View source for Friuli

{{Short description|Historical region in northeast Italy}}
{{About|the historical region of Friuli|the administrative region of which it is a part|Friuli-Venezia Giulia|the beer|Fruli}}
{{Refimprove|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = Friuli
| native_name              = {{native name|fur|Friûl}}<br>{{native name|vec|Friul}}<br>{{native name|sl|Furlanija}} <br>{{native name|hr|Furlanija}}
| native_name_lang         = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead -->
| settlement_type          = [[Historical region]]
| image_skyline            = Bandiere dal Friûl.svg
| image_alt                = 
| image_caption            = [[Flag of Friuli]]
| image_flag               = 
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| image_seal               = 
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| shield_alt               = 
| nickname                 = 
| anthem                   = Incuintri al doman<br>{{center|[[File:INNO DEL FRIULI - Incuintri al doman.ogg]]}}
| motto                    = 
| image_map                = Friulian Language distribution.png
| map_alt                  = 
| map_caption              = Friulian language area superposed to the borders of Friuli-Venezia Giulia
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| subdivision_type         = Country
| subdivision_name         = [[Italy]]
| subdivision_type1        = [[regions of Italy|Region]]
| subdivision_name1        = [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]
| subdivision_type2        = 
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| area_total_km2           = 8,240
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| elevation_m              = 
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = ~800,000–1,000,000
| population_as_of         = 
| population_density_km2   = 128
| population_demonym       = {{langx|en|Friulian}}<br>{{langx|it|Friulano}} (man)<br>{{langx|it|Friulana}} (woman) <br>{{langx|fur|Furlan}} (man)<br>{{langx|fur|Furlane}} (woman)
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| timezone1_DST            = UTC + 1
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| website                  = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
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}}
<!-- {{Infobox ProvinceIT
|fullname              = Friûl - Friuli 
|name                  = 
|region                = [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]], [[Veneto]]
|capital               = [[Udine]], [[Aquileia]]
|commune               = approx. 180
|area                  = approx. 8,000
|population_as_of      = (2009)
|population            = approx. 1,000,000
|populationdensity     = 128
|map                   = [[File:Mappa Dialetti Friulani.png|150px|]]
|coatofarms            = [[File:Bandiere dal Friûl.svg|125px]]
|
}} -->

'''Friuli''' ({{IPA|it|friˈuːli|lang}}; {{langx|fur|Friûl}} {{IPA|fur|fɾiˈuːl||Friul.ogg}}; {{langx|vec|Friul}} or {{lang|vec|Friułi}}; {{langx|sl|Furlanija}}; {{langx|de-AT|Friaul}}) is a [[historical region]] of [[northeast Italy]]. The region is marked by its separate regional and ethnic identity predominantly tied to the [[Friulians]], who speak the [[Friulian language]]. It comprises the major part of the autonomous region [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]], i.e. the administrative [[Provinces of Italy|provinces]] of [[Province of Udine|Udine]], [[Province of Pordenone|Pordenone]], and [[Province of Gorizia|Gorizia]], excluding [[Province of Trieste|Trieste]].

== Names ==
The name originates from the ancient Roman town of {{lang|la|Forum Iulii}} ("[[Julius Caesar|Julius]]' [[Forum (Roman)|Forum]]"), now [[Cividale del Friuli]].

== Geography ==
Friuli is bordered on the west by the [[Veneto]] region with the border running along the [[Livenza]] river, on the north by the crest of the [[Carnic Alps]] between [[Carnia]] and Austrian [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]], on the east by the [[Julian Alps]], the border with [[Slovenia]] and the [[Timavo]] river, and on the south by the [[Adriatic Sea]]. The adjacent Slovene parts of the [[Soča]]/[[Isonzo]] valley from [[Gorizia]]/[[Nova Gorica]] up to [[Triglav]] and the [[Vipava Valley]], forming the ''[[Goriška]]'' region, may also be considered part of historic Friuli.

The mountainous northern part of the region belongs to the [[Southern Limestone Alps]]. From west to east, the region's highest peaks are, in the [[Carnic Prealps]] ([[Friulian Dolomites|''Dolomiti Friulane'']])—the [[Cima dei Preti]], {{convert|2703|m|ft}}, Duranno {{convert|2652|m|ft}}, and [[Monte Cridola|Cridola]] {{convert|2581|m|ft}}; in the Carnic Alps—[[Peralba]] {{convert|2694|m|ft}}, [[Monte Bìvera]] {{convert|2474|m|ft}} and [[Coglians]] {{convert|2780|m|ft}}; in the Julian Alps, the Jôf Fuârt {{convert|2666|m|ft}}, the [[Jôf di Montasio]] {{convert|2754|m|ft}}, [[Mangart]] {{convert|2677|m|ft}}, and [[Kanin (mountain)|Canin]] {{convert|2587|m|ft}}, which dominates the plain. 
[[File:Tagliamento Gemona del Friuli 01112007 02.jpg|thumb|left|Tagliamento river at Gemona]]
[[File:Laguna di Grado.jpg|thumb|left|Lagoon of Grado, Alps in the background]]
Rivers flowing southwards from the mountains are numerous. The Friulian mountains surround the course of the [[Tagliamento]] river, which, at the latitude of [[Gemona del Friuli]] first crosses the hills that occupy the center of the Friuli, then flows into a large flood plain. This plain is commonly divided into the High Friulian plain and the Low Friulian plain ([[Bassa Friulana]]), whose boundary is the Napoleonic road that connects the cities of [[Codroipo]] and [[Palmanova]]. To the south of this road is the ''risorgive'' zone, where water resurfaces from underground waterways in spring-fed pools throughout the area. South of the plains lie the [[lagoon]]s of [[Marano Lagunare|Marano]] and [[Grado, Friuli-Venezia Giulia|Grado]], which are nature reserves. Other important rivers include the [[Torre River|Torre]], [[Natisone]], Stella, [[Isonzo]]/[[Soča]], and [[Ausa (Udine)|Ausa]].

Friuli covers an area of {{convert|8,240|km2|mi2}}, subdivided among the provinces of Udine {{convert|4,905|km2|mi2}}, Pordenone {{convert|2,178|km2|mi2}} and Gorizia {{convert|466|km2|mi2}}. The historical capital and most important city is [[Udine]], which was also the capital of the medieval [[Patria del Friuli]]. Other important towns are [[Pordenone]], [[Gorizia]]/[[Nova Gorica]], [[Sacile]], [[Codroipo]], [[Cervignano del Friuli]], [[Cividale del Friuli]], [[Gemona del Friuli]], [[Monfalcone]], and [[Tolmezzo]].

== Climate ==
The climate of the Friulian plain is mainly [[Humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]]. The climate in this area is suitable for growing white wine grapes, and 2.5% of wine produced in Italy comes from this part of the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intowine.com/refreshing-and-sometimes-quirky-whites-friuli|title=Friuli White Wines: Refreshing (and Sometimes Quirky)|date=28 April 2007|publisher=IntoWine.com}}</ref>  The hills, however, have a continental climate, and the mountainous regions have an alpine climate. On the coast the mean annual temperature is {{convert|14|C|F}}, while in the inner plains, the average is lowered to {{convert|13|to|13.5|C|F|disp=x|&nbsp;(}}; Udine {{convert|13.1|C|F}}, Pordenone {{convert|13.3|C|F}}, Gorizia {{convert|13.4|C|F}}). Further north, in Tolmezzo, the average temperature is approximately {{convert|10.6|C|F}}. The lowest values are recorded in the Alps: {{convert|4|C|F}} at ''Passo di Monte Croce Carnico'' (at {{convert|1300|m|ft|disp=x|&nbsp;/&nbsp;}}) and between {{convert|5.5|and(-)|7|C|F}} in Val Canale, which is situated {{convert|850|m|ft}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]]. In the coldest month, January, temperatures vary between approximately {{convert|4.5|C|F}} in Monfalcone and nearly {{convert|-5|C|F}} in ''Passo di Monte Croce Carnico'', with intermediate temperatures of {{convert|3|C|F}} in Udine and {{convert|-2|or|-3|C|F}} in Valcanale. Gorizia, a short distance from Udine, enjoys a particularly milder micro-climate with its approximate annual average of {{convert|4|C|F}}. In the warmest month, July, the temperatures range between {{convert|22.5|and(-)|24|C|F}} along the coast and plains and between {{convert|14|and(-)|16|C|F}} in Val Canale.

[[File:CividaledelFriuliPanoramacolNatisone.jpg|thumb|Cividale on Natisone river]]
Precipitation in Friuli is relatively abundant; the distribution of rainfall varies a great deal during the course of the year. Minimum values in the southern part generally fall between {{cvt|1200|and(-)|1500|mm|in}} (Gorizia over {{cvt|1350|mm|in}} and Udine over {{cvt|1400|mm|in}}), whereas the alpine area's maximum annual rainfall is approximately {{cvt|3000|mm|in}}. The Julian Prealps is one of Italy's rainiest regions: Musi receives about {{cvt|3300|mm|in}} of annual precipitation, sometimes even 5000&nbsp;mm, and can receive {{cvt|400|mm|in}} in a single month. In some areas of Friuli, excessive rainfall has caused erosion and the flooding of many rivers. Snow is sparse in the southern plains (3 or 4 snowy days each year in Udine and Pordenone) but falls more consistently further to the north (Val Canale 25 days, Sauris 23 days, and ''Passo di Monte Croce Carnico'' 28 days).

The following weatherbox is from [[Udine]], the main city of Friuli.

{{Weather box|location = Udine (1971–2000, extremes 1969–present)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 18.6
|Feb record high C = 23.2
|Mar record high C = 25.6
|Apr record high C = 29.5
|May record high C = 33.2
|Jun record high C = 36.2
|Jul record high C = 38.2
|Aug record high C = 37.0
|Sep record high C = 34.4
|Oct record high C = 29.8
|Nov record high C = 25.3
|Dec record high C = 17.4
|year record high C = 38.2
|Jan high C = 7.7
|Feb high C = 9.8
|Mar high C = 13.5
|Apr high C = 17.1
|May high C = 22.3
|Jun high C = 25.6
|Jul high C = 28.2
|Aug high C = 28.4
|Sep high C = 24.1
|Oct high C = 18.6
|Nov high C = 12.6
|Dec high C = 8.5
|year high C = 18.0
|Jan mean C = 3.7
|Feb mean C = 5.0
|Mar mean C = 8.4
|Apr mean C = 12.0
|May mean C = 17.1
|Jun mean C = 20.3
|Jul mean C = 22.7
|Aug mean C = 22.6
|Sep mean C = 18.7
|Oct mean C = 13.7
|Nov mean C = 8.2
|Dec mean C = 4.5
|year mean C = 13.1
|Jan low C = -0.4
|Feb low C = 0.3
|Mar low C = 3.4
|Apr low C = 7.0
|May low C = 11.8
|Jun low C = 15.0
|Jul low C = 17.1
|Aug low C = 16.9
|Sep low C = 13.3
|Oct low C = 8.8
|Nov low C = 3.7
|Dec low C = 0.5
|year low C = 8.1
|Jan record low C = -14.6
|Feb record low C = -11.6
|Mar record low C = -10.0
|Apr record low C = -4.8
|May record low C = 1.4
|Jun record low C = 5.6
|Jul record low C = 8.2
|Aug record low C = 6.6
|Sep record low C = 3.0
|Oct record low C = -3.2
|Nov record low C = -8.4
|Dec record low C = -18.6
|year record low C = -18.6
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 74.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 61.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 86.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 119.0
|May precipitation mm = 118.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 137.9
|Jul precipitation mm = 81.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 79.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 124.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 134.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 108.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 85.9
|year precipitation mm = 1210.9
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 6.2
|Feb precipitation days = 5.2
|Mar precipitation days = 7.6
|Apr precipitation days = 9.8
|May precipitation days = 10.8
|Jun precipitation days = 10.5
|Jul precipitation days = 7.8
|Aug precipitation days = 7.2
|Sep precipitation days = 7.3
|Oct precipitation days = 8.3
|Nov precipitation days = 7.2
|Dec precipitation days = 6.7
|year precipitation days = 94.6
|source 1 = [[Servizio Meteorologico]]<ref name=extremes>{{cite web
| url = http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/udine-rivolto/
| title = Udine Rivolto: Record mensili dal 1969
| publisher = Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare
| language = it
| access-date = February 23, 2016}}</ref><ref name=SM>{{cite web
| url = http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClim2/pdf/(045)Udine%20Rivolto.pdf
| title = Udine/Rivolto (UD)
| work = Atlante climatico
| publisher = Servizio Meteorologico
| access-date = February 23, 2016}}</ref>
}}

== Demography ==
Friuli, [[Portogruaro|Mandament of Portogruaro]] included, is inhabited by over 1,000,000 people.

{| class="wikitable"
! Zona
! Population <small>(2005)</small>
! Land area<br/> (km<sup>2</sup>)
! Population density<br/> (inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
| Province of [[Gorizia]]
| align=center|140,681
| align=center|466
| align=center|302
|-
| Province of [[Udine]]
| align=center|528,246
| align=center|4,905
| align=center|108
|-
| Province of [[Pordenone]]
| align=center|297,699
| align=center|2,178
| align=center|137
|-
|'''Total'''
| align=center|966,626
| align=center|7,549
| align=center|128
|}

One of the most important demographic phenomena in Friuli was emigration. It began in the final decades of the 19th century and ended in the 1970s. It is estimated that more than a million Friulian people emigrated away over a period of approximately one hundred years. According to the most recent census by AIRE (2005), Friulian émigrés living abroad number 134,936. Of these, 56.0% reside in Europe, 24.0% in South America, 10.3% in North America and 4.7% in [[Oceania]]. This data only reflects those Friulians and their descendants who have Italian citizenship. The descendants of Friulians are excluded from the census because they are not Italian citizens. Friulians in the world have supported cultural associations called Fogolârs furlans, of which there are 46 in Italy and 156 in the rest of the world.

== History ==

===Origins and the Roman era===
[[File:Udine aquileia2.jpg|thumb|Roman forum ruins in Aquileia, which played an important role in Roman times and the early Middle Ages when it became seat of the [[Patriarchate of Aquileia]]]]

In the prehistoric era, Friuli was home to the [[Castellieri culture]] and the [[Raeti]]. These peoples were the dominant culture in the area from about the 15th century BC until the early historical period. During the course of the 4th century BC Friuli was also settled by the '''[[Carni]]''' (in [[ancient Greek]] ''Καρνίοι''), a tribe of unknown ethnicity which may have spoken a [[Celtic languages|Celtic]], a [[Venetic language|Venetic]] or a [[Rhaetic|Rhaetic language]], and which introduced advanced techniques of working iron and silver. According to [[Strabo]] [4.6] the [[Carni]] inhabited "the country about the Adriatic Gulf and Aquileia" and both [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] [3.22(18)] and [[Ptolemy]] [3.1] ascribe [[Aquileia]], [[Concordia Sagittaria|Concordia]] and [[Cividale del Friuli|Forum Julii]] to belong to the "towns of the Carni" in the "country of the Carni". The [[Carni]] worshiped the deity [[Belenus]] which is attested by the most numerous votive inscriptions found in and around [[Aquileia]].<ref name=KDE>{{cite book|title=Die Kelten |first=Bernhard |last=Maier |date=2000 |place=Ulm |page=119}}</ref> A northern mountainous area of Friuli still retains the ancient name [[Carnia]].

Beginning from the 2nd century BC, Friuli was colonized by the [[ancient Rome|Romans]]: [[Aquileia]] was the fourth largest city of Italy during Roman imperial times, capital of ''Regio X'' of the [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia]] province (the Augustan region ''Venetia et Histria''). The city was the most important river port on the [[Natisone|Natissa]] river, dominating trade between the [[Adriatic Sea]] and northern Europe (carried over the [[Via Iulia Augusta]] road). Aquileia owed its importance to the strategic position it has on the Adriatic sea and its proximity to the Alps. This location allowing Rome to intercept barbarian invasions from the East. [[Julius Caesar]] quartered his legions in Aquileia during winter. The development of other centers, such as ''Forum Iulii'' ([[Cividale del Friuli]]) and ''Iulium Carnicum'' ([[Zuglio]]), contributed to the increase in economic and cultural wealth of Friuli until the first barbarian incursions, at the beginning of the 5th century. In the final decades of the 3rd century, Aquileia became the center of one of the most prestigious bishoprics of the empire, competing in Italy with [[Milan]] and, subsequently, [[Ravenna]], for second place to Rome. A [[Hun]] invasion marked the start of Friuli's decline: Aquileia, protected by meager forces, was forced to surrender and was razed to the ground by [[Attila]] in 452. After the retreat of the Huns, the survivors, who had found shelter in the lagoon of [[Grado, Italy|Grado]], returned to the city, but found it completely destroyed. The reconstruction of Aquileia was never completed and it never regained the old splendour of the capital of ''X Regio''. The city remained important even after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, due to the creation of the [[Patriarchate of Aquileia (Episcopal)|Patriarchate of Aquileia]]. It ranked among the highest ecclesiastic authorities in Italy from the mid-6th century onward. The lack of security in the Friulian plain, crossroads of all the great barbarian invasions, drove many people to seek shelter on the islands of the lagoons or in fortified hill-villages, causing a generalized depopulation of the more fertile part of the region and its consequent colonization by barbarian ''gentes''.

===Middle Ages===
[[File:Mappa Italia bizantina e longobarda-it.jpg|thumb|Duchy of Friuli in Italian context (750)]]
After the collapse of the [[Western Roman Empire]], Friuli belonged to the kingdom of [[Odoacer]] and subsequently to that of [[Theodoric the Great]]. The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] reconquest under [[Justinian I]] was brief in the region, in 568 it was one of the first provinces conquered by the [[Lombards]], who invaded from [[Pannonia]], and with that, ended the [[Byzantine Greeks|Greek-Byzantine]] era of the region. The Lombard king [[Alboin]] established the [[Duchy of Friuli]], the first Lombard duchy, and granted it to his relative [[Gisulf I of Friuli|Gisulf I]]. The capital of the duchy was established at ''Forum Iulii'' ([[Cividale del Friuli]]), which became the most important city of the area and for where it derived its name.

The duchy of Friuli was from the start one of the most important Lombard duchies. It served as a barrier against the threat of invasion by the [[Avars (Carpathians)|Avars]] and [[Slavs]] from [[Pannonia]]. Among the duchies of the North, which were closely aligned with the crown (unlike [[Duchy of Spoleto|Spoleto]] and [[Duchy of Benevento|Benevento]] to the South), it was the most powerful, probably due to its [[Marches|marcher]] status. Among later dukes, [[Ratchis]] became king in 744 and his ducal successor, [[Aistulf]], succeeded him as king in 749. The historian [[Paul the Deacon]] was born in Friuli (730/5), he went on to write the ''Historia Langobardorum'' and taught Latin grammar at [[Charlemagne]]'s court.  Another teacher and a trusted advisor Charlemagne's court, [[Paulinus II of Aquileia|Paulinus]], was born at Cividale and eventually became patriarch of Aquileia.

After the [[Kingdom of Italy (medieval)|Kingdom of Italy]] fell to the [[Franks]], the duchy of Friuli was reorganized into counties according to the Frankish model. The region was again reorganized into the [[March of Friuli]] in 846. The march was granted to the [[Unruochings|Unruoching dynasty]]. Friuli became the base of power of [[Berengar I of Italy|Berengar I]] during his struggles for the throne of Italy between 888 and 924.

The march was transformed under his rule, its territory extended to [[Lake Garda]], the capital moved to [[Verona]], and a new [[March of Verona and Aquileia]] established in its place. The territory was now subjected to the [[Duchy of Bavaria]], then to the [[Duchy of Carinthia]], for more than a century.

On 3 April 1077, the [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Henry IV]] granted the county of Friuli, with ducal status, to [[Sigehard (patriarch of Aquileia)|Sigaerd]], [[Patriarch of Aquileia]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Coluzzii|first=Paolo|title=Minority Language Planning and Micronationalism in Italy: An Analysis of the Situation of Friulian, Cimbrian and Western Lombard With Reference to Spanish Minority Languages|location=Oxford, UK|publisher=Peter Lang|date=2007|isbn=9783039110414|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTQnOahQ4T4C|page=171}}</ref> In the succeeding centuries, the patriarchate expanded its control over neighboring [[Trieste]], [[Istria]], [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]], [[Styria]], and [[Cadore]]. The patriarchal state of Friuli was one of the best organized polities of the Italian Middle Ages. From the 12th century it possessed a [[parliament]] representing the [[Comune|communes]] as well as the nobility and the clergy. This institution only survived six centuries, remaining alive yet weak even during [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] domination. It convened for the last time in 1805, when it was abolished by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]. The Patriarch [[Marquard of Randeck]] (1365–1381) had gathered together and codified all the laws of Friuli and promulgated them as the ''[[Constitutiones Patriae Foriiulii]]'' ("Constitutions of the Country of Friuli"). Cividale del Friuli was seat of the Patriarchate until 1238, when the patriarch moved his seat to [[Udine]], where he had a magnificent episcopal edifice constructed. Udine was so important that it in time became the institutional capital of Friuli.

===Venetian domination to Bourbon restoration===
[[File:Udine-PiazzaLiberta.jpg|thumb|The Venetian-style [[Piazza Libertà]] in Udine. The city became ''de facto'' capital of Friuli.]]
The Patriarchate ended in 1420: surrounded by the powerful states of the [[Austrian Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] and the [[Republic of Venice]], it was the theatre of a war between [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], and was conquered by the latter. Friuli maintained some form of autonomy, by keeping its own Parliament ruling on the old territory of the Patriarchate, an autonomy not granted to the other cities and provinces submitted to Venice (even Venetian ones); on the other side, it maintained also its feudal nobility, which was able to keep their feudal rights over the land and its inhabitants for some time.

Friuli was the eastern border of the ''[[Stato da Tera]]'', and suffered both from [[Ottoman raids in Friuli|Ottoman raids]] and from the border wars with Austria. These wars led to poverty and instability of the rural population, with the inability to cultivate the land crossed by fighting armies and with the forced surrender of all livestock to feed traveling troops. The harvesting of timber needed to build Venetian ships caused complete deforestation of the [[Bassa Friulana]] and central Friuli. Venice took possession of collective farms belonging to rural Friulian communities, seriously impoverishing them.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} These properties in turn would be sold by Venice during the 17th century to raise cash to alleviate its poor financial condition.

Beginning in the 1630s, the Venetian Republic entered a relative decline, due to the enlarging horizon of European markets (reaching now from Asia to Africa to the Americas). Venice's richest families often directed financial resources into unproductive investments (specifically real estate), while there was a loss of competitiveness in industries and services. Friuli was subject to increasing fiscal pressure, and its industries and commercial activities were affected.

[[File:FRIULI 1650 Ioannis Blaeu.png|275px|right|thumb|''Patria del Friuli'', 1650 map]]
According to some historians, the political populism practiced by Venice looked for ways to limit the most oppressive and anachronistic effects of [[feudalism]]. Other researchers assert that the Venetian aristocratic government maintained a most oppressive feudal condition in Friuli.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} These policies were practiced by the Venetian government to ensure the support of the urban and rural population as a counterbalance to the independent tendencies and power of local oligarchies and aristocrats.

An important [[jacquerie]], known as ''Joibe Grasse 1511'' ([[Friulan Revolt of 1511|Fat Thursday 1511]]), was started in Udine on February 27 by starving ''Udinesi'' citizens. They were subsequently joined by the farmers and the revolt spread to the whole territory of Friûl, against the feudal rule of some noble families; some other noble family, like the pro-Venetian Savorgnan, initially supported the revolters. This insurrection was one of the largest in Renaissance Italy and it lasted from 27 February until 1 March, when it ended as Venice dispatched around one hundred cavalry to put down the rebellion. The chiefs of the revolt were executed, but the feudal powers of the Friulian noblemen were reduced.

With the 1516 [[War of the League of Cambrai|Noyon pacts]] the boundary between the Venetian Republic and the [[County of Gorizia and Gradisca]], now in the hands of the [[House of Habsburg]],  were redefined. Venice lost the upper Isonzo valley (that is the Gastaldia of Tolmino with Plezzo and Idria), but it kept [[Monfalcone]], [[Marano Lagunare|Marano]] and a series of shed feudal islands in the Western Friuli stayed with the Archduke of Austria (until 1543). Between 1615 and 1617 Venice and Austria again fought for the possession of the fort of [[Gradisca d'Isonzo]]. The so-called War of Gradisca ended with a return to the ''status quo''.

Beginning in 1516 the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg Empire]] controlled eastern Friuli, while western and central Friuli was Venetian. In 1797, the year of the [[Treaty of Campo Formio]], this part of the Friuli was surrendered to Austria. For a brief period from 1805 until the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]], Friuli belonged to the Italic Kingdom.

===From the Restoration to the Great War===
[[File:Ethnographic map of austrian monarchy czoernig 1855.jpg|thumb|205px|Ethnographic map of the Austrian Empire (1855) by Karl Freiherrn von Czoernig]]
[[File:Autonomist mural Friuli.jpg|thumb|right|205px|Graffiti of ''Friûl libar'' ("Free Friuli") in Aiello del Friuli]]
In 1815, the [[Congress of Vienna]] confirmed the union of Veneto, which Central-West Friuli was part of, with Lombardy (previously divided between Austrian Empire and Venetian Republic), to constitute the [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]]. Eastern Friuli was not included in the puppet state. In 1838, the District of Portogruaro was removed from the Province of the Friuli due to the Austrians' wishes{{citation needed|reason=Austrian wishes is not an historical reason|date=June 2013}} and assigned to the Province of Venice. Portogruaro was for long time part of Friuli, even under Venetian Republic, and Friulian language was spoken in the area. In 1866, central Friuli (today's [[province of Udine]]) and western Friuli (today's [[province of Pordenone]]) were annexed by Italy together with Veneto after the [[Third Italian War of Independence]], while eastern Friuli ([[County of Gorizia and Gradisca]]) remained under Austria until the end of World War I.

The Ethnographic map of Karl von Czoernig-Czernhausen, issued by the [[Imperial and Royal|k.&nbsp;u.&nbsp;k.]] Administration of Statistics in 1855, recorded a total of 401,357 Friulians living in the [[Austrian Empire]]. The majority of Friulians (351,805) lived in that part of Friuli that belonged to the [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]], the others (49.552) in the Friulian parts of the [[Austrian Littoral|Austrian Küstenland]]. Friulians were registered as their own category separate from Italians.

During World War I, Friuli was a theater of battle that had serious consequences for the civilian population, specifically the [[Battle of Caporetto]].

===Autonomist movements===
After World War II, the pro-devolution movement gained momentum in 1945. Friuli got entangled in the maze of opposing forces acting in the territory. Yugoslavian Titoists pursued an annexation of Friuli to the rising communist Yugoslavia. By contrast, in 1945, the traditionalist association Patrie tal Friul was founded by Tiziano Tessitori with a view to establishing an autonomous Friuli within Italy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Siciliano|first=Enzo|date=2014|title=Pasolini; Una vida tormentosa|publisher=Torres de Papel|page=111|isbn=978-84-943726-4-3}}</ref> The draft autonomic project was launched with the support of the [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democratic Party]].

In January 1947, the poet and filmmaker [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] went on to found the party Movimiento Popolari Friulano, with the same purpose of devolution. Pasolini opposed a possible Yugoslavian annexation, but at the same time lashed out at those who aimed at using regionalism for their immobilist, "backwards Conservatism".<ref>Siciliano, Enzo. 2014, p. 112</ref> Pasolini dropped membership in his party after the Christian Democrats came to pull its strings. The Communist Party of Italy opposed devolution, sticking to an Italian centralist agenda.<ref>Pasolini held this move to be tactic, just a way of opposing the Christian Democratic stance.</ref>

Around 350,000 people claim Friulan as their native language, though it is sparsely used in public life.<ref>Data sourced from the website of Italian publisher "Treccani": http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/identita-regionali-e-varieta-linguistiche-friuli-venezia-giulia-e-sardegna_%28L%27Italia-e-le-sue-Regioni%29/</ref> There are some movements and political parties that advocate a more autonomous, or even an independent Friuli in line with historical borders, such as the [[Friuli Movement]], [[Front Furlan]], Patrie Furlane and [[Republiche dal Friûl – Parlament furlan]].

== Regional languages and dialects ==
[[File:Cartei stradai bilengai.jpg|thumb|195px|Bilingual road sign (Italian and Friulian) near San Vito al Torre]]

While standard [[Italian language|Italian]] is the primary official language of the region, several other regional languages and dialects are spoken in Friuli.

[[Friulian language|Friulian]] is spoken in the provinces of Udine, Gorizia, and Pordenone.

[[Venetian language|Venetian]] and its dialects are usually spoken (for historical reasons) on the western border regions (i.e. [[Pordenone]]), sparingly in a few internal towns (i.e. [[Gorizia]], etc.), and historically in some places along the [[Adriatic]] coast.

In the southeastern part of Friuli, a Venetian transitional dialect is spoken, called ''Bisiaco'', that has influences of both [[Slovene language|Slovene]] and Friulian.

[[Slovene dialects]] are spoken in the largely rural border mountain region known as [[Venetian Slovenia]]. [[German language|German]] (Bavarian dialect) is spoken in Val Canale (mostly in [[Tarvisio]] and [[Pontebba]]); in some of Val Canale's municipalities (particularly in [[Malborghetto Valbruna]]), [[Carinthian Slovenes|Carinthian Slovenian]] dialects are spoken too. [[Slovene language|Slovene]] is also spoken in the ''Collio'' area north of Gorizia. In the [[Resia Valley|Resia valley]], between [[Venetian Slovenia]] and the Val Canale, most of the inhabitants still speak an archaic dialect of Slovene, known as [[Resian]]. According to the official estimates of the Italian government, between 45,000 and 51,000 Slovene speakers live in Friuli: around 11,000 in the Province of Gorizia, and the rest in the Province of Udine.<ref name="samo">{{Cite web |url=http://www.slomedia.it/prof-samo-pahor-koliko-je-slovencev-v-italiji |title=Prof. Samo Pahor: "Koliko je Slovencev v Italiji?" |access-date=2012-04-30 |archive-date=2016-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509181935/http://www.slomedia.it/prof-samo-pahor-koliko-je-slovencev-v-italiji |url-status=dead }}</ref> Due to emigration, most Slovene speakers in the Province of Udine live outside their traditional compact zone of settlement.<ref name="samo"/>

German-related dialects (like Rogasaxon) are spoken in several ancient enclaves like Timau, Zahre ([[Sauris]]) and Plodn ([[Sappada]]).

Only Friulian, Slovenian and German are allowed to be local secondary official languages in their historic areas, but not their related dialects.

== Asteroid ==
Asteroid [[212705 Friûl]] was named in honor of the region.<ref name="MPC-object" /> The official {{MoMP|212705|naming citation}} was published by the [[Minor Planet Center]] on 25 September 2018 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 111803}}).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" />

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Benandanti]]
* [[Furlanis]]
* [[Ladinia]]
* [[List of dukes and margraves of Friuli]]
* [[List of Friulian place names]]
* [[Triveneto]]
* [[Venetian Slovenia]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
  |title      = 212705 Friul (2007 RF15)
  |work       = Minor Planet Center
  |url        = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=212705
  |access-date = 17 October 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web
  |title      = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
  |work       = Minor Planet Center
  |url        = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
  |access-date = 17 October 2018}}</ref>

}} <!-- end of reflist -->

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.regione.fvg.it/ Autonomous Region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia]
* [http://www.turismo.fvg.it/ Official regional tourism agency of FVG]
* [https://archive.today/20130218165656/http://www.friulidigusto.it/  Friulan gastronomy]
* [http://www.aeroporto.fvg.it/ FVG international Airport]

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[[Category:Friuli| ]]
[[Category:Geographical, historical and cultural regions of Italy]]
[[Category:Territories of the Republic of Venice]]