View source for Gallipoli

{{Short description|Peninsula in northwestern Turkey}}
{{About|the peninsula|other uses|Gallipoli (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
[[File:Gallipoli peninsula from space.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Satellite image of the Gallipoli peninsula and surrounding area]]
[[File:View of Anzac Cove - Gallipoli Peninsula - Dardanelles - Turkey - 01 (5734713946).jpg|upright=1.4|thumb|[[ANZAC Cove]] in Gallipoli]]
The '''Gallipoli Peninsula''' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|l|ɪ|p|əl|i|,_|ɡ|æ|-|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Gallipoli.wav}}){{refn|{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=3-12-539683-2}}. {{langx|tr|Gelibolu Yarımadası}}; {{langx|el|Χερσόνησος της Καλλίπολης|Chersónisos tis Kallípolis}})}} is located in the southern part of [[East Thrace]], the [[Europe]]an part of [[Turkey]], with the [[Aegean Sea]] to the west and the [[Dardanelles]] strait to the east.

Gallipoli is the Italian form of the [[Greek language|Greek]] name {{lang|grc|Καλλίπολις}} ({{Transliteration|grc|Kallípolis}}), meaning 'beautiful city',<ref name="lid">{{cite book |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkalli%2Fpolis |chapter=Καλλίπολις |first1=Henry George |last1=Liddell |author1-link=Henry Liddell |first2=Robert |last2=Scott |author2-link=Robert Scott (philologist) |title=A Greek–English Lexicon |others=Revised and augmented throughout by Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1940 |via=Perseus Digital Library Project |access-date=2020-08-28 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407051701/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkalli%2Fpolis |url-status=live }}</ref> the original name of the modern town of [[Gelibolu]]. In [[classical antiquity|antiquity]], the [[peninsula]] was known as the '''Thracian Chersonese''' ({{langx|grc|Θρακικὴ Χερσόνησος|Thrakiké Chersónesos}}; {{langx|la|Chersonesus Thracica}}).

The peninsula runs in a south-westerly direction into the Aegean Sea, between the [[Dardanelles]] (formerly known as the Hellespont), and the [[Gulf of Saros]] (formerly the bay of Melas). In [[ancient Greece|antiquity]], it was protected by the [[Long Wall (Thracian Chersonese)|Long Wall]],<ref name="Brownson1921">{{cite book |title=Hellenica, Volume II |author=Xenophon |translator-last=Brownson |translator-first=Carleton L. |date=January 1921 |url=https://archive.org/details/xenophonmemorabi00xeno |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=9780674990999 |author-link=Xenophon |translator-link=Carleton Lewis Brownson |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Oldfather1933">{{cite book |title=Library of History, Volume I |author=Diodorus Siculus |url=https://archive.org/details/diodorussiculus09diod |date=January 1933 |translator-last=Oldfather |translator-first=Charles H. |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=9780674993075 |author-link=Diodorus Siculus |translator-link=Charles Henry Oldfather |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Pliny1855">{{cite book |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137&redirect=true |title=The Natural History |author-last=Plinius Secundus |author-first=Gaius |date=1855 |editor-last1=Bostock |editor-first1=John |editor-last2=Riley |editor-first2=Henry Thomas |publisher=H. G. Bohn |location=London |author-link=Pliny the Elder |editor-link1=John Bostock (physician) |editor-link2=Henry Thomas Riley |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224102938/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137&redirect=true |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Plutarch1919">{{cite book |title=Lives |author=Plutarch |translator-last=Perrin |translator-first=Bernadotte |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0072%3Achapter%3D19%3Asection%3D1 |language=grc |date=January 1919 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=9780674991101 |author-link=Plutarch |translator-link=Bernadotte Perrin |access-date=25 December 2021 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225185610/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0072:chapter%3D19:section%3D1 |url-status=live }}</ref> a defensive structure built across the narrowest part of the peninsula near the ancient city of [[Agora (Thrace)|Agora]]. The [[isthmus]] traversed by the wall was only 36 [[stadia (length)|stadia]] in breadth<ref name="herod_6.36_xen_3.2_scy_67">[[Herodotus]], ''The Histories'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&layout=&loc=6.36 vi. 36]; Xenophon, ibid.; Pseudo-Scylax, ''[[Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax]]'', 67 ([http://www.le.ac.uk/ar/gjs/skylax_for_www_02214.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612100745/http://www.le.ac.uk/ar/gjs/skylax_for_www_02214.pdf |date=12 June 2009 }})</ref> or about {{cvt|6.5|km}}, but the length of the peninsula from this wall to its southern extremity, Cape Mastusia, was 420 stadia<ref name="herod_6.36_xen_3.2_scy_67"/> or about {{cvt|77.5|km}}.

==History==

===Antiquity and Middle Ages===
[[File:Thracian Chersonese.svg|thumb|left|Map of the Thracian Chersonese]]
In ancient times, the Gallipoli Peninsula was known as the [[Thracian Chersonese]] (from [[Ancient Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|χερσόνησος}}, 'peninsula'<ref name="lid" />) to the Greeks and later the Romans. It was the location of several prominent towns, including [[Cardia (Thrace)|Cardia]], [[Pactya]], Callipolis (Gallipoli), Alopeconnesus ({{lang|grc|Ἀλωπεκόννησος}}), [[Sestos]], [[Madytos (Thrace)|Madytos]], and [[Elaeus]]. The peninsula was renowned for its [[wheat]]. It also benefited from its strategic importance on the main route between [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], as well as from its control of the shipping route from [[Crimea]]. The city of Sestos was the main crossing-point on the [[Hellespont]].

According to [[Herodotus]], the Thracian tribe of [[Dolonci]] ({{lang|grc|Δόλογκοι}}) (or 'barbarians' according to [[Cornelius Nepos]]) held possession of the peninsula before Greek colonizers arrived. Then, settlers from [[Ancient Greece]], mainly of [[Ionia]]n and [[Aeolians|Aeolian]] stock, founded about 12 cities on the peninsula in the 7th century BC.<ref name="herod_6.34_nepos_1">Herodotus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&layout=&loc=6.34.1 vi. 34] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062722/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&redirect=true |date=25 April 2023 }}; [[Cornelius Nepos|Nepos, Cornelius]], ''Lives of Eminent Commanders'', "Miltiades", [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/nepos.htm#Miltiades 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107233658/http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/nepos.htm#Miltiades |date=7 November 2017 }}</ref> The [[Classical Athens|Athenian]] statesman [[Miltiades the Elder]] founded a major Athenian colony there around 560 BC. He took authority over the entire peninsula, augmenting its defences against incursions from the mainland. It eventually passed to his nephew, the more famous [[Miltiades the Younger]], about 524 BC. The peninsula was abandoned to the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]] in 493 BC after the beginning of the [[Greco-Persian Wars]] (499–478 BC).

The Persians were eventually expelled, after which the peninsula was for a time ruled by Athens, which enrolled it into the [[Delian League]] in 478 BC. The Athenians established a number of [[cleruchy|cleruchies]] on the Thracian Chersonese and sent an additional 1,000 settlers around 448 BC. [[Sparta]] gained control after the decisive [[Battle of Aegospotami]] in 404 BC, but the peninsula subsequently reverted to the Athenians. During the 4th century BC, the Thracian Chersonese became the focus of a bitter territorial dispute between Athens and [[Macedon]], whose king [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]] sought its possession. It was eventually ceded to Philip in 338 BC.

After the death of Philip's son [[Alexander the Great]] in 323 BC, the Thracian Chersonese became the object of contention among [[Diadochi|Alexander's successors]]. [[Lysimachus]] established his capital [[Lysimachia (Thrace)|Lysimachia]] here. In 278 BC, [[List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes|Celtic tribes]] from [[Galatia]] in Asia Minor settled in the area. In 196 BC, the [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] king [[Antiochus III the Great|Antiochus III]] seized the peninsula. This alarmed the Greeks and prompted them to seek the aid of the [[Roman Republic|Romans]], who conquered the Thracian Chersonese, which they gave to their ally [[Eumenes II]] of [[Pergamon]] in 188 BC. At the extinction of the [[Attalid dynasty]] in 133 BC it passed again to the Romans, who from 129 BC administered it in the [[Roman province]] of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]]. It was subsequently made a state-owned territory ({{lang|la|[[ager publicus]]}}) and during the reign of the emperor [[Augustus]] it was imperial property.
[[File:Gallipolimap2.png|thumb|Map of the peninsula and its surroundings]]

The Thracian Chersonese was part of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] from its foundation in 395 AD. In 443 AD, [[Attila the Hun]] invaded the Gallipoli Peninsula during one of the last stages of his grand campaign that year. He captured both Callipolis and Sestus.<ref>{{cite book |title=Attila the Hun: Barbarian Terror and the Fall of the Roman Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-YN6NwHqq4C |publisher=Vintage |page=105 |isbn=978-1844139156 |date=2011 |access-date=3 May 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062720/https://books.google.com/books?id=f-YN6NwHqq4C |url-status=live }}</ref> Aside from a brief period from 1204 to 1235, when it was controlled by the [[Republic of Venice]], the [[Byzantine Empire]] ruled the territory until 1356. During the night between 1 and 2 March 1354, a strong earthquake destroyed the city of Gallipoli and its city walls, weakening its defenses.

===Ottoman era===
{{Further|Sanjak of Gelibolu}}

====Ottoman conquest====
Within a month after the devastating 1354 earthquake the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] [[Fall of Gallipoli|besieged and captured]] the town of Gallipoli, making it the first Ottoman stronghold in Europe and the staging area for Ottoman expansion across the [[Balkans]].<ref>Crowley, Roger. 1453: ''The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West''. New York: Hyperion, 2005. p 31 {{ISBN|1-4013-0850-3}}.</ref> The [[Savoyard Crusade]] recaptured Gallipoli for Byzantium in 1366, but the beleaguered Byzantines were forced to hand it back in September 1376. The [[Greeks]] living there were allowed to continue their everyday activities. In the 19th century, Gallipoli ({{langx|ota|گلیبولو}}, {{lang|tr|Gelibolu}}) was a district ({{lang|tr|[[kaymakamlik]]}}) in the [[Vilayet of Adrianople]], with about thirty thousand inhabitants: comprising Greeks, Turks, Armenians and Jews.<ref>{{Catholic|wstitle=Callipolis|inline=yes}}</ref>

====Crimean War (1853–1856)====
[[File:Port de Gallipoli.JPG|thumb|The port of Gallipoli, {{circa|1880}}]]
Gallipoli became a major [[military camp|encampment]] for British and French forces in 1854 during the [[Crimean War]], and the harbour was also a stopping-off point between the western Mediterranean and [[Istanbul]] (formerly [[Constantinople]]).<ref name="Plus">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Crimea/Black_Sea_1854/04_28.html |title=Crimea |access-date=11 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222234538/http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Crimea/Black_Sea_1854/04_28.html |archive-date=22 February 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Victorian">{{cite web |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/crimea/usher/despatch.html |title=Charles Usherwood's Service Journal, 1852–1856: despatch |work=victorianweb.org |access-date=2 July 2006 |archive-date=28 November 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021128225126/http://www.victorianweb.org/history/crimea/usher/despatch.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 1854 British and French engineers constructed an {{cvt|11.5|km}} line of defence to protect the peninsula from a possible Russian attack and secure control of the route to the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Porter |first=Maj Gen Whitworth |title=History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I |year=1889 |publisher=The Institution of Royal Engineers |location=Chatham}}</ref>{{rp|414}}

====First Balkan War (1912–1913)====
During the [[First Balkan War]], the 1913 [[Battle of Bulair]] and several minor skirmishes took place where the Ottoman army fought in the Greek villages near Gallipoli".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirinian |first1=George N. |title=Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913-1923 |date=2017 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1785334320 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlwEDQAAQBAJ |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062720/https://books.google.com/books?id=SlwEDQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Astourian |first1=Stephan |title=Collective and State Violence in Turkey: The Construction of a National Identity from Empire to Nation-State |date=2020 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78920-450-6 |page=192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ3UDwAAQBAJ |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062719/https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ3UDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Persecutions of the Greeks in Turkey before the European war">{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Carroll N |last2=Papadopoulos |first2=Alexander |title=Persecutions of the Greeks in Turkey before the European war |date=1919 |publisher=Oxford university press |page=52 |url=https://archive.org/details/persecutionsofgr00papa}}</ref> The [[Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars]] mention destruction and massacres in the area by the Ottoman army against Greek and Bulgarian population.<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan War |date=1914 |publisher=Washington, D.C. |page=132 |url=https://archive.org/details/reportofinternat00inteuoft/page/132/mode/2up}}</ref>

The Ottoman Government, under the pretext that a village was within the firing line, ordered its evacuation within three hours. The residents abandoned everything they possessed, left their village and went to [[Gelibolu|Gallipoli]]. Seven of the Greek villagers who stayed two minutes later than the three-hour limit allowed for the evacuation were shot by the soldiers. After the end of the Balkan War the exiles were allowed to return. But as the Government allowed only the Turks to rebuild their houses and furnish them, the exiled Greeks were compelled to remain in Gallipoli.<ref name="Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918"/>

====World War I: Gallipoli Campaign (1914–1918)====
{{Main|Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli Peninsula Historical Site}}
[[File:Landing at Gallipoli (13901951593).jpg|thumb|Landing at Gallipoli in April 1915]]
[[File:Gallipoli ANZAC Cove Sphinx 2.JPG|thumb|The Sphinx overlooking Anzac Cove]]

During World War I (1914–1918), French, British, and allied forces (Australian, New Zealand, Newfoundland, Irish and Indian) fought the [[Gallipoli campaign]] (1915–1916) in and near the peninsula, seeking to secure a sea route to relieve their eastern ally, [[Imperial Russia|Russia]]. The Ottomans set up defensive fortifications along the peninsula and contained the invading forces.

In early 1915, attempting to seize a strategic advantage in World War I by capturing the [[Bosporus Strait]] at [[Istanbul]] (formerly [[Constantinople]]), the British authorised an attack on the peninsula by French, British, and British Empire forces. The first Australian troops landed at [[ANZAC Cove]] early in the morning of 25 April 1915. After eight months of heavy fighting the last Allied soldiers withdrew by 9 January 1916.

The campaign, one of the greatest [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] victories during the war, is considered by historians as a humiliating [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] failure. [[Turkey|Turks]] regard it as a defining moment in their nation's history and national identity,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallipoli: a Turkish view {{!}} Australian War Memorial |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/visit/exhibitions/gallipoli#:~:text=The%20events%20of%201915%20created,status%20within%20Turkey's%20national%20identity |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.awm.gov.au}}</ref> contributing to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey eight years later under President [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], who first rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli.

The Ottoman Empire instituted the [[Gallipoli Star (Ottoman Empire)|Gallipoli Star]] as a military decoration in 1915 and awarded it throughout the rest of World War I.

The campaign was the first major military action of [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] (or [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps|ANZACs]]) as independent [[dominion]]s, setting a foundation for Australian and New Zealand military history, and contributing to their developing national identities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2024 |title=Chapter 1 - The Significance of the Gallipoli Peninsula |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Finance_and_Public_Administration/Completed_inquiries/2004-07/gallipoli/report/d01b#:~:text=The%20national%20significance%20of%20the,and%20remembrance%2C%20into%20iconic%20status. |website=Parliament of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallipoli in brief {{!}} NZ History |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/the-gallipoli-campaign/gallipoli-in-brief#:~:text=In%20New%20Zealand%20(and%20Australia,grew%20out%20of%20this%20pride. |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=nzhistory.govt.nz}}</ref> The date of the landing, 25 April, is known as "[[Anzac Day|ANZAC Day]]". It remains the most significant commemoration of military casualties and [[veteran|"returned soldiers"]] in Australia and New Zealand.

On the Allied side, one of the promoters of the expedition was Britain's [[First Lord of the Admiralty]], [[Winston Churchill]], whose bullish optimism caused damage to his reputation that took years to repair.

Prior to the Allied landings in April 1915,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6k5HzkboGvcC |title=The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany's Bid for World Power |first=Sean |last=McMeekin |date=7 May 2012 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674058538 |via=Google Books |access-date=25 November 2021 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062721/https://books.google.com/books?id=6k5HzkboGvcC |url-status=live }}</ref> the Ottoman Empire deported [[Ottoman Greeks|Greek residents]] from Gallipoli and the surrounding region and from the islands in the [[sea of Marmara]], to the interior where they were at the mercy of hostile Turks.<ref name="Terrible Fate">{{cite book |last=Lieberman |first=Benjamin |title=Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXlfAgAAQBAJ |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |date=December 2013 |pages=96–97 |isbn=978-1442223196 |access-date=3 May 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062722/https://books.google.com/books?id=UXlfAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Greeks had little time to pack and the Ottoman authorities permitted them to take only some bedding and the rest was handed over to the Government.<ref name="Terrible Fate"/> The Turks then plundered the houses and properties.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenationalherald.com/128395/the-meaning-of-gallipoli-to-hellenism/ |title=The Meaning of Gallipoli to Hellenism |access-date=15 October 2017 |archive-date=15 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015202301/https://www.thenationalherald.com/128395/the-meaning-of-gallipoli-to-hellenism/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A testimony of a deportee described how the deportees were forced onto crowded steamers, standing-room only, then on disembarking, men of military age were removed (for forced labour in the [[labour Battalions (Ottoman Empire)|labour battalions]] of the Ottoman army).

The [[Metropolitan bishop]] of Gallipoli wrote on 17 July 1915 that the extermination of the Christian refugees was methodical.<ref name="Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/persecutionofgre00consrich |title=Persecution of the Greeks in Turkey, 1914–1918 |date=1919 |publisher=Constantinople [London, Printed by the Hesperia Press]}}</ref> He also mentions that "The Turks, like beasts of prey, immediately plundered all the Christians' property and carried it off. The inhabitants and refugees of my district are entirely without shelter, awaiting to be sent no one knows where ...".<ref name="Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918"/> Many Greeks died from hunger and there were frequent cases of rape of women and young girls, as well as their forced conversion to [[Islam]].<ref name="Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918"/> In some cases, [[Muhacirs]] appeared in the villages even before the Greek inhabitants were deported and stoned the houses and threatened the inhabitants that they would kill them if they did not leave.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Benny |last2=Ze'evi |first2=Dror |title=The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THSPDwAAQBAJ&q=greek%2BGallipoli%2Bdeportee |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=April 2019 |page=338 |isbn=978-0674916456 |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062720/https://books.google.com/books?id=THSPDwAAQBAJ&q=greek%2BGallipoli%2Bdeportee |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)====
Greek troops occupied Gallipoli on 4 August 1920 during the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)|Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22]], considered part of the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. After the [[Armistice of Mudros]] of 30 October 1918 it became a Greek prefecture centre as ''Kallipolis''. However, Greece was forced to cede Eastern Thrace after the [[Armistice of Mudanya]] of October 1922. Gallipoli was briefly handed over to British troops on 20 October 1922, but finally returned to Turkish rule on 26 November 1922.

In 1920, after the defeat of the [[White movement|Russian White army]] of General [[Pyotr Wrangel]], a significant number of [[White émigré|émigré soldiers]] and their families evacuated to Gallipoli from the [[Crimean Peninsula]]. From there, many went to European countries, such as [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], where they found refuge.

There are now many [[list of war cemeteries and memorials on the Gallipoli Peninsula|cemeteries and war memorials]] on the Gallipoli peninsula.

===Turkish Republic===
Between 1923 and 1926 Gallipoli became the centre of Gelibolu Province, comprising the districts of Gelibolu, [[Eceabat]], [[Keşan]] and [[Şarköy]]. After the dissolution of the province, it became a district centre in [[Çanakkale Province]].

=== Tourism significance ===
Today, the Gallipoli Peninsula is one of Turkey's most visited historical destinations, attracting hundreds of thousands of domestic and international visitors every year. The Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park preserves battlefields, cemeteries, and memorials of the Gallipoli Campaign, and ANZAC Day (25 April) ceremonies draw large numbers of Australians and New Zealanders. Various tour operators offer guided tours of the battlefields, memorials, and museums to help visitors understand the significance of the campaign.
<ref>{{cite web |title=Visiting Gallipoli |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/turkey/gallipoli |website=Lonely Planet |access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Ahmed Bican]] (1398 – {{circa|1466}}), author
*[[Piri Reis]] (1465/70 – 1553<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/19/821/10412.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206015913/http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/19/821/10412.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-06 |url-status=live |title=Ana Sayfa}}</ref>), admiral, geographer and cartographer
*[[Mustafa Âlî]] (1541–1600), Ottoman historian, politician and writer
*[[Sofia Vembo]] (1910–1978), Greek singer and actress

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Gallipoli (Turkey)}}
{{Wiktionary|Gallipoli}}

*{{Wikivoyage inline|Gallipoli}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110524001248/http://e-turkey.net/v/canakkale_gallipoli/ Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park photos with info]
*[https://rsltours.com/ Tours of Gallipoli] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817172634/https://rsltours.com/ |date=17 August 2020 }}
*[http://www.abc.net.au/ww1-anzac/gallipoli/ Australia's role in the Gallipoli Campaign – Website (ABC and Dept of Veteran's Affairs)]
*[https://www.gallipolitour.com/ Gallipoli Tour – Information and Guided Tours]

{{Peninsulas of Turkey}}
{{Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey}}
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[[Category:Gallipoli Peninsula| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey]]
[[Category:Dardanelles]]
[[Category:Geography of Thrace]]
[[Category:Headlands of Turkey|Gelibolu]]
[[Category:Landforms of Çanakkale Province]]
[[Category:Peninsulas of Turkey]]
[[Category:Places of the Greek genocide]]
[[Category:Territories of the Republic of Venice]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Çanakkale Province]]
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List for Turkey]]