View source for Friedrich Engels

{{Short description|German philosopher (1820–1895)}}
{{redirect|Engels}}
{{distinguish|text=the 19th-century economist [[Ernst Engel]]}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name               = Friedrich Engels
| image              = Friedrich Engels portrait (cropped).jpg
| alt                = Head shot of Engels facing right
| caption            = Engels in 1879
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1820|11|28|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Barmen]], [[Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg|Jülich-Cleves-Berg]], Prussia
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1895|8|5|1820|11|28|df=y}}
| death_place        = London, England
| education          = {{ill|Wilhelm-Dörpfeld-Gymnasium|lt=Gymnasium zu Elberfeld|de|Wilhelm-Dörpfeld-Gymnasium}}<br>(withdrew)<ref name=Levine/><br>[[Humboldt University of Berlin|University of Berlin]]<br>(withdrew)<ref name="Levine">Norman Levine, ''Divergent Paths: The Hegelian Foundations of Marx's Method'', Lexington Books, 2006, p. 92: "the Young never graduated from the gymnasium, never went to university..."</ref>
| notable_works      = {{ubil|''[[The Condition of the Working Class in England]]''|''[[Anti-Dühring]]''|''[[Socialism: Utopian and Scientific]]''|''[[The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State]]''|''[[The German Ideology]]''|''[[The Communist Manifesto]]''}}
| party              = {{ubil|[[Communist Correspondence Committee]] (1846–1847)|[[Communist League]] (1847–1852)|[[International Workingmen's Association]] (1864–1872)}}
| spouse             = {{Marriage|[[Lizzie Burns]]|12 September 1878|12 September 1878|end=died}}
| partner            = [[Mary Burns]] (died 1863)
| era              = [[19th-century philosophy]]
| region           = [[Western philosophy]]
| school_tradition = {{ubl|[[Continental philosophy]]|[[Marxism]]}}
| main_interests   = {{hlist|[[Political philosophy]]|[[political economy]]|[[class struggle]]|[[criticism of capitalism]]}}
| notable_ideas    = {{hlist|[[Marx's theory of alienation|Alienation]] and [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]] of the worker|[[dialectical materialism]]|[[historical materialism]]|[[false consciousness]]}}
| signature        = Friedrich Engels Signature.svg
}}

'''Friedrich Engels'''{{efn|Also sometimes spelt in English as '''Frederick Engels'''<ref name=Frederick>For the English use of "Frederick Engels" see for instance: [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/index.htm Biographies of Marx and Engels] at [[Marxists Internet Archive|marxists.org]]</ref>}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|əl|z}} {{Respell|ENG|gəlz}};<ref>{{cite book |last=Wells |first=John |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |date=3 April 2008 |publisher=Pearson Longman |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0 |edition=3rd |author-link=John C. Wells}}</ref><ref name="RH_Engels">[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/engels "Engels"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref><ref name="MW_Engels">{{citation |last=Merriam-Webster |title=Engels |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/engels |postscript=.}}</ref> {{IPA|de|ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈɛŋl̩s|lang}}; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895)  was a German philosopher, political theorist, journalist, and [[revolutionary socialist]]. He was also a businessman and [[Karl Marx]]'s lifelong friend and closest collaborator, serving as the co-founder of [[Marxism]].

Born in [[Barmen]] in the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], Engels was the son of a wealthy [[textile]] manufacturer. Despite his [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] background, he became a staunch critic of [[capitalism]], influenced by his observations of industrial working conditions in [[Manchester]], England, as published in his early work ''[[The Condition of the Working Class in England]]'' (1845). He met Marx in 1844, after which they jointly authored works including ''[[The Holy Family (book)|The Holy Family]]'' (1844), ''[[The German Ideology]]'' (written 1846), and ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' (1848), and worked as political activists in the [[Communist League]] and [[International Workingmen's Association|First International]]. Engels also supported Marx financially for much of his life, enabling him to continue his writing in London. After Marx's death in 1883, Engels edited from his manuscripts to complete Volumes II and III of his work ''[[Das Kapital]]'' (1885 and 1894).

Engels' own works, including ''[[Anti-Dühring]]'' (1878), ''[[Socialism: Utopian and Scientific]]'' (1880), ''[[Dialectics of Nature]]'' (written 1872–1882), ''[[The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State]]'' (1884), and ''[[Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy]]'' (1886), are foundational to Marxist theory.

== Life and work ==
=== Early life ===
[[File:280505 001 Engelshaus Barmen.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|The [[Engels-Haus|Engels family house]] at [[Barmen]] (now in [[Wuppertal]]), Germany]]
Friedrich Engels was born on 28 November 1820 in [[Barmen]], [[Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg|Jülich-Cleves-Berg]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] (now [[Wuppertal]], Germany), as the eldest son of {{ill|Friedrich Engels Sr.|de|Friedrich Engels (Fabrikant)}} (1796–1860) and of Elisabeth "Elise" Franziska Mauritia van Haar (1797–1873).<ref>A copy of Friedrich Engels's birth certificate appears on page 577 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Volume 2'' (New York: International Publishers, 1975).</ref> The wealthy Engels family owned large [[textile industry|cotton-textile mills]] in Barmen and [[Salford]], England, both expanding industrial cities. Friedrich's parents were devout [[Reformed Christianity|Calvinists]] and raised their children accordingly—he was baptised in the Calvinist Reformed Evangelical Parish of [[Elberfeld]].<ref name="Hunt_2009">{{cite book |last=Hunt |first=Tristram |author-link=Tristram Hunt |title=The Frock-Coated Communist: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels |publisher=Metropolitan/Henry Holt & Co |year=2009 |isbn=9780805080254 |oclc=263983621}}</ref><ref>A copy of Friedrich Engels's baptism certificate appears on page 580 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Volume 2'' (New York: International Publishers, 1975).</ref>

At the age of 13, Engels attended secondary school (''[[Gymnasium (Germany)|Gymnasium]]'') in the adjacent city of Elberfeld but had to leave at 17 due to pressure from his father, who wanted him to become a businessman and work as a mercantile apprentice in the family firm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Friedrich Engels Facts in Encyclopedia of World Biography |url=https://biography.yourdictionary.com/friedrich-engels |access-date=8 January 2019 |publisher=The Gale Group, Inc.}}</ref> After a year in Barmen, the young Engels was, in 1838, sent by his father to undertake an [[apprenticeship]] at a trading house in [[Bremen]].<ref name="engels-bio">{{Cite web |title=Lenin: Friedrich Engels |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1895/misc/engels-bio.htm |access-date=13 February 2010 |publisher=Marxists.org}}</ref><ref name="tucker">Tucker, Robert C. ''The Marx-Engels Reader'', p. xv</ref> His parents expected that he would follow his father into a career in the family business. Their son's revolutionary activities disappointed them. It would be some years before he joined the family firm.{{according to whom|date=October 2024}}

While at Bremen, Engels began reading the philosophy of [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], whose teachings dominated German philosophy at that time. In September 1838 he published his first work, a poem entitled "The Bedouin", in the ''Bremisches Conversationsblatt'' No. 40. He also engaged in other literary work and began writing newspaper articles critiquing the societal ills of [[industrialisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Progress Publishers |title=Preface by Progress Publishers |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/volume02/preface.htm |access-date=13 February 2010 |publisher=Marxists.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 November 1941 |title=Footnotes to Volume 1 of Marx Engels Collected Works |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/volume02/footnote.htm#188 |access-date=13 February 2010 |publisher=Marxists.org}}</ref> He wrote under the pseudonym "Friedrich Oswald" to avoid connecting his family with his provocative writings.{{according to whom|date=October 2024}}

In 1841, Engels performed his military service in the [[Prussian Army]] as a member of the Household Artillery ({{langx|de|link=no|Garde-Artillerie-Brigade}}). Assigned to Berlin, he attended university lectures at the [[Humboldt University of Berlin|University of Berlin]] and began to associate with groups of [[Young Hegelians]]. He anonymously published articles in the ''[[Rheinische Zeitung]]'', exposing the poor employment and living conditions endured by factory workers.<ref name="tucker"/> The editor of the ''Rheinische Zeitung'' was Karl Marx, but Engels would not meet Marx until late November 1842.{{sfn|Gemkow|1972|p=53}} Engels acknowledged the influence of German philosophy on his intellectual development throughout his career.<ref name="engels-bio" /> In 1840, he also wrote: "To get the most out of life you must be active, you must live and you must have the courage to taste the thrill of being young."{{sfn|Henderson|1976|p=9}}

Engels developed [[atheistic]] beliefs and his relationship with his parents became strained.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Friedrich Engels |title=Letters of Marx and Engels, 1845 |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/letters/45_03_17.htm |access-date=13 February 2010 |publisher=Marxists.org}}</ref>

=== Manchester and Salford ===
In 1842, his parents sent the 22-year-old Engels to [[Salford]], England, a manufacturing centre where industrialisation was on the rise. He was to work in [[Weaste]], [[Salford]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Brooks-Pollock |first=Tom |date=11 March 2014 |title=Ten things Manchester gets the credit for when really it should be Salford |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/ten-things-manchester-gets-credit-6796109 |access-date=31 March 2020 |newspaper=Manchester Evening News}}</ref> in the offices of [[Baumwollspinnerei Ermen & Engels|Ermen and Engels]]'s Victoria Mill, which made sewing threads.<ref name="en-1893">{{cite web |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/engels/en-1893.htm |title=Biography on Engels |publisher=Marxists.org |access-date=13 February 2010}}</ref><ref name="bbc-art1">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/work/england/manchester/article_1.shtml |title=Legacies – Engels in Manchester |page =1 |publisher=BBC |access-date=13 February 2010}}</ref> Engels's father thought that working at the Salford firm might make his son reconsider some of his radical opinions.<ref name="engels-bio"/><ref name="bbc-art1"/> On his way to Salford and Manchester, Engels visited the office of the ''[[Rheinische Zeitung]]'' in Cologne and met Karl Marx for the first time. Initially, they were not impressed with each other.<ref>Wheen, Francis ''Karl Marx: A Life'', p. 75.</ref> Marx mistakenly thought that Engels was still associated with the Young Hegelians of Berlin, with whom Marx had just broken off ties.{{sfn|Gemkow|1972|p=53–54}}

In Manchester, Engels met [[Mary Burns]], a fierce young Irish woman with radical opinions who worked in the Engels factory.<ref>Edmund Wilson, To the Finland Station: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History (1940)</ref>{{sfn|Schmidtgall|1981|p=61}} They began a relationship that lasted 20 years until her death in 1863.<ref name="bbc-art2">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/work/england/manchester/article_2.shtml |title=Legacies – Engels in Manchester |page=2 |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=13 February 2010}}</ref>{{sfn|Whitfield|1988}} The two never married, as both were against the institution of marriage. While Engels regarded stable monogamy as a virtue, he considered the current state and church-regulated marriage as a form of class oppression.<ref>{{cite book |last= Carver |first=Terrell |author-link=Terrell Carver |year=2003 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |title=Engels: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/engelsveryshorti00carv_145 |url-access=limited |pages=[https://archive.org/details/engelsveryshorti00carv_145/page/n85 71]–72 |isbn=978-0-19-280466-2}}</ref><ref name=draper>{{cite journal |last=Draper |first=Hal |author-link=Hal Draper |title=Marx and Engels on Women's Liberation |journal=[[International Socialism (magazine)|International Socialism]] |access-date=29 November 2011 |date=July 1970 |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1970/07/women.htm}}</ref> Burns guided Engels through Manchester and [[Salford]], showing him the worst districts for his research.{{according to whom|date=October 2024}}

While in Manchester between October and November 1843, Engels wrote his first [[critique of political economy]], entitled "Umrisse zu einer Kritik der Nationalökonomie" ([[Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy]]).<ref>"[https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/df-jahrbucher/outlines.htm Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy]," in [[Marxists Internet Archive|marxists.org]]; see also: ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Volume 3'' ([[International Publishers]]: New York, 1975), pp. 418–445.</ref> Engels sent the article to Paris, where Marx and [[Arnold Ruge]] published it in the ''[[Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher]]'' in 1844.<ref name="en-1893"/>

Engels observed the slums of Manchester in close detail, and took notes of its horrors, such as [[child labour]], the despoiled environment, and overworked and impoverished labourers.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|last=Garner|first=Dwight|date=18 August 2009|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/19/books/19garner.html|title=Fox Hunter, Party Animal, Leftist Warrior|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=31 August 2020}}</ref> He sent a trilogy of articles to Marx. These were published in the ''Rheinische Zeitung'' and then in the ''Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher'', chronicling the conditions among the working class in Manchester. He later collected these articles for his influential first book, ''[[The Condition of the Working Class in England]]'' (1845).<ref>''The Condition of the Working Class in England'', in the ''Collected Works of Marx and Engels: Volume 4'' (International Publishers: New York, 1975) pp. 295–596.</ref> Written between September 1844 and March 1845, the book was published in German in 1845. In the book, Engels described the "grim future of capitalism and the industrial age",<ref name="NYT" /> noting the details of the squalor in which the working people lived.<ref name="salfordstar.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.salfordstar.com/article.asp?id=456|title=Friedrich Engels in Salford|website=Salford Star}}</ref> The book was published in English in 1887. Archival resources contemporary to Engels's stay in Manchester shed light on some of the conditions he describes, including a manuscript (MMM/10/1) held by special collections at the University of Manchester. This recounts cases seen in the Manchester Royal Infirmary, where industrial accidents dominated, and which resonate with Engels's comments on the disfigured persons seen walking around Manchester as a result of such accidents.{{according to whom|date=October 2024}}

Engels continued his involvement with radical journalism and politics. He frequented areas popular among members of the English [[Labour movement|labour]] and [[Chartism|Chartist]] movements, whom he met. He also wrote for several journals, including ''[[Northern Star (chartist newspaper)|The Northern Star]]'', [[Robert Owen]]'s ''[[New Moral World]],'' and the ''[[Democratic Review]]'' newspaper.<ref name="bbc-art2" /><ref>{{cite web |first=Karl |last=Marx |author-link=Karl Marx |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/05/04.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040314204539/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/05/04.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 March 2004 |title=Introduction to the French Edition of Engels |year=1880 |publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=13 February 2010}}</ref><ref>Whitfield, Roy (1988) "The Double Life of Friedrich Engels." In: ''Manchester Region History Review'', vol. 2, no. 1, 1988</ref>

=== Paris ===
[[File:Friedrich Engels-1840-cropped.jpg|thumb|An early photograph of Engels, thought to show him aged 20–25 (c. 1840–45)<ref name="Hunt_2009"/>{{sfn|Henderson|1976}}<ref name="Dash_2013">{{cite web |title=How Friedrich Engels' Radical Lover Helped Him Father Socialism: Mary Burns exposed the capitalist's son to the plight of the working people of Manchester |first=Mike |last=Dash |website=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |date=1 August 2013 |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-friedrich-engels-radical-lover-helped-him-father-socialism-21415560/}}</ref>{{sfn|Green|2008}}]]
Engels returned to Germany in 1844. On the way, he stopped in Paris to meet Karl Marx, with whom he had an earlier correspondence. Marx had been living in Paris since late October 1843, after the ''Rheinische Zeitung'' was banned in March 1843 by the Prussian government.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|pp=41–42, 49}} Prior to meeting Marx, Engels had become established as a fully developed [[Dialectical materialism|materialist]] and [[scientific socialist]], independent of Marx's philosophical development.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=71}}

In Paris, Marx and [[Arnold Ruge]] were publishing the ''[[Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher]]'', of which only one issue appeared (in 1844), and in which Engels wrote ''[[Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy]]''. Engels met Marx for a second time at the [[Café de la Régence]] on the Place du Palais, on 28 August 1844. The two quickly became close friends and remained so their entire lives. Marx had read and was impressed by Engels's articles on ''The Condition of the Working Class in England'' in which he had written that "[a] class which bears all the disadvantages of the social order without enjoying its advantages, [...] Who can demand that such a class respect this social order?"<ref>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''Collected Works: Volume 4,'' p. 424.</ref> Marx adopted Engels's idea that the working class would lead the revolution against the [[bourgeoisie]] as society advanced toward socialism, and incorporated this as part of his own philosophy.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|pp=82–83}}

Engels stayed in Paris to help Marx write ''[[The Holy Family (book)|The Holy Family]]''.<ref>''The Holy Family'', ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Volume 4'', pp. 3–211.</ref> It was an attack on the [[Young Hegelians]] and the [[Bruno Bauer|Bauer]] brothers and was published in late February 1845. Engels's earliest contribution to Marx's work was writing for the ''Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher'', edited by both Marx and [[Arnold Ruge]], in Paris in 1844. During this time in Paris, both Marx and Engels began their association with and then joined the secret revolutionary society called the [[League of the Just]].{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=60}} The League of the Just had been formed in 1837 in France to promote an egalitarian society through the overthrow of the existing governments. In 1839, the League participated in the 1839 rebellion fomented by the French utopian revolutionary socialist, [[Louis Auguste Blanqui]]; as Ruge remained a Young Hegelian in his belief, Marx and Ruge soon split and Ruge left the ''Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher''.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|pp=57–58}} Following the split, Marx remained friendly enough with Ruge that he sent Ruge a warning on 15 January 1845 that the Paris police were going to execute orders against him, Marx and others at the ''Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher'' requiring all to leave Paris within 24 hours.<ref>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, "Letter from Marx to Ruge" (15 January 1845) contained in ''Collected Works: Volume 38'', p. 15.</ref> Marx was expelled from Paris by French authorities on 3 February 1845 and settled in Brussels with his wife and one daughter.{{sfn|Gemkow|1972|p=625}} Having left Paris on 6 September 1844, Engels returned to his home in Barmen to work on his ''The Condition of the Working Class in England'', which was published in late May 1845.{{sfn|Gemkow|1972|p=625}} Even before the publication of his book, Engels moved to Brussels in late April 1845, to collaborate with Marx on another book, ''[[German Ideology]]''.<ref>''German Ideology'' is located in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels'' pp. 19–539.</ref> While living in Barmen, Engels began making contact with Socialists in the [[Rhineland]] to raise money for Marx's publication efforts in Brussels; these contacts became more important as both Marx and Engels began political organising for the [[Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany]].{{sfn|Gemkow|1972|p=101}}

=== Brussels ===
[[File:Belgique - Bruxelles - Grand-Place - Maison du Cygne - 01b.jpg|thumb|''De Zwaan'' (the Swan), Brussels, where ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' is reputed to have been written<ref name="Thomson 2012 p.92">{{cite book | last=Thomson | first=Emma | title=Flanders : Northern Belgium : the Bradt travel guide | publisher=Bradt Travel Guides | publication-place=Chalfont St. Peter | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-84162-377-1 | oclc=810098009 | page=92}}</ref>]]
The nation of Belgium, founded in 1830, had one of the most liberal constitutions in Europe and functioned as a refuge for progressives from other countries. From 1845 to 1848, Engels and Marx lived in [[Brussels]], spending much of their time organising the city's German workers. Shortly after their arrival, they contacted and joined the underground [[Communist League|German Communist League]]. The Communist League was the successor organisation to the League of the Just which had been founded in 1837 but had recently disbanded.<ref>Isaiah Berlin, ''Karl Marx: His Life and Environment'' ([[Oxford University Press]]: Oxford, England, 1963) pp. 159–160.</ref> Influenced by [[Wilhelm Weitling]], the Communist League was an international society of proletarian revolutionaries with branches in various European cities.<ref>Isaiah Berlin, ''Karl Marx: His Life and Environment'' p. 160.</ref>

The Communist League also had contacts with the underground conspiratorial organisation of [[Louis Auguste Blanqui]]. Many of Marx's and Engels's current friends became members of the Communist League. Old friends like [[Georg Herwegh|Georg Friedrich Herwegh]], who had worked with Marx on the ''Rheinsche Zeitung'', [[Heinrich Heine]], the famous poet, a young physician by the name of [[Roland Daniels]], [[Heinrich Bürgers]] and [[August Herman Ewerbeck]], all maintained their contacts with Marx and Engels in Brussels. [[Georg Weerth]], who had become a friend of Engels in England in 1843, now settled in Brussels. [[Carl Wallau]] and [[Stephen Born]] (real name Simon Buttermilch) were both German immigrant typesetters who settled in Brussels to help Marx and Engels with their Communist League work. Marx and Engels made many new important contacts through the Communist League. One of the first was [[Wilhelm Wolff]], who soon became one of Marx's and Engels's closest collaborators. Others were [[Joseph Weydemeyer]] and [[Ferdinand Freiligrath]], a famous revolutionary poet. While most of the associates of Marx and Engels were German immigrants living in Brussels, some were Belgians. Phillipe Gigot, a Belgian philosopher and Victor Tedesco, a lawyer from Liège, both joined the Communist League. [[Joachim Lelewel]], a prominent Polish historian and participant in the Polish uprising of 1830–1831, was also a frequent associate.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|pp=86–88}}<ref>Gary Tedman, ''Aesthetics & Alienation'' (Zero Books: Hampshire, 1973)</ref>

The Communist League commissioned Marx and Engels to write a pamphlet explaining the principles of communism. This became the ''[[The Communist Manifesto|Manifesto of the Communist Party]]'', better known as ''The Communist Manifesto''.<ref>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''Manifesto of the Communist Party'' contained in the ''Collected Works Volume 6'' pp. 477–517.</ref> It was first published on 21 February 1848 and ends with the lines: "Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution. The proletariat have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Working Men of All Countries, Unite!"<ref name="engels-bio"/>

Engels's mother wrote in a letter to him of her concerns, commenting that he had "really gone too far" and "begged" him "to proceed no further".<ref name="mothersletter">Elisabeth Engels's letter contained at No. 6 of the Appendix, ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Volume 38'' (International Publishers: New York, 1982) pp. 540–541.</ref> She further stated:<blockquote>You have paid more heed to other people, to strangers, and have taken no account of your mother's pleas. God alone knows what I have felt and suffered of late. I was trembling when I picked up the newspaper and saw therein that a warrant was out for my son's arrest.<ref name="mothersletter"/></blockquote>

=== Return to Prussia ===
There was a [[Revolutions of 1848 in France|revolution in France in 1848]] that [[Revolutions of 1848|soon spread to other Western European countries]]. These events caused Engels and Marx to return to [[Cologne]] in their homeland of Prussia. While living there, they created and served as editors for a new daily newspaper called the ''[[Neue Rheinische Zeitung]]''.<ref name="en-1893" /> Besides Marx and Engels, other frequent contributors to the ''Neue Rheinische Zeitung'' included [[Karl Schapper]], [[Wilhelm Wolff]], [[Ernst Dronke]], [[Peter Nothjung]], [[Heinrich Burgers|Heinrich Bürgers]], [[Ferdinand Wolff]] and Carl Cramer.<ref>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, "Banquet in Gürzenich" contained in the ''Collected Works: Volume 9'' (International Publishers: New York, 1977) p. 490.</ref> Engels's mother gave unwitting witness to the effect of the ''Neue Rheinische Zeitung'' on the revolutionary uprising in Cologne in 1848. Criticising his involvement in the uprising she states in a 5 December 1848 letter to Friedrich that "nobody, ourselves included, doubted that the meetings at which you and your friends spoke, and also the language of ''(Neue) Rh.Z.'' were largely the cause of these disturbances."<ref name=p543>Elisabeth Engels's letter to Friedrich Engels contained at No. 8 of the Appendix in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Volume 38'', p. 543.</ref>

Engels's parents hoped that young Engels would "decide to turn to activities other than those which you have been pursuing in recent years and which have caused so much distress".<ref name=p543/> At this point, his parents felt the only hope for their son was to emigrate to America and start his life over. They told him that he should do this or he would "cease to receive money from us"; however, the problem in the relationship between Engels and his parents was worked out without Engels having to leave England or being cut off from financial assistance from his parents.<ref name=p543/> In July 1851, Engels's father arrived to visit him in Manchester, England. During the visit, his father arranged for Engels to meet Peter Ermen of the office of ''Ermen & Engels'', to move to Liverpool and to take over sole management of the office in Manchester.<ref>Friedrich Engels letter to Karl Marx dated 6 July 1851 and contained at No. 186 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Volume 38'', p. 378.</ref>

In 1849, Engels travelled to Bavaria for the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|Baden and Palatinate revolutionary uprising]], an even more dangerous involvement. Starting with an article called "The Magyar Struggle", written on 8 January 1849, Engels, himself, began a series of reports on the Revolution and War for Independence of the newly founded Hungarian Republic.<ref>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, "The Magyar Struggle" contained in ''Collected Works: Volume 8'', pp. 227–238.</ref> Engels's articles on the Hungarian Republic became a regular feature in the ''Neue Rheinische Zeitung'' under the heading "From the Theatre of War"; however, the newspaper was suppressed during the June 1849 Prussian coup d'état. After the coup, Marx lost his Prussian [[citizenship]], was deported and fled to Paris, then London.<ref>See Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''Collected Works: Volume 8'', pp. 451–480 and ''Volume 9'', pp. 9–463.</ref> Engels stayed in Prussia and took part in an armed uprising in South Germany as an [[aide-de-camp]] in the volunteer corps of [[August Willich]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/engels/en-1892.htm |title=Engels, Friedrich (encyclopedia) |publisher=Marxists.org |access-date=13 February 2010}}</ref><ref>Isaiah Berlin, ''Karl Marx: His Life and Environment'', 4th ed. 1978, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 130, {{ISBN|978-0-19-510326-7}}.</ref><ref>Mike Rapport, ''1848 Year of Revolution'', London: Little Brown, 2008, p. 342, {{ISBN|978-0-316-72965-9}}.</ref> Engels also took two cases of rifle cartridges with him when he went to join the uprising in [[Elberfeld]] on 10 May 1849.<ref>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, "Elberfeld" contained in the ''Collected Works: Volume 9'' (International Publishers: New York, 1977) p. 447.</ref> Later when Prussian troops came to Kaiserslautern to suppress an uprising there, Engels joined a group of volunteers under the command of August Willich, who were going to fight the Prussian troops.{{sfn|Gemkow|1972|p=205}} When the uprising was crushed, Engels was one of the last members of Willich's volunteers to escape by crossing the Swiss border. Marx and others became concerned for Engels's life until they heard from him.<ref>"Letter from Engels to Jenny Marx" (25 July 1849) contained in the ''Collected Works: Volume 38'' pp. 202–204.</ref>

Engels travelled through Switzerland as a [[refugee]] and eventually made it to safety in England.<ref name="engels-bio" /> On 6 June 1849 Prussian authorities issued an arrest warrant for him which contained a physical description as "height: 5 feet 6 inches; hair: blond; forehead: smooth; eyebrows: blond; eyes: blue; nose and mouth: well proportioned; beard: reddish; chin: oval; face: oval; complexion: healthy; figure: slender. Special characteristics: speaks very rapidly and is short-sighted".<ref>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''Collected Works: Volume 9'', p. 524,</ref> As to his "short-sightedness", Engels admitted as much in a letter written to Joseph Weydemeyer on 19 June 1851 in which he says he was not worried about being selected for the Prussian military because of "my eye trouble, as I have now found out once and for all which renders me completely unfit for active service of any sort".<ref>Friedrich Engels letter contained at No. 183 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Volume 38'', p. 370.</ref> Once he was safe in Switzerland, Engels began to write down all his memories of the recent military campaign against the Prussians. This writing eventually became the article published as "The Campaign for the German Imperial Constitution".<ref>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''Collected Works: Volume 10'', p. 147.</ref>

=== Back in Britain ===
[[File:Engel House in Primrose.jpg|thumb|Engels's house in [[Primrose Hill]], London]]
To help Marx with ''[[Neue Rheinische Zeitung Politische-okonomische Revue|Neue Rheinische Zeitung Politisch-ökonomische Revue]]'', the new publishing effort in London, Engels sought ways to escape the continent and travel to London. On 5 October 1849, Engels arrived in the Italian port city of Genoa.<ref>See the "Letter from Engels to George Julian Harney" dated 5 October 1849, in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Volume 38'' p. 217.</ref> There, Engels booked passage on the English schooner, ''Cornish Diamond'' under the command of a Captain Stevens.<ref>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, "Letter from Engels to George Julian Harney (5 October 1849) ''Collected Works: Volume 38'' p. 217.</ref> The voyage across the western Mediterranean, around the Iberian Peninsula by sailing schooner took about five weeks. Finally, the ''Cornish Diamond'' sailed up the River Thames to London on 10 November 1849 with Engels on board.{{sfn|Gemkow|1972|p=213}}

Upon his return to Britain, Engels re-entered the Manchester company in which his father held shares to support Marx financially as he worked on ''[[Das Kapital]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/work/england/manchester/article_4.shtml |title=Legacies – Engels in Manchester |page =4 |publisher=BBC |access-date=13 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/work/england/manchester/article_5.shtml |title=Legacies – Engels in Manchester|page =5 |publisher=BBC |access-date=13 February 2010}}</ref> Unlike his first period in England (1843), Engels was now under police surveillance. He had "official" homes and "unofficial homes" all over Salford, Weaste and other inner-city Manchester districts where he lived with Mary Burns under false names to confuse the police.<ref name="salfordstar.com"/> Little more is known, as Engels destroyed over 1,500 letters between himself and Marx after the latter's death so as to conceal the details of their secretive lifestyle.<ref name="salfordstar.com" />

Despite his work at the mill, Engels found time to write a book on [[Martin Luther]], the [[Protestant Reformation]] and the [[German Peasants' War|1525 revolutionary war of the peasants]], entitled ''[[The Peasant War in Germany]]''.<ref>"The Peasant War in Germany" and s contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Volume 10'' pp. 397–482.</ref> He also wrote a number of newspaper articles including "The Campaign for the German Imperial Constitution" which he finished in February 1850<ref>The article called "The Campaign for the German Imperial Constitution" is contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Volume 10'' p. 147</ref> and "On the Slogan of the Abolition of the State and the German 'Friends of Anarchy'" written in October 1850.<ref>The article "On the Slogan of the Abolition of the State and the German 'Friends of Anarchy'" is contained in the ''Collected Works of Marx and Engels: Volume 10'' p. 486.</ref> In April 1851, he wrote the pamphlet "Conditions and Prospects of a War of the Holy Alliance against France".<ref>The pamphlet "Conditions and Prospects of a War of the Holy Alliance against France" is contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Volume 10'' p. 542.</ref>

Marx and Engels denounced [[Napoleon III|Louis Bonaparte]] when he carried out a coup against the French government and made himself president for life on 2 December 1851. Engels wrote to Marx on 3 December 1851, characterising the coup as "comical"<ref name=letter1851>Friedrich Engels's letter to Karl Marx dated 3 December 1851 contained in the "Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Volume 38", p. 503.</ref> and referred to it as occurring on "the 18th Brumaire", the date of Napoleon I's coup of 1799 according to the [[French Republican Calendar]].<ref>See note 517 located at p. 635 in the "Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Volume 38.</ref> Marx later incorporated this comically ironic characterisation of the coup into his essay about it. He called the essay ''[[The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte]]'' using Engels's suggested characterisation.<ref>Karl Marx, "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Volume 11'', p. 98.</ref> Marx also borrowed Engels' characterisation of Hegel's notion of the [[Geist#Hegel|World Spirit]] that history occurred twice, "once as a tragedy and secondly as a farce" in the first paragraph of his new essay.<ref>Karl Marx, "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Volume 11'', p. 103.</ref>

Meanwhile, Engels started working at the mill owned by his father in Manchester as an office clerk, the same position he held in his teens while in Germany where his father's company was based. Engels worked his way up to become a partner in the firm in 1864.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} Five years later, Engels retired from the business and could focus more on his studies.<ref name="en-1893"/> At this time, Marx was living in London but they were able to exchange ideas through daily correspondence. One of the ideas that Engels and Marx contemplated was the possibility and character of a potential revolution in Russia. As early as April 1853, Engels and Marx anticipated an "aristocratic-bourgeois revolution in Russia which would begin in "St. Petersburg with a resulting civil war in the interior".<ref>Letter from Engels to Joseph Weydemeyer dated 12 April 1853, contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Volume 39'' (New York: International Publishers, 1983) pp. 305–306.</ref> The model for this type of aristocratic-bourgeois revolution in Russia against the autocratic [[Tsardom of Russia|Tsarist government]] in favour of a constitutional government had been provided by the [[Decembrist Revolt]] of 1825.<ref>W. Bruce Lincoln, ''The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias'' (New York: Dial Press, 1981) pp. 408–413.</ref>

Despite the unsuccessful revolt against the Tsarist government in favour of a constitutional government, both Engels and Marx anticipated a bourgeois revolution in Russia would occur, which would bring about a bourgeois stage in Russian development to precede a communist stage. By 1881, both Marx and Engels began to contemplate a course of development in Russia that would lead directly to the communist stage without the intervening bourgeois stage. This analysis was based on what Marx and Engels saw as the exceptional characteristics of the Russian village commune or [[obshchina]].<ref>See the letter from Karl Marx to Vera Zasulich contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Volume 46'', (New York: International Press, 1992), pp. 71–72, and Engels's "Preface to the Russian Edition of 1882" in ''The Communist Manifesto''.</ref> While doubt was cast on this theory by [[Georgi Plekhanov]], Plekhanov's reasoning was based on the first edition of ''[[Das Kapital]]'' (1867) which predated Marx's interest in Russian peasant communes by two years. Later editions of the text demonstrate Marx's sympathy for the argument of [[Nikolay Chernyshevsky]], that it should be possible to establish socialism in Russia without an intermediary bourgeois stage provided that the peasant communes were used as the basis for the transition.<ref>Gareth Stedman Jones, note on Engels's "Preface to the Russian Edition of 1882" in ''The Communist Manifesto'' (London: Penguin Books, 2002).</ref>

In 1870, Engels moved to London where he and Marx lived until Marx's death in 1883.<ref name="engels-bio" /> Engels's London home from 1870 to 1894 was at 122 [[Regent's Park Road]].<ref>{{openplaque|213}} – Accessed July 2010</ref> In October 1894 he moved to 41 Regent's Park Road, [[Primrose Hill]], NW1, where he died the following year.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

Marx's first London residence was a cramped flat at 28 [[Dean Street]], [[Soho]]. From 1856, he lived at 9 Grafton Terrace, [[Kentish Town]], and then in a tenement at 41 Maitland Park Road in [[Belsize Park]] from 1875 until his death in March 1883.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/photo/places/index.htm |title=Photos of Marx's Residence(s) |publisher=Marxists.org |access-date=13 February 2010}}</ref>

Mary Burns died suddenly of heart disease in 1863, after which Engels became close with her younger sister Lydia ("[[Lizzie Burns|Lizzie]]"). They lived openly as a couple in London and married on 11 September 1878, hours before Lizzie's death.<ref>{{cite book|author=Henderson, William Otto |title=The Life of Friedrich Engels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teYf8gwzoB4C&pg=PA567|year=1976|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7146-3040-3|page=567}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Samuel Hollander|title=Friedrich Engels and Marxian Political Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIn_Sa2wdx0C&pg=PA358|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49844-9|page=358}}</ref>

=== Later years ===
Later in their lives, Marx and Engels explored the possibility that in some countries workers might be able to [[Nonviolent revolution|achieve their aims through peaceful means]], but remained consistent in their view that force was necessary for the transition between systems of production, i.e. the transition from capitalism to socialism and ultimately communism.<ref>Gray, Daniel; Johnson, Elliott; Walker, David (2014). ''Historical Dictionary of Marxism''. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 119–120. {{ISBN|9781442237988}}.</ref> Engels also wrote in his introduction to the 1891 edition of Marx's ''[[The Class Struggles in France]]'' that "rebellion in the old style, street fighting with barricades, which decided the issue everywhere up to 1848, was to a considerable extent obsolete",<ref name="Kellogg 1991">Kellogg, Paul (Summer 1991). "Engels and the Roots of 'Revisionism': A Re-Evaluation". ''Science & Society''. Guilford Press. '''55''' (2): 158–174. {{JSTOR|40403133}}.</ref><ref>Daniels, Robert Vincent (1969) [1960]. ''The Conscience of the Revolution, Communist Opposition in Russia''. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 7. {{ISBN|9780671203870}}.</ref> although historians such as David W. Lowell empashised their cautionary and tactical meaning, arguing that "Engels questions only rebellion 'in the old style', that is, insurrection: he does not renounce revolution. The reason for Engels' caution is clear: he candidly admits that ultimate victory for any insurrection is rare, simply on military and tactical grounds".<ref>Lowell, David W. (1984). ''From Marx to Lenin: An Evaluation of Marx's Responsibility for Soviet Authoritarianism'' (reprinted ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 83. {{ISBN|9780521261883}}.</ref>

In his introduction to the 1895 edition of Marx's ''The Class Struggles in France'', Engels outlines the role that reforms have in revolutionary work by acknowledging the tactical importance of certain reforms and short-term electoral politics (particularly in regards to agitation and propaganda):

{{Blockquote|text=The revolutionary workers of the Latin countries had been wont to regard the suffrage as a snare, as an instrument of government trickery. It was different in Germany. The Communist Manifesto had already proclaimed the winning of universal suffrage, of democracy, as one of the first and most important tasks of the militant proletariat, and Lassalle had again taken up this point. Now that Bismarck found himself compelled to introduce this franchise as the only means of interesting the mass of the people in his plans, our workers immediately took it in earnest and sent August Bebel to the first, constituent Reichstag. And from that day on they have used the franchise in a way which has paid them a thousandfold and has served as a model to the workers of all countries. The franchise has been, in the words of the French Marxist programme, transformé de moyen de duperie qu'il a été jusquici en instrument d'emancipation — transformed by them from a means of deception, which it was before, into an instrument of emancipation. And if universal suffrage had offered no other advantage than that it allowed us to count our numbers every three years; that by the regularly established, unexpectedly rapid rise in our vote it increased in equal measure the workers’ certainty of victory and the dismay of their opponents, and so became our best means of propaganda; that it accurately informed us of our own strength and that of all opposing parties, and thereby provided us with a measure of proportion second to none for our actions, safeguarding us from untimely timidity as much as from untimely foolhardiness — if this had been the only advantage we gained from the suffrage, it would still have been much more than enough. But it did more than this by far. In election propaganda it provided us with a means, second to none, of getting in touch with the mass of the people where they still stand aloof from us; of forcing all parties to defend their views and actions against our attacks before all the people; and, further, it provided our representatives in the Reichstag with a platform from which they could speak to their opponents in parliament, and to the masses outside, with quite different authority and freedom than in the press or at meetings.|author=Friedrich Engels|title=Introduction to Karl Marx’s The Class Struggles in France 1848 to 1850}}

Engels's statements in the French newspaper ''Le Figaro'', in which he wrote that "revolution" and the "so-called socialist society" were not fixed concepts, but rather constantly changing social phenomena, and asserted that:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le Figaro Interviews Engels (13/05/93) |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/media/engels/93_05_13.htm |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=www.marxists.org}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Why, we have no final goal. We are evolutionaries, we have no intention of dictating definitive laws to mankind. Prejudices instead of detailed organisation of the society of the future? You will find no trace of that amongst us. We shall be satisfied when we have placed the means of production in the hands of the community, and we fully realise that this is quite impossible with the present monarchist and federalist government.|author=Friedrich Engels|title=Le Figaro Interviews Engels}}

Engels also argued that it would be "suicidal" to talk about a revolutionary seizure of power at a time when the historical circumstances favoured a parliamentary road to power that he predicted could bring "[[social democracy]] into power as early as 1898". Engels's stance of openly accepting gradualist, evolutionary and parliamentary tactics while claiming that the historical circumstances did not favour a revolutionary seizure at that moment in time caused confusion. [[Marxist revisionist]] [[Eduard Bernstein]] interpreted this as indicating that Engels was moving towards accepting parliamentary reformist and gradualist stances, but he ignored that Engels's stances were tactical as a response to the particular circumstances and that Engels was still committed to [[revolutionary socialism]].{{sfn|Steger|1999|p=186}} Engels was deeply distressed when he discovered that his introduction to a new edition of ''The Class Struggles in France'' had been edited by Bernstein and [[orthodox Marxist]] [[Karl Kautsky]] in a manner which left the impression that he had become a proponent of a peaceful road to socialism.{{sfn|Steger|1999|p=182}} On 1 April 1895, four months before his death, Engels responded to Kautsky:
<blockquote>I was amazed to see today in the ''Vorwärts'' an excerpt from my 'Introduction' that had been printed without my knowledge and tricked out in such a way as to present me as a peace-loving proponent of legality [at all costs]. Which is all the more reason why I should like it to appear in its entirety in the ''Neue Zeit'' in order that this disgraceful impression may be erased. I shall leave Liebknecht in no doubt as to what I think about it and the same applies to those who, irrespective of who they may be, gave him this opportunity of perverting my views and, what's more, without so much as a word to me about it.<ref>Engels, Friedrich (2004). ''Collected Works''. '''50'''. New York: International Publishers. p. 86.</ref></blockquote>

After Marx's death, Engels devoted much of his remaining years to editing Marx's unfinished volumes of ''[[Das Kapital]]''. He is credited with preventing the work from being lost due to Marx's "incredibly difficult handwriting".{{sfn|van Holthoon|2022|p=91}} He had to provide it with structure and develop its lines of thought, so that the second and third volumes of ''Capital'' are effectively joint in authorship and its content (except for the extensive forewords added by Engels) cannot be attributed exclusively to either author.{{sfn|van Holthoon|2022|p=92–94}} Some scholars, notably {{ill|Georges Labica|fr}}, thought that Engels had altered the course of Marx's analysis, but the shift in focus from the exploitation of labourers to the accumulation of capital, and the introduction of the possibility that capitalism could survive the [[tendency of the rate of profit to fall]] is argued by van Holthoon to be already Marx's, with the latter notion present in the long unpublished ''[[Grundrisse]]''.{{sfn|van Holthoon|2022|p=92–94}}

While the task of editing ''Capital'' forced Engels to abandon his unfinished ''Dialectics of Nature'', he still completed two other works of his own in the years following Marx's death.<ref>{{citation |last=Płoski |first=Stanisław |title=Fryderyk Engels. Życie, prace i walki. W 40-tą rocznicę zgonu |journal=Lewy Tor |year=1935 |issue=13 |pages=19–20 |url=https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/Content/374323/PDF/NDIGCZAS018518_1935_013.pdf}}</ref> In ''[[The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State]]'' (1884), he made an argument using [[anthropological]] evidence of the time to show that family structures changed over history and that the concept of [[monogamous]] marriage came from the necessity within class society for men to control women to ensure their own children would inherit their property. He argued a future communist society would allow people to make decisions about their relationships free of economic constraints. ''Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy'' was published in 1886. On 5 August 1895, Engels died of throat cancer in London, aged 74.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbU5AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT365 |title=Love and Capital: Karl and Jenny Marx and the Birth of a Revolution| first=Mary |last=Gabriel |date=14 September 2011 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=9780316191371|via=Google Books |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Marx-Engels_Correspondence_1895">{{cite web |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1895/letters/95_05_21.htm |title=Letters: Marx-Engels Correspondence 1895 |publisher=Marxists.org |access-date=13 February 2010}}</ref> Following cremation at [[Woking Crematorium]], his ashes were scattered off [[Beachy Head]], near [[Eastbourne]], as he had requested.<ref name="Marx-Engels_Correspondence_1895"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Kerrigan |first=Michael |title=Who Lies Where – A guide to famous graves |year=1998 |publisher=Fourth Estate Limited |location=London |isbn=978-1-85702-258-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/wholieswhereguid00kerr/page/156 156] |url=https://archive.org/details/wholieswhereguid00kerr/page/156}}</ref> He left a considerable estate to [[Eduard Bernstein]] and Louise Freyberger (wife of [[:de:Ludwig Freyberger|Ludwig Freyberger]]), valued for probate at £25,265 0s. 11d, equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{inflation|UK|25265.045833|1895|r=0}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK}}.{{inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}<ref name="probate">{{cite web |url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk |title=Engels, Frederick|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=1895 |website=probatesearchservice.gov |publisher=UK Government |access-date=14 June 2020}}</ref>

== Personality ==
[[File:Engels 1856.jpg|thumb|Engels in 1868<ref>''Manchester Photographers by Gillian Read. Ed. Royal Photographic Society's Historical Group, 1982: "George Lester, 51, King Street, Manchester (1863–1868). See the photo in Jenny Marx album too.''</ref>]]
Engels's interests included poetry, [[fox hunting]] and hosting regular Sunday parties for London's left-wing [[intelligentsia]] where, as one regular put it, "no one left before two or three in the morning". His stated personal motto was "take it easy" while "jollity" was listed as his favourite virtue.<ref>{{cite web |last=Engels |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1868/04/01.htm |title=Friedrich Engels's "Confession" |publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=25 October 2014 |first=Friedrich |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427034624/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1868/04/01.htm |archive-date=27 April 2014}}</ref>

Of Engels's personality and appearance, [[Robert Heilbroner]] described him in ''The Worldly Philosophers'' as "tall and rather elegant, he had the figure of a man who liked to fence and to ride to hounds and who had once swum the [[Weser]] River four times without a break" as well as having been "gifted with a quick wit and facile mind" and of a gay temperament, being able to "stutter in twenty languages". He had a great enjoyment of wine and other "bourgeois pleasures". Engels favoured forming romantic relationships with women of the proletariat and found a long-term partner in a working-class woman named [[Mary Burns]], although they never married. After her death, Engels was romantically involved with her younger sister [[Lydia Burns]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Robert L.heilbroner|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.223866|title=The Worldly Philosophers (the Great Economic Thinkers)|date=1953}}</ref>

Engels was a [[polyglot]] and was able to write and speak in numerous languages, including Russian, Italian, Portuguese, Irish, Spanish, Polish, French, English, German and the [[Milanese dialect]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Friedrich Engels|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lafargue/1905/08/engels.htm|work=Marxists Internet Archive (from The Social Democrat journal)|publisher=Marxists Internet Archive|access-date=15 April 2013|author=Paul Lafargue|author2=Jacques Bonhomme |date=15 August 1905}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
{{Marxism}}
In his biography of Engels, [[Vladimir Lenin]] wrote: "After his friend Karl Marx (who died in 1883), Engels was the finest scholar and teacher of the modern proletariat in the whole civilised world. [...] In their scientific works, Marx and Engels were the first to explain that socialism is not the invention of dreamers, but the final aim and necessary result of the development of the productive forces in modern society. All recorded history hitherto has been a history of class struggle, of the succession of the rule and victory of certain social classes over others."<ref>{{cite web |author= Vladimir Ilyich Lenin |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1895/misc/engels-bio.htm|title=Friedrich Engels |publisher=Marxists.org |access-date=25 January 2011}}</ref> According to [[Paul U. Kellogg|Paul Kellogg]], there is "some considerable controversy" regarding "the place of Frederick Engels in the canon of '[[classical Marxism]]'". While some such as [[Terrell Carver]] dispute "Engels' claim that Marx agreed with the views put forward in Engels' major theoretical work, ''Anti-Dühring''", others such as [[E. P. Thompson]] "identified a tendency to make 'old Engels into a whipping boy, and to impugn him any sign that once chooses to impugn subsequent Marxisms{{'"}}.<ref name="Kellogg 1991"/>

Paul Thomas, of the [[University of California, Berkeley]], claims that while Engels had been the most important and dedicated facilitator and diffuser of Marx's writings, he significantly altered Marx's intents as he held, edited and released them in a finished form and commentated on them. Engels attempted to fill gaps in Marx's system and extend it to other fields. In particular, Engels is said to have stressed [[historical materialism]], assigning it a character of scientific discovery and a doctrine, forming [[Marxism]] as such. A case in point is ''[[Anti-Dühring]]'' which both supporters and detractors of socialism treated as an encompassing presentation of Marx's thought. While in his extensive correspondence with German socialists, Engels modestly presented his own secondary place in the couple's intellectual relationship and always emphasised Marx's outstanding role, Russian communists such as Lenin raised Engels up with Marx and conflated their thoughts. Soviet Marxists then developed this tendency to the state doctrine of [[dialectical materialism]].<ref>{{citation | last = Thomas | first = Paul | contribution = Critical Reception: Marx then and now | pages = 36–42 | title = The Cambridge Companion to Marx | editor-last = Carver | editor-first = Terrell | editor-link = Terrell Carver | year = 1991 | publisher = Cambridge University Press}}<!--He cites Carver 1981 a lot, and Hobsbawm (ed) 1982 "History of Marxism", more on contextual points.--></ref>

[[File:RR3009-0024R 1 рубль 1985г Фридрих Энгельс.jpg|thumb|left|A 1985 [[Soviet ruble|1 rouble]] coin from the Soviet Union commemorating the 165th anniversary of Engels' birth]]
Since 1931, Engels has had a Russian city named after him—[[Engels, Saratov Oblast]]. It served as the capital of the [[Volga German Republic]] within [[Soviet Russia]] and as part of [[Saratov Oblast]]. A town named [[Marks, Russia|Marx]] is located {{convert|30|miles|km|-1|order=flip|abbr=off}} northeast.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-30375063 |title=Friedrich Engels' beard inspires climbing sculpture in Salford |date=9 December 2014 |work=BBC News |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>

In July 2017, as part of the [[Manchester International Festival]], a Soviet-era [[Statue of Friedrich Engels, Manchester|statue of Engels]] was installed by sculptor Phil Collins at Tony Wilson Place in [[Manchester]].<ref>{{cite news |date=14 July 2017 |title=Watch as Friedrich Engels statue is put together in Manchester city centre |newspaper=[[Manchester Evening News]] |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/watch-friedrich-engels-statue-put-13331317 |access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref> It was transported from the village of [[Mala Pereshchepina]] in [[Eastern Ukraine]], after the statue had been deposed from its central position in the village in the wake of [[Ukrainian decommunization laws|laws outlawing communist symbols in Ukraine]] introduced in 2015. In recognition of the important influence Manchester had on his work, the 3.5-metre statue now stands on Manchester's [[First Street, Manchester|First Street]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-23 |title=Spotlight on Statues: Friedrich Engels, First Street |url=https://www.manchestersfinest.com/uncategorized/spotlight-statues-friedrich-engels-first-street/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Manchester's Finest |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-06-30 |title=Phil Collins: why I took a Soviet statue of Engels across Europe to Manchester |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/jun/30/phil-collins-why-i-took-a-soviet-statue-of-engels-across-europe-to-manchester |access-date=2021-08-23 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> The installation of what was originally an instrument of propaganda drew criticism from Kevin Bolton in ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bolton |first=Kevin |date=19 July 2017 |title=Manchester has a Soviet statue of Engels. Shame no one asked the city's Ukrainians |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/19/manchester-soviet-statue-engels-ukrainians |access-date=6 January 2018}}</ref>

The [[Friedrich Engels Guards Regiment]] (also known as NVA Guard Regiment 1) was a [[Honor guard|special guard unit]] of the [[East German]] [[National People's Army]] (NVA). The guard regiment was established in 1962 from parts of the [[Hugo Eberlein Guards Regiment]] and given the title "Friedrich Engels" in 1970.{{according to whom|date=October 2024}}

[[File:Nva-ehrenwache.jpg|thumb|[[Friedrich Engels Guard Regiment]], East Berlin, 1990]] In [[Brighton and Hove]] there is a [[Bus]] named after Engels, due to his love of the [[Eastbourne]] as a holiday resort and [[Scattering ashes|ashes being scattered]] in the [[city]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company Limited |url=https://history.buses.co.uk/history/fleethist/209fe.htm |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=history.buses.co.uk}}</ref>

=== Influences ===
According to Norman Levine, in spite of his criticism of the [[utopian socialists]], Engels's beliefs were influenced by the French socialist [[Charles Fourier]]. From Fourier, he derives four main points that characterise the social conditions of a communist state. The first point maintains that every individual would be able to fully develop their talents by eliminating the specialisation of production. Without specialisation, every individual would be permitted to exercise any vocation of their choosing for as long or as little as they would like. If talents permitted it, one could be a baker for a year and an engineer the next. The second point builds upon the first, as with the ability of workers to cycle through different jobs of their choosing, the fundamental basis of the social division of labour is destroyed and the social division of labour will disappear as a result. If anyone can be employed at any job that they wish, then there are clearly no longer any divisions or barriers to entry for labour, otherwise, such fluidity between entirely different jobs would not exist. The third point continues from the second as once the social division of labour is gone, the division of social classes based on property ownership will fade with it. If the labour division puts a man in charge of a farm, that farmer owns the productive resources of that farm. The same applies to the ownership of a factory or a bank. Without labour division, no single social class may claim exclusive rights to a particular means of production since the absence of labour division allows all to use it. Finally, the fourth point concludes that the elimination of social classes destroys the sole purpose of the state and it will cease to exist. As Engels stated in his own writing, the only purpose of the state is to abate the effects of class antagonisms. With the elimination of social classes based on property, the state becomes obsolete and a communist society, at least in the eyes of Engels, is achieved.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levine |first1=Norman |title=Lenin's Utopianism |journal=Studies in Soviet Thought |date=August 1985 |volume=30 |issue= 2 |pages=101–102 |doi=10.1007/BF01043754 |jstor=20100033 |s2cid=144891961}}</ref>

== Major works ==
=== ''The Holy Family'' (1844) ===
[[File:OriginOfFamily-1884.jpg|thumb|Cover of the first edition of Engels's ''[[The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State]]'', first published in 1884]]
{{main|The Holy Family (book)}}

This book was written by Marx and Engels in November 1844. It is a critique of the [[Young Hegelians]] and their trend of thought which was very popular in academic circles at the time. The title was suggested by the publisher and is meant as a sarcastic reference to the [[Bruno Bauer|Bauer]] Brothers and their supporters.<ref name="holy-family">{{cite web |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/holy-family/index.htm |title=The Holy Family by Marx and Engels |publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=13 February 2010}}</ref>

The book created a controversy with much of the [[Print media|press]] and caused [[Bruno Bauer]] to attempt to refute the book in an article published in {{ill|Wigand's|de|Otto Wigand}} ''Vierteljahrsschrift'' in 1845. Bauer claimed that Marx and Engels misunderstood what he was trying to say. Marx later replied to his response with his own article published in the journal ''{{ill|Gesellschaftsspiegel|de}}'' in January 1846. Marx also discussed the argument in chapter 2 of ''[[The German Ideology]]''.<ref name="holy-family"/>

=== ''The Condition of the Working Class in England'' (1845) ===
{{main|The Condition of the Working Class in England}}

A study of the deprived conditions of the working class in Manchester and Salford, based on Engels's personal observations. The work also contains seminal thoughts on the state of socialism and its development. Originally published in German and only translated into English in 1887, the work initially had little impact in England; however, it was very influential with historians of British industrialisation throughout the twentieth century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Emma |title=The 'industrial revolution': interpretations from 1830 to the present |url=https://www.academia.edu/1843995 |access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref>

=== ''The Peasant War in Germany'' (1850) ===
{{main|The Peasant War in Germany}}

An account of the early 16th-century uprising known as the [[German Peasants' War]], with a comparison with the recent revolutionary uprisings of 1848–1849 across Europe.<ref>''The Peasant War in Germany,'' trans. Moissaye J. Olgin (New York: International Publishers, 1966).</ref>

=== ''Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science'' (1878) ===
{{main|Anti-Dühring}}

Popularly known as ''Anti-Dühring'', this book is a detailed critique of the philosophical positions of [[Eugen Dühring]], a German philosopher and critic of Marxism. In the course of replying to Dühring, Engels reviews recent advances in science and mathematics seeking to demonstrate the way in which the concepts of dialectics apply to natural phenomena. Many of these ideas were later developed in the unfinished work, ''[[Dialectics of Nature]]''. Three chapters of ''Anti-Dühring'' were later edited and published under the separate title, ''Socialism: Utopian and Scientific''.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

=== ''Socialism: Utopian and Scientific'' (1880) ===
{{main|Socialism: Utopian and Scientific}}

In this work, one of the best-selling socialist books of the era,<ref>{{cite book |quote=From this French text, a Polish and a Spanish edition were prepared. In 1883, our German friends brought out the pamphlet in the original language. Italian, Russian, Danish, Dutch, and Roumanian translations, based upon the German text, have since been published. Thus, the present English edition, this little book circulates in 10 languages. I am not aware that any other Socialist work, not even our Communist Manifesto of 1848, or Marx's Capital, has been so often translated. In Germany, it has had four editions of about 20,000 copies in all. |last=Engels |first=Friedrich |orig-year=1892 |chapter=Introduction |title=Socialism: Utopian and Scientific |chapter-url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/index.htm |publisher=[[Progress Publishers]] |year=1970 |series=Marx/Engels Selected Works |volume=3}}<!--alternate editions at https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Socialism%20Utopian%20and%20Scientific%29--> Cited in {{cite book |last=Carver |first=Terrell |author-link=Terrell Carver |year=2003 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |title=Engels: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/engelsveryshorti00carv_145 |url-access=limited |page=[https://archive.org/details/engelsveryshorti00carv_145/page/n70 56] |isbn=978-0-19-280466-2}} and {{citation |last=Thomas |first=Paul |contribution=Critical Reception: Marx then and now |title=The Cambridge Companion to Marx |editor-last=Carver |editor-first=Terrell |year=1991 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref>    Engels briefly described and analyzed the ideas of notable utopian socialists such as [[Charles Fourier]] and [[Robert Owen]]. Engels pointed out their strong points and shortcomings, and provided an explanation of the scientific socialist framework for the understanding of capitalism, and an outline of the progression of social and economic development from the perspective of [[historical materialism]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

=== ''Dialectics of Nature'' (1883) ===
{{main|Dialectics of Nature}}

''Dialectics of Nature'' (German: "Dialektik der Natur") is an unfinished 1883 work by Engels that applies Marxist ideas, particularly those of dialectical materialism, to science. It was first published in the Soviet Union in 1925.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://marxists.anu.edu.au/archive/marx/works/1883/don/|title=1883-Dialectics of Nature-Index|last=Engels|website=marxists.anu.edu.au|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref>

=== ''The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State'' (1884) ===
{{main|The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State}}

In this work, Engels argues that the family is an ever-changing institution that has been shaped by capitalism. It contains a historical view of the family in relation to issues of class, female subjugation and [[private property]].

[[Tristram Hunt]] describes Engels as a pioneering feminist and as "the intellectual architect of socialist feminism", and according to him, "Engels' relevance rests on... ''The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State''." Engels wrote that   in primeval societies women were treated with a high degree of respect and took major social roles, but this changed drastically with the development of private property and monogamic family; in times contemporary to Engels, monogamic family was underpinned by capitalism, what asserted the suppression of women's rights.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/apr/29/friedrich-engels-prostitution-suffrage | title=Feminist friend or foe? | work=The Guardian | date=28 April 2009 | last1=Hunt | first1=Tristram }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/may/07/friedrich-engels-feminism-socialism-marx | title=Friedrich Engels was not a hypocrite | work=The Guardian | date=6 May 2009 }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last=Carver |first=Terrell |author-link=Terrell Carver |year=2003 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |title=Engels: A Very Short Introduction |isbn=978-0-19-280466-2}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Terrell Carver|last1=Carver|first1=Terrell|year=1989|title=Friedrich Engels: His Life and Thought|place=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0312045012}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fedoseyev |first1=Petr Nikolaevich |collaboration=multiple |title=Karl Marx: A Biography |year=1973 |publisher=[[Progress Publishers]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fedoseev |first1=Petr Nikolaevich |collaboration=multiple |title=Karl Marx: A Biography |year=1989 |publisher=[[Progress Publishers]] |isbn=5-01-000318-X |url=https://archive.org/details/KarlMarxABiography}}
* {{citation |last=Gemkow |first=Heinrich |collaboration=multiple |title=Friedrich Engels: A Biography |publisher=Zeit im Bild |location=Dresden |year=1972}}
* {{cite book |last=Green |first=John |year=2008 |title=Engels: A Revolutionary Life |location=London |publisher=Artery Publications |isbn=978-0-9558228-0-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Henderson |first=William Otto |year=1976 |title=The Life of Friedrich Engels |location=London |publisher=Cass |isbn=0714640026}}
* {{cite book|last=Hollander |first=Samuel |author-link=Samuel Hollander |title=Friedrich Engels and Marxian Political Economy |year=2011 |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49844-9}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Tristram Hunt |last=Hunt |first=Tristram |year=2009 |title=The Frock-Coated Communist: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels |location=London |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-0713998528}}
* {{citation |last=Schmidtgall |first=Harry |title=Friedrich Engels' Manchester-Aufenthalt 1842–1844. Soziale Bewegungen und politische Diskussionen. Mit Auszügen aus Jakob Venedeys England-Buch (1845) und unbekannten Engels-Dokumenten |location=Trier |publisher=[[Karl Marx House|Karl-Marx-Haus]] |year=1981 |series=Schriften aus dem Karl-Marx-Haus, 25}}
* {{citation |last=Steger |first=Manfred B. |author-link=Manfred B. Steger |chapter=Friedrich Engels and the Origins of German Revisionism: Another Look |editor1-last=Carver |editor1-first=Terrell |editor2-last=Steger |editor2-first=Manfred B. |title=Engels After Marx |location=University Park, PA |publisher=[[Penn State University Press|Pennsylvania State University]] |year=1999 |pages=181–196 |isbn=9780271018911}}
* {{citation |last=van Holthoon |first=Frits |chapter=Friedrich Engels and the Revolution |title=200 Years of Friedrich Engels: A Critical Assessment of His Life and Scholarship |series=The European Heritage in Economics and the Social Sciences |editor1-last=Backhaus |editor1-first=Jürgen Georg |editor2-last=Chaloupek |editor2-first=Günther |editor3-last=Frambach |editor3-first=Hans A. |location=Cham |publisher=Springer |year=2022 |volume=25 |pages=91–105 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-10115-1_7|isbn=978-3-031-10114-4 }}
* {{citation |last=Whitfield |first=Roy |title=Friedrich Engels in Manchester: the Search for a Shadow |location=Manchester |publisher=Working Class Movement Library |year=1988 |isbn=0906932211}}

== Further reading ==

=== Studies ===
* {{cite book|last1=Blackledge|first1=Paul|year=2019|title=Friedrich Engels and Modern Social and Political Theory|place=New York|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1438476872}}
* {{cite book|last1=Carlton|first1=Grace|year=1965|title=Friedrich Engels: The Shadow Prophet|place=London|publisher=Pall Mall Press|asin=B0000CMSPY}}
* {{citation |last=Carver |first=Terrell |author-link=Terrell Carver |title=Engels before Marx |location=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2020}}
* {{citation |last=Coates |first=Zelda Kahan |author-link=Zelda Kahan |title=The Life and Work of Friedrich Engels |location=London |publisher=[[Communist Party of Great Britain]] |year=1920}}
* {{citation |last=Kangal |first=Kaan |title=Friedrich Engels and the Dialectics of Nature |location=Cham |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2020}}
* {{citation |last=Kuroda |first=Kan'ichi |author-link=Kan'ichi |title=Engels' Political Economy: On the Difference in Philosophy between Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels |location=Tokyo |publisher=Akane Books |year=2000 |isbn=4899890494}}
* {{citation |last=Liedman |first=Sven-Eric |title=The Game of Contradictions: The Philosophy of Friedrich Engels and Nineteenth Century Science |location=Boston |publisher=Brill |year=2022}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Gustav Mayer |last1=Mayer| first1=Gustav |editor-first=R.H.S. |editor-last=Crossman |translator1=Gilbert Highet |translator2=Helen Highet |year=1936 |orig-year=1934 |title=Friedrich Engels: A Biography |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |url=https://archive.org/details/engelsbiographymayer |asin=B0006AN5IS}}
* {{citation |last=Riazanov |first=David |author-link=David Riazanov |title=Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: An Introduction to Their Lives and Work |location=New York |publisher=[[International Publishers]] |year=1927 |url=https://archive.org/details/marxengelsriazanov}}
* {{citation |last=Rigby |first=Stephen Henry |title=Engels and the Formation of Marxism: History, Dialectics and Revolution |location=Manchester |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1992 |isbn=0719035309}}
* {{citation |last=Rose |first=Margaret A. |title=Reading the Young Marx and Engels: Poetry, Parody, and the Censor |location=London |publisher=[[Routledge|Croom Helm]] |year=1978 |isbn=0856647926}}

=== Commentaries on Engels ===
* Royle, Camilla (2020), ''A Rebel's Guide to Engels'', London: Bookmarks. {{ISBN|9781912926541}}
** {{Cite web|url=https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/49453/Engels+showed+how+humans+change+the+world|title=Engels showed how humans change the world|website=Socialist Worker (Britain)|date=14 January 2020}}

=== Fiction works ===
* [[Square Enix]] (2017), ''[[Nier: Automata]]''. Where a machine named Engels tries to overthrow the android species for the machines' sake.

=== Graphic novel ===
A biographical German [[graphic novel]] called ''Engels – Unternehmer und Revolutionär'' ("Engels – Businessman and Revolutionary") was published in 2020. {{ISBN|3948755493}}

== External links ==
{{External links|section|date=August 2020}}
{{Sister project links|d=Q34787|s=Author:Friedrich Engels|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/index.htm Marx/Engels Biographical Archive]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130606013649/http://marxmyths.org/maximilien-rubel/article.htm The Legend of Marx, or "Engels the founder"] by [[Maximilien Rubel]]
* [http://www.marxist.com/rircontents-5.htm Reason in Revolt: Marxism and Modern Science]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202100844/http://www.greenleft.org.au/2008/769/39653 Engels: The Che Guevara of his Day]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100104010406/http://simplycharly.com/marx/tristram_hunt_marx_interview.htm The Brave New World: Tristram Hunt On Marx and Engels' Revolutionary Vision]
* [http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/EngelsFriedrich/index.html German Biography from dhm.de]
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels1|title=Selected Works|author=Marx and Engels|location=Moscow|publisher=Progress Publishers|volume=1|year=1973}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels2|title=Selected Works|author=Marx and Engels|location=Moscow|publisher=Progress Publishers|volume=2|year=1973}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels3|title=Selected Works|author=Marx and Engels|location=Moscow|publisher=Progress Publishers|volume=3|year=1973}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/selectedcorrespondencemarxengels|title=Selected Correspondence|author=Marx and Engels|location=Moscow|publisher=Progress Publishers|edition=third revised|year=1982}}
* [https://archive.org/details/engelsbiography ''Frederick Engels: A Biography''] (Soviet work)
* [https://archive.org/details/EngelsBiographyGDR ''Frederick Engels: A Biography''] (East German work)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121201052904/http://www.cpgb.org.uk/home/weekly-worker/ww930/supplement-early-human-kinship-was-matrilineal Engels was Right: Early Human Kinship was Matriliineal]
* Archive of [https://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH00860 Karl Marx / Friedrich Engels Papers] at the [[International Institute of Social History]]
* {{marxists.org|marx|Friedrich Engels}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=47}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Friedrich Engels}}
* {{Librivox author |id=769}}
* [http://libcom.org/tags/frederick-engels Libcom.org/library Friedrich Engels archive]
* [http://www.zeno.org/Philosophie/M/Engels,%20Friedrich Works by Friedrich Engels] {{in lang|de}} at [[Zeno.org]]
* [http://www.pathfinderpress.com/s.nl/sc.8/category.100/.f Pathfinder Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107044024/http://www.pathfinderpress.com/s.nl/sc.8/category.100/.f |date=7 November 2013}}
* Friedrich Engels, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100713065737/http://www.ringmar.net/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=814%3Aengels-qof-rifled-cannonq-1860&catid=98%3Awonders-of-technology&Itemid=142 "On Rifled Cannon"], articles from the New York ''Tribune'', April, May and June 1860, reprinted in ''Military Affairs'' 21, no. 4 (Winter 1957) ed. Morton Borden, 193–198.
* [http://www.mlwerke.de/me/ Marx and Engels in their native German language]
* [http://blogs.brighton.ac.uk/engelsineastbourne/ Engels in Eastbourne – Commemorating the life, work and legacy of Friedrich Engels in Eastbourne]

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