View source for GNU Project

{{short description|Free software project}}
{{distinguish|text=the operating system developed by the GNU Project, [[GNU]]}}
{{primary sources | date=January 2013}}

[[File:Heckert GNU white.svg|thumb | 180px | GNU mascot, by Aurelio A. Heckert<ref>{{cite web
 | url = https://www.gnu.org/graphics/heckert_gnu.html
 | title = A Bold GNU Head
 | access-date = November 30, 2014
 | quote = We thank Aurelio A. Heckert...for donating this graphic to us.
 | archive-date = December 5, 2014
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141205022143/https://www.gnu.org/graphics/heckert_gnu.html
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref> (derived from a more detailed version by Etienne Suvasa)<ref>{{cite web
 | url = https://www.gnu.org/graphics/agnuhead.html
 | title = A GNU Head
 | access-date = November 30, 2014
 | quote = This graphic was drawn by Etienne Suvasa
 | archive-date = July 28, 2011
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110728023934/http://www.gnu.org/graphics/agnuhead.html
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref>]]

The '''GNU Project''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-gnu.ogg|ɡ|n|uː}} {{respell|GNOO}})<ref>{{cite web
 | url = https://gnu.org/
 | title = What is GNU?
 | work = The GNU Operating System
 | date = September 4, 2009
 | publisher = [[Free Software Foundation]]
 | access-date = 2009-10-09
 | quote = The name "GNU" is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix!"; it is pronounced ''g-noo'', as one syllable with no vowel sound between the ''g'' and the ''n''.
 | archive-date = 2004-04-02
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040402153847/http://www.gnu.org/home.hu.html
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref> is a [[free software]], [[mass collaboration]] project announced by [[Richard Stallman]] on September 27, 1983. Its goal is to give computer users freedom and control in their use of their computers and [[Computer hardware|computing devices]] by collaboratively developing and publishing software that gives everyone the rights to freely run the software, copy and distribute it, study it, and modify it. GNU software grants these rights in [[GNU General Public License|its license]].

In order to ensure that the ''entire'' software of a computer grants its users all freedom rights (use, share, study, modify), even the most fundamental and important part, the [[operating system]] (including all its numerous utility programs) needed to be free software. Stallman decided to call this operating system ''[[GNU]]'' (a [[recursive acronym]] meaning "''GNU's not Unix!''"), basing its design on that of [[Unix]], a proprietary operating system.<ref name="manifesto">{{cite web
 | url = https://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html
 | title = The GNU Manifesto
 | date = July 21, 2007
 | publisher = [[Free Software Foundation]]
 | access-date = 2015-10-08
 | archive-date = 2018-07-14
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180714090017/https://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref> According to its manifesto, the founding goal of the project was to build a free operating system, and if possible, "everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system so that one could get along without any software that is not free." Development was initiated in January 1984. In 1991, the [[Linux kernel]] appeared, developed outside the GNU Project by [[Linus Torvalds]],<ref name="groups.google.com">{{cite web
 | url = https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/b813d52cbc5a044b
 | title = comp.os.minix
 | access-date = 2009-09-06
 | last = Torvalds
 | first = Linus Benedict
 | date = August 1991
 | archive-date = 2013-05-09
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130509134305/http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/b813d52cbc5a044b
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref> and in December 1992, it was made available under version 2 of the [[GNU General Public License]].<ref name="gpl_version">{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/v0.99/linux-0.99.tar.Z |title=z-archive of Linux version 0.99 |website=The Linux Kernel Archives |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130050958/ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/v0.99/linux-0.99.tar.Z |archive-date=2017-01-30 |url-status=dead |date=December 1992 }}</ref> Combined with the operating system utilities already developed by the GNU Project, it allowed for the first operating system that was free software, commonly known as [[Linux]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Balsa |first=Andrew D. |title=The linux-kernel mailing list FAQ |url=http://vger.kernel.org/lkml/#s1-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001231709/http://vger.kernel.org/lkml/#s1-1 |archive-date=2012-10-01 |access-date=2013-06-13 |work=The Linux Kernel Archives |publisher=Kernel.org |quote=...we have tried to use the word "Linux" or the expression "Linux kernel" to designate the kernel, and GNU/Linux to designate the entire body of GNU/GPL'ed OS software,... ...many people forget that the linux kernel mailing list is a forum for discussion of kernel-related matters, not GNU/Linux in general...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 | title = Losing graciously
 | url = http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/1316
 | access-date = 27 April 2014
 | author = Mark Shuttleworth
 | author-link = Mark Shuttleworth
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140322130122/http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/1316
 | archive-date = 22 March 2014
 | date=14 February 2014
 | quote = today our focus is on the cloud and on mobile, and we are quite clearly leading GNU/Linux on both fronts}}</ref>

The project's current work includes software development, awareness building, political campaigning, and sharing of new material.

== Origins ==

Richard Stallman, in the 60's had an issue with a printer in a mid-sized company running [[proprietary firmware]], he could not print and staple using a special type of paper, which printed and stapled on an old printer the company used. After this, Richard Stallman got more motivation to abolish non-free software.<ref>https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.txt</ref>

Richard Stallman announced his intent to start coding the GNU Project in a [[Usenet]] message in September 1983.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/net.unix-wizards/8twfRPM79u0/1xlglzrWrU0J | title = new Unix implementation | author = Richard Stallman | access-date = 2013-09-27 | archive-date = 2011-01-22 | archive-url = http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20110122130054/https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/net.unix-wizards/8twfRPM79u0/1xlglzrWrU0J | url-status = live }}</ref> Despite never having used Unix prior, Stallman felt that it was the most appropriate system design to use as a basis for the GNU Project, as it was portable and "fairly clean".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stallman.org/cgi-bin/showpage.cgi?path=/stallman-computing.html&term=unix&type=norm&case=0 |title=How I do my computing |author=Stallman, Richard |date=2022 |access-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131153156/https://stallman.org/cgi-bin/showpage.cgi?path=/stallman-computing.html&term=unix&type=norm&case=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

When the GNU Project first started it had an [[Emacs]] [[text editor]] with [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]] for writing editor commands, a source level [[debugger]], a [[yacc]]-compatible [[parsing|parser]] generator, and a [[Linker (computing)|linker]].<ref>Wardrip-Fruin, Noah; and Nick Montfort. "The GNU Manifesto". ''The NewMediaReader''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT, 2003. pp.545–550.</ref> The GNU system required its own [[C (programming language)|C]] [[compiler]] and tools to be free software, so these also had to be developed. By June 1987, the project had accumulated and developed free software for an [[Assembly language|assembler]], an almost finished portable optimizing C compiler ([[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]]), an editor ([[GNU Emacs]]), and various Unix utilities (such as <code>[[ls]]</code>, <code>[[grep]]</code>, <code>[[awk]]</code>, <code>[[make (software)|make]]</code> and <code>[[GNU linker|ld]]</code>).<ref>{{cite web
 | url = https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull3.html#SEC11
 | title = GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 3
 | date = June 1987
 | work = gnu.org
 | access-date = 2014-04-18
 | archive-date = 2015-11-25
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151125053210/https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull3.html#SEC11
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref> Richard Stallman also mentioned in the [[GNU manifesto]] that an initial kernel exists for the GNU operating system. That kernel was soon revealed to be the [[TRIX]] kernel.<ref>https://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.en.html#whats-gnu</ref> Developers attempted to use TRIX as the base of the GNU kernel, but abandoned the effort in favour of [[GNU Mach]].

Once the [[Kernel (operating system)|kernel]] and the compiler were finished, GNU was able to be used for [[Software development process|program development]]. The main goal was to create many other applications to be like the Unix system. GNU was able to run Unix programs, but was not identical to it. GNU incorporated longer file names, file version numbers, and a crash-proof file system. The GNU Manifesto was written to gain support and participation from others for the project. Programmers were encouraged to take part in any aspect of the project that interested them. People could donate funds, computer parts, or even their own time to write code and programs for the project.<ref name="manifesto"/>

The origins and development of most aspects of the GNU Project (and free software in general) are shared in a detailed narrative in the Emacs help system. (C-h g runs the Emacs editor command <kbd>describe-gnu-project</kbd>.) It is the same detailed history as at their web site.

== GNU Manifesto ==

{{Main|GNU Manifesto}}

The GNU Manifesto was written by Richard Stallman to gain support and participation in the GNU Project. In the GNU Manifesto, Stallman listed four freedoms essential to software users: freedom to run a program for any purpose, freedom to study the mechanics of the program and modify it, freedom to redistribute copies, and freedom to improve and change modified versions for public use.<ref name="GNU Manifesto">{{cite web
 | url = https://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html
 | title = The GNU Manifesto – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation (FSF)
 | first = Richard
 | last = Stallman
 | author-link = Richard Stallman
 | work = gnu.org
 | publisher = GNU Project
 | date = March 1985
 | access-date = 2011-10-18
 | archive-date = 2018-07-14
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180714090017/https://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref><ref name="weber">Weber, S. (2004). ''The Success of Open Source''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</ref> To implement these freedoms, users needed full access to the [[source code]]. To ensure code remained free and provide it to the public, Stallman created the [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL), which allowed software and the future generations of code derived from it to remain free for public use.

== Philosophy and activism ==

{{Main | Free software movement}}

Although most of the GNU Project's output is technical in nature, it was launched as a social, ethical, and political initiative. As well as producing software and licenses, the GNU Project has published a number of writings, the majority of which were authored by Richard Stallman.

== Free software ==

{{Main|Free software}}

The GNU Project uses software that is free for users to copy, edit, and distribute.<ref>https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html#four-freedoms</ref> It is free in the sense that users can change the software to fit individual needs. The way programmers obtain the free software depends on where they get it. The software could be provided to the programmer from friends or over the Internet, or the company a programmer works for may purchase the software.<ref>https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html#selling</ref>

== Funding ==

Proceeds from [[Free Software Foundation]] associate members, purchases, and donations support the GNU Project.<ref>[https://www.gnu.org/help/help.html#funds Helping the GNU Project and the Free Software Movement – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225192237/http://www.gnu.org/help/help.html#funds |date=2015-12-25 }}. gnu.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</ref>

== Copyleft ==

{{main | Copyleft}}

[[Copyleft]] is what helps maintain free use of this software among other programmers. Copyleft gives the legal right to everyone to use, edit, and redistribute programs or programs' code as long as the distribution terms do not change. As a result, any user who obtains the software legally has the same freedoms as the rest of its users do.

The GNU Project and the [[Free Software Foundation]] sometimes differentiate between "strong" and "weak" copyleft. "Weak" copyleft programs typically allow distributors to link them together with non-free programs, while "strong" copyleft strictly forbids this practice. Most of the GNU Project's output is released under a strong copyleft, although some is released under a weak copyleft or a lax, push-over free software license.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.freedesktop.org/www/Ncurses/|title=Ncurses|website=wiki.freedesktop.org|access-date=2019-03-18|quote=It is one of the few GNU files not distributed under the GNU General Public License or GNU Lesser General Public License; it is distributed under a license like the X11 License|archive-date=2021-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322075235/https://wiki.freedesktop.org/www/Ncurses/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html|title=Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL for your next library|website=GNU|quote=There are reasons that can make it better to use the Lesser GPL in certain cases.|access-date=2019-03-18|archive-date=2007-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126020249/http://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Operating system development ==

[[File:HURD Live CD.png|thumb|GNU Hurd live CD]]
{{main|GNU}}

The first goal of the GNU Project was to create a whole free-software operating system. Because UNIX was already widespread and ran on more powerful machines, compared to contemporary [[CP/M]] or [[MS-DOS]] machines of time,<ref>{{cite web
 | url = https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull1.txt
 | title = GNU's Bulletin Volume 1 No.1
 | date = February 1986
 | access-date = 2020-08-16
 | archive-date = 2015-06-23
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150623180723/http://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull1.txt
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref> it was decided it would be a Unix-like operating system. Richard Stallman later commented that he considered MS-DOS "a toy".<ref>{{cite web
 | url = https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/saturday/audio/1699424/richard-stallman-freedom
 | title = Richard Stallman: Freedom
 | website = [[Radio New Zealand]]
 | date = August 9, 2008
 | access-date = August 16, 2020
 | archive-date = October 31, 2020
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201031195307/https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/saturday/audio/1699424/richard-stallman-freedom
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref>

By 1992, the GNU Project had completed all of the major operating system utilities, but had not completed their proposed [[Kernel (operating system)|operating system kernel]], [[GNU Hurd]]. With the release of the [[Linux kernel]], started independently by [[Linus Torvalds]] in 1991, and released for the first time under the GPLv2 with version 0.12 in 1992, it was possible to run an operating system composed completely of free software. Though the Linux kernel is not part of the GNU Project, it was developed using [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]] and other GNU programming tools and was released as free software under the [[GNU General Public License]].<ref>{{cite web
 | url = https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/browse_thread/thread/76536d1fb451ac60/b813d52cbc5a044b
 | title = What would you like to see most in minix?
 | author = Linus Benedict Torvalds
 | publisher = comp.os.minix
 | date = August 26, 1991
 | access-date = July 28, 2016
 | archive-date = April 30, 2013
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130430234536/http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/browse_thread/thread/76536d1fb451ac60/b813d52cbc5a044b
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref> Most compilation of the Linux kernel is still done with GNU toolchains, but it is currently possible to use the [[Clang]] compiler and the [[LLVM]] toolchain for compilation.<ref>{{Cite web
 | url = https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.8/kbuild/llvm.html
 | title = Building Linux with Clang/LLVM
 | author = The Kernel Development Community
 | publisher = The Linux Kernel Docs
 | access-date = 2022-10-08
 | archive-date = 2022-09-27
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220927180305/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.8/kbuild/llvm.html
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref>

As of present, the GNU Project has not released a version of [[GNU/Hurd]] that is suitable for production environments since the commencement of the GNU/Hurd project over {{Time ago|Dec 31, 1990}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/hurd/status.html|title=GNU Hurd/ hurd/ status|website=GNU Operating System|publisher=Free Software Foundation|access-date=2018-04-15|quote="It may not be ready for production use, as there are still some bugs and missing features."|archive-date=2020-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030809/https://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/hurd/status.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== GNU/Linux ==

A stable version (or variant) of GNU can be run by combining the GNU packages with the [[Linux kernel]], making a functional [[Unix-like]] system. The GNU Project calls this GNU/Linux, and the defining features are the combination of:

* GNU packages<ref name=gnu_packages>{{cite web
 | url = https://www.gnu.org/software/software.html#allgnupkgs
 | title = All GNU packages
 | work = gnu.org
 | access-date = 2014-04-18
 | archive-date = 2015-12-25
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151225191933/http://www.gnu.org/software/software.html#allgnupkgs
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref><ref name=gnu_packages_fsf>[http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GNU GNU @ Free Software Directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205084519/http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GNU |date=2015-12-05 }} (fsf.org)</ref> (except for GNU Hurd) <br />The GNU packages consist of numerous operating system tools and utilities ([[Bash (Unix shell)|shell]], [[GNU Core Utilities|coreutils]], compilers, libraries, etc.)<ref name=gnu_packages /><ref name=gnu_packages_fsf /> including a library implementation of all of the functions specified in [[POSIX]] System Application Program Interface (POSIX.1).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/POSIX.html |title=POSIX – The GNU C Library |access-date=2014-04-18 |archive-date=2014-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424011018/http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/POSIX.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[GNU C Library#A temporary fork]]</ref> The GCC compiler can generate machine-code for a large variety of computer-architectures.<ref>[[GNU Compiler Collection#Architectures|GCC Architectures]]</ref>
* [[Linux kernel]] – this implements program scheduling, multitasking, device drivers, memory management, etc. and allows the system to run on a large [[List of Linux-supported computer architectures|variety of computer-architectures]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kernel.org/#whatislinux |title=The Linux Kernel Archives |access-date=2016-07-25 |archive-date=2011-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221140221/http://www.kernel.org/#whatislinux |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Linus Torvalds]] released the [[Linux kernel]] under the [[GNU General Public License]] in 1992;<ref name=linux_free>{{Cite web |url=http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12 |title=Release Notes for Linux v0.12 |access-date=2012-12-24 |archive-date=2013-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526191714/http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12 |url-status=live }}</ref> it is however not part of the GNU Project.<ref>[https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html#allgpled Should the GNU/name convention be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907132420/http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html#allgpled |date=2013-09-07 }} GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman</ref><ref>[https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html#whyslash Why do you write “GNU/Linux” instead of “GNU Linux”?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907132420/http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html#whyslash |date=2013-09-07 }} GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman</ref><ref>[https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html#claimlinux Isn't it wrong for us to label Linus Torvalds' work as GNU?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907132420/http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html#claimlinux |date=2013-09-07 }} GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman</ref><ref>[https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html#linusagreed Does Linus Torvalds agree that Linux is just the kernel?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907132420/http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html#linusagreed |date=2013-09-07 }} GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman</ref>
* non-GNU programs – various free software packages which are not a part of the GNU Project but are released under the [[GNU General Public License]] or another [[Free software license#FSF-approved .22free software.22 licenses|FSF-approved Free Software License]].

Within the GNU website, a list of projects is laid out and each project has specifics for what type of developer is able to perform the task needed for a certain piece of the GNU Project. The skill level ranges from project to project but anyone with background knowledge in programming is encouraged to support the project.

The packaging of GNU tools, together with the Linux kernel and other programs, is usually called a [[Linux distribution]] (distro). The GNU Project calls the combination of GNU and the Linux kernel "GNU/Linux", and asks others to do the same,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html#why |title=Why do you call it GNU/Linux and not Linux? |access-date=2014-04-18 |archive-date=2013-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907132420/http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html#why |url-status=live }}</ref> resulting in the [[GNU/Linux naming controversy]].

Most Linux distros combine GNU packages with a Linux kernel which contains proprietary [[binary blobs]].<ref name=":0" />

=== GNU Free System Distribution Guidelines ===
{{Anchor|Free System Distribution Guidelines (GNU FSDG)|GNU FSDG|FSDG}}
The GNU Free System Distribution Guidelines (GNU FSDG) is a system distribution commitment that explains how an installable system distribution (such as a Linux distribution) qualifies as free (libre), and helps distribution developers make their distributions qualify.

The list mostly describes distributions that are a combination of GNU packages with a [[Linux-libre]] kernel (a modified Linux kernel that removes binary blobs, obfuscated code, and portions of code under proprietary licenses) and consist only of free software (eschewing proprietary software entirely).<ref>{{cite web 
 | url = https://www.gnu.org/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html 
 | title = Guidelines for Free System Distributions 
 | work = gnu.org 
 | access-date = 2014-04-17 
 | archive-date = 2015-12-08 
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208205726/https://www.gnu.org/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html 
 | url-status = live 
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Avoiding Ruinous Compromises |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/compromise.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622094238/http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/compromise.html |archive-date=2018-06-22 |access-date=2016-07-22 |work=www.gnu.org}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems |url=https://www.gnu.org/distros/common-distros.html |work=GNU |access-date=2016-07-22 |archive-date=2011-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424061731/http://www.gnu.org/distros/common-distros.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Distributions that have adopted the GNU FSDG include [[Dragora GNU/Linux-Libre]], [[GNU Guix System]], [[Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre]], [[Parabola GNU/Linux-libre]], [[Trisquel GNU/Linux]], [[PureOS]], and a few others.<ref name="gnu">{{cite web
 | url = https://www.gnu.org/distros/free-distros.html
 | title = List of Free GNU/Linux Distributions – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation
 | work = gnu.org
 | access-date = 2014-08-18
 | archive-date = 2014-12-16
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141216063244/http://www.gnu.org/distros/free-distros.html
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref>

In 2022, Debian was close to becoming a FSF endorsed distro but it had an other repository on its servers with non-free packages, therefore it did not become FSF endorsed. And in 2022 Debian 12 added an option in the installer for non-free hardware to work by running non-free code.<ref>https://www.gnu.org/distros/common-distros.html</ref>

The Fedora Project's distribution license guidelines were used as a basis for the FSDG.<ref>{{cite web
 | url = https://www.gnu.org/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html
 | title = Free System Distribution Guidelines (GNU FSDG) – GNU Project
 | publisher = publisher
 | work = gnu.org
 | access-date = 2014-06-07
 | quote = We would like to thank the Fedora Project for their help in focusing these policies, and allowing us to use their own distribution license guidelines as a basis for this document.
 | archive-date = 2015-12-08
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208205726/https://www.gnu.org/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref> The Fedora Project's own guidelines, however, currently do not follow the FSDG, and thus the GNU Project does not consider [[Fedora Linux|Fedora]] to be a fully free (libre) GNU/Linux distribution.<ref name=":0" />

== Strategic projects ==

{{see also|Free Software Foundation#High priority projects|GNU toolchain}}

From the mid-1990s onward, with many companies investing in free software development, the [[Free Software Foundation]] redirected its funds toward the legal and political support of free software development. Software development from that point on focused on maintaining existing projects, and starting new projects only when there was an acute threat to the [[free software community]]. One of the most notable projects of the GNU Project is the [[GNU Compiler Collection]], whose components have been adopted as the standard compiler system on many [[Unix-like]] systems.

The copyright of most works by the GNU Project is owned by the Free Software Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moglen |first=Eben |title=Why the FSF Gets Copyright Assignments from Contributors |url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-assign.html |url-status=live |website=gnu project |access-date=2023-05-11 |archive-date=2023-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511200705/http://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-assign.html }}</ref>

=== GNOME ===
The [[GNOME]] desktop effort was launched by the GNU Project because another desktop system, [[KDE]], was becoming popular, but required users to install [[Qt (toolkit)|Qt]], which was then [[proprietary software]]. To prevent people from being tempted to install KDE and Qt, the GNU Project simultaneously launched two projects. One was the [[Harmony toolkit]]. This was an attempt to make a free software replacement for Qt. Had this project been successful, the perceived problem with the KDE would have been solved. The second project was GNOME, which tackled the same issue from a different angle. It aimed to make a replacement for KDE that had no dependencies on proprietary software. The Harmony project did not make much progress, but GNOME developed very well. Eventually, the proprietary component that KDE depended on ([[Qt (toolkit)|Qt]]) was released as free software.<ref>{{cite web |author=Stallman |first=Richard |date=September 5, 2000 |title=Stallman on Qt, the GPL, KDE, and GNOME |url=https://www.linuxtoday.com/developer/stallman-on-qt-the-gpl-kde-and-gnome/ |access-date=2005-09-09 |publisher=Linux Today |archive-date=2012-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419013021/http://www.linuxtoday.com/news_story.php3?ltsn=2000-09-05-001-21-OP-LF-KE |url-status=live }}</ref> GNOME has since dissociated itself from the GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation, and is now independently managed by the [[GNOME Project]].<ref>https://x.com/nmcgovern/status/1382360647464316931</ref>

=== {{anchor | GNU Enterprise}}GNU Enterprise ===

'''GNU Enterprise''' ('''GNUe''') was a meta-project started in 1996,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gnuenterprise.org:80/community/history.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116060106/http://www.gnuenterprise.org/community/history.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-16|title=GNU Enterprise Project History – GNU Enterprise|date=2013-01-16|access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref> and can be regarded as a sub-project of the GNU Project. GNUe's goal is to create [[free software|free]] "enterprise-class data-aware applications" ([[enterprise resource planner]]s, etc.). GNUe is designed to collect Enterprise software for the GNU system in a single location (much like the GNOME project collects Desktop software), it was later decommissioned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNU Enterprise Homepage |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/gnue/}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
In 2001, the GNU Project received the [[USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award]] for "the ubiquity, breadth, and quality of its freely available redistributable and modifiable software, which has enabled a generation of research and commercial development".<ref>{{cite web
 | url = http://www.usenix.org/directory/flame.html
 | title = USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award ("The Flame")
 | publisher = USENIX
 | access-date = 2007-12-05
 | archive-date = 2007-12-28
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228023853/http://www.usenix.org/directory/flame.html
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref>

== See also ==

{{Portal| Free and open-source software}}

* [[Free Software Foundation]]
* [[GNU Free Documentation License]]
* [[List of GNU packages]]
* [[9965 GNU]]

== References ==

{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* {{official website}}
* [https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GNU The GNU Free Software Directory]
* [https://www.gnu.org/software/gnue/ GNU Enterprise]

{{GNU}}
{{Free Software Foundation}}
{{FLOSS}}
{{ERP software}}

[[Category:GNU Project| ]]
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[[Category:Copyleft media]]
[[Category:Copyright law]]
[[Category:Free Software Foundation]]
[[Category:Free software movement]]