View source for Gejiu

{{Infobox settlement
|name                   = Gejiu
|official_name          = <!-- Official name in English if different from 'name' -->
|native_name            = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|个旧市}}}}
|other_name             = 
<!--
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|translit_lang1_type3   = [[Pinyin]] 
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|settlement_type        = [[County-level city]]
|motto                  = 
<!-- images and maps  ----------->
|image_skyline          = {{multiple image
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|total_width = 280px
|image_style = border:1;
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|image1 = 个旧市天际线 - 2023-08-13 04.jpg
|caption1 = Downtown skyline
|image2 = 金湖文化广场 - 锡山宝鼎 - 2023-08-13.jpg
|caption2 = Jinhu Cultural Square
|image3 = 个碧临屏铁路公司旧址 - 正门 - 2023-08-12.jpg
|caption3 = Former site of GeBi LinPing Railway Company
|image4 = TheGrandMosqueinShadian.jpg
|caption4 = Shadian Grand Mosque
|image5 = 宝丰隆商号 - 2023-08-12 01.jpg
|caption5 = Former site of Baofenglong Store
|image6 = 云南锡业 - 2023-08-13 01.jpg
|caption6 = [[Yunnan Tin]] headquarters
}}
|image_flag             = 
|flag_size              = 
|image_seal             = 
|seal_size              = 
|image_map              = 个旧市位置图.svg
|mapsize                = 
|map_caption            = Location of Gejiu City in Honghe Prefecture within Yunnan province
|pushpin_map            = China Yunnan
|pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
|pushpin_map_caption    = Location within China
|pushpin_mapsize        = 250
<!-- Location ------------------>
|subdivision_type       = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[China|People's Republic of China]]
|subdivision_type1      = [[Province (China)|Province]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[Yunnan]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China|Prefecture]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture|Honghe]]
<!-- Politics ----------------->
|government_footnotes   = 
|government_type        = 
|leader_title           = 
|leader_name            = 
|leader_title1          = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->
|leader_name1           = 
|established_title      = <!-- Settled -->
|established_date       = 
|established_title2     = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
|established_date2      = 
|established_title3     = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
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<!-- Area    --------------------->
|area_magnitude         = 
|unit_pref              = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
|area_footnotes         = 
|area_total_km2         = 1587
|area_land_km2          = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->
<!-- Population   ----------------------->
|population_as_of       = 
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|population_note        = 
|population_total       = 390000
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<!-- General information  --------------->
|timezone               = 
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|coordinates            = {{coord|23|22|N|103|09|E|type:adm3rd_region:CN-53|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes    = <!--for references: use <ref> tags-->
|elevation_m            = 
<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->
|postal_code_type       = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
|postal_code            = 661000
|area_code              = [[Telephone numbers in China|0873]]
|website                = {{URL|www.gjjw.gov.cn/}}
|footnotes              = 
}}{{infobox Chinese
|t= {{linktext|箇舊}}
|s=个旧
|p=Gèjiù
|l=single old
|w=Ko<sup>4</sup>-chiu<sup>4</sup>
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|g|e|4|.|j|iu|4}}
}}
'''Gejiu''' ({{Audio|Ge4jiu4.ogg|pronunciation}}) ({{zh|s=个旧}};<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jicjAQAAIAAJ&q=gejiu%22+pronounced%22|title=Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation: The Essential Handbook of the Spoken Word|first1=Lena|last1=Olausson|first2=Catherine|last2=Sangster|date=October 26, 2006|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-280710-6 |via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Hani language|Hani]]: ''Goqjef''; formerly known as '''Kochiu''') is a [[county-level city]] in [[Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture]], [[Yunnan]] [[provinces of China|Province]], [[China]], with 202,000{{NoteTag|This is based on the statistic data in 2018, which includes urban population and urban temporary population.}} urban inhabitants (ranked 14th largest city in [[Yunnan]]).<ref>{{cite book |author=Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development |author-link=Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development |date=2020 |title=中国城市建设统计年鉴 2018 |trans-title=China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 <!--table 2-2--> |url=http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02020032722244243052500000.xls |language=zh |location=[[Beijing]] |publisher=China Statistic Publishing House |access-date=2020-12-12 |archive-date=2021-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810115223/http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02020032722244243052500000.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the site of China's largest [[tin]] deposits and its main industry is [[mining]].

==Location==
Gejiu is located on the top of a mountain to the north of the [[Red River (Vietnam)|Red River]] ([[pinyin]] ''Hong He'') valley, which flows from [[Xiangyun County|Xiangyun]], Yunnan, to [[Vietnam]].  To the southwest in this valley is [[Nansha, Yunnan|Nansha]], which lies directly below the town of [[Yuanyang County, Yunnan|Yuanyang]].  To the northwest of Gejiu lies [[Jianshui|Jianshui County]], and to the north, [[Jijie|Jijie Town]], one of its subordinate towns.  [[Mengzi City|Mengzi]], the capital city of Honghe prefecture, lies 12 miles east of Gejiu.

==Layout==
The town is located in a crater-like depression around a lake on top of a mountain.  The main road enters the town from the north through a thin pass.  To the east and west are steep cliffs.  Those to the west are too steep to inhabit, however, extensive new construction along the eastern suburbs has created many new residential areas.

==Administrative divisions==
Administratively, the County-level City of Gejiu consists of 10 township level units:<ref>{{cite web
  |url = http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2019/
  |title = 国家统计局
  |publisher = National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China
  |language = zh
  |access-date = 2021-12-07}}</ref> 
* 2 [[Subdistricts of the People's Republic of China|subdistricts]] :Chengqu (城区街道), which includes the urban district, and Datun (大屯街道);
* 6 towns: Xicheng (錫城镇), Shadian (沙甸镇), Jijie (雞街镇), Laochang (老廠镇), Kafang (卡房镇), and [[Manhao]] (蔓耗镇);
* 2 townships: Jiasha (贾沙乡) and Baohe (保和乡)

== History ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}[[Image:Gejiu-west-hills-looking-east.jpg|right|thumb|View from the western hills of Gejiu looking east. The city lies in the depression behind the buildings that is not visible. The eastern cliffs, which tower above the city, are visible in the background. (November, 2004)]]
[[File:Hemimorphite-Veszelyite-233177.jpg|thumb|Light-blue [[botryoidal]] [[Hemimorphite]] outlined by darker-blue [[Veszelyite]], Laochang ore field,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/loc-155491.html|title=Laochang ore field (Laochang Mine), Gejiu Sn-polymetallic ore field, Gejiu City, Honghe, Yunnan, China|website=www.mindat.org}}</ref> Gejiu County.]]
Originally, Gejiu was called ''Gejiuli,'' which is a small mining settlement in Yunnan Province . Under the Yuan (1206–1368) and Ming (1368–1644) dynasties the mining of silver started.

In the late 17th and 18th centuries, mining in Yunnan boomed, but tin mining in Gejiu did not develop until the second half of the 18th century.

In the 1880s, Gejiu was established as a [[subprefecture]] (廳) under [[Mengzi County]], which was about {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}} east of the former.

In 1889, Mengzi was opened as a [[Treaty ports|treaty port]] to serve as a gateway for trade between the [[Qing Government]] and what was then [[French Indochina]].

It was not until the French in Vietnam built the [[Yunnan-Vietnam railway|Yunnan-Vietnam Railway]] in 1910 when Gejiu began to develop. One of the main purposes in constructing this railway was to service the mine trading.

During the last years of the Qing dynasty, the mining of tin was organized by the Chinese-owned Gejiu Tin Company, but the company was deficient in [[capital (economics)|capital]], technical skill, and managerial efficiency and therefore was replaced by a joint state-private company, Gejiu Tin-Mining Company, under which production boomed.

After the 1911 [[Xinhai Revolution|Revolution]], Gejiu was further developed due to its location up in the mountains, surrounded by abundant [[tin]] deposits.

A [[Gebishi Railway|branch line]] was built from Gejiu to Mengzi between 1915 and 1928 to better serve the transport needs of the tin mine.

By the 1930s, Gejiu tin accounted for 80 percent of the traffic exported on the railway. Tin production is said{{Who|date=December 2022}} to have reached 10,000 tons in 1938.

After 1949, the management passed to the state-owned Yunnan Tin-Mining Corporation, which by 1955 had reached and exceeded the pre-war{{Which|date=December 2022}} production figures. In addition to the city's tin mine, which remained the chief product, Gejiu had also become a major producer of lead, and a thriving [[metallurgical industry]] has been developed. Tin articles made in Gejiu were highly acclaimed in China. Coal for smelting was supplied to the city from nearby [[Kaiyuan, Yunnan|Kaiyuan]] to the north, located on the rail line to [[Kunming]]. There is some engineering and chemical production closely allied with Gejiu's metallurgical industries.

Today, Gejiu is a relatively modern prosperous county-level city in Yunnan, with a lakeside setting and with a backdrop of rocky hills.

== Landforms ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}{{stack|[[Image:Gejiu-and-lake-at-night.jpg|thumb|View of Gejiu and its lake at night]]}}The city of Gejiu surrounds a lake which, however, was not naturally formed. A turning point in the city's history was when a mining accident occurred sometime in the 1950s, when water welled up through the mines which led to groundwater rising to the surface, and this flooded a large part of the narrow valley that the city was located in. This accident may well have turned out to be a blessing in disguise for Gejiu, as it provided a nice scenic lake right in the city center. An already cramped upland location became even more cramped after this flood, which has resulted in an extremely dense, high-rise center compared to other small Chinese cities that are built on plains. Later, the adjacent area to the flood-caused lake was turned into a park. Today, the town is protected from further flooding by an underground [[spillway]].

==Climate==
It is a typical [[Oceanic climate|subtropical highland climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb''), with a low temperature variation but cold for latitude.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/republica-popular-da-china/yunnan/gejiu-2294/|title=Gejiu climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Gejiu weather averages - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=2019-02-15}}</ref>

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|collapsed = Y
|location = Gejiu, elevation {{convert|1721|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
|Jan high C = 	14.7
|Feb high C = 	17.0
|Mar high C = 	20.3
|Apr high C = 	22.9
|May high C = 	23.7
|Jun high C = 	24.0
|Jul high C = 	23.9
|Aug high C = 	24.2
|Sep high C = 	23.1
|Oct high C = 	20.6
|Nov high C = 	18.0
|Dec high C = 	14.9
|Jan mean C = 	10.9
|Feb mean C = 	12.8
|Mar mean C = 	16.0
|Apr mean C = 	18.5
|May mean C = 	19.7
|Jun mean C = 	20.7
|Jul mean C = 	20.6
|Aug mean C = 	20.4
|Sep mean C = 	19.1
|Oct mean C = 	16.8
|Nov mean C = 	13.8
|Dec mean C = 	11.0
|Jan low C = 	8.1
|Feb low C = 	9.8
|Mar low C = 	12.7
|Apr low C = 	15.2
|May low C = 	16.9
|Jun low C = 	18.5
|Jul low C = 	18.4
|Aug low C = 	17.9
|Sep low C = 	16.6
|Oct low C = 	14.4
|Nov low C = 	11.1
|Dec low C = 	8.2
|Jan record high C = 21.7 |Jan record low C = -1.8
|Feb record high C = 24.9 |Feb record low C = -0.2
|Mar record high C = 26.9 |Mar record low C = -3.0
|Apr record high C = 28.9 |Apr record low C = 4.5
|May record high C = 30.1 |May record low C = 8.2
|Jun record high C = 29.3 |Jun record low C = 11.8
|Jul record high C = 29.8 |Jul record low C = 12.7
|Aug record high C = 29.8 |Aug record low C = 12.9
|Sep record high C = 28.8 |Sep record low C = 7.7
|Oct record high C = 26.3 |Oct record low C = 5.0
|Nov record high C = 23.7 |Nov record low C = 0.3
|Dec record high C = 23.0 |Dec record low C = -4.0
|year high C  =|year low C= 
|year high F = |year low F =
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	35.8
|Feb precipitation mm = 	24.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 	35.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 	61.1
|May precipitation mm = 	112.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 	150.9
|Jul precipitation mm = 	215.7
|Aug precipitation mm = 	188.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 	104.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 	61.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 	43.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 	27.1
|Jan humidity = 	73
|Feb humidity = 	68
|Mar humidity = 	65
|Apr humidity = 	67
|May humidity = 	74
|Jun humidity = 	79
|Jul humidity = 	81
|Aug humidity = 	80
|Sep humidity = 	79
|Oct humidity = 	80
|Nov humidity = 	77
|Dec humidity = 	76
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm	
|Jan precipitation days = 	6.1
|Feb precipitation days = 	5.5
|Mar precipitation days = 	6.2
|Apr precipitation days = 	10.1
|May precipitation days = 	15.0
|Jun precipitation days = 	19.2
|Jul precipitation days = 	22.6
|Aug precipitation days = 	20.7
|Sep precipitation days = 	15.3
|Oct precipitation days = 	11.3
|Nov precipitation days = 	6.6
|Dec precipitation days = 	5.3
|year precipitation days = 	
|Jan sun = 	193.4
|Feb sun = 	202.1
|Mar sun = 	225.1
|Apr sun = 	233.3
|May sun = 	211.2
|Jun sun = 	135.5
|Jul sun = 	116.2
|Aug sun = 	129.7
|Sep sun = 	131.1
|Oct sun = 	131.2
|Nov sun = 	173.7
|Dec sun = 	175.0
|year sun = 	
| Jan percentsun = 	57
| Feb percentsun = 	63
| Mar percentsun = 	60
| Apr percentsun = 	61
| May percentsun = 	51
| Jun percentsun = 	33
| Jul percentsun = 	28
| Aug percentsun = 	33
| Sep percentsun = 	36
| Oct percentsun = 	37
| Nov percentsun = 	53
| Dec percentsun = 	53
| year percentsun =	
|Jan snow days = 	0.6
|Feb snow days = 	0.1
|Mar snow days = 	0.1
|Apr snow days = 	0
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	0
|Dec snow days = 	0.1
|year snow days =		
|source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=10 April 2023}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =10 April 2023}}</ref>
}}

==Ethnography==
The populace is primarily [[Han Chinese]]. However, minorities such as the Muslim [[Hui people|Hui]], [[Dai people|Dai]] from the nearby [[Red River (Vietnam)|Red River]] valley, and [[Hani people|Hani]] from the surrounding mountains (see [[Yuanyang County, Yunnan|Yuanyang]]) are also present{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}.

==Economy==
In addition to [[tin]] reserves, [[iron]] and [[coal]] are also found in Gejiu.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==Welfare==
The city is the home of the Gejiu Children's Welfare Institute, an [[orphanage]] for [[Yunnan]] children{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}.

== See also ==
* [[HIV/AIDS in Yunnan]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Gejiu}} 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090721184626/http://www.gjs.yn.gov.cn/ Gejiu City Official Website]

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[[Category:County-level divisions of Honghe Prefecture]]
[[Category:Cities in Yunnan]]