View source for Fritz Sauckel

{{Short description|German Nazi politician (1894–1946)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Fritz Sauckel
| image               = Fritz Sauckel2.jpg
| imagesize           = 
| smallimage          = 
| caption             = Sauckel at the Nuremberg trials
| order               = General [[Plenipotentiary]] for Labour Deployment
| term_start          = 21 March 1942
| term_end            = 8 May 1945
| appointed           = [[Adolf Hitler]]
| predecessor         = ''Position created''
| successor           = ''Position abolished''
| order2              = ''[[Gauleiter]]'' of [[Gau Thuringia]]
| term_start2         = 30 September 1927
| term_end2           = 8 May 1945
| appointed2          = [[Adolf Hitler]]
| predecessor2        = [[Artur Dinter]]
| successor2          = ''Position abolished''
| order3              = ''[[Reichsstatthalter]]'' of [[Thuringia]]
| term_start3         = 5 May 1933
| term_end3           = 8 May 1945
| primeminister3      = Willy Marschler
| predecessor3        = ''Position created''
| successor3          = ''Position abolished''
| order4              = [[Minister-President]] of Thuringia
| term_start4         = 26 August 1932
| term_end4           = 8 May 1933
| predecessor4        = Erwin Baum
| successor4          = [[Willy Marschler]]
| title5              = Additional positions
| suboffice5          = Acting ''[[Reichsstatthalter]]'' of the [[Free State of Anhalt]]
| subterm5            = 1935—1937
| suboffice6          = Acting ''[[Reichsstatthalter]]'' of the [[Free State of Brunswick]]
| subterm6            = 1935–1937
| suboffice7          = Member of the [[Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Greater German Reichstag]]
| subterm7            = 1933—1945
| suboffice8          = Member of the [[Landtag of Thuringia]]
| subterm8            = 1929—1934
| birth_date          = {{birth date|df=y|1894|10|27}}
| birth_place         = [[Haßfurt]], Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire
| death_date          = {{death date and age|df=y|1946|10|16|1894|10|27}}
| death_place         = [[Nuremberg executions|Nuremberg Prison]], Bavaria, Allied-occupied Germany
| constituency        = 
| party               = [[Nazi Party]]
| spouse              = Elisabeth Wetzel
| children            = 10
| occupation          = Merchant [[sailor]]
| religion            = 
| signature           = Fritz Sauckel Signatur 1934.jpg
| footnotes           = 
| module              =  {{Infobox criminal
  |child      = yes
  |conviction = [[War crimes]]<br>[[Crimes against humanity]]
| trial       = Nuremberg trials
| conviction_penalty = [[Capital punishment|Death]]
| conviction_status = [[Execution by hanging|Executed by hanging]]
}}
}}
'''Ernst Friedrich Christoph Sauckel''' (27 October 1894 – 16 October 1946) was a German [[Nazi]] politician and [[Nuremberg trials|convicted war criminal]]. As General [[Plenipotentiary]] for Labour Deployment (''[[Arbeitseinsatz]]'') from March 1942 until the end of the [[World War II|Second World War]], he oversaw the mobilization of [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] for the benefit of the German war effort.

Born in [[Haßfurt]] in Bavaria, Sauckel worked as a seaman from a young age. During the [[World War I|First World War]], he was interned in France as an [[enemy alien]]. He joined the [[Nazi Party]] in 1923 and established himself as a leading party organiser in [[Thuringia]]. He was appointed ''[[Gauleiter]]'' of Thuringia in 1927 and, following Hitler's appointment as chancellor, ''[[Reichsstatthalter]]'' in 1933; he would retain both positions until the end of the Nazi regime. 

During the Second World War, Sauckel was responsible for regional defense until 1942, when he was appointed General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment, working directly under [[Hermann Göring]]'s [[Four Year Plan]] office. In this capacity, he deported some five million workers from occupied territories for forced labour in German industries, often by brutal coercion. In addition, he authorized the use of [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] in response to ever-increasing demands.

At the end of the war, Sauckel was arrested by American troops in [[Salzburg]]. He was among the [[List of defendants at the International Military Tribunal|24 major war criminals]] accused in the [[Nuremberg trials]] before the International Military Tribunal. He was found guilty of [[war crimes]] and [[crimes against humanity]], sentenced to death, and executed by hanging in October 1946.

==Early years ==
Born in [[Haßfurt]] ([[Kingdom of Bavaria]]), as the only child of a postman and a seamstress, Sauckel attended the local ''[[volksschule]]'' and the [[gymnasium (Germany)| gymnasium]] in [[Schweinfurt]],  leaving in 1909 without graduating when his mother fell ill. He joined the [[merchant marine]] of [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]] when he was 15, first on a Norwegian three-masted [[schooner]], and later on Swedish and German vessels. Starting off as a [[cabin boy]], he went on to sail throughout the world, rising to the rank of ''Vollmatrose'' ([[able seaman]]). At the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, he was on a German vessel ''en route'' to [[Australia]] when the vessel was captured by French naval forces. He was subsequently [[internment|interned]] as an [[enemy alien]] in France from August 1914 until 20 October 1919. While interned, he studied mathematics, languages and economics.{{sfn|Miller|Schulz|2021|pp=11-12}}

When released, he returned to Germany and found factory work for the next few years in Schweinfurt as an apprentice [[locksmith]] and [[toolmaker]] in the {{ill|Ersten Automatischen Gußstahlkugel-Fabrik & Cie|de|FAG Kugelfischer}} [[ball-bearing]] works. In 1919 he joined the ''[[Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund]]'', the largest and most influential [[anti-Semitic]] organization in [[Weimar Germany]]. He served as its local manager for [[Lower Franconia]] until 1921. Moving  to [[Thuringia]], he studied [[engineering]] at a technical school in [[Ilmenau]]<ref>
{{cite book |last1=Greve |first1=Swantje |editor-last1=Nützenadel |editor-first1=Alexander |date=26 June 2017 |chapter=Der Generalbevollmächtigte für den Arbeitseinsatz und das Reichsarbeitsministerium |title=Das Reichsarbeitsministerium im Nationalsozialismus: Verwaltung – Politik – Verbrechen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQx4DwAAQBAJ |series=Geschichte des Reichsarbeitsministeriums im Nationalsozialismus |language=de |location=Göttingen |publisher=Wallstein Verlag |page=389 |isbn=9783835340817 |access-date=6 January 2023 |quote=Nach der Entlassung arbeitete er als Hilsarbeiter in Schweinfurt, begann eine Lehre als Metallarbeiter und besuchte seit 1921 das Technikum in Ilmenau, das er jedoch ohne Abschluss 1924 wieder verließ.}}</ref> from 1922 to 1923, but was expelled for his political activities.{{sfn|Miller|Schulz|2021|pp=12-14}}

==Nazi career==
Sauckel joined the [[ Nazi Party]] (NSDAP) in January 1923 (member 1,395) and cofounded an ''Ortsgruppe'' (Local Group) in Ilmenau, serving as its ''[[Ortsgruppenleiter|Ortsgruppenführer]]''. He also enrolled in the [[Sturmabteilung|SA]], the party’s paramilitary organization. He planned a "March on Berlin" with about 80 followers in conjunction with [[Adolf Hitler]]’s [[Beer Hall Putsch]] in [[Munich]] on 9 November 1923. However, he and 22 followers were arrested and briefly detained in [[Coburg]] before the march could get under way. Despite the forced dissolution of the party in the wake of the failed ''putsch'', Sauckel remained politically active, establishing a right wing organization called ''Bund Teja'', giving speeches, founding an SA [[front organization]] in Thuringia named ''Deutscher Wanderverein'' and serving as the ''[[Bezirksleiter]]'' (District Leader) for [[Thuringian Forest]]. He also became in 1924 the publisher of a small newspaper in Ilmenau, which in 1925 would merge with another paper and develop into the official organ of the Party in Thuringia, ''Der Nationalsozialist''. Published in [[Weimar]], he would serve as its editor from 1927 until 1945. Sauckel thus established his credentials as an ''[[Alter Kämpfer]]'' (old fighter) with whom Hitler always retained strong bonds of loyalty. In 1924 he married Elisabeth Wetzel, with whom he had ten children.{{sfn|Miller|Schulz|2021|p=14}} 

After the ban on the party was lifted, Sauckel became the business manager for [[Gau Thuringia]] under ''[[Gauleiter]]'' [[Artur Dinter]] in March 1925 and formally rejoined the party on 6 April. On 6 February 1927, he was also named Deputy ''Gauleiter'' and Gau ''Organisationsleiter'', in charge of personnel issues. Sauckel succeeded Dinter as ''Gauleiter'' of Thuringia on 30 September 1927 and would retain this position until the end of the Nazi regime.{{sfn|Miller|Schulz|2021|pp=14-15}}

On [[1929 Thuringian state election|8 December 1929]], Sauckel was elected to the [[Landtag of Thuringia]] as one of six Nazi deputies that would hold the balance of power there between the leftist (24) and center-right (23) parties.<ref>[[Martin Broszat|Broszat, Martin]]: Hitler and the Collapse of Weimar Germany, Berg Publishers Ltd., 1987, pp. 76-77 {{ISBN|978-0-854-96517-5}}.</ref> On 23 January 1930, a [[coalition government]] took office in Thuringia which for the first time in Germany included Nazi ministers, [[Wilhelm Frick]] and [[Willy Marschler]]. Sauckel, though not included as a State cabinet minister, became the leader of the Nazi faction in the ''Landtag''. Following the [[1932 Thuringian state election|31 July 1932 election]], the Nazis captured 42.5% of the votes and 26 seats, and Sauckel became the new Leading [[Minister of State]] (equivalent to [[Minister-President]]) as well as the [[interior minister]] from which portfolio he controlled all the State police and security apparatus.{{sfn|Miller|Schulz|2021|p=16}}

Following Hitler's appointment as [[Chancellor of Germany]] on 30 January 1933, Sauckel was appointed to the new position of ''[[Reichsstatthalter]]'' (Reich Governor)  of Thuringia on 5 May 1933, a post he would retain until May 1945. The new post was created to provide more centralized control over the State governments. On 8 May he left the Thuringian cabinet and was succeeded by [[Willy Marschler]].<ref name=Klee520>{{cite book |last1=Klee |first1=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Klee |year=2011 |title=Das Personen Lexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945? |location=Koblenz |publisher=Edition Kramer |isbn=978-398114834-3 |page=520 |language=de }}</ref> On 9 November 1933, Sauckel was promoted to SA-''[[Gruppenführer]]'' and, on 12 November, he was elected to the ''[[Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag]]'' from electoral constituency 12 ([[Thuringia (electoral district)|Thuringia]]), retaining this seat until the fall of the Nazi regime in May 1945.<ref name="KH">Karl Höffkes: Hitlers Politische Generale. Die Gauleiter des Dritten Reiches: ein biographisches Nachschlagewerk. Tübingen: Grabert-Verlag, 1986, p.282, {{ISBN|3-87847-163-7}}.</ref> 

[[File:Leipzig International Fair 1937 (Fritz Sauckel).jpg|Sauckel in his Gauleiter uniform, 1937|thumb|left]]
On 9 September 1934, Sauckel joined the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] as an SS-''Gruppenführer'' at the invitation of [[Heinrich Himmler]] and was assigned to SS-''Oberabschnitt Mitte'' (Senior Section Central) based in Weimar until 1 April 1936 when he was transferred to the staff of the ''[[Reichsführer-SS]]''.{{sfn|Williams|2017|p=116}} Upon the death of [[Wilhelm Friedrich Loeper]] Sauckel was appointed to succeed him as the acting ''Reichsstatthalter'' of both [[Free State of Anhalt|Anhalt]] and [[Free State of Brunswick|Brunswick]] from 30 November 1935 to 20 April 1937.<ref>Der Große Ploetz: Die Enzyklopädie der Weltgeschichte, Verlag Herder GmbH, 2019, Page 978, {{ISBN|978-3-451-80892-0}}.</ref> On 23 January 1937 Sauckel was made the head of the Main Office for the [[Four Year Plan]] in Thuringia. He was also given an honorary rank of ''[[SA-Obergruppenführer]]'' on 9 November 1937.{{r|Klee520}}

===World War II===
At the start of [[World War II]] on 1 September 1939, Sauckel was named [[Reich Defense Commissioner]] (''Reichsverteidigungskommissar'') for ''[[Wehrkreis]]'' (Military District) IX headquartered in [[Kassel]]. This district comprised Gau Thuringia along with [[Gau Electoral Hesse]], the eastern half of [[Gau Hesse-Nassau]] and smaller parts of four neighboring Gaue. In this position, he was entrusted with supervising civil defense measures over a large area, including air raid defenses and evacuations, as well as control over the war economy, rationing and suppression of the black market. On 16 November 1942, the jurisdiction of the Reich Defense Commissioners was changed from the ''Wehrkreis'' to the Gau level, and he remained Commissioner for only his Gau of Thuringia.<ref>[[Martin Broszat|Broszat, Martin]]: The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich. New York: Longman Inc., 1981, p. 122, {{ISBN|0-582-49200-9}}</ref> A member of the SS since 1934, he was promoted to honorary ''SS-Obergruppenführer'' on 30 January 1942.{{sfn| Williams| 2017| p=116}} He was a holder of the [[Golden Party Badge]].   

=== General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment===
On 21 March 1942, Sauckel was appointed to the position for which he would be forever linked in history, General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment (''Generalbevollmächtigter für den Arbeitseinsatz'') on the recommendation of [[Martin Bormann]].<ref name="KH" />

[[File:Arbeitsbuch Fur Auslander 1942.jpg|thumb|upright|Identity document issued to a Polish forced labourer in 1942, together with a letter "P" patch that Poles were required to wear.]]
Sauckel worked directly under ''[[Reichsmarschall]]'' [[Hermann Göring]] within the Four Year Plan Office, obtaining and allocating labour for German industry and agriculture. On 27 March 1942, Göring issued a decree naming Sauckel the Leader of the Department of Labor Allocation within the Four Year Plan. In response to increased demands for labour from German war industries, Hitler issued a decree on 30 September 1942 granting Sauckel extraordinary powers over both civil and military authorities in the [[German-occupied Europe|occupied territories]]. His agents were authorized “to issue directives to the competent military and civilian authorities” to ensure an adequate supply of labourers.{{sfn|Miller|Schulz|2021|pp=27-29}} Sauckel therefore met the ever-increasing requirement for manpower with people from the occupied territories. Voluntary numbers were insufficient and [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced civilian labour]] was introduced within a few months. Of an estimated five million foreign workers brought to Germany, only around 200,000 came voluntarily, according to a March 1944 statement by Sauckel introduced as evidence at the [[Nuremberg trials]].{{sfn|Miller|Schulz|2021|p=44}}[[Image:Łapanka w Alei 3go Maja (ok. 1941).jpg|left|thumb|upright|Street [[Łapanka|roundup]] of random civilians in [[Warsaw]]'s [[Żoliborz]] district, 1941]] 

The majority of the acquired workers originated from the Eastern territories, especially in [[Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] where the methods used to gain workers were very harsh. The [[German Army (1935–1945)|Army]] was used to [[pressgang]] local people and most were taken by force to the Reich. In addition to forced civilian labourers, Sauckel authorized the use of [[prisoners of war]]. Conditions of work were extremely poor and discipline severe, especially for [[concentration camp]] prisoners. All the latter were unpaid and provided with starvation rations, barely keeping those workers alive. Such [[slave labour]] was widely used in many German industries, including coal mining, steel making, and armaments manufacture. The use of forced and slave labour continually increased throughout the war, especially after [[Albert Speer]], the [[Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production|Reichsminister of Armaments and War Production]], in April 1942 brought about the formation of the [[Central Planning Board]], which determined the labor requirements of industry, agriculture and all other components of the German war economy, and requisitioned that labor through Sauckel’s office.<ref>{{cite web | title = Trials of the War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals, Volume II: The Milch Case, p. 374 | publisher = United States Printing Office| date = 1950 | url = https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_war-criminals_Vol-II.pdf| access-date = 9 November 2021 }}</ref> It has been estimated that over 12 million such laborers eventually were brought forcibly to Germany to work, often by brutal coercion.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Zentner |editor-first1=Christian |editor-last2=Bedürftig |editor-first2=Friedemann  |title=The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich |location=New York |publisher=Da Capo Press | year=1997 |page=19 |isbn=0-306-80793-9}}</ref>[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2007-0074, IG-Farbenwerke Auschwitz.jpg|thumb|upright|Woman with [[Ostarbeiter]] badge in [[Auschwitz]]]]

===Final months of the war===
On 1 July 1944, following the division of the Prussian [[Province of Saxony#later history| Province of Saxony]], Sauckel was named ''[[Oberpräsident]]'' of the ''[[Regierungsbezirk]]'' (Government District) Erfurt, which became part of Thuringia. On 25 September 1944, Sauckel was named leader of the ''[[Volkssturm]]'' forces in his Gau. On 27 October 1944 he was given a cash award of {{Reichsmark|250,000|link=yes}} in honor of his 50th birthday and for his contributions to the Reich. On 10 April 1945, only a day after declaring Weimar a fortress city and exhorting his ''Volkssturm'' forces to resist the approaching American Army, Sauckel fled the city by car. After the end of the war, he was arrested in [[Salzburg]] by members of the US Army [[Counterintelligence Corps]] on 12 May 1945. He was interned in the 7th Army Interrogation Center in [[Augsburg]], [[Camp King#Post World War II (1945–1953)|Camp King]] in [[Oberursel]] and, finally, in [[Nuremberg]].{{sfn|Miller|Schulz|2021|pp=39-41}}

==Trial and execution==
[[Image:Dead Fritz Sauckel.jpg|thumb|right|Sauckel's body after execution, October 16, 1946]]
On 20 November 1945, Sauckel was put on trial before the [[International Military Tribunal]] as a major war criminal. He was indicted on all four charges of conspiracy to commit crimes against peace; planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression; war crimes and crimes against humanity. He defended the ''[[Arbeitseinsatz]]'' as "nothing to do with exploitation. It is an economic process for supplying labour". He denied that it was slave labour or that it was common to deliberately work people to death (extermination by labour) or to mistreat them. Yet, documents put into evidence showed that he was complicit in exploiting the labourers:
{{quote|text=All the men [prisoners of war and foreign civilian workers] must be fed, sheltered, and treated in such a way as to exploit them to the highest possible extent at the lowest conceivable degree of expenditure.
It has always been natural for us Germans to refrain from cruelty and mean chicaneries towards the beaten enemy, even if he has proved himself the most bestial and most implacable adversary, and to treat him correctly and humanely, even when we expect useful work of him.|source=Letter from Fritz Sauckel to [[Alfred Rosenberg]], 20 April 1942, ''Report on Labor Mobilization Program''<ref>{{cite book |year=1950 |title=Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals |volume=II |location=Washington |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |at=p. 407 (doc. 016-PS) }} [https://archive.org/stream/trialsofwarcrimi02inte#page/407/mode/1up Online edition], [[Internet Archive]].</ref> }}
[[Robert Servatius]], Sauckel's counsel, portrayed Sauckel as a representative of the labour classes of Germany; an earnest and unpretentious party man assiduously committed to promoting the collective utility of the working class. This portrait was contrary to that of Speer, whom Servatius juxtaposed against Sauckel as a technical genius and entrepreneurial administrator. Sauckel surmised that Speer bore greater legal and moral responsibility by virtue of the fact that the former merely met the demands of the latter, in accordance with protocol. This strategy did not yield to his favour, however, as the ratio in the final judgement against the respective defendants outlined that Speer's tasks were numerous, with the forced labour program comprising only one facet of his ministerial responsibilities, while Sauckel was singularly responsible for his office as General Plenipotentiary.
Sauckel was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, and was hanged at Nuremberg Prison on 16 October 1946, 11 days before his 52nd birthday after receiving Communion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/henry-gerecke-nazis-minister_n_5701515|title=The Strange Story of the American Pastor Who Ministered to Nazis|date=24 August 2014}}</ref><ref>Railton, Nicholas M. “Henry Gerecke and the Saints of Nuremberg.” Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte, vol. 13, no. 1, 2000, pp. 112–137. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43750887. Accessed 8 Feb. 2021.</ref> His last words were recorded as "''Ich sterbe unschuldig, mein Urteil ist ungerecht. Gott beschütze Deutschland. Möge es leben und eines Tages wieder groß werden. Gott beschütze meine Familie.''"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kern |first1=Erich |author-link=Erich Kern |year=1963 |title=Deutschland im Abgrund: das falsche Gericht |page=264 |language=de }}</ref> ("I die an innocent man, my sentence is unjust. God protect Germany. May it live and one day become great again. God protect my family.") Albert Speer escaped the death sentence and served 20 years at [[Spandau prison]], one of the most controversial verdicts of the Nuremberg trials. The discrepancy of an effective subordinate facing death with the superior facing a prison sentence has faced much attention and criticism in historical analysis, including by [[Gitta Sereny]], who later interviewed Speer concerning his responsibility for slave labour.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UT6wu_JKLRw&ab_channel=KristianGoddard | title=Gitta Sereny 1995 Interview with Charlie Rose about her book 'Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth' | website=[[YouTube]] | date=5 June 2021 }}</ref>  

Sauckel's body, as were those of the other nine executed men and the corpse of Hermann Göring, was cremated at [[Ostfriedhof (Munich)]] and the ashes were scattered in the river [[Isar]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Darnstädt |first=Thomas |year=2005 |title=Ein Glücksfall der Geschichte |newspaper=[[Der Spiegel]] |issue=14 - 13 September |page=128 |language=de |url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-39916258.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Manvell |first=Roger |year=2011 |orig-year=1962 |title=Goering |location=London |publisher=Skyhorse |page=393 |isbn=978-1-61608-109-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Overy |first=Richard J. |author-link=Richard Overy |year=2001 |title=Interrogations: The Nazi Elite in Allied Hands, 1945 |location=New York City |publisher=Viking |page=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationsna00rich/page/205 205] |isbn=978-0-670-03008-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/interrogationsna00rich/page/205 }}</ref>

==Portrayal in popular culture==
Fritz Sauckel has been portrayed by the following actors in film, television and theatre productions;
* [[Ken Kramer (actor)|Ken Kramer]] in the 2000 Canadian/U.S. T.V. production ''[[Nuremberg (2000 film)|Nuremberg]]''
* [[Oliver Stern]] in the 2005 German docudrama ''[[Speer und Er]]''
* [[Paul Brennen]] in the 2006 British television docudrama ''[[Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial]]''

==See also==
*[[Forced labour in Germany during World War II]]
*[[Ostarbeiter|Eastern worker]]
*[[Register of SS-Leaders in general’s rank#List SS-Obergruppenführer|List SS-Obergruppenführer]]
*[[Service du travail obligatoire]]
*[[SS Main Economic and Administrative Office]]

==Literature==
* Steffen Raßloff: ''Fritz Sauckel. Hitler "Muster-Gauleiter"'' (Thüringen. Blätter zur Landeskunde 36). Erfurt 2004. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120211100956/http://www.thueringen.de/imperia/md/content/lzt/sauckel.pdf PDF]) ([http://www.erfurt-web.de/Fritz_Sauckel_English translation into English])
* Steffen Raßloff: ''Fritz Sauckel. Hitlers "Muster-Gauleiter" und "Sklavenhalter"'' (Schriften der Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Thüringen. Bd. 29). 3. Auflage, Erfurt 2008. {{ISBN|978-3-937967-18-9}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090326062459/http://www.thueringen.de/imperia/md/content/lzt/sauckelbiographie.pdf PDF])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Michael D. |last2=Schulz |first2=Andreas |title=Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders of the Nazi Party and their Deputies, 1925-1945 |date=2021 |location=Stroud |isbn=978-1-781-55826-3 |publisher=Fonthill Media |volume=3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Max |title=SS Elite: The Senior Leaders of Hitler's Praetorian Guard |date=2017 |publisher=Fonthill Media |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-1-78155-638-2}}

==External links==
* {{ReichstagDB|122685547}}
* {{DNB portal|122685547|TYP=}}
* [http://www.erfurt-web.de/Fritz_Sauckel_English Biography and literature]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/025027}}
* [http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-15/tgmwc-15-140-06.shtml Testimony of Sauckel at Nuremberg (page 72 onwards)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050915044457/http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-15/tgmwc-15-140-06.shtml |date=2005-09-15 }}

{{Main Nuremberg defendants}}
{{ThuringiaPMs}}
{{Subject bar |commons=y |q=yes }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sauckel, Fritz}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century German newspaper publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Germany]]
[[Category:Executed German mass murderers]]
[[Category:Executed people from Bavaria]]
[[Category:Gauleiters]]
[[Category:German Christians]]
[[Category:German far-right politicians]]
[[Category:German newspaper editors]]
[[Category:German people convicted of crimes against humanity]]
[[Category:German people convicted of war crimes]]
[[Category:German people imprisoned in France]]
[[Category:German sailors]]
[[Category:Holocaust perpetrators]]
[[Category:Members of the Landtag of Thuringia]]
[[Category:Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936]]
[[Category:Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938]]
[[Category:Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945]]
[[Category:Minister-presidents of Thuringia]]
[[Category:People executed by the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg]]
[[Category:People executed for crimes against humanity]]
[[Category:People from Haßfurt]]
[[Category:People interned during World War I]]
[[Category:Politicians convicted of war crimes]]
[[Category:Politicians from the Kingdom of Bavaria]]
[[Category:SA-Obergruppenführer]]
[[Category:SS-Obergruppenführer]]
[[Category:Volkssturm personnel]]