View source for Gary Ackerman

{{Short description|American politician (born 1942)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name          = Gary Ackerman
| image         = Gary Ackerman Portrait c111-112th Congress.jpg
| state         = [[New York (state)|New York]]
| term_start    = March 1, 1983
| term_end      = January 3, 2013
| predecessor   = [[Benjamin S. Rosenthal]]
| successor     = [[Grace Meng]] (redistricted)
| constituency  = {{ushr|NY|7|C}} (1983–1993)<br>{{ushr|NY|5|C}} (1993–2013)
| state_senate1 = New York
| district1     = [[New York's 12th State Senate district|12th]]
| term_start1   = January 1, 1979
| term_end1     = March 1, 1983
| predecessor1  = [[Jack E. Bronston]]
| successor1    = Leonard Stavisky
| birth_name    = Gary Leonard Ackerman
| birth_date    = {{birth date and age|1942|11|19}}
| birth_place   = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| death_date    = 
| death_place   = 
| party         = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| education     = [[Queens College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| module        = {{Listen |pos=center |embed=yes |filename=Rep. Gary Ackerman on a House Resolution in Remembrance of the September 11 Attacks.ogg |title=Ackerman's voice |type=speech |description=Ackerman on a House resolution in remembrance of the [[September 11 attacks]].<br>Recorded September 11, 2008}}
}}
'''Gary Leonard Ackerman''' (born November 19, 1942) is an American retired politician and former [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] from New York, serving from 1983 to 2013. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. On March 15, 2012, Ackerman announced that he would retire at the end of the 112th Congress on January 3, 2013, after fifteen terms, and would not seek re-election in November 2012.

==Early life, education, and early career==
Ackerman was born in [[Brooklyn]], the son of Eva (née Barnett) and Max Ackerman. His grandparents were [[Eastern European Jews|Jewish]] immigrants from Russia and Poland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~battle/genealogy/reps/ackerman.htm|title=ackerman|website=freepages.rootsweb.com|access-date=August 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/02/opinion/my-last-day-in-congress.html | work=The New York Times | first=Gary L. | last=Ackerman | title=My Last Day in Congress | date=January 2, 2013}}</ref> He was raised in [[Flushing, Queens]]. He attended local public schools, [[Brooklyn Technical High School]] and graduated from [[Queens College]] in 1965. After college, Ackerman became a New York City School teacher where he taught [[social studies]], mathematics, and journalism to junior high school students in Queens.

Following the birth of his first child in 1969, Ackerman petitioned the [[New York City Board of Education]] for an unpaid [[leave of absence]] to spend time with his newborn daughter but his request was denied, under then existing policy which reserved unpaid "maternity-child care" leave to women only.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hammel|first=Lisa|date=May 4, 1971|title=Maternity Leave for Men? Two Fathers Who Say It's Only Fair|work=New York Times|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/119339599|access-date=October 27, 2020|id={{ProQuest|119339599}} }}</ref> In what was to be a forerunner of the [[Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993]], then teacher Ackerman successfully sued the board in a landmark case which established the right of either parent to receive unpaid leave for [[child care]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Carroll|first=Maurice|date=1973-01-06|title=U. S. Backs Child-Care Leaves For Men in a School Case Here|language=en|work=New York Times|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/119711097|access-date=2020-10-27|id={{ProQuest|119711097}} }}</ref> A quarter of a century later, now a congressman, Ackerman in the House–Senate Conference Committee, signed the report of the Family and Medical Leave Act which became the law of the land.

Ackerman's second career move occurred in 1970, when he left teaching to start a weekly community newspaper in [[Queens]] called ''The Flushing Tribune'' which soon became the ''[[Queens Tribune]]''. Ackerman served as its editor and publisher.

==New York Senate==
Ackerman was a member of the [[New York State Senate]] from 1979 to 1983, sitting in the [[183rd New York State Legislature|183rd]], [[184th New York State Legislature|184th]] and [[185th New York State Legislature]]s.

==U.S. House of Representatives==
[[File:Ronald Reagan and Gary Ackerman.jpg|thumb|right|Ackerman with President [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1985]]
[[File:Gary Ackerman and Bill Clinton.jpg|thumb|right|Ackerman with former president [[Bill Clinton]] in 2002]]
[[File:George W. Bush and Gary Ackerman.jpg|thumb|right|Ackerman with President [[George W. Bush]] in 2006]]
[[File:Barack Obama and Gary Ackerman.jpg|thumb|right|Ackerman with President [[Barack Obama]] in 2009]]

===Elections===
Incumbent Democratic U.S. congressman [[Benjamin Rosenthal]] died on January 4, 1983. Ackerman won the special election with a plurality of 49%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=94615|title=Our Campaigns – NY District 7 Special Race – Mar 01, 1983|website=www.ourcampaigns.com|access-date=August 19, 2019}}</ref> In 1984, he won re-election to a full term with 69% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=52038|title=Our Campaigns – NY District 7 Race – Nov 06, 1984|website=www.ourcampaigns.com|access-date=August 19, 2019}}</ref> In 1986, he won re-election with 77%, and was unopposed in 1988 and 1990. After redistricting, he ran in [[New York's 5th congressional district]]. He won the Democratic primary with 60%,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=143039|title=Our Campaigns – NY District 5 – D Primary Race – Sep 15, 1992|website=www.ourcampaigns.com|access-date=August 19, 2019}}</ref> and the general election with 52% against Republican county legislator Allan E. Binder.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=28181|title=Our Campaigns – NY District 5 Race – Nov 03, 1992|website=www.ourcampaigns.com|access-date=August 19, 2019}}</ref> In 1994, he won re-election with 55% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=29279|title=Our Campaigns – NY District 5 Race – Nov 08, 1994|website=www.ourcampaigns.com|access-date=August 19, 2019}}</ref> Since then, he has won re-election with at least 63% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=1970|title=Our Campaigns – Candidate – Gary L. Ackerman|website=www.ourcampaigns.com|access-date=August 19, 2019}}</ref>

On March 15, 2012, Ackerman announced that he would retire at the end of the 112th Congress on January 3, 2013, after fifteen terms, and would not seek re-election in November 2012.

===Tenure===
Ackerman was the [[United States Congress|Congressional]] delegate to the United Nations.{{When|date=November 2010}} In addition, he was the ranking Democrat on the Congressional Caucus on [[India]] and [[Indian American]]s.{{When|date=November 2010}} In 2002, he was awarded [[India]]'s third highest civilian award, the [[Padma Bhushan]] for his contributions as member of the India Caucus in the Congress.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

Ackerman was one of only 22 Congressman and one of 2 Democrats from New York to vote against a resolution calling for the protection of the symbols and traditions of Christmas. The resolution, which did not include language that would protect the symbols of other religious holidays, passed 401–22 in the House in December 2005. In April 2003 the [[Catholic League (U.S.)|Catholic League]] for religious and civil rights attacked Ackerman for voting against a non-binding resolution that would have declared a day of prayer in recognition of the U.S. [[war in Iraq]].

Ackerman received an "A" on the [[Drum Major Institute]]'s 2005 Congressional Scorecard on middle-class issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drummajorinstitute.com/congress/drum-major-voting-summary.php?name=Ackerman&state=NY&database=house |title=Congress at the Midterm: Their 2005 Middle-Class Record |publisher=Drummajorinstitute.com |access-date=August 23, 2010}}</ref> Ackerman was also a member of the [[Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus|Cuba Democracy Caucus]] and is currently the head of the [[International Council of Jewish Parliamentarians (ICJP)]].

Ackerman has missed voting on 80 occasions pertaining to a variety of issues, including the [[Pension Protection Act]], the Tax Relief Extension Reconciliation Act, and the Honoring the Contributions of [[Catholic School]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/members/a000022/votes/missed/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=Missed Votes by Gary Ackerman – Congress votes database |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012212304/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/members/a000022/votes/missed/ |archive-date=October 12, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/gary_ackerman/400003|title=Gary Ackerman, former Representative for New York's 5th Congressional District|website=GovTrack.us|access-date=August 19, 2019}}</ref>

In June 2001, Ackerman honored King Christian X of Denmark for his wearing a [[yellow badge]] armband during World War II in support of the Danish Jews who had been ordered by the Nazi occupation to wear yellow badges, although Jews in Denmark were never forced to wear an armband, and the story is merely a legend.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.house.gov/ackerman/press/taliban.htm |title=Congressman Gary Ackerman, U.S. House of Representatives. Ackerman's Statement on International Relations Mark-up, Statement by Mr. Ackerman |access-date=May 20, 2010 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060803042336/http://www.house.gov/ackerman/press/taliban.htm |archive-date=August 3, 2006}} 6–6–01. H.Con.Res. 145, Condemning The Recent Order by the Taliban Regime to Require Hindus in Afghanistan to wear Symbols identifying them as Hindus.</ref>

====Health====
Among Ackerman's significant legislative undertakings, was the passage of his Baby AIDS [[amend (motion)|amend]]ment to the [[Ryan White Care Act]]. The measure requires mandatory HIV testing of newborns and disclosure of the results to the mother.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebody.com/article/ryan-white-care-act-reauthorization-stand|title=Ryan White CARE Act Reauthorization: Where We Stand &#124; TheBody|website=www.thebody.com|access-date=August 19, 2019}}</ref>

Ackerman championed the issue of newborn testing after discovering that 45 states, including New York, tested babies for HIV but used the data solely to track the prevalence of the disease in the population, and did not disclose the results to the mothers. As a result, thousands of mothers brought their infants home from the hospital, never aware that their children had tested positive for HIV. Ackerman stopped the anonymous testing from being reinstated in years that followed.

Ackerman also scored a victory in his efforts to ban downed animals from being sold as meat in supermarkets, restaurants and butcher stores. For a decade, Ackerman warned that use of such livestock was not only inhumane treatment of animals but also risked causing a [[Mad Cow disease|Mad Cow]] disaster in the United States. His legislation fell on deaf ears until December 2003, when his warning became prophetic and the [[George W. Bush administration|Bush Administration]]—among those who had opposed the bill—finally imposed his ban through regulation.

Ackerman was also successful in getting [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] to cover testing for [[prostate cancer]].

In addition, Ackerman sponsored the first federal legislation to ban the use of handheld [[cell phones]] while driving.

====Finance====
Law of the land is Ackerman's measure requiring banks and financial companies to notify consumers when negative information is placed on their [[credit report]]s. Ackerman also sponsored legislation which is now law that in the wake of the [[Enron]], [[WorldCom]] and other corporate scandals, prohibits accounting firms from consulting for the companies they audit.

On October 3, 2008, Ackerman voted in favor of the [[Troubled Asset Relief Program]].<ref>{{cite web |title=FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 681 |url=https://clerk.house.gov/evs/2008/roll681.xml |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706123433/https://clerk.house.gov/evs/2008/roll681.xml |archive-date=6 Jul 2021 |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref>

On January 8, 2009, Ackerman introduced a bill to order the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] to re-institute the [[uptick rule]], limiting the circumstances under which traders can sell stock short.

On February 4, 2009, Ackerman criticized [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|SEC]] Officials over the handling of tips given to them about the [[Bernie Madoff]] scandal. Ackerman believed that he was reflecting the public's opinion, saying: "How are they supposed to have confidence that if somebody goes to you with a complaint—gives it to you on a silver platter with all the investigations, with all the numbers, with all of the data, telling you exactly what he did, how he did it, and why he did it and how he knows that—and after a period after half a dozen or eight years, you don't know anything?"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2009/02/04/sec-officials-cant-find-their-own-backsides-lawmaker.html|title=News Headlines |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=February 4, 2009 |access-date=August 23, 2010}}</ref>

====Foreign policy and terrorism====
[[File:Gary Ackerman and Ariel Sharon.jpg|thumb|right|Ackerman with Israeli prime minister [[Ariel Sharon]] in 2001]]
[[File:Gary_Ackerman_and_Hosni_Mubarak.jpg|alt=Gary_Ackerman_and_Hosni_Mubarak|thumb|Ackerman with Egyptian president [[Hosni Mubarak]] in 2003]]
[[File:Benjamin Netanyahu and Gary Ackerman.jpg|thumb|right|Ackerman with Israeli prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] in 2003]]
[[File:Olmert and Ackerman.jpg|thumb|right|Ackerman with Israeli prime minister [[Ehud Olmert]] in 2007]]
On October 10, 2002, Ackerman was among the 81 House Democrats who voted in favor of authorizing the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]].

Ackerman also convinced the [[United States Department of Defense|Defense Department]] to stop garnishing wages from certain U.S. soldiers serving in the war against [[Iraq]]. Although troops who serve in combat zones are not required to pay federal taxes, many soldiers had failed to be granted the exemption.

Other highlights include the Congressman authoring legislation that required President George W. Bush to impose [[international sanctions|sanctions]] against the [[Palestinian Authority]] for not complying with peace agreements it signed with the U.S. and Israel.

In his capacity as the then chairman of the Asia Subcommittee, Ackerman made history in the 1990s by traveling to [[North Korea]] to discuss [[non-proliferation]]. Upon his return to [[South Korea]], Ackerman became the first person since the [[Korean War]] to cross the [[Korean Demilitarized Zone|DMZ]] (Demilitarized Zone).

Enacted as well was his measure that prevents [[war criminal]]s and human rights abusers who have perpetrated [[genocide]], [[torture]], [[terrorism]] or other atrocities, from entering the U.S. and deports those who have slipped in.

He convinced the German government to establish a US$110&nbsp;million fund to compensate 18,000 [[Holocaust]] survivors and to investigate whether 3,300 former [[Nazism|Nazi]] soldiers now living in the U.S. and collecting German pensions are war criminals.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}

Ackerman is also well known for his many missions to feed the starving people of [[Ethiopia]] and the [[Sudan]] and for playing a leading role in the rescue of [[Ethiopian Jews]] and aiding their emigration to Israel. Active in the Middle East peace process, Ackerman has met with the current and most past Israeli prime ministers and the heads of all the [[Arab]] countries in an effort to help secure peace in the region. He also ventured to [[Kashmir]] enduring sub-freezing winter temperatures in an attempt to secure the release of four western hostages.

In January 2011, Ackerman criticized Jewish organizations including the Jewish Voice for Peace and [[J Street (advocacy group)|J Street]] for their perspective of what actions had to be taken for a lasting Mideast peace.

On January 12, 2009, Ackerman admitted to arranging a visit between Israeli officials and a defense contractor at the same time he was investing in that contractor.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lesser|first1=Benjamin|last2=Smith|first2=Greg B.|date=January 1, 2010|title=Rep. Ackerman confirms he introduced Israeli officials to defense contractor Xenonics|work=New York Daily News|location=New York|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/rep-ackerman-confirms-introduced-israeli-officials-defense-contractor-xenonics-article-1.462133|access-date=August 23, 2010}}</ref> Although the visit did not result in any official deal between the parties, questions regarding his ethics were raised.<ref>{{cite news|author=Editorials|date=January 1, 2010|title=Come cleaner, Gary: Too many unanswered questions about Ackerman's 100G score|work=New York Daily News|location=New York|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/cleaner-gary-unanswered-questions-ackerman-100g-score-article-1.462475|access-date=August 23, 2010}}</ref>

Ackerman was also successful in getting enacted, his bill that created the [[Raising the Flag at Ground Zero#Later use|"Heroes"]] postage stamp, the revenue from which helps the families of rescue workers killed or permanently disabled while responding to the [[September 11 attacks]]. The stamp was based on a photograph entitled ''[[Raising the Flag at Ground Zero|Ground Zero Spirit]]''. In addition, the Congressman lobbied federal security officials—with the September 11, 2001, attacks in mind—to use retired [[law enforcement officer]]s as screeners at [[List of airports in the New York City area|New York airports]] and he pressed President [[George W. Bush|Bush]] to make good on his promise to provide New York with US$20&nbsp;billion in additional 9/11 disaster [[aid]].

In 2011, Ackerman voted to extend expiring provisions of the [[PATRIOT Act]]<ref>{{cite web |title=FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 36 |url=https://clerk.house.gov/evs/2011/roll036.xml |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609194144/http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2011/roll036.xml |archive-date=9 Jun 2021 |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref> and voted in favor of the [[National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2012]].<ref>{{cite web|title=HR 1540 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 – Voting Record|url=http://www.votesmart.org/bill/votes/37467|work=Project Vote Smart|access-date=April 5, 2012|archive-date=April 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406213838/http://www.votesmart.org/bill/votes/37467|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====State and local issues====
Ackerman participated in forcing the State of Hawaii to change its law that forbade blind individuals from bringing their guide dogs with them to the islands. The Congressman chaired an investigation and bipartisan hearing into whether New York City and [[Long Island]] officials properly used the spraying of [[Malathion]] during the [[West Nile virus]] outbreak. He also obtained federal funds to combat a return of the virus.

===Committee assignments===
*[[United States House Committee on Financial Services|Committee on Financial Services]]
**[[United States House Financial Services Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance, and Government-Sponsored Enterprises|Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance, and Government-Sponsored Enterprises]]
**[[United States House Financial Services Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit|Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit]]
*[[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|Committee on Foreign Affairs]]
**[[United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific|Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific]]
**[[United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia|Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia]] (Ranking Member)

===Caucus memberships===
*Congressional Arts Caucus
*Congressional Caucus on [[India]] and [[Indian American]]s

==Personal life==
Ackerman, who sports a white [[carnation]] [[boutonnière]] each day, lives on a [[houseboat]] named the ''Unsinkable II'' while in Washington, D.C., and otherwise resides in [[Roslyn Heights, New York|Roslyn Heights]] in Nassau County with his wife Rita, having moved there from a home in [[Jamaica Estates, Queens]] that sold for [[United States dollar|US$]]1&nbsp;million in 2008.<ref>Lorver, Janie. [http://www.newsday.com/news/local/politics/ny-lilevy185806048aug18,0,2336444.story "Plan to allow PBA officials plane-ticket upgrades knocked"], ''[[Newsday]]'', August 18, 2008. Accessed August 23, 2008. "The 20-year resident of Jamaica Estates has sold his house after waiting months for a buyer, for just more than $1 million, less than the $1.3 million he'd asked, he said. Ackerman bought a condo in Roslyn Heights, about nine miles away, for $950,000 in December, records show."</ref> The Ackermans have three children: Lauren, Corey, and Ari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/26970/gary-ackerman#.VyEA4mQrLL8|title=The Voter's Self Defense System|website=Project Vote Smart|language=en-US|access-date=April 27, 2016}}</ref> Ackerman is an amateur photographer, an avid [[stamp collector]], and a [[boating]] enthusiast. He is also an [[Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|Eagle Scout]].

At the 2006 meeting of the [[International Council of Jewish Parliamentarians (ICJP)]], Ackerman was unanimously elected to serve as the executive of the organization.

Ackerman was named an honorary graduate of the [[United States Merchant Marine Academy]] for his continued support of the service academy located in [[Kings Point, New York]].

Ackerman also has a street named after him located in [[Central Islip, New York]].

===Sexual assault accusation===
In the 1960s, Ackerman served as director of the Ten Mile River [[Boy Scouts of America|Boy Scout]] Camp. In 2019, a former camper filed a lawsuit accusing Ackerman of fondling him and forcing him to perform oral sex on Ackerman.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/ex-congressman-gary-ackerman-accused-of-abusing-teenager-five-decades-ago/|title=Ex-congressman Gary Ackerman accused of abusing teenager five decades ago|newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=August 25, 2019|accessdate=December 30, 2021}}</ref> The alleged abuse occurred in 1966, when Ackerman was 23 and the accuser was 17. Ackerman denied any wrongdoing but resigned from his position as a consultant for the [[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk County]] Department of Civil Service.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/politics/spin-cycle/gary-ackerman-john-kennedy-bellone-1.35598469|title=Former Rep. Gary Ackerman leaves Suffolk civil service consulting job|last=Blidner|first=Rachel|newspaper=[[Newsday]]|date=August 28, 2019|accessdate=December 30, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/congressman-accused-decades-sexual-abuse-time-working-boy/story?id=65193131|title=Former congressman accused of decades-old sexual abuse from his time working at a Boy Scouts camp|author=Keneally, Meghan|publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=August 26, 2019|accessdate=December 30, 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Jewish members of the United States Congress]]
* [[Franklin child prostitution ring allegations|Franklin Child Prostitution Ring]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=a000022 Ackerman at Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]
* {{C-SPAN|1002061}}

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[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the New York State Legislature]]
[[Category:21st-century American Jews]]
[[Category:21st-century United States representatives]]
[[Category:21st-century New York (state) politicians]]
[[Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Brooklyn Technical High School alumni]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Democratic Party New York (state) state senators]]
[[Category:Editors of New York (state) newspapers]]
[[Category:Jewish United States representatives]]
[[Category:Jewish state legislators in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jamaica Estates, Queens]]
[[Category:People from Flushing, Queens]]
[[Category:People from Roslyn Heights, New York]]
[[Category:Politicians from Queens, New York]]
[[Category:Queens College, City University of New York alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs]]