View source for Gastronomy

{{short description|Study of the relationship between food and culture}}
{{more footnotes|date=June 2016|reason=Some of these are probably not even appropriate sources.}}
[[Image:Produits régionaux - photo CPPR.jpg|thumb|200px|Fine food, the principal study of gastronomy]]
'''Gastronomy''' is the study of the relationship between [[Human food|food]] and [[culture]], the art of preparing and serving rich or delicate and appetizing food, the cooking styles of particular regions, and the science of good eating.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-11 |title=Gastronomy {{!}} Description, History, & Cuisine {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/gastronomy |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> One who is well versed in gastronomy is called a '''gastronome''', while a '''gastronomist''' is one who unites theory and practice in the study of gastronomy. Practical gastronomy is associated with the practice and study of the preparation, production, and service of the various foods and beverages, from countries around the world. It is related with a system and process approach, focused on recipes, techniques and cookery books. Food gastronomy is connected with food and beverages and their genesis. Technical gastronomy underpins practical gastronomy, introducing a rigorous approach to evaluation of gastronomic topics.<ref name="GillespieCousins2012">{{cite book |first1=Cailein |last1=Gillespie |first2=John |last2=Cousins |title=European Gastronomy into the 21st Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2G5cihKVlOIC |date=23 May 2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-136-40493-1 |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Crystal |last=Cun |title=What the Hell Is Gastronomy, Anyway? |work=Adventures of an Omnomnomnivore<!--not a typo--> in NYC |publisher=self-published |date=13 May 2011 |url= https://www.crystal.kitchen/2011/05/13/what-the-hell-is-gastronomy-anyway |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''gastronomy'' originates from the title of a poem quoted by the ancient Greek rhetorician [[Athenaeus]]. It is a compound of Greek {{lang|grc|γαστρ(ο)-}} {{transliteration|grc|gastr(o)-}} (from {{lang|grc|γαστήρ}} {{transliteration|grc|gastḗr}}, {{gloss|stomach}}) and {{lang|grc|νόμος}} {{transliteration|grc|nómos}} ({{gloss|custom}}), modeled on ''astronomy''.<ref>{{cite dictionary|date=1898 |title=gastronomy, n. |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/gastronomy_n |url-access=subscription |dictionary=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=11 August 2025}}</ref> The term was revived in 1801 as the title of a poem by {{ill|Joseph Berchoux|fr}},<ref name="Ory1996pp445-448">{{cite book |last=Ory |first=Pascal |title=Realms of Memory: Tradition |date=1996 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |pages=445–448}}</ref><ref>Joseph Berchoux, ''La gastronomie, pöeme'', 4th edition, Paris, 1805 [https://books.google.com/books?id=FXIEUS3gHrUC full text]</ref> though it was [[Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin]] in his ''Physiologie du goût'' (1825) who systematized the study of food and cooking under this name.<ref>Béa Aaronson, "La Civilisation du goût: Savoir et saveur à la table de Louis XIV", in ''Civilization in French and Francophone Literature'', ''French Literature Series'' '''33''' (2006), p. 88</ref>

== History ==
Gastronomy involves discovering, tasting, experiencing, researching, understanding and writing about food preparation and the sensory qualities of [[human nutrition]] as a whole. It also studies how nutrition interfaces with the broader culture. The biological and chemical basis of cooking has become known as [[molecular gastronomy]], while gastronomy covers a much broader, interdisciplinary ground. {{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

[[File:Jean François Tourcaty, Carte Gastronomique de la France, 1809 Cornell CUL PJM 1033 01.jpg|thumbnail|This is the first example of a carte gastronomique, a map that summarizes a country by its products at the outset of the  "Cours Gastronomique" by Charles Louis Cadet de Gassicourt (1809).]]
Pascal Ory, a French historian, defines gastronomy as the establishment of rules of eating and drinking, an "art of the table", and distinguishes it from good cooking ({{lang|fr|bonne cuisine}}) or fine cooking ({{lang|fr|[[haute cuisine]]}}). Ory traces the origins of gastronomy back to the French reign of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] when people took interest in developing rules to discriminate between good and bad style and extended their thinking to define good culinary taste. The lavish and sophisticated cuisine and practices of the French court became the culinary model for the French. [[Alexandre Balthazar Laurent Grimod de La Reynière|Alexandre Grimod de La Reynière]] wrote the gastronomic work {{lang|fr|Almanach des gourmands}} (1803), elevating the status of food discourse to a disciplined level based on his views of French tradition and morals. Grimod aimed to reestablish order lost after the revolution and institute gastronomy as a serious subject in France. Grimod expanded gastronomic literature to the three forms of the genre: the guidebook, the gastronomic treatise, and the gourmet periodical. The invention of gastronomic literature coincided with important cultural transformations in France that increased the relevance of the subject. The end of nobility in France changed how people consumed food; fewer wealthy households employed cooks and the new bourgeoisie class wanted to assert their status by consuming elitist food. The emergence of the restaurant satisfied these social needs and provided good food available for popular consumption. The center of culinary excellence in France shifted from Versailles to Paris, a city with a competitive and innovative culinary culture. The culinary commentary of Grimod and other gastronomes influenced the tastes and expectations of consumers in an unprecedented manner as a third party to the consumer-chef interaction.<ref name="Ory1996pp445-448" />

The French origins of gastronomy explain the widespread use of French terminology in gastronomic literature. Pascal Ory criticizes this literature as conceptually vague; relying heavily on anecdotal evidence; and using confusing, poorly defined terminology. Nevertheless, gastronomy has grown from a marginalized subject in France to a serious and popular interest worldwide.<ref name="Ory1996pp445-448" />

The derivative ''[[gourmet]]'' has come into use since the publication of ''Physiology of Taste'' ({{lang|fr|Physiologie du goût}}) an 1825 cooking treatise by [[Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin]], a lawyer and politician who aimed to define classic [[French cuisine]]. While the work contains some flamboyant recipes, it goes into the theory of preparation of French dishes and hospitality.{{sfnp|Brillat-Savarin|2004}} According to Brillat-Savarin: "Gastronomy is the knowledge and understanding of all that relates to man as he eats. Its purpose is to ensure the conservation of men, using the best food possible."{{sfnp|Brillat-Savarin|2004}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Montagné |first=Prosper |title=[[Larousse gastronomique]] |edition=2nd English ("New American") |editor-first=Jennifer |editor-last=Harvey Lang |location=New York |publisher=Crown |date=1988 |orig-year=1938}} The translation of the Brillat-Savarin quotation is from this work.</ref>

==Writings on gastronomy==
Many writings on gastronomy throughout the world capture the thoughts and aesthetics of a culture's cuisine during a period in their history. Some works continue to define or influence the contemporary gastronomic thought and cuisine of their respective cultures.

Some additional historical examples:
*{{lang|la|[[Apicius]]}} or {{lang|la|De re Coquinaria}} (''On the Subject of Cooking''): A 1st-to-5th-century collection of [[Ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] recipes, often attributed (without clear evidence) to the gourmet [[Marcus Gavius Apicius]], it contains instructions for preparing [[Ancient Roman cuisine|dishes]] enjoyed by the elite of the time. A new English translation was published in 2009 as ''Cookery and Dining in Imperial Rome''.{{sfnp|Apicius|2009}}
*{{lang|zh-Latn|[[Suiyuan Shidan]]}} ({{lang|zh|隨園食單}}, ''The Way of Eating'', also known in English as ''Recipes from the Garden of Contentment''): An 18th-century manual on [[Chinese cuisine]] of [[Qing dynasty]] by the poet [[Yuan Mei]], it contains recipes from different social classes at the time along with two chapters on Chinese gastronomic and culinary theory. The first translation into English was completed in 2017.{{sfnp|Yuan|2017}}

==See also==
* [[Connoisseur]]
* [[Culinary arts]]
* [[Gourmand]]
* [[Les Marmitons]]
* {{Portal-inline|Society}}
* {{Portal-inline|Food}}

==References==
===Inline citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last=Apicius |first=Marcus Gavius |author-link=Marcus Gavius Apicius |title=De re Coquinaria |trans-title=Cookery and Dining in Imperial Rome |translator-first=Joseph Dommers |translator-last=Vehling
 |editor-first= Frederick |editor-last=Starr |url= https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29728 |publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]] |date=2009 |orig-year=1st–5th C. |access-date=7 August 2020}} English translation; several formats available.
* {{cite web |last=Yuan |first=Mei |author-link=Yuan Mei |title=隨園食單 |trans-title=Way of the Eating |translator-first=Sean Jy-Shyang |translator-last=Chen |url= https://wayoftheeating.wordpress.com/order-of-translation/ |date=2017 |orig-year=1792}} English translation with original Chinese, in website form with commentaries. Also published in hardback as ''Recipes from the Garden of Contentment'' (2018) and trade paperback as ''The Way of Eating'' (2019), by the same translator.
* {{cite book |last=Brillat-Savarin |first=Jean Anthelme |author-link=Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin |title=The Physiology of Taste: Or Meditations on Transcendental Gastronomy |edition=10th |translator-first=Fayette |translator-last=Robinson |editor1-first=Steve |editor1-last=Harris |editor2-first=Charles |editor2-last=Franks |publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]] |date=2004 |orig-year=1825 |url= https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5434 |access-date=7 August 2020}} English translation; several formats available.

===Further reading===
* {{cite web |first=Avi |last=Schlosburg |title=What Is Gastronomy? |work=Gastronomy Blog |publisher=Metropolitan College, [[Boston University]] |date=6 June 2011 |url= https://sites.bu.edu/gastronomyblog/2011/06/06/what-is-gastronomy/ |access-date=7 August 2020}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Kilien Stengel |first=Kilien |last=Stengel |title=Traité de la gastronomie: Patrimoine et culture |language=fr |publisher=Sang de la Terre |date=2012}}
* {{cite web |first=Leanna |last=Garfield |title=Chemistry is bringing chefs 'a new revolution of cooking' — here's what the food of tomorrow looks like |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=12 February 2016 |url= https://www.businessinsider.com/molecular-gastronomy-is-the-future-of-cooking-2016-2}}
* {{cite web |first=Mojca |last=Jez |title=Molecular Gastronomy: The Food Science |work=Splice |publisher=BioSistemika LLC |date=24 September 2015 |url= https://splice-bio.com/molecular-gastronomy-the-food-science |access-date=7 August 2020}}

==External links==
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/digitalcoll/digitalcoll-gastronomy.html Gastronomy Books Digital Collection] in the [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/ Rare Book and Special Collections Division] of the US [[Library of Congress]]
* Books on gastronomy 1905, 1906 by [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/57118 Frank Schloesser].

{{Cuisine}}
{{Aesthetics}}

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[[Category:Gastronomy| ]]
[[Category:Food and drink culture]]