View source for Free-form radio

{{Other uses|Freeform (disambiguation)}}
{{short description|Radio format in which the disc jockey is given total control over what music to play}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=May 2008}}
{{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the [[United States]]|date=September 2009}}
}}

'''Free-form''', or '''free-form radio''', is a [[radio station]] [[Radio programming|programming]] [[Radio format|format]] in which the [[disc jockey]] is given wide or total control over what music to play, regardless of [[music genre]] or commercial interests. Freeform radio stands in contrast to most commercial radio stations, in which [[Disc jockey|DJs]] have little or no influence over programming structure or [[playlist]]s. In the [[United States]], freeform DJs are still bound by [[Federal Communications Commission]] regulations.

==History==
Many shows claim to be the first free-form radio program, but the earliest on record is "Nightsounds" on [[KPFA-FM]] in [[Berkeley, California]], D.J.'d by [[John Leonard (critic)|John Leonard]]. Probably the best-remembered in the Midwest is [[Beaker Street]], which ran for almost 10 years on KAAY "The Mighty 1090" in Little Rock, Arkansas, beginning in 1966, making it also probably the best-known such show on an AM station; its signal reached from Canada to Mexico and Cuba, blanketing the Midwest and Midsouth of the U.S. [[WFMU]] is currently the longest-running freeform radio station in the [[United States]]. WNEW-FM 102.7 in NYC was the first commercial station in the US to introduce a free-form format. It stayed that way under the ownership of [[Metromedia|Metromedia Broadcasting]] until it was sold and the new owners were not interested. WNEW-FM was a leader in introducing new music and making household names of a good deal of the bands we know from the 1960s and '70s. [[Jim Ladd]] of [[KLOS]] in [[Los Angeles, California]] was one of the most notable freeform DJs. Tom Petty wrote a song about Jim Ladd called "[[The Last DJ (song)|The Last DJ]]". The only time Jim Ladd didn't have complete control over what music is being played is when he turned control over to his faithful listeners commonly referred to as "The Tribe".<ref>[http://www.wfmu.org/LCD/21/freeform.html "A Brief History of Freeform Radio"], Lowest Common Denominator, Issue #21 (c. 1998)</ref>
On October 26, 2011, Ladd was among various staffers let go from KLOS following the acquisition of station owner [[Citadel Broadcasting]] by [[Cumulus Media]]. From 2012 until shortly before his death in 2023, Ladd hosting a daily freeform show on [[Sirius XM Radio|Sirius XM's]] [[Deep Tracks]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/rock-radio-pioneer-jim-ladd-to-join-siriusxm-134901828.html |title=Rock Radio Pioneer Jim Ladd to Join SiriusXM – NEW YORK, Dec. 2, 2011 /PRNewswire/ |location=New York |agency=PR Newswire |accessdate=October 2, 2012}}</ref>

{{quote box|quote="FM's free-form progressivism had proven essential to the pop process. But the new radio was only another example of the quirkish vitality of a new [[mass culture]] (call it [[youth culture|youth]], call it [[popular culture|pop]]) that seemed destined to defy the [[status quo]]."|source=— ''[[Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies]]'' (1981)<ref>{{cite book|last=Christgau|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Christgau|year=1981|title=[[Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies]]|publisher=[[Ticknor & Fields]]|isbn=0899190251|chapter=The Guide|chapter-url=https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk-cg70/guide.php|access-date=March 30, 2019|via=robertchristgau.com}}</ref>|width=25%|align=right|style=padding:8px;}}

The free-form [[ethos]] tends to disdain playlists confined to a single [[music genre]]. However, DJs may opt to play selections according to an arbitrary theme (e.g., [[Bob Dylan]]'s "[[Subterranean Homesick Blues]]" followed by [[Radiohead]]'s "Subterranean Homesick Alien"). Freeform-ish stations that played only or almost only rock music were known as [[progressive rock (radio format)|progressive rock]] stations, while those that play mostly [[American folk music|folk]] and/or [[country music|country]]-leaning cuts are known as [[Americana (music)|Americana]] stations.

Commercial free-form radio stations were common in the late 1960s and early '70s, particularly on the [[FM broadcasting|FM]] band, but are rare today. An exceptional case was [[KDLD|Indie 103.1]] [[FM band|FM]] of [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]] and [[Newport Beach, California]]. Indie 103.1 broadcast radio programs in which famous musicians from the world of [[popular music]] host radio programs and choose the playlist.  Indie 103.1 recently left the FM airwaves, but currently continues on the internet.

Another commercial free-form radio station is [[KHUM]], "radio without the rules", on 104.3 and 104.7 FM in Ferndale, California. KHUM has transmitted since 1996 and is the most popular station in [[Humboldt County, California]].

[[Internet radio]] and, to a lesser extent, [[college radio]] are sanctuaries of the free-form format (although even the latter has lost much of its independence as stations begin modeling corporate stations in their presentation). On [[Sirius XM Radio|Sirius XM]] [[satellite radio]], the weekly [[Bob Dylan]]-hosted ''[[Theme Time Radio Hour]]'' featured a freeform format, as do several specialty programs on [[The Loft (Sirius XM)|The Loft]]. The nationally syndicated ''The Mainstream'', distributed by [[Native Voice One]], follows a freeform format. Many terrestrial freeform stations are small and lack corporate backing, and therefore have relatively weak radio [[transmitter]]s (especially around [[metropolitan area]]s where corporate radio signals dominate, but at the same time have enough of a population density to cover enough people to support such a station), a problem that has caused numerous broadcasters to transition to [[Internet radio]], [[pirate radio]] or both.

In Canada, [[Reiner Schwarz]] was a prominent pioneer of the free-form format, often being hired to host free-form shows on radio stations that were otherwise conventionally formatted apart from his program.<ref>Stephen Dale, "Reiner Schwarz: Odysseus of the airwaves". ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', April 3, 1982.</ref>

The [[full service (radio format)|full service]] format can be seen as a variant of the free-form format, though since most full-service stations are located in rural areas, [[country music]], [[adult standards]], [[classic hits]] ([[oldies]] or [[classic rock]]), and occasionally [[adult contemporary music]] tend to form the bulk of the music on a full-service station, and the vast majority of full-service stations focus primarily on mainstream, popular music (whereas freeform stations often put the emphasis on less widely known or more exotic selections).

==Adult hits/Jack FM==
{{Main article|Adult Hits|Jack FM}}
{{See also|Adult Album Alternative|Album Oriented Rock|Classic hits}}
The adult hits brand can be considered a "sequel" of sorts to the freeform format. Many of these stations play a wide variety of music ranging from many formats that includes, but is not limited to: [[Oldies]]/[[classic hits]], [[classic rock]], [[adult contemporary]], [[Mainstream Top 40]]/[[Adult Top 40]], etc. Most of the music played on these stations are from the years 1970–2020, although a few 1960s tracks may be sprinkled in. Unlike freeform radio, adult hits stations emphasize familiar hit songs from researched playlists, and sometimes operate without disk jockeys.

The most notable adult hits station brand is Jack FM, which has many affiliates across the world. Several imitators of the Jack brand and its associated slogan "Playing What We Want" have also emerged. These imitators often use the name of a person, place or a historical site and can include: Mac (E.G. [[KMCN|Mac 94.7]] [[Clinton, Iowa]]) historical figures (E.G. [[WREE|The Chief 92.5]] [[Champaign, Illinois]]), etc.

==Freeform stations==

===United States===
*[[KALX]] ([[Berkeley, California]])
*[[KAOS (FM)|KAOS]] ([[Olympia, Washington]])
*[[KBGA]] ([[Missoula, Montana]])
*[[KBMF-FM]] ([[Butte, Montana]])
*[[KBOO]] ([[Portland, Oregon]])
*[[KBUT]] ([[Crested Butte, Colorado]])
*[[KBVR]] ([[Oregon State University]], [[Corvallis, Oregon]])
*[[KCOU]] ([[University of Missouri]], [[Columbia, Missouri]])
*[[KCR (SDSU)|KCR]] ([[San Diego State University]], [[San Diego, California]])
*[[KCRW]] ([[Santa Monica College]], [[Santa Monica, California]])
*[[KCSB-FM]] ([[University of California, Santa Barbara]], [[Goleta, California]])
*[[KDHX]] ([[St. Louis, Missouri]])
*[[KDVS]] ([[University of California, Davis]], [[Davis, California]])
*[[KDDB|KDEO]] (Radio Free Hawaii, Waipahu, [[Oahu, Hawaii]])
*[[KFAT (defunct)]], ([[Gilroy, California]])
*[[KFFP-LP]] ([[Portland, Oregon]] [[Freeform Portland]]) 
*[[KFJC]] ([[Foothill College]], [[Los Altos Hills, California]])
*[[KHUM]] ([[Ferndale, California]])
*[[KJHK]] ([[University of Kansas]], [[Lawrence, Kansas]])
*[[KKCR]] ([[Hanalei, Hawaii]])
*[[KMMT]] ([[Mammoth Lakes, California]])
*[[KMNO]] ([[Wailuku, Hawaii]])
*[[KMNR]] ([[Missouri University of Science and Technology]], [[Rolla, Missouri]])
*[[KMRD]] ([[Madrid, New Mexico]])
*[[KMUD]] ([[Garberville, California]])
*[[KNON]] ([[Dallas, Texas]])
*[[KOPN]] ([[Columbia, Missouri]])
*KPSU ([[Portland State University]], [[Portland, Oregon]])
*[[KRBX]] ([[Boise, Idaho]])
*[[KRHV]] ([[Big Pine, California]])
*[[KRLX]] ([[Carleton College]], [[Northfield, Minnesota]])
*[[KRUI-FM]] ([[University of Iowa]], [[Iowa City, Iowa]])
*[[File:KSPC Primary Recording Booth.jpg|thumb|Recording studio at [[KSPC]], a free-form [[campus radio]] station based at [[Pomona College]] in California]][[KSPC]] ([[Pomona College]], Claremont, California)
*[[California_State_University,_Sacramento#KSSU_1580_AM|KSSU]] ([[Sacramento State]], [[Sacramento, California]])
*[[KTEC]] ([[Oregon Institute of Technology]], [[Klamath Falls, Oregon]])
*[[KTEQ-FM]] ([[South Dakota School of Mines and Technology]], [[Rapid City, South Dakota]])
*[[KTRM]] ([[Truman State University]], [[Kirksville, Missouri]])
*[[K-UTE]] ([[University of Utah]], [[Salt Lake City, Utah]])
*[[KUCI]] ([[University of California, Irvine]], [[Irvine, California]])
*[[KUOI]] ([[University of Idaho]], [[Moscow, Idaho]])
*[[KURE]] ([[Iowa State University]]. [[Ames, Iowa]])
*[[KVRX]] ([[University of Texas at Austin]], [[Austin, Texas]])
*[[KVSC]] ([[St. Cloud State University]], [[St. Cloud, Minnesota]])
*KWCW-FM ([[Whitman College]], [[Walla Walla, WA]])
*[[KWUR]] ([[Washington University in St. Louis]], [[St. Louis, Missouri]])
*[[KWVA]] ([[University of Oregon]], [[Eugene, Oregon]])
*[[KXLU]] ([[Loyola Marymount University]], [[Los Angeles, California]])
*[[KXRY]] ([[Portland, Oregon]])
*[[KUTZ-LP]] ([[Sacramento, California]])
*[[KZSU]] ([[Stanford University]], [[Stanford, California]])
*[[Radio Free Brooklyn]] ([[Brooklyn, New York]])
*[[Radio Paradise]] ([[Paradise, California]])
*[[WARC (FM)|WARC]] ([[Allegheny College]], [[Meadville, Pennsylvania]])
*[[WBAR (college radio)|WBAR]] ([[Barnard College]], [[New York, New York]])
*[[WBGU (FM)|WBGU]] ([[Bowling Green State University]], [[Bowling Green, Ohio]])
*[[WCAL]] ([[California University of Pennsylvania]], [[California, Pennsylvania]])
*[[WCBN-FM]] ([[University of Michigan]], [[Ann Arbor]], [[Michigan]])
*[[WCNI]] ([[Connecticut College]], [[New London, Connecticut]])
*[[Grand Valley State University|WCKS]] ([[Grand Valley State University]], [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]])
*[[WESS]] ([[East Stroudsburg University]], [[East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania]])
*[[WESU]] ([[Wesleyan University]], [[Middletown, Connecticut]])
*WETX-LP ([[Tri-Cities, Tennessee]])
*[[WEVL]] ([[Memphis, Tennessee]])
*[[WERA-LP]] ([[Arlington, Virginia]])
*[[WEXP (La Salle University)|WEXP]] ([[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]])
*[[WFCF]] ([[St. Augustine, Florida]]) (Flagler College Radio)
*[[WFMU]] ([[Jersey City, New Jersey]])
*[[WGDR]] ([[Plainfield, Vermont]])
*WHCM (William Rainey Harper College, Palatine, Illinois)
*[[WHRW]] ([[Binghamton University]], [[Binghamton, New York]])
*[[WIIT]] ([[Illinois Institute of Technology]], [[Chicago, Illinois]])
*[[WIUP-FM|WIUP-FM (Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania)]]
*[[WIKD-LP]] ([[Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University]], [[Daytona Beach, Florida]])
*[[WJVS|WJVS-FM]] ([[Great Oaks Institute of Technology and Career Development]], [[Sharonville, Ohio]])
*[[WKCO]] ([[Kenyon College]], [[Gambier, Ohio]])
*[[WKDU]] ([[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]])
*[[WLHI]] ([[Lehigh Carbon Community College]], [[Schnecksville, Pennsylvania]])
*[[WLRA]] ([[Lewis University]], [[Romeoville, Illinois]])
*[[WLSO]] ([[Lake Superior State University]], [[Sault Sainte Marie, MI]])
*[[WMBR]] ([[MIT]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]])
*[[WMFO]] ([[Tufts University]], [[Medford, Massachusetts]])
*[[WMMT (FM)]] ([[Appalshop]], [[Whitesburg, Kentucky]])
*[[WMSC (FM)|WMSC]] ([[Montclair State University]], [[Upper Montclair, New Jersey]])
*[[WMSR - Redhawk Radio|WMSR]] ([[Miami University]], [[Oxford, Ohio]])
*[[WMSE]] ([[Milwaukee School of Engineering]], [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]])
*[[WMTU]] ([[Michigan Technological University]], [[Houghton, Michigan]])
*[[WMUA]] ([[University of Massachusetts Amherst]], [[Amherst, Massachusetts]])
*[[WMUC]] ([[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]], [[College Park, Maryland]])
*[[WMUH]] ([[Muhlenberg College]], [[Allentown, Pennsylvania]])
*[[WOWD-LP]] ([[Takoma Park, Maryland]])
*[[WNJR (FM)|WNJR]] ([[Washington & Jefferson College]], [[Washington, Pennsylvania]])
*[[WOBC-FM|WOBC]] ([[Oberlin College]], [[Oberlin, Ohio]])
*[[WOWI]] ([[Norfolk, VA]])
*[[WPCR-FM]] ([[Plymouth State University]], [[Plymouth, New Hampshire]])
*[[WPKN]] ([[Bridgeport, Connecticut]])
*[[WPRB]] ([[Princeton University]], [[Princeton, New Jersey]])
*[[WPRK]] ([[Rollins College]], [[Winter Park, Florida]])
*[[WRCT]] ([[Carnegie Mellon University]], [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]])
*[[WRCU-FM]] ([[Colgate University]], [[Hamilton, New York]])
*[[WREK]] ([[Georgia Institute of Technology]], [[Atlanta, Georgia]])
*[[WRFL]] ([[University of Kentucky]], [[Lexington, Kentucky]])
*[[WRFW]] ([[University of Wisconsin–River Falls]])
*[[WRMC-FM]] ([[Middlebury College|Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont]])
*[[WRNC-LP]] (defunct) ([[Northland College (Wisconsin)]], [[Ashland, Wisconsin]])
*[[WRPI]] ([[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]], [[Troy, New York]])
*[[WRUR]] ([[University of Rochester]], [[Rochester, New York]])
*[[WRUV]] ([[University of Vermont]], [[Burlington, Vermont]])
*[[WRVU]] ([[Vanderbilt University]], [[Nashville, Tennessee]])
*[https://wsbf.net/#/ WSBF (Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina)]
*[[WSHE (AM)|WSHE]] ([[Frederick, Maryland]])
*[[WSPN]] ([[Skidmore College]], [[Saratoga Springs, New York]])
*[[WSFX (FM)|WSFX]] ([[Luzerne County Community College]], [[Nanticoke, Pennsylvania]])
*[[WSUM]] ([[University of Wisconsin–Madison]], [[Madison, Wisconsin]])
*[[WTJU]] ([[University of Virginia]], [[Charlottesville, Virginia]])
*[[WTTU]] ([[Tennessee Technological University]], [[Cookeville, Tennessee]])
*[[WTUL]] ([[Tulane University]], [[New Orleans, Louisiana]])
*WUMD ([[University of Michigan–Dearborn]], [[Dearborn, Michigan]])
*[[WUPX (FM)|WUPX]] - RadioX ([[Northern Michigan University]], [[Marquette, Michigan]])
*[[WUSB-FM]] ([[Stony Brook University]], [[Stony Brook, New York]])
*[[WUSC]] ([[University of South Carolina]], [[Columbia, South Carolina]])
*[[WUVT-FM]] ([[Virginia Tech]], [[Blacksburg, Virginia]])
*[[WVBR]] ([[Ithaca, New York]])
*[[WVKR]] ([[Vassar College]], [[Poughkeepsie, New York]])
*[[WVPH]] "The Core" ([[Rutgers University]], [[Piscataway, New Jersey|Piscataway]])
*[[WVYC]] ([[York College of Pennsylvania]], [[York, Pennsylvania]])
*[[WWPT]] ([[Staples High School (Connecticut)|Staples High School]], [[Westport, Connecticut]])
*[[WXBC (AM)|WXBC]] ([[Bard College]], [[Annandale-on-Hudson, New York]])
*[[WXDU]] ([[Duke University]], [[Durham, North Carolina]])
*[[WXYC]] ([[UNC-Chapel Hill]], [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina]])
*[[WUAG]] ([[UNC-Greensboro]], [[Greensboro, North Carolina]])
*[[WXZY-LP]] ([[Kane, Pennsylvania]])
*[[WZBC]] ([[Boston College]], [[Newton, Massachusetts]])
*[[WZBT]] ([[Gettysburg College]], [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]])
*[[WZRD (FM)|WZRD]] ([[Northeastern Illinois University]], [[Chicago, Illinois]])
*[[WDCE]] ([[University of Richmond]], [[Richmond, Virginia]])

===Canada===
*[[CFCR-FM]] ([[Saskatoon, Saskatchewan]])
*[[CKCU-FM]] ([[Ottawa, Ontario]])
*[[CJAM-FM]] ([[Windsor, Ontario]])
*[[CKIA-FM]] ([[Quebec, Quebec]])
*[[CKUA Radio Network]] ([[Edmonton, Alberta]])
*[[CKUT-FM]] ([[Montreal, Quebec]])
*[[CKRL-FM]] ([[Quebec, Quebec]]) is the longest-running French-speaking community radio station
*[[CJTR-FM]] ([[Regina, Saskatchewan]])

===Europe===
*KilRock [['s-Gravendeel|('s Gravendeel]], [[Netherlands|The Netherlands)]]
*[[Radio Centraal]] ([[Antwerp]], [[Belgium]])
*[[Subcity Radio]] ([[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]])
*[[Rádio Universidade de Coimbra|RUC]] ([[Coimbra]], [[Portugal]])
*[[FIP (radio station)|FIP]] ([[Paris]], [[France]])

===Australia===

*[[PBS 106.7FM]] ([[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]])
*[[3RRR]] ([[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]])
*[[4zzz]] ([[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]])
*[[Radio Adelaide]] ([[Adelaide]], [[South Australia]])
*[[North West FM (Melbourne)|North West FM]] ([[Hadfield, Victoria|Hadfield]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]])

==Freeform radio vs. eclectic radio==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2023}}
'''Eclectic radio''' describes radio programming encompassing diverse music genres. Unlike freeform radio, the eclectic radio format involves prescribed playlists. While freeform radio stands in contrast to commercial radio formats, a number of commercial radio stations offer programs showcasing an eclectic variety of music. While Eclectic radio, like free-form is mainly limited to [[North America]], the [[Digital radio|digital radio stations]] [[BBC Radio 6 Music]] and [[Double J (radio station)|Double J]] operated by the [[BBC]] and the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Australia]] respectively resemble attempts at a similar broader format with both having a wide range of music played. 

Some eclectic radio stations in the United States are:
*[[KCRW]] ([[Santa Monica, California]])
*[[KEOS]] ([[College Station, Texas]])
*[[KEXP]] ([[Seattle, Washington]])
*[[KFAI]] ([[Minneapolis, Minnesota]])
*[[KGLT]] ([[Bozeman, Montana]])
*[[KNYE]] ([[Pahrump, Nevada]])
*[[KGSR]] ([[Austin, Texas]])
*[[KPIG]] ([[Freedom, California]])
*[[KUOM]] ([[University of Minnesota]], [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]])
*[[KXUA]] ([[Fayetteville, Arkansas]])
*[[WERS]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts]])
*[[WHPK]] ([[University of Chicago]], [[Chicago, Illinois]])
*[[WJCU]] ([[University Heights, Ohio]])
*[[WMLB]] ([[Avondale Estates, Georgia]])
*[[WUSM-FM|WUSM]] ([[Hattiesburg, Mississippi]])
*[[WRAS-FM|WRAS]] ([[Atlanta, Georgia]])
*[[WXPN]] ([[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]])
*[[WNCW]] ([[Spindale, North Carolina]])
*[[The Loft (Sirius XM)]]

==See also==
*[[Progressive rock (radio format)]]
*[[Jack FM]]/[[Adult hits]] (A radio format very similar to the freeform format)
*[[Album-oriented rock]]
*[[Adult album alternative]]
*[[Public broadcasting]]
*[[Independent radio]]
*[[Jim Ladd]]
*''[[Anything Anything with Rich Russo]]''
*[[Tom Donahue (DJ)|Tom Donahue]]
*[[Payola]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Suggested readings==
The following works are available on the [[Internet Archive]]:

*[https://archive.org/details/ridingonetherexp0000pier/mode/2up Riding on the Ether Express], a memoir on Freeform Underground Radio at KPPC-FM, Los Angeles, by Dave Pierce
*[https://archive.org/details/rebelsonairalter0000walk/page/n11/mode/2up Rebels on the Air: An Alternative History of Radio in America] by [[Jesse Walker]], author/editor 
*[https://archive.org/details/radiowaveslifere00laddRadio Waves: Life and Revolution on the FM Dial] by [[Jim Ladd]], free-form program host

==External links==
*[http://www.wfmu.org/LCD/21/freeform.html History of Freeform Radio from WFMU]
*[https://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=Birth_of_Community_Rock_Radio:_A_brief_history_of_KMPX_and_KSAN-FM Birth of Community Rock Radio: A Brief History of KMPX and KSAN-FM]
<!-- HID DEADLINK...If you know how, please restore via Wayback Machine/Internet Archive *[http://www.channel501.com/kmpx/index.html Brief History of the Broadcast Music Revolution] Introduction to the concepts for young listeners. -->

{{DEFAULTSORT:Freeform}}
[[Category:Radio formats]] 
[[Category:Freeform (radio format)| ]]