View source for Frederick Middleton

{{Short description|British Army general (1825–1898)}}
{{for|the English footballer|Fred Middleton}}{{for|the cricketer|Frederick Middleton (cricketer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]]
| name             = Sir Frederick Middleton 
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCMG|CB}}
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1825|11|4|df=y}}
| death_date       = {{death date and age|1898|1|25|1825|11|4|df=y}}
| placeofburial    = Yateley, Hampshire
| image            = FrederickMiddleton (cropped).jpg
| caption          = 
| nickname         = 
| birth_place      = [[Belfast]], Ireland
| death_place      = [[London]], England
| allegiance       = {{ubl | United Kingdom | Canada}}
| branch           = {{ubl | [[British Army]] | [[Canadian Militia]]}}
| serviceyears     = 1845–1890
| rank             = [[Lieutenant general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]]
| unit             = 
| commands         = {{ubl | [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]] | [[General Officer Commanding the Canadian Militia]]}}
| battles          = {{ubl | [[New Zealand Wars]] | [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]] | [[North-West Rebellion]]}}
| awards           = {{ubl | Knight Commander of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] | Companion of the [[Order of the Bath]]}}
| relations        = 
| laterwork        = 
}}

[[Lieutenant general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] '''Sir Frederick Dobson Middleton''' (4 November 1825 – 25 January 1898) was a British general noted for his service throughout the [[British Empire|Empire]] and particularly in the [[North-West Rebellion]] in [[Canada]].

== Imperial military career ==
Middleton was born in London, the third son of Major General Charles Middleton and Fanny Wheatley. Educated at [[Maidstone Grammar School]] and the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], Middleton was [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned]] into the [[58th Regiment of Foot]] in 1842.<ref name="dcb">{{cite DCB |title=Middleton, Frederick Dodson |first=Desmond |last=Morton |volume=12 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/middleton_frederick_dobson_12E.html}}</ref>

He served in the [[New Zealand Wars]], and in 1845 he was [[mentioned in dispatches]] for his part in the capture of the stronghold of [[Māori people|Māori]] chief [[Te Ruki Kawiti]].<ref name="dcb" />

In 1848 he transferred to the [[96th Regiment of Foot]] in [[British Raj|India]] and took part in the suppression of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]] in which campaign he was recommended for, but not awarded, the [[Victoria Cross]].<ref name="dcb" /> He went on to be [[List of Governors and Commandants of Sandhurst|Commandant of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], in 1879.<ref name="dcb" />

== Canadian military career ==
He was appointed [[Commander of the Canadian Army|General Officer Commanding the Militia of Canada]] in 1884.<ref name="dcb" /> He commanded the main counter-insurgency force when in 1885 a group of [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]] launched the [[North-West Rebellion]].<ref name="dcb" /> His force was victorious in the [[Battle of Batoche]], which ended the rebellion.<ref name="dcb" />

Middleton happened to be on the Prairies when the rebellion broke out. He had travelled from [[Ottawa]] to [[Winnipeg]] to evaluate Military District 10, which covered the Prairies, as the officer in charge of District 10 had just been dismissed on the account of his alcoholism. This was the same day as the [[Battle of Duck Lake]], the first fighting  in the Rebellion. Métis fighters defeated a force of the [[North-West Mounted Police]] there.{{sfnp|Morton|1999|page=101}}

Though Middleton was elderly and generally cautious, his response to the news of Duck Lake was swift. That same day, he departed Winnipeg on a train bound for [[Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan|Qu'Appelle]] with a company of Manitoba militia.{{sfnp|Morton|1999|page=101}}

The major difficulty for Middleton was mobilizing the militia forces of Ontario and Quebec. They had to travel on the only-partially-completed [[Canadian Pacific Railway]]. This required the men to march through snow and the rocks of northern Ontario to reach Winnipeg, the headquarters of the government forces.{{sfnp|Morton|1999|page=102}}

Canadian historian [[Desmond Morton (historian)|Desmond Morton]] described Middleton as an experienced soldier who "mixed common sense and pomposity in equal measure". His plan was to take Batoche, the capital of the Métis ''exovedate'' (council) and thus end the rebellion.{{sfnp|Morton|1999|page=102}} As the rebellion had shaken international confidence in the credit-worthiness of Canada, Middleton was under pressure from Prime Minister Sir [[John A. Macdonald]], to end the rebellion as soon as possible.{{sfnp|Morton|1999|page=102}}

The militiamen arriving in Winnipeg were mostly untrained, and Middleton worked to train them as they marched toward Batoche.{{sfnp|Morton|1999|page=102}}

On 6 April 1885, Middleton and his troops set off from Qu'Appelle to march to Batoche.{{sfnp|Morton|1999|page=102}} On 23 April, Métis and Cree fighters under [[Gabriel Dumont (Métis leader)|Gabriel Dumont]] ambushed the troops at [[Battle of Fish Creek|Fish Creek]], temporarily stopping the advance.{{sfnp|Morton|1999|pages=102–103}}

Despite Middeton's orders, Colonel [[William Dillon Otter]] after reaching Battleford set out to do battle with the Cree, and was defeated by Chief [[Poundmaker]] at the [[Battle of Cut Knife Hill]]; only the latter's unwillingness to have his warriors take advantage of the rout saved the troops from being annihilated.{{sfnp|Morton|1999|page=104}} Middleton planned to advance on Batoche with river steamers owned by the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] bringing up supplies along [[Swift Current Creek]], [[Red Deer River]] and [[South Saskatchewan River]], As steamers were not available at first, Middleton chose to wait.{{sfnp|Morton|1999|page=103}} Despite their own panic at Fish Creek, many of the militiamen came to curse "Old Fred" as too timid, but Middleton had sound reasons for not wishing to advance without a means of resupply.{{sfnp|Morton|1999|page=104}} Middleton knew that the Métis and the Cree were expert horsemen and believed they would ambush any supply wagons, which is why he preferred to bring up supplies and reinforcements via the river.{{sfnp|Morton|1999|page=103}}

On 23 April, the steamer ''Northcote'' left from Swift Current, arriving at Fish Creek on 5 May, after the battle. With his resupply in place, on 5 May Middleton set off for Batoche.,{{sfnp|Morton|1999|page=104}} with the steamboat following on the river. On 9 May, the ''Northcote'' was stopped by a cable that Dumont had laid across the river outside of Batoche, and its U.S. captain turned back when the boat came under fire.{{sfnp|Morton|1999|page=104}} The ''Northcote'' acted as a diversion to draw out the Métis, and at the same time, the Middleton's column arrived at Batoche.{{sfnp|Morton|1999|page=104}} Seeing his troops beginning to panic again, Middleton ordered his wagons to be drawn into a circle to form a strong defensive position.{{sfnp|Morton|1999|pages=104–105}} On 11 May, Middleton observed that the outnumbered Métis and Cree had to rush from position to position in defence of Batoche, and on the morning of 12 May, Middleton ordered his artillery to open fire on his opponents to pin them down while his infantry advanced.{{sfnp|Morton|1999|page=105}} Nothing had happened as infantry claimed not to hear the fire of the artillery; after accusing his men of cowardice, Middleton attacked again in the afternoon and with a battalion, commanded by Conservative MP Colonel [[Arthur Trefusis Heneage Williams|Arthur Williams]], leading the attack.{{sfnp|Morton|1999|page=105}} Inspired by the example of Williams's battalion, other battalions charged forward. Shouting enthusiastically, the troops raced down from the hill, and the disheartened Métis and Cree fighters were either killed or fleeing.{{sfnp|Morton|1999|page=105}}

Morton described Middleton as cautious, but a highly professional officer who was a better tactician than Dumont. He had brought the war to a swift conclusion in a manner that was much less bloodier than it could have been.{{sfnp|Morton|1999|page=106}} For his service in the war, Middleton was [[knight]]ed by [[Queen Victoria]] in 1885.<ref name="dcb" /> He also received the thanks of the [[Parliament of Canada]] and the sum of $20,000.<ref name="dcb" />

He resigned as head of the militia in 1890 when a select committee report<ref>Report of the Select Committee In re: Charles Bremner's Furs. Printed by Order of Parliament. Ottawa: Printed by Brown Chamberlin, Printer to the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty. 1890.</ref> of the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]] criticized him for the misappropriation of furs from a Scotch-Indian Charles Bremner and his Cree wife Emily Bremner,<ref>{{cite book |last=Stobie |first=Margaret |title=The Other Side of Rebellion: The Remarkable Story of Charles Bremner and his Furs |date=1986 |work=The Other Side of Rebellion |pages=3 |publisher=NeWest Press |isbn=0-920897-10-X}}</ref> during the rebellion.<ref name="dcb" />
There were also other criticisms of Middleton's command during the rebellion, such as his hesitancy to unleash the Canadian Militia troops to assault the Métis positions at Batoche, and unfair treatment and poor maintenance accorded the troops under his command.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hicks |first=Joseph |editor=Stuart Hughes |title=The Frog Lake "Massacre": Personal Perspectives on Ethnic Conflict |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5pHdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |year=1976 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-7735-9548-4 |chapter=With Hatton's Scouts in Pursuit of Big Bear}}</ref> Returning to England, he was made [[Master of the Jewel Office]].

== Family ==
[[File:Lady Middleton by William James Topley.jpg|thumb|Lady Marie Cecile Eugenie Middleton]]
Frederick Dobson Middleton married, as his first wife, Mary Emily Hassall.<ref name="dcb" />

He married in February 1870 as his second wife, Marie Cecile Eugénie Doucet, daughter of Theodore Doucet, N.P., of Montreal. She was born in Montreal in 1846, and was educated at the Convent of the Sacred Heart, [[Sault-au-Récollet]]. The couple had two sons and a daughter. She died at [[Yateley]], Hampshire, England, 1 November 1899.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Morgan |editor-first=Henry James |editor-link=Henry James Morgan |title=Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada |location=Toronto |publisher=Williams Briggs |date=1903 |url=https://archive.org/details/typesofcanadianw01morguoft |page=[https://archive.org/details/typesofcanadianw01morguoft/page/234 234]}}</ref>
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== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Morton |first=Desmond |author-link=Desmond Morton (historian) |title=A Military History of Canada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ui8ecMckv08C&pg=PP1 |year=1999 |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |isbn=978-0-7710-6514-9}}
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{{succession box|title=[[Commander of the Canadian Army|General Officer Commanding the Militia of Canada]]|before=[[Richard Luard]]|after=[[Ivor Herbert, 1st Baron Treowen|Lord Treowen]]|years=1884–1890}}
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{{Commander of the Canadian Army}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Middleton, Frederick Dobson}}
[[Category:1825 births]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Belfast]]
[[Category:British Army lieutenant generals]]
[[Category:Canadian generals]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the New Zealand Wars]]
[[Category:Commandants of Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:People of the North-West Rebellion]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Canadian Army]]
[[Category:58th Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:96th Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:Worcestershire Regiment officers]]
[[Category:People educated at Maidstone Grammar School]]
[[Category:Masters of the Jewel Office]]
[[Category:19th-century British Army personnel]]