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{{short description|Town in Saxony, Germany}}
{{About||the town in Baden-Württemberg|Freiberg am Neckar|other uses|}}
{{Distinguish|Freiburg}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox German location
|type              = Stadt
|name              = Freiberg
| image_skyline            = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| total_width = 280
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Freiberg-Petri-Obermarkt.jpg
| caption1 = Freiberg from St Peter's Church
| image2 = Freiberg, Rathaus-004.jpg
| caption2 = Town hall
| image3 = Altstadt Freiberg 2H1A4393WI.jpg
| caption3 = [[Freiberg Cathedral]]
| image4 = Altstadt von Freiberg.jpg
| caption4 = Old town from above
| image5 = Freiberg-Obermarkt-1.jpg
| caption5 = Obermarkt
| image6 = Aerial image of Freudenstein Castle (view from the south).jpg
| caption6 = [[Freudenstein Castle]]
| image7 = Christmarkt Freiberg 2.jpg
| caption7 = ''Freiberger Christmarkt'' }}
|image_coa         = DEU Freiberg COA.svg
|coordinates       = {{coord|50|54|43|N|13|20|34|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan        = Freiberg in FG.png
|state             = Sachsen
|district          = Mittelsachsen
|elevation         = 400
|area              = 48.05
|postal_code       = 09599, 09596
|area_code         = 03731
|licence           = FG
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 14522180
|divisions         = 8
|website           = [http://www.freiberg.de/ www.freiberg.de]
|mayor             = Sven Krüger<ref>[https://wahlen.sachsen.de/download/Buergermeister/statistik-sachsen_wahlen_buergermeister_uebersicht_aktuell.xlsx Gewählte Bürgermeisterinnen und Bürgermeister im Freistaat Sachsen, Stand: 17. Juli 2022], Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen.</ref>
|leader_term       = 2022&ndash;29
|party             = 
}}
'''Freiberg''' ({{IPA|de|ˈfʁaɪbɛʁk|-|De-Freiberg.ogg}}) is a [[college town|university]] and former [[mining town]] in [[Saxony]], Germany, with around 41,000 inhabitants. The city lies in the foreland of the [[Ore Mountains]], in the Saxon urbanization axis, which runs along the northern edge of the [[Elster Mountains|Elster]] and [[Ore Mountains]], stretching from [[Plauen]] in the southwest via [[Zwickau]], [[Chemnitz]] and Freiberg to [[Dresden]] in the northeast. It sits on the [[Freiberger Mulde]], a tributary of the [[Mulde]] River. It is a ''[[Große Kreisstadt]]'' (large district town), and the administrative seat of ''[[Landkreis Mittelsachsen]]'' (district Central Saxony). Freiberg is connected to Dresden by the S3 line of the [[Dresden S-Bahn]].

The entire historic center of the Silver City is under monument protection, and together with local monuments of mining history such as the ''Reiche Zeche'' ore mine, it has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site [[Ore Mountain Mining Region|Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Mining Region]] since 2019 due to its exceptional testimony to the development of mining techniques across many centuries.<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |title = Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Mining Region |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1478 |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 9 Jun 2021}}</ref>

[[Freiberg University of Mining and Technology]] (''Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg''), founded in 1765, is the oldest university of mining and metallurgy in the world. Until 1969, the town was dominated for around 800 years by the [[mining]] and [[smelting]] industries. Since then it has restructured into a [[high technology]] site in the fields of [[semiconductor]] manufacture and [[solar technology]], part of [[Silicon Saxony]].

[[Freiberg Cathedral]] is one of the most richly furnished houses of worship in Saxony and contains important works of art such as the tulip pulpit, two [[Gottfried Silbermann]] organs, the choir, which was converted into a burial place for the [[Albertine branch|Albertines]], and the Golden Gate (''Goldene Pforte''), of which exist three replicas, in Moscow, Budapest, and [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].

Freiberg's christmas market ''Freiberger Christmarkt'' is typical for christmas markets in the Ore Mountain region, which are characterized by a strong connection to mining and the typical christmas decorations of this region like ''[[Räuchermann|Raachermannel]]'', ''[[Schwibbögen]]'' and [[Christmas pyramids]].

== Geography ==

=== Location ===
The town lies on the northern [[declivity]] of the [[Ore Mountains]], with the majority of the borough west of the Eastern or [[Freiberger Mulde]] river. Parts of the town are nestled in the valleys of [[Münzbach (river)|Münzbach]] and [[Goldbach (Münzbach)|Goldbach]] streams. Its centre has an altitude of about {{Höhe|412|DE-NHN|link=true}} (at the railway station). Its lowest point is on Münzbach on the town boundary at {{Höhe|340|DE-NHN}}; its highest point is on an old mining tip at {{Höhe|491|DE-NHN}}. Freiberg lies within a region of old [[forest clearance]]s, subsequently used by the mining industry which left its mark on the landscape. The town is surrounded to the north, southeast and southwest by woods, and in the other directions by fields and meadows. Since the beginning of the 21st century an urbanised area has gradually developed which is formed by the towns of [[Nossen]], [[Roßwein]], [[Großschirma]], Freiberg and [[Brand-Erbisdorf]]. It currently has about 75,000 inhabitants.

Freiberg is located about {{convert|31|km|abbr=off}} west-southwest of [[Dresden]], about 31&nbsp;kilometres east-northeast of [[Chemnitz]], about {{convert|82|km|abbr=off}} southeast of [[Leipzig]], about {{convert|179|km|abbr=off}} south of [[Berlin]], and about {{convert|120|km|abbr=off}} northwest of [[Prague]].

Freiberg lies on a boundary between two variants of the [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon dialect]]: the Southeast Meissen dialect (''Südostmeißnisch'') to the east and the South Meissen dialect (''Südmeißnisch'') to the west of the town, both belonging to the five [[Upper Saxon German#Subgroups|Meissen]] dialects, as well as just north of the border of the dialect region of ''[[Erzgebirgisch|East Erzgebirgisch]]''.

=== Expansion of the town ===
The nucleus of the town, the former [[forest village]] of [[Christiansdorf (Freiberg)|Christiansdorf]] lies in the valley of the Münzbach stream. The unwalled town centre grew up on its two slopes and on the ridge to the west. This means ''inter alia'' that the roads radiating outwards east of the old main road axis (today ''Erbische Straße'' and ''Burgstraße'' running from the former Erbisch Gate (''Erbischer Tor'') on ''Postplatz'' to [[Freudenstein Castle]]), some of which run as far as the opposite side of the Münzbach valley, are very steep. The area located east of the main road axis is called ''Unterstadt'' ("Lower Town"), with its lower market or ''Untermarkt''. The western area is the ''Oberstadt'' ("Upper Town") where the ''Obermarkt'' or "Upper Market" is situated. The town centre is surrounded by a green belt running along the old town wall. In the west, this belt, in which the ponds of the ''Kreuzteichen'' are set, broadens out into an area like a park. Just north of the town centre is Freudenstein Castle as well as the remnants of the town wall with several [[wall towers]] and ''Schlüsselteich'' pond in front of them. The remains of the wall run eastwards, in sections, to the ''Donats Tower''. This area is dominated by the historic [[moat]]. The southern boundary of the old town is characterised in places by buildings from the ''[[Gründerzeit]]'' period. The [[Bundesstraße 101|B 101]] federal road, here called ''Wallstraße'', flanks the west of the town centre, the [[Bundesstraße 173|B 173]], as ''Schillerstraße'' and ''Hornstraße'', bounds it to the south.

Freiberg's north is dominated by the campus of its [[Freiberg University of Mining and Technology|University of Mining and Technology]]. The main part of the campus on either side of ''Leipziger Straße'' (as the B 101 road, the most important transport link in this district) emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. Furthermore, the districts of ''Lossnitz'', ''Lößnitz '' and ''Kleinwaltersdorf'' are found here, extending almost out to the boundary of the borough. Between ''Kleinwaltersdorf'' and ''Lößnitz'' is the ''Nonnenwald'' wood, and east of ''Leipziger Straße'' is a trading estate.
{{clear}}
{{wide image|Pano Freiberg.JPG|2000 px|Panorama from Freiberg looking from southwest to north}}

=== Surrounding area ===
[[File:Halsbrücke, Schlackenhalde.jpg|thumb|The slag heap of "Hohe Esse" with the Feinhütte Halsbrücke in the foreground]]
In the area around Freiberg there are both industrial estates as well as agricultural and recreational areas. Smelting and metalworking firms are based at Muldenhütten and Halsbrücke and paper manufacturers at Weißenborn and Großschirma. Northeast of the town is the recreational area of the [[Tharandt Forest]]

The town of [[Großschirma]] lies north of Freiberg on the [[Bundesstraße 101|B 101]] federal road. To the northeast the municipality of [[Halsbrücke]] borders on the territory of Freiberg's borough and, to the east, is the municipality of [[Bobritzsch-Hilbersdorf]]. The municipality of [[Weißenborn/Erzgeb.|Weißenborn]] to the southeast belongs to the ''[[Verwaltungsgemeinschaft]]'' of [[Lichtenberg/Erzgebirge]]. On the B 101 south of Freiberg is the ''[[Große Kreisstadt]]'' of [[Brand-Erbisdorf]] and to the east is the municipality of [[Oberschöna]].

=== Town subdivisions and residential areas ===
{{Columns-list|
* Bahnhofsvorstadt
* Donatsviertel
* Fernesiechen
* Freibergsdorf
* Friedeburg
* Halsbach
* Himmelfahrter Revier
* Hinter dem Bahnhof
* Hospitalviertel
* Hüttenviertel
* Kleinwaltersdorf
* Langenrinne
* Lößnitz
* Loßnitz
* Neufriedeburg
* Oberstadt
* Scheunenviertel
* Seilerberg
* Silberhofviertel
* Steinberg
* Unterstadt
* Wasserberg
* Zug 
}}

==History==
[[File:Karte von Freiberg (um 1750).tif|thumb|Map of Freiberg (around 1750)]]
{{Quote box 
|title=Historical affiliations
|quote={{flagicon image|K.S.Wappenbanner Meißner Löwe.svg}} [[Margraviate of Meissen]] 1186–1423<br>
{{flag|Electorate of Saxony}} 1423–1806<br>
{{flag|Kingdom of Saxony}} 1806–1871<br>
{{flag|German Empire}} 1871–1918<br>
{{flag|Weimar Republic}} 1918–1933<br>
{{flag|Nazi Germany}} 1933–1945<br>
{{flag|Allied-occupied Germany}} 1945–1949<br>
{{flag|German Democratic Republic}} 1949–1990<br>
{{flag|Germany}} 1990–''present''
|align=left 
|width=20em 
|fontsize=90% 
|bgcolor=#B0C4DE
}}
The town was founded around 1168, after a silver discovery led to the first [[Berggeschrey]], and has been a centre of the mining industry in the [[Ore Mountains]] for centuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geschichte & Chronik |url=https://www.freiberg.de/stadt-und-buerger/stadt/portrait/test |publisher=Stadt Freiberg |language=de |access-date=2022-05-17}}</ref> A symbol of that history is the [[Freiberg University of Mining and Technology]], often just known as the Mining Academy (''Bergakademie''), established in 1765 and the oldest extant university of mining and metallurgy in the world. Freiberg also has a [[Freiberg Cathedral|notable cathedral]] containing two famous [[Gottfried Silbermann]] organs. There are two other organs made by Gottfried Silbermann in the town – one at the St. Peter's Church (''Petrikirche'') and the other one at the St. James' Church (''Jakobikirche'').

The [[Renaissance]] part of Freiberg, built after a fire destroyed the town in 1484, stands under heritage protection.

In 1913, silver mining was discontinued due to the decline in the price of silver. Resumed before the Second World War, mining activities for lead, zinc and tin extraction continued until 1969.

In 1944, a [[Freiberg subcamp|subcamp]] of [[Flossenbürg concentration camp]] was built outside the town of Freiberg.  It housed over 500 female survivors of other camps, including [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]].  Altogether 50 or so SS women worked in this camp until its evacuation in April 1945. The female survivors eventually reached [[Mauthausen concentration camp]] in Austria.

In 1985, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints built the [[Freiberg Germany Temple]] here because of the large number of members in the region. The building of this temple is considered quite historic by church members given the political climate in Eastern Europe at the time. The Freiberg Germany Temple serves members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from all over Eastern Germany and a majority of Eastern Europe.

On 6 July 2019, the Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Mining Region including Freiberg was inscribed as a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]].

=== Regular events ===
Every year in Freiberg the Mining Town Festival (''Bergstadtfest'') is held on the last weekend in June with a procession by the historic Miners' and Ironworkers' Guilds, the so-called Miners' and Ironworkers' Parade. The Freiberg [[Christmas market|Christmas Market]] takes place during [[Advent]], when a so-called ''[[Mettenschicht]]'' is held with a parade by the Miners' and Ironworkers' Guilds and the SAXONIA Miners Music Corps. This includes a traditional [[Sermon on the Mount]] in St. Peter's Church and waiting by the miners on the second Saturday in Advent. Firmly established is the potter's gathering on a weekend in the second half of April on the Upper Market (''Obermarkt''). Every year on the ''Drei Brüder Schacht'' mineshaft in the quarter of Zug there is a [[steam engine|model steam engine gathering]]. Other annual events include the Freiberg Art Award and the election of the Mining Town Queen (''Bergstadt-Königin'').

==Education==
The [[Freiberg University of Mining and Technology|Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg]] (Freiberg University of Mining and Technology or Freiberg Mining Academy, University of Technology) was established in 1765 by Prince Franz Xaver, regent of Saxony, based on plans by Friedrich Wilhelm von Oppel and [[Friedrich Anton von Heynitz]], and is the oldest extant university of mining and metallurgy in the world.

* The [[Freiberg University of Mining and Technology|Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg]] (Freiberg University of Mining and Technology or Freiberg Mining Academy, University of Technology) was established in 1765 by Prince Franz Xaver, regent of Saxony, based on plans by Friedrich Wilhelm von Oppel and Friedrich Anton von Heynitz, and is the oldest university of mining and metallurgy in the world.
<gallery>
File:Untermarkt-Freiberg-kol.jpg|Untermarkt (Lower Market)
File:Freiberg Obermarkt Rathaus.jpg|Obermarkt (Upper Market) with Town hall
File:Freiberg katedra mpazdziora.JPG|The electoral box of the Polish king [[Augustus II the Strong]] in the [[Freiberg Cathedral]]
File:Petrikirche Freiberg 01.JPG|St. Petri church
File:Schloss Freudenstein Freiberg.jpg|[[Freudenstein Castle]]
File:Nikolaikirche Freiberg.jpg|St. Nikolas church
File:Glueck.jpg|Campus of the TU Bergakademie Freiberg
File:Freiberger Eierschecke.jpg|A Freiberg ''Eierschecke'' cake
</gallery>

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}}
Freiberg is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnerstädte|url=https://www.freiberg.de/stadt-und-buerger/stadt/portrait/partnerstaedte|website=freiberg.de|publisher=Freiberg|language=de|access-date=2021-02-03}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
<!--Amberg - cooperation, not twinning-->
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Clausthal-Zellerfeld]], Germany (1995)
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Darmstadt]], Germany (1990)
*{{flagicon|NED}} [[Delft]], Netherlands (1986)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Gentilly, Val-de-Marne|Gentilly]], France (1960)
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Ness Ziona]], Israel (1996)
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Příbram]], Czech Republic (1999)
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Wałbrzych]], Poland (1999)
{{div col end}}

==Freemen==
* 2000 [[Günter Blobel]], biochemist, Nobel Prize 1999
* 2014 [[Michael Federmann]], investor

== Notable people ==
[[File:Winkler 1875.png|thumb|150px|Clemens Winkler 1875]]
[[File:Karl Theodor Körner.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Karl Theodor Körner]]
[[File:Clara Schumann 1878.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Clara Schumann 1878/1879]]
[[File:Zeuner.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.7|Gustav Zeuner]]
* [[Günter Bartusch]] (1943–1971), motorcycle racer
* [[August Bebel]] (1840–1913), politician
* [[Fritz Bleyl]] (1880–1966), architect, painter of Expressionism
* [[Günter Blobel]] (born 1936), biologist, [[Nobel laureate]], sponsor of the reconstruction of neo-historic buildings in Saxony
* [[Kwasi Boakye]] (1827–1904), from [[Ashanti Region|Ashanti]], Dutch mining engineer, student in Freiberg (also: Boachi)
* [[Johann Friedrich August Breithaupt]] (1791–1873), mineralogist
* [[Leopold von Buch]] (1774–1853), geologist
* [[Hans Carl von Carlowitz]] (1645–1714), Saxon Oberberg Chief
* [[Christoph Demantius]] (1567–1643), composer
* [[Rolf Emmrich]] (1910–1974), internist and university teacher
* [[Ulf Fink]] (1942-2025), politician (CDU)
* [[Theodoric of Freiberg]] (c. 1250–c. 1311), theologian, philosopher and physicist who gave an accurate explanation for the [[rainbow]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] (1749–1832), natural scientist, writer and statesman
* [[Alexander von Humboldt]] (1769–1859), naturalist and explorer<ref>{{ cite book | last=Daum | first=Andreas W.|author-link=Andreas Daum | year=2024 | title=Alexander von Humboldt: A Concise Biography | location=Trans. Robert Savage. Princeton, N.J. | publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=25‒26 | isbn=978-0-691-24736-6 }}</ref>
* [[Friedrich Robert Helmert]] (1843–1917), surveyor, mathematician, the [[Helmert transformation]] is named after him, it is the [[chi-squared distribution]] attributed
* [[Herbert Jobst]] (1915–1990), writer
* Edward Johnson (1840–1903), local historian and editor of the '' [[Vogtländischer Gazette|Vogtländische Gazette]] ''
* [[Helmut Kirchberg]] (1906–1983), mining scientist
* [[Theodor Körner (author)]] (1791–1813), poet, freedom fighter
* [[Wilhelm August Lampadius]] (1772–1842), metallurgist, chemist
* [[Friedrich Mohs]] (1773–1839), [[Mineralogist]], creator of the Mohssche Härteskala 
* [[Carl Friedrich Naumann]] (1797–1873), geologist
* [[Novalis]] (1772–1801), poet
* [[Max Roscher]] (1888–1940), politician, Reichstag deputy
* [[Bernd Schröder]] (born 1942), football coach
* [[Clara Schumann]] (1819–1896), pianist
* [[Gottfried Silbermann]] (1683–1753), organ builder
* [[Alfred Wilhelm Stelzner]] (1840–1895), geologist
* [[Christian Heinrich Spiess]] (1755–1799), actor, playwright and author, co-founder of the Gothic novel
* [[Emil von Sydow]] (1812–1873), officer, geographer and cartographer
* André Tanneberger (born 1973), known as [[ATB (DJ)|ATB]], [[trance music|trance]] DJ
* [[Jakob Ullmann]] (born 1958), composer and university lecturer
* [[Karl Eduard Vehse]] (1802-1870), historian
* [[Robert Volkmann]] (1815–1883), [[composer]]
* [[Christian Leopold von Buch]] (1774–1853), geologist
* [[Bernhard von Cotta]] (1808–1879), geologist
* [[Kunz von Kaufungen]] (1410–1455), [[Kidnapping|abductor]] of the Saxon [[Prince]]s Albrecht and Ernst, executed in Freiberg
* [[Eberhard Wächtler]] (1929–2010), economic historian
* [[Julius Weisbach]] (1806–1871), mathematician and engineer
* [[Abraham Gottlob Werner]] (1749–1817), co-founder of the modern [[geoscience]] 
* [[Jacob Benjamin Wiesner Heckerin]] (1758–1842), metallurgist, expand the mining practices to Latin America, economic supporter of Colombian independence
* [[Clemens Winkler]] (1838–1904), chemist, discoverer of [[germanium]]
* [[Johann Heinrich Zedler]] (1706–1751), bookseller and publisher
* [[Gustav Zeuner]] (1828–1907), engineer

==Notes and references==
{{reflist|30em}}
*Cziborra, Pascal. ''KZ Freiberg. Geheime Schwangerschaft''. Lorbeer Verlag. Bielefeld. 2008. {{ISBN|978-3-938969-05-2}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Freiberg}}
{{commons category-inline|Freiberg (Sachsen)}}
*[http://www.freiberg.de Official website]

{{Cities and towns in Mittelsachsen (district)}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Freiberg| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard-->
[[Category:Towns in the Ore Mountains]]
[[Category:Mittelsachsen]]
[[Category:Mining communities in Germany]]