View source for GAZ

{{Short description|Russian manufacturer of commercial vehicles}}
{{Other uses|Gaz (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{lead rewrite|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox company
| name             = Gorky Automobile Plant
| native_name      = Го́рьковский автомоби́льный заво́д
| logo             = GAZ 2015 logo.png
| image            = [[File:Gorky Automobile Plant. Main entrance. 09-2019 01.jpg|frameless]]
| image_alt        =
| image_caption    = GAZ plant site main entrance, 2019
| type             = [[Subsidiary]]
| traded_as        = GAZ
| genre            =
| fate             =
| predecessor      =
| successor        =
| foundation       = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1932}} [[Nizhny Novgorod]]<br>(named [[Nizhny Novgorod|Gorky]] 1932–1990)
| founder          =
| defunct          =
| location_city    = [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|NIZ]]
| location_country = [[Russia]]
| location         = 
| locations        =
| area_served      =
| key_people       = Vadim Sorokin (president & CEO of GAZ Group), Siegfried Wolf (chairman of the board, OJSC GAZ, Russian Machines), Manfred Eibeck (chief executive officer, Russian Machines)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gazglobal.com/company/leadership/ |title=Top Management |publisher=Gazglobal.com |access-date=8 July 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621235932/http://gazglobal.com/company/leadership/ |archive-date=21 June 2017 }}</ref>
| industry         = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]<br>[[Defense industry]]
| products         = Automobiles, automotive parts
| services         =
| revenue           = {{Wikidata revenue|revenue|USD}}{{Wikidata revenue|revenue|ref}}
| revenue_year      = {{Wikidata revenue|revenue|year}}
| operating_income  = {{Wikidata revenue|operating_income|USD}}{{Wikidata revenue|operating_income|ref}}
| income_year       = {{Wikidata revenue|operating_income|year}}
| net_income        = {{Wikidata revenue|net_income|USD}}{{Wikidata revenue|net_income|ref}}
| net_income_year   = {{Wikidata revenue|net_income|year}}
| assets            = {{Wikidata revenue|assets|USD}}{{Wikidata revenue|assets|ref}}
| assets_year       = {{Wikidata revenue|assets|year}}
| equity            = {{Wikidata revenue|equity|USD}}{{Wikidata revenue|equity|ref}}
| equity_year       = {{Wikidata revenue|equity|year}}
| owner            = [[Oleg Deripaska]]
| num_employees    =
| parent           = [[GAZ Group]]
| divisions        =
| subsid           = [[LDV Group|LDV]] (2006-2008)
| homepage         = {{URL| https://os-automotive.com/}}
| footnotes        =
| intl             =
}}
[[File:GAZelle flags, Astana, Kazakhstan.jpg|thumb|right|Horizontal flags featuring the GAZelle logo near a GAZelle car shop in [[Astana]]]]
'''GAZ''' or '''Gorkovsky avtomobilny zavod''' ({{langx|ru|ГАЗ or Го́рьковский автомоби́льный заво́д||'''Gorky Automobile Plant'''}}) is a Russian automotive manufacturer located in [[Nizhny Novgorod]], formerly known as Gorky (Горький) (1932–1990). It is the core subsidiary of [[GAZ Group]] Holding, which is itself part of [[Basic Element (company)|Basic Element]] industrial group. [[JSC Russian Machines]] is the controlling shareholder in OAO GAZ.

==History==
===Early history===
{{See also|Bombing of Gorky in World War II}}

In May 1929 the [[Soviet Union]] signed an agreement with the American [[Ford Motor Company]].<ref name="Odin, L.C. 2015">Odin, L.C. ''World in Motion 1939 - The whole of the year's automobile production''. Belvedere Publishing, 2015. ASIN: B00ZLN91ZG.</ref> Under its terms, the Soviets agreed to purchase $13 million worth of automobiles and parts, while Ford agreed to give technical assistance until 1938 to construct an integrated automobile-manufacturing plant at [[Nizhny Novgorod]]. The factory was founded and production started on 1 January 1932. At the time the factory was known as '''Nizhny Novgorod Automobile Plant''', short '''NAZ''' (''Nizhegorodskiy avtomobilny zavod''), full name '''Nizhny Novgorod Automobile Plant named after V. M. Molotov''' (''Nizhegorodskiy avtomobilny zavod imeni V. M. Molotova''), after the Soviet minister [[Vyacheslav Molotov]].<ref>[http://his.1september.ru/article.php?ID=199902903 Zur Geschichte der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Ford und Russland bzw. der Sowjetunion der Jahre 1909 bis 1935] (russian)</ref> In 1932 the plant produced its first automobiles, [[GAZ-AA]] (originally known as NAZ-AA, as they were manufactured before Nizhny Novgorod became Gorky) truck and [[GAZ-A]] passenger car (manufactured after Nizhny Novgorod became Gorky). The cars were based on the [[Ford Model AA]] and [[Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], respectively.

In 1933, the factory's name changed to ''Gorkovsky avtomobilny zavod'', or GAZ, when the city was renamed after [[Maxim Gorky]].

The [[GAZ-A]] was succeeded by the more modern [[GAZ-M1]] (based largely on the four-cylinder version of the [[Ford Model B, Model 18, & Model 40 (1932)|Ford Model B]]), produced from 1936 to 1942. The M letter stands for ''Molotovets'' ('of Molotov's fame'), it was the origin of the car's nickname, ''M'ka'' (эмка).<ref name="Odin, L.C. 2015"/>

During the war, GAZ assembled [[Chevrolet G7107]] and G7117 (G7107 with winch) from parts shipped from the US under [[Lend Lease]].<gallery widths=180 heights=70>
GAZ USSR Ford A.png|GAZ logo
Ford_logo_flat.svg|Ford logo
</gallery>

===Postwar period===
[[File:GAZ-14 Tschaika Potsdam 2013 (cropped).JPG|thumb|[[GAZ-14]], produced 1977–1988]]
At that time, GAZ engineers worked to develop an all-new car model to enter production once hostilities ended. Called the [[GAZ-M20 Pobeda]] (Victory), this affordably-priced sedan with streamlined, fastback styling, entered production in 1946 and was produced by GAZ until 1958. (Licensed production under the name [[FSO Warszawa|Warszawa]] continued in [[Poland|Polish]] [[Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]] until the 1970s). It was the first Soviet car with electric [[windshield wiper]]s (rather than mechanical- or vacuum-operated ones).<ref>Thompson, p. 52</ref>

GAZ also made [[GAZ-12 ZIM]], [[GAZ-21]] and [[GAZ-24]] [[GAZ Volga|Volga]] and the luxury cars GAZ-13 and GAZ-14 [[Chaika (car)|Chaika]]. The ZIM was the first GAZ car to feature the leaping deer [[hood ornament]].<ref>Thompson, p. 68</ref> The GAZ-21 made its public debut in 1955, with a three cars on a demonstration drive from Moscow to the Crimea, two automatic models and a manual.<ref name="auto">Thompson, p. 61</ref> It was launched in 1956 and became a symbol of the whole Soviet epoch. The car offered front seats able to fold flat<ref name="auto"/> and came standard with cigarette lighter and a radio<ref>Thompson, p. 62</ref> at a time when most American-built cars did not have a radio.<ref>Flory, J. "Kelly", Jr. American Cars 1946-1959 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Coy, 2008), passim.</ref> A small number of Volgas with the {{convert|195|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}} Chaika engine, [[automatic transmission]], and [[power steering]] were built for the [[KGB]] as the [[GAZ Volga#M23|M23]], 603 were built in 1962–1970.<ref name="Thompson120-121">Thompson, pp. 120–121</ref> As the car's leading engineer Boris Dekhtyar recalled, the new version of the Volga had improved brake pads and reached a higher top speed of over 170&nbsp;km/h; it was well received.<ref>[http://www.gaz23.com/files/23.jpg Б. А. Дехтяр. "Хвостовые" автомобили ГАЗ. // Биржа плюс Авто. №36. 13.09.2001. С. 38] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223202134/http://www.gaz23.com/files/23.jpg |date=23 December 2016 }}</ref> The new engine produced 195 h.p. at 4,400 rpm.<ref>[http://www.gaz23.com/files/gaz-23_manual.pdf Легковой автомобиль ГАЗ-23. Инструкция по уходу. Издание второе. Горький. 1967. С. 114] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103232901/http://gaz23.com/files/gaz-23_manual.pdf |date=3 January 2014 }}</ref>

Furthermore, GAZ produced several armored military vehicles, particularly during World War II and the early Cold War. These included the [[BA-64]], a light armored reconnaissance car based on the GAZ-64 jeep and armed with a 7.62 mm DT machine gun, with over 9,000 units built between 1942 and 1946; the [[BA-6]], an earlier heavy armored car equipped with a 45 mm gun and based on a six-wheeled truck chassis; and the [[BA-20]], a light armored car built on the GAZ-M1 chassis, primarily used for communications and reconnaissance in the early stages of World War II. Another notable model was the [[BA-3/6|BA-3]], a six-wheeled armored car with a 45 mm main gun and heavy armor, considered one of the most powerful armored cars of the interwar period. In the postwar years, GAZ developed the [[BTR-40]], an open-topped armored personnel carrier with capacity for up to 8 troops, and the [[BTR-152]], a larger and more robust APC introduced in 1950, both of which became widely exported throughout the Eastern Bloc.<ref name="Zaloga2008">{{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steven J. |title=Soviet Armored Cars 1936–45 |year=2008 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84603-296-8}}</ref><ref name="ZalogaBTR">{{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steven J. |title=Soviet Wheeled Armored Vehicles |year=1990 |publisher=Concord Publications |isbn=962-361-015-6}}</ref><ref name="Duffy1996">{{cite book |last=Duffy |first=Christopher |title=Red Storm on the Reich: The Soviet March on Germany, 1945 |year=1996 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415143664}}</ref>

In the 1960s GAZ plant renewed its truck range by launching such models as GAZ-52, [[GAZ-53]]А and [[GAZ-66]]. In the 1960s and 1970s, the plant was overhauled and updated; 1962 saw it fitted with the Soviet Union's first automated precision shop.<ref>Thompson, p. 120</ref> In 1994 the plant started production of [[GAZelle]] light commercial vehicles.

The plant became ''AvtoGAZ'', with the integration of its various [[subcontractor]]s, on 24 August 1971; the same year, it was awarded the [[Order of Lenin]].<ref>Thompson, Andy. ''Cars of the Soviet Union'' (Haynes Publishing, Somerset, UK, 2008), p. 120.</ref> GAZ produced its ten millionth vehicle in March 1981.<ref>Thompson, p. 242</ref> In the late 1990s GAZ was deemed to be the best managed Russian automotive manufacturer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mir on earth |url=https://www.economist.com/business/1997/08/21/mir-on-earth |access-date=7 July 2017 |newspaper=The Economist |date=21 August 1997 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621182544/http://www.economist.com/node/154769 |archive-date=21 June 2017 }}</ref>

===SibAl takeover===
[[File:Volga Siber front Moscow autoshow 2008 26 08.jpg|thumb|[[GAZ Volga Siber]], introduced in 2008]]
In November 2000 GAZ was acquired in a hostile takeover by [[SibAl]].<ref name="underbus">{{cite book|last1=Ireland|first1=R. Duane|last2=Hoskisson|first2=Robert|last3=Hitt|first3=Michael|title=Understanding Business Strategy: Concepts and Cases|date=2005|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=032428246X|pages=143–145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmdsrKwYYNQC&pg=RA1-PA145|access-date=6 July 2017|language=en}}</ref> In March 2003 GAZ declared that the production of passenger cars was no longer a priority for the company, and plans to release a new GAZ-3115 model had been abandoned.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Емельянова |first1=Екатерина |last2=Идиатуллин |first2=Шамиль |last3=Трифонов |first3=Владислав |title=Время менять автомобиль |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/381341 |access-date=8 July 2017 |work=Газета "Коммерсантъ" |date=13 May 2003 |page=20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730071918/http://kommersant.ru/doc/381341 |archive-date=30 July 2013 }}</ref>

In 2006, GAZ made a move on the [[LDV Group|LDV]] company based in [[Birmingham]], England, and acquired the van maker from the venture capital group Sun European Partners, LLP in July of that year. GAZ said that they planned to market the MAXUS ([[LDV Group|LDV]]'s new Panel-van that was released in January 2005) into the rest of Europe and Asia. GAZ proposed to increase production in the LDV plant in England, while also commencing production of the MAXUS in a new plant in Russia. However, due to the recession, the production at the LDV plant was halted and the plant was sold to a Chinese company called ECO Concept in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/6339043/LDV-Vans-bought-by-Chinas-Qu-Li.html |title=LDV Vans bought by China's Qu Li |publisher=The Telegraph, 15 October 2009 |location=London |first=Graham |last=Ruddick |date=15 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227050323/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/6339043/LDV-Vans-bought-by-Chinas-Qu-Li.html |archive-date=27 February 2010 }}</ref>

As then [[Daimler AG|DaimlerChrysler]] modernized its [[Sterling Heights Assembly]] plant in 2006, the old [[Chrysler Sebring]] / [[Dodge Stratus]] assembly line and tooling was sold to GAZ and was shipped to [[Nizhny Novgorod]] in [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.just-auto.com/news/gaz-to-buy-sebringstratus-assembly-line-from-chrysler_id87469.aspx |title=US: GAZ to buy Sebring/Stratus assembly line from Chrysler |date=18 April 2006 |publisher=Just-Auto, 18 April 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927153808/http://www.just-auto.com/news/gaz-to-buy-sebringstratus-assembly-line-from-chrysler_id87469.aspx |archive-date=27 September 2011 }}</ref> Since then GAZ car facility is used for contract manufacturing for [[Volkswagen]] and [[General Motors]].

===Andersson leadership===
[[File:GAZ GAZon Next flatbed truck (cropped).jpg|thumb|GAZon Next flatbed truck, produced since 2014]]
In 2009, [[Bo Andersson (businessman)|Bo Andersson]], former Vice-President of [[General Motors]], was invited to become a President/CEO of GAZ Group.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/for-former-gm-exec-bo-andersson-next-job-will-be-a-gaz/ | title=For former GM exec Bo Andersson, next job will be a GAZ | date=16 June 2009 }}</ref>

In 2010, GAZ upgraded its model range by launching new GAZelle-BUSINESS lineup with diesel and petrol engines and LPG equipment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.gazgroup.ru/news/news/?id=3019 |title=GAZ Group has started serial production of upgraded GAZelle-Business |publisher=GAZ Group |type=Press release |date=25 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925020526/http://eng.gazgroup.ru/news/news/?id=3019 |archive-date=25 September 2011 }}</ref>

In November 2010 the company decided to end production of the [[Volga Siber]], its last GAZ passenger car model, and to discontinue the [[GAZ Volga]] range.<ref>{{cite news|title=Q&A: Bo Andersson Joined GAZ to Flee Detroit Stardom|url=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/qa-bo-andersson-joined-gaz-to-flee-detroit-stardom-20708|access-date=8 July 2017|language=en}}</ref> In December 2010, GAZ Group signed a memorandum of understanding with [[Daimler AG|Daimler]] on contract manufacturing of [[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter]] at GAZ plant in Nizhny Novgorod. It is expected that production will start in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automotiveworld.com/news/commercial-vehicles/85260-russia-daimler-gaz-sign-sprinter-assembly-mou|title=Russia: Daimler, GAZ sign Sprinter assembly MoU|date=24 December 2010|publisher=Automotive World, 24 December 2010|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316124353/http://www.automotiveworld.com/news/commercial-vehicles/85260-russia-daimler-gaz-sign-sprinter-assembly-mou|archive-date=16 March 2012}}</ref>

In February 2011, [[General Motors]] and GAZ Group signed an agreement on contract assembly of the new [[Chevrolet Aveo]] car at GAZ plant in Nizhny Novgorod.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/generalmotors-russia-idUSLDE7101Y120110201 |title=GM to assemble Chevrolets at Russia's GAZ plant |publisher=Reuters, 1 February 2011 |date=1 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150914/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/01/generalmotors-russia-idUSLDE7101Y120110201 |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> As of December 2012, production was underway with an expected annual production of 30,000 vehicles.<ref name=NYT122512>{{cite news|title=Russia's Desire for Cars Grows, and Foreign Makers Take Notice |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/26/business/global/foreign-automakers-see-potential-in-russian-market.html |access-date=26 December 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=25 December 2012 |author=Andrew E. Kramer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226035311/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/26/business/global/foreign-automakers-see-potential-in-russian-market.html |archive-date=26 December 2012 }}</ref>

In June 2011, [[Volkswagen Group Rus]] and GAZ Group signed a long-term agreement on contract manufacturing at GAZ plant with total investment of €200 million. It is planned to produce [[Škoda Yeti]], the new [[Volkswagen Jetta]] and [[Škoda Octavia]]. The total production volume in the peak years will be about 110,000 vehicles. In November 2011, under the contract manufacturing agreement, GAZ started SKD assembly of Škoda Yeti; full-cycle production started in December 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Skoda Yeti Now Assembled at GAZ Full Cycle |url=http://wroom.ru/en/news/552 |access-date=31 December 2012 |publisher=wroom.ru |date=6 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105020910/http://wroom.ru/en/news/552 |archive-date=5 January 2013 }}</ref>

===Recent developments===
{{Update|section|date=May 2024}}
In April 2019, GAZ asked for a $468 million [[bailout]] from the Russian government, saying that US sanctions on [[Oleg Deripaska]] and his assets put the company at risk of default.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanctions-hit GAZ Wants Government Bail-Out – Kommersant |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/04/18/sanctions-hit-gaz-wants-government-bail-out-kommersant-a65290 |access-date=5 June 2019 |work=The Moscow Times |date=18 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> On July 4, 2019, workers from GAZ protested against the US sanctions in front of the US embassy in Moscow as an opposition to measures they claim will lead to the bankruptcy of the company.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Foy |first1=Henry |date=4 July 2019 |title=Workers at Deripaska's sanctioned GAZ picket US embassy party in Moscow |language=en-GB |website=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/12695e0c-9e4a-11e9-b8ce-8b459ed04726 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2019-07-27 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/12695e0c-9e4a-11e9-b8ce-8b459ed04726 |archive-date=10 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/07/05/russian-workers-rap-against-sanctions-protest-at-us-envoys-residence-a66287|title=Russian Workers Rap Against Sanctions, Protest at U.S. Envoy's Residence|date=2019-07-05|website=The Moscow Times|language=en|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref>

In November 2021, "GAZ Group" announced that its division, "Silovye Agregaty", would be ready for mass production of hydrogen engines in 2.5 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.ru/ekonomika/13009659|title=Группа ГАЗ может запустить массовое производство водородных двигателей через 2,5 года|language=ru|date=2021-11-24|publisher=[[ТАСС]]}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Companies}}
* [[List of GAZ vehicles]]
* [[Automobile model numbering system in the Soviet Union and Russia]]
* [[History of Ford Motor Company]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|GAZ}}
{{Commons category|GAZ vehicles}}
* [https://stt.ru/models/lcv-mcv/ Official site of the plant]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140625063845/http://eng.gazgroup.ru/ GAZ official website] {{in lang|en}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110820211534/http://www.gazgroup.ru/ GAZ official website] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://kuruh.ru/gaz GAZ automotive history] {{in lang|ru|en}}

{{Automotive industry in Russia}}
{{GAZ timeline 1930-1959}}
{{GAZ timeline 1960-present}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|56|14|47.20|N|43|53|23.58|E|region:RU_type:landmark|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaz}}
[[Category:GAZ| ]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1932]]
[[Category:Russian brands]]
[[Category:Truck manufacturers of Russia]]
[[Category:Car manufacturers of Russia]]
[[Category:Truck manufacturers of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Defence companies of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Soviet Union–United States relations]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Nizhniy Novgorod]]
[[Category:Russian entities subject to U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions]]