Lane
  | editor1-first = Anne
  | editor2-last = Wall
  | editor2-first = Louise
  | year = 1922
  | title = The Letters of Franklin K. Lane
  | publisher = Houghton Mifflin
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fD8TAAAAYAAJ
  }}
* {{citation
  | last = Righter
  | first = Robert
  | year = 2006
  | title = The Battle over Hetch Hetchy
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | isbn = 978-0-19-514947-0
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X5OBqCUf6ZsC
  }}
* {{citation
  | last = Venzon
  | first = Anne
  | year = 1999
  | title = The United States in the First World War
  | publisher = Taylor & Francis
  | isbn = 978-0-8153-3353-1
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YiZRC8bsOuoC
  }}

'''Journals'''

* {{citation
  | last = Hemphill
  | title = Franklin Knight Lane
  | journal = The North American Review
  | volume = 206
  | issue = 741
  | pages = 251–260
  |date=August 1917
  | jstor = 25121600
  }}
* {{citation
  | last = Reid
  | first = Bill G.
  | title = Franklin Knight Lane's Idea for Veterans' Colonization, 1918–1921
  | journal = Pacific Historical Review
  | volume = 33
  | issue = 4
  | pages = 447–461
  |date=November 1964
  | doi = 10.2307/3636044
 | jstor = 3636044
  }}

== External links ==
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010711085546/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/sontag/lane.htm Biographical vignette from the U.S. National Park Service]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051223102532/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/utley-mackintosh/index.htm ''The Department of Everything Else: Highlights of Interior History''] (1989)
* {{Gutenberg author |id=1396}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Franklin Knight Lane}}
* {{Librivox author |id=12766}}
* [http://peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=3031 Lane Peak]

{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Harry T. Creswell]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[City Attorney of San Francisco]]|years=1899–1902}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Percy V. Long]]}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[James G. Maguire]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[Governor of California]]|years=[[1902 California gubernatorial election|1902]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Theodore Arlington Bell|Theodore Bell]]}}
|-
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Joseph W. Fifer]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Commissioner of the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]]|years=1906–1913}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Hobart Marble|John Marble]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Charles A. Prouty]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]]|years=1913}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Edgar E. Clark]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Walter L. Fisher]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Secretary of the Interior]]|years=1913–1920}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Barton Payne|John Payne]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{USSecInterior}}
{{Wilson cabinet}}
{{California Democratic Party}}
{{City Attorneys of San Francisco}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lane, Franklinknight}}
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