View source for Fritz X

{{Use British English|date=September 2024}}
{{Short description|WWII radio guided bomb developed by Nazi Germany}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Lead too short|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox weapon
 |name= Fritz X
 | image= Fritz X Guided Bomb.jpg
 | image_size = 300
 |caption= Fritz X guided bomb
 |origin= Nazi Germany
 |type= [[Anti-ship warfare|Anti-ship]] [[glide bomb]]
 <!-- Type selection -->
 |is_ranged=
 |is_bladed=
 |is_explosive=
 |is_artillery=
 |is_vehicle=
 |is_missile=yes
 |is_UK=
 <!-- Service history -->
 |service= 1943–44
 |used_by= [[Nazi Germany]] (''[[Luftwaffe]]'')
 |wars= [[World War II]]
 <!-- Production history -->
 |designer= [[Max Kramer]]
 |design_date=1938–1943
 |manufacturer= Ruhrstahl
 |unit_cost=
 |production_date=
 |number=1,400
 |variants=
 <!-- General specifications -->
 |weight= {{convert|1570|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
 |length= {{convert|3.32|m|ft|abbr=on}}
 |part_length=
 |width= {{convert|1.4|m|ft|abbr=on}}
 |height=
 |diameter= {{convert|85.3|cm|in|abbr=on}}
 |crew=
  <!-- Explosive specifications -->
 |filling= [[amatol]] explosive, [[armour-piercing]]
 |filling_weight=  {{convert|320|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
 |detonation=
 |yield=
 <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->
 |armour=
 |primary_armament=
 |secondary_armament=
 |engine=
 |engine_power=
 |transmission=
 |payload_capacity= {{convert|320|kg|lb|abbr=on}} [[amatol]], armour-piercing
 |fuel_capacity=
 |pw_ratio=
 |suspension=
 |clearance=
 |vehicle_range= {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}}
 |speed= {{convert|343|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}} {{convert|1235|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
 |guidance= Kehl-Straßburg FuG 203/230; [[MCLOS]]
 }}
'''Fritz X''' was a German guided anti-ship [[glide bomb]] used during [[World War II]]. Developed alongside the [[Henschel Hs 293]], ''Fritz X'' was one of the first precision guided weapons deployed in combat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-21 |title=Hitler's Precision-Guided Bombs: Fritz X & Hs 293 |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/hitlers-precision-guided-bombs-fritz-x-hs-293 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref> ''Fritz X'' was a nickname used both by Allied and ''Luftwaffe'' personnel. Alternative names include '''Ruhrstahl SD 1400 X''', '''Kramer X-1''', '''PC 1400X''' or '''FX 1400''' (the latter, along with the unguided PC 1400 ''Fritz'' nickname, is the origin for the name "Fritz X").

== History ==
[[File:Pc1400.jpg|thumb|upright|American drawing of the '''PC 1400''' armour-piercing bomb, the basis for the Fritz X PGM|alt=]]

''Fritz X'' was a further development of the [[PC 1400]] (''Panzersprengbombe, Cylindrisch'' 1,400&nbsp;kg)<ref group=Note>[[:de:Deutsche Abwurfmunition des Zweiten Weltkrieges#Panzersprengbombe (PC und PD)|German Wikipedia's WW II PC-series bomb specifications]], German for "armour-piercing bomb, cylindrical".</ref> armour-piercing high-explosive bomb, itself bearing the nickname ''Fritz''. It was a penetration weapon intended to be used against armoured targets such as [[Heavy cruiser|heavy cruisers]] and battleships. It was given a more aerodynamic nose, four stub wings, and a box-shaped tail unit consisting of a roughly 12-sided annular set of fixed surfaces and a cruciform tail with thick surfaces within the annulus, which contained the ''Fritz X''{{'}}s aerodynamic controls.

The ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' recognised the difficulty of hitting moving ships during the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref>Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. "Fritz-X", in ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare'' (London: Phoebus, 1978), Volume 10, p. 1037.</ref>  German engineer [[Max Kramer]], who worked at the ''[[Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt]]'' (''DVL''), had been experimenting since 1938 with remote-controlled free-falling {{convert|250|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bombs and in 1939 fitted [[radio-control]]led [[Spoiler (aeronautics)|spoiler]]s.<ref name="Fitzsimons, Fritz-X, p.1037">Fitzsimons, "Fritz-X", p. 1037.</ref> In 1940, {{ill|Ruhrstahl AG|de|3=Ruhrstahl}} was invited to join the development, since they already had experience in the development and production of unguided bombs.<ref>Christopher, John. ''The Race for Hitler's X-Planes'' (The Mill, Gloucestershire:  History Press, 2013), p. 134.</ref>

''Fritz X'' was guided by a [[Kehl-Strasbourg radio control link|Kehl-Straßburg radio control link]], which sent signals to the movable spoilers in the thick vertical and horizontal tail fin surfaces, within the annular tail fin structure. This control system was also used for the unarmoured, rocket-boosted [[Henschel Hs 293]] anti-ship ordnance, first deployed on 25 August 1943. The ''Straßburg'' receiver antenna installations on the ''Fritz X'' were aerodynamically integrated into the trailing edge of the annular surfaces of the tail fin, non-metallically encapsulated within four "bulged" sections in the trailing edge.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=USAAF Wright Field Air Technical Service Command, T-2 Intelligence Department |year=1946 |title=WF 12–105, Captured Film, 'Fritz X' German Radio-Controlled Dive Bomb |medium=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1imE2GwDK8 |access-date=24 July 2013 |format=YouTube |time=13:40 |publisher=The Digital Implosion }}</ref> This design feature of the ''FuG'' 230 ''Straßburg'' receiver installation is like the [[Azon]] (US contemporary guided bomb), which had its receiving antennas placed in the four diagonal struts bracing the fixed sections of its tail fins.

Minimum launch height was {{convert|4,000|m|ft|abbr=on}} – although {{convert|5,500|m|ft|abbr=on}} was preferred – and a range of {{convert|5|km|smi nmi|abbr=on}} was necessary.<ref name="Christopher, p.134">Christopher, p.134.</ref> As it was an [[MCLOS]]-guidance ordnance design, the operator had to keep the bomb in sight at all times (a tail flare was provided, as with the Azon, to assist the operator in tracking the weapon) and the control aircraft had to hold course, which made evading gunfire or fighters impossible.<ref name="Christopher, p.134"/> Approximately 1,400 examples, including trial models, were produced.<ref name="Christopher, p.134"/>

== Control setup ==
[[File:Fritz X.jpg|thumb|Fritz X schematic]]
The Fritz X possessed a spoiler-based control setup on its tail fin unit, using three sets of aerodynamic control spoiler systems, with two of them giving control in the pitch and yaw axes, differentially operating and constantly oscillating rapidly under direct control from the ''Kehl-Straßburg'' radio control link. The roll control setup, operating autonomously and not under control from the deploying aircraft, oscillated similarly to those under the externally controlled sets, and were on the outboard sections of the horizontal tailfin surfaces within the annular set of outer tailfin surfaces. These were like the American Azon ordnance's aileron control surfaces in their purpose, commanded by an internal gyroscope in the tail's central housing in both the Azon and Fritz X, to keep the ordnance level during its trajectory.  The inboard set of spoiler surfaces in the tailfin's horizontal surfaces, which used a set of [[wing fence]]-like flat surfaces for airflow separation from the autonomous roll control spoilers, controlled the pitch angle after release and were controlled by the radio control link, giving the Fritz X's bombardier in the deploying aircraft the ability to control the range of the drop, a capability that the Azon did not have.  The yaw control spoilers housed in the vertical tail fin surfaces were also under control through the radio link, and had similar "fence" surfaces to guide airflow over them.  All three spoiler surface sets barely protruded from the surface during operation, with the pair of spoiler systems under external control having a degree of "proportionality" in their operation by varying the "dwell time" spent on one side or the other during their rapid rate of oscillation from side to side when a control input was sent to them.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=USAAF Wright Field Air Technical Service Command, T-2 Intelligence Department |year=1946 |title=WF 12–105, Captured Film, 'Fritz X' German Radio-Controlled Dive Bomb |medium=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1imE2GwDK8 |access-date=24 July 2013 |format=YouTube |time=13:45 to 15:00 |publisher=The Digital Implosion |archive-date=31 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131074257/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1imE2GwDK8 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{clear left}}

== Combat procedure ==
[[File:Fritz-X Tail Control Setup.jpg|thumb|left|Annotated still from a 1946 USAAF-published film on Fritz X showing the location of control spoilers and autonomous roll gyro]]
The Fritz X was steered by the bombardier in the launching aircraft over a radio link between the aircraft's ''Kehl'' transmitter and the weapon's ''Straßburg'' receiver. The bombardier had to be able to see the target at all times, and like the Azon, the Fritz X had a [[flare]] in the tail so it could be seen from the controlling aircraft for its [[MCLOS]]-form guidance to control it properly. The disadvantage with this — in comparison to fully autonomous-guidance glide bombs like the operational [[Bat (guided bomb)|U.S. Navy's ''Bat'' radar-homing glide bomb]], used against Japan in 1944–45 — were that the aircraft had to be flown towards the target on a steady course and that as the missile neared its target it became possible to misguide it by jamming its radio channel.

Unlike the Hs 293, which was deployed against merchant ships and light escort warships, the Fritz X was intended to be used against armoured ships such as heavy cruisers and battleships. The Fritz X had to be released at least {{convert|5|km|mi|0}} from the target. The plane had to decelerate immediately after bomb release so the bombardier could see the bomb and guide it; this deceleration was achieved by making a steep climb and then levelling out. The bombardier could make a maximum correction of {{convert|500|m|ft}} in range and {{convert|350|m|ft}} in bearing. The bomber was vulnerable to fighter attack and ship-based air defence weapons while maintaining a slow, steady course so the bombardier could maintain visual contact to guide the bomb.<ref name="proceedings">Bogart, Charles H. "German Remotely Piloted Bombs" ''United States Naval Institute Proceedings'' November 1976 pp.62–68</ref>  When working properly, the missile was able to pierce 130&nbsp;mm (5.1&nbsp;in)<ref name="Fitzsimons, Fritz-X, p.1037"/> of armor.

Accuracy is the main reason for developing a weapon system of this kind, rather than continuing to use [[unguided bomb]]s. A skilled bombardier could guide 50% of the bombs to within a 15&nbsp;m (50&nbsp;ft) radius of the aiming point, and about 90% hit within a 30&nbsp;m (100&nbsp;ft) radius (some sources say 60% hit within 4.6 metre radius).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.1jma.dk/articles/1jmaluftwaffegroundweapons.htm |title=1.JmA – Special German weapons |publisher=1jma.dk |access-date=30 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112101425/http://www.1jma.dk/articles/1jmaluftwaffegroundweapons.htm |archive-date=12 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Usage in combat ==
[[File:Fritz X guided bomb USAFM.jpg|thumb|Fritz X guided bomb at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]]]]
The only Luftwaffe unit to deploy the Fritz X was ''Gruppe'' III of [[Kampfgeschwader 100|''Kampfgeschwader'' 100]] ''Wiking'' (Viking), designated III./KG 100; the bomber wing itself evolved as the larger-sized descendant of the earlier ''[[Kampfgruppe 100]]'' unit in mid-December 1941. This unit employed the medium range [[Dornier Do 217]]K-2 bomber on almost all of its attack missions; in a few cases near the end of its deployment history, Dornier Do 217K-3 and M-11 variants were also used.  The Fritz X had been initially tested with a [[Heinkel He 111]] bomber, but was never taken into combat by this aircraft. A few special variants of the troublesome [[Heinkel He 177]]A ''Greif'' long-range bomber were equipped with the ''Kehl'' transmitter and proper bombracks to carry the Fritz X, and it is thought that this combination might have seen limited combat service, at least with the combinations known to have been involved in test drops. It was found that the launch aircraft had to "toss" the bomb slightly, climbing and then descending, to keep it in view ahead.<ref name="Christopher, p.134"/>

The Fritz X was first deployed on 21 July 1943 in a raid on [[Augusta, Sicily|Augusta]] harbour in Sicily. Several attacks around Sicily and [[Messina]] followed, but no confirmed hits were made and it appears the Allies were unaware that the large bombs being dropped were radio-guided weapons.<ref name="ReferenceA">RL 10/493: Tätigkeitsbericht über Einsatzperiode das K.G. 100 mit F.K. in der Zeit von 12.7.43 – 30.4.44.  [Activity Report of Missions of KG 100 with Guided Weapons in the Period from 12.07.43 to 30.04.44.]</ref>

On 9 September, the ''Luftwaffe'' achieved their greatest success with the weapon. After [[Pietro Badoglio]] publicly announced the [[Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces|Italian armistice with the Allies]] on 8 September 1943, the Italian fleet had left [[La Spezia]] and headed to [[Tunisia]]. To prevent the ships from falling into Allied hands, six Do 217K-2s from III. ''Gruppe'' of KG 100 (III/KG 100) took off, each carrying a single Fritz X. The Italian battleship {{ship|Italian battleship|Roma|1940|2}}, flagship of the Italian fleet, received two hits and one near miss, and sank after her [[Magazine (artillery)|magazine]]s exploded. 1,393 men, including Admiral [[Carlo Bergamini (admiral)|Carlo Bergamini]], died. Her sister ship, [[Italian battleship Littorio|''Italia'']], was also seriously damaged but reached Tunisia.<ref name="proceedings"/>

The American light cruiser {{USS|Savannah|CL-42|6}} was hit by Fritz Xs at 10:00 AM on 11 September 1943 during [[Operation Avalanche (World War II)|the invasion of Salerno]], and was forced to retire to the United States for eight months of repairs. A single Fritz X passed through the roof of "C" turret and killed the turret crew and a damage control party when it exploded in the lower ammunition-handling room. The blast tore a large hole in the ship's bottom, opened a seam in her side, and blew out all fires in her boiler rooms. ''Savannah'' lay dead in the water with her [[forecastle]] nearly awash, and eight hours elapsed before her boilers were relit, allowing the ship to get under way for Malta.<ref name="proceedings"/> USS ''Savannah'' lost 197 crewmen in this attack. Fifteen other sailors were seriously wounded, and four more were trapped in a watertight compartment for 60 hours. These four sailors were rescued when ''Savannah'' had arrived at [[Grand Harbor]], [[Valletta, Malta]] on 12 September.

[[File:FRITZ X.jpg|thumb|right|Rear view]]

''Savannah''{{'}}s sister ship, {{USS|Philadelphia|CL-41|6}}, had been targeted earlier the same morning. The Fritz X just missed the ship, exploding about 15 metres away. Damage was minimal.<ref>See Barbara Tomblin's With ''Utmost Spirit: Allied Naval Operations in the Mediterranean, 1942–45'' (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 2004), 273. Tomblin cites as her source the original action reports filed by ''Philadelphia'' which clearly indicate the bomb missed. The erroneous notion that ''Philadelphia'' was hit emerged from an article in ''Proceedings'' in 1976 by Charles Bogart, and was subsequently repeated.</ref>

The [[Royal Navy]]'s light cruiser {{HMS|Uganda|C66|6}} was hit by a Fritz X off Salerno at 14:40 on 13 September. The Fritz X passed through seven decks and straight through her [[keel]], exploding underwater just under the keel. The concussive shock of the Fritz X's underwater detonation close to ''Uganda''{{'}}s hull extinguished all her boiler fires, and resulted in sixteen men being killed, with ''Uganda'' taking on 1,300 tons of water. ''Uganda'' was towed to Malta for repairs.

Two merchant ships may have been hit by Fritz X bombs at Salerno, though the evidence is uncertain. SS ''Bushrod Washington'' was hit by a glide bomb, either a Fritz X or a [[Henschel Hs 293|Hs 293]], on 14 September while offloading a cargo of fuel.<ref group=Note>It remains uncertain today the exact cause of the loss of ''Bushrod Washington''. Most accounts credit the attack to an Hs 293 launched from II./KG 100, and it is known from Luftwaffe records that II./KG 100 was active above Salerno around that time, flying nine missions from 9 to 30 September, three of them during the day. Eyewitness descriptions indicate that the side of the ship was blown out, more consistent with an Hs 293 attack than a Fritz X. The situation is further confused because original reports, possibly contrived to avoid mention of the glide bombs in accordance with U.S. policy at the time, suggest two conventional 250 kg bombs dropped from dive bombers were responsible.</ref> SS ''James W. Marshall'' was set on fire by a conventional bomb, Hs 293 or Fritz X on 15 September. As with ''Bushrod Washington'', the nature of the weapon that damaged ''James W. Marshall'' is uncertain. A witness aboard a ship nearby, Joseph A. Yannacci, attributes the attack to [[Junkers Ju 87|Ju 87 "Stuka"]] dive bombers, which were too small to carry glide bombs. An attack with a Fritz X cannot be ruled out, but there is at least an equal case that, if a glide bomb was involved, it was an Hs 293 from II./KG 100; Luftwaffe records show that II./KG 100, armed only with Hs 293 glide bombs, was active over Salerno that day.

[[File:USS Savannah (CL-42) is hit by a German guided bomb, off Salerno, 11 September 1943.jpg|thumb|right|''Savannah'' hit by a Fritz X during the Salerno landings]]

KG 100 achieved another success with Fritz X while the British battleship {{HMS|Warspite|03|6}} was providing gunfire support at Salerno on 16 September. One bomb penetrated six decks before exploding in number 4 boiler room. This explosion put out all fires and blew out the double bottom. A second Fritz X near-missed ''Warspite'', holing her at the waterline. She took on a total of 5,000 tonnes of water and lost steam and consequently all power, both to the ship herself and to all her systems, but although the damage had been considerable, ''Warspite''{{'}}s casualties amounted to only nine killed and fourteen wounded. She was towed to Malta by tugs {{USS|Hopi|ATF-71|2}} and {{USS|Moreno|ATF-87|2}}, then returned to Britain via [[Gibraltar]] and was out of action for nearly 9 months; she was never completely repaired, but returned to action to bombard German positions in Normandy during [[Operation Overlord]].<ref name="proceedings"/>

The last Fritz X attack at Salerno lightly damaged the US light cruiser ''Philadelphia'' with two near misses on 17 September. This attack is sometimes reported as taking place on 18 September but US Navy records show the cruiser ''Philadelphia'' departed Salerno the night of 17/18 September.  According to Luftwaffe records, III./KG 100, the Luftwaffe unit armed with the Fritz X, flew its last mission on 17 September. Other ships damaged by Fritz-X included Dutch [[sloop-of-war|sloop]] {{HNLMS|Flores||2}} and British destroyer {{HMS|Loyal|G15|2}}.

[[File:Fritz-X EGWC.jpg|thumb|Fritz X at RAF Museum Cosford]]

=== Electronic countermeasures ===
The control system used by the Fritz X relied on radio contact between the bomb and the guidance unit, and was susceptible to [[electronic countermeasures]]. After the initial attacks in August 1943, the Allies went to considerable effort to develop [[Radio jamming|jamming]] devices. These were first deployed in late September 1943, too late for Salerno. The system met with some success, but proved cumbersome and easily overwhelmed if large numbers of weapons were deployed simultaneously.

In early 1944, as the British and US Armies were engaged in the [[Battle of Anzio]], the United Kingdom began to deploy its Type 650 transmitter, which employed a different approach to interfering with the FuG 203/230 radio link on a Fritz X, by jamming the Straßburg receiver's [[intermediate frequency]] (IF) section. The FuG 230 receiver's IF section operated at 3&nbsp;MHz, and the Type 650 appears to have been quite successful in interfering with Fritz X ordnance deployments, especially because the operator did not have to attempt to find which of the eighteen selected Kehl-Straßburg [[Carrier frequency|command frequencies]] were in use and then manually tune the jamming transmitter to one of them. The Type 650 automatically defeated the receiver, regardless which radio frequency had been selected for a missile.

By the time of the [[Operation Neptune|Normandy landings]], a combination of Allied [[air supremacy]] (keeping the Luftwaffe's bombers at bay) and ship-mounted jammers meant that the Fritz X had no significant effect on the invasion fleet. Some accounts report that the Norwegian destroyer {{HNoMS|Svenner|G03|2}} was hit by a Fritz X at dawn on D-Day. This is unlikely, as III./KG 100, the unit which had carried the Fritz X into combat, had largely been re-equipped with the [[Henschel Hs 293|Hs 293]] by that time for its anti-ship missions, and the attack on ''Svenner'' occurred before the first glide bombers launched their assaults on the Normandy beaches.

The Fritz X has been credited as responsible for the loss of the [[hospital ship]] {{HMHS|Newfoundland}} at [[Salerno]] as well as the destroyer {{HMS|Janus|F53|6}} and the light cruiser {{HMS|Spartan|95|6}} at [[Anzio]], but these ships were hit by Hs 293s,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> as demonstrated by the nature of the damage inflicted,<ref>DNC 6/R.322: "Report by the Admiralty Department of Naval Construction: Board of Enquiry 9 February 1944 in Naples." This is the official report on the loss of ''Spartan'' and identifies the Hs 293 as the weapon used; the nature of the damage, described in detail, is consistent with an Hs 293 and not with a Fritz X.</ref> as well as by reports from witnesses<ref>See for example Captain John Eric Wilson's first-hand account as presented in "Sinking of the Hospital Ship SS Newfoundland", ''Newfoundland Times'' (published by the HMS Newfoundland Association) September 1994, pp.9–15.</ref> (in the case of ''Janus'', either an Hs 293 or a conventional [[torpedo]] was responsible).

==Operators==
*[[Luftwaffe]] (Nazi Germany)

== See also ==
* [[List of World War II guided missiles of Germany]]
* [[Kramer X4]]- Max Kramer's air-to-air guided missile
* [[Kawasaki Ki-147 I-Go Type1 – Ko|Ki-147]]
* [[Ki-148]]
* [[Ohka]]
* [[Project Pigeon]]
* [[LBD-1 Gargoyle|Gargoyle]]
* [[GB-4]]
* [[GB-8]]
* [[VB-3 Razon]]
* [[Hs 293]]

==References==
'''Explanatory notes'''
{{reflist|group=Note}}

'''Citations'''
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Fritz X}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210928150843/https://media.defense.gov/2017/Dec/28/2001861715/-1/-1/0/T_BLACKWELDER_ROAD_TO_DESERT.PDF {{!}}The Development of precision guided Bombs]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4V9bmZf2bxE USAAF-captured (1946) German wartime film on details of the Fritz X bomb]
* [http://www.ausairpower.net/WW2-PGMs.html The Dawn of the Smart Bomb]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080112101425/http://www.1jma.dk/articles/1jmaluftwaffegroundweapons.htm German guided weapons of World War II]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070206192626/http://www.vectorsite.net/twbomb_04.html Allied & German guided weapons of World War II]}}
* [http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=nasm_A19710760000 Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410000304/http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=nasm_A19710760000 |date=10 April 2016 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150713021436/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=15564 National Museum of the U.S. Air Force]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040130220821/http://www.rafmuseum.org/cosford/collections/missiles/missile_info.cfm?missile_id=8 Ruhrstahl AG Fritz-X – Royal Air Force Museum, Cosford (UK)]
* "[http://www.lonesentry.com/blog/how-radio-controlled-bombs-were-jammed.html How Radio-Controlled Bombs Were Jammed]", C.I.C. (Combat Information Center), U.S. Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Dec. 1945.
{{WWIIGermanAerialWeapons}}
[[Category:World War II guided missiles of Germany]]
[[Category:Anti-ship missiles of Germany]]
[[Category:Guided bombs]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1943]]
[[Category:German inventions of the Nazi period]]