View source for Gelibolu

{{other uses|Gallipoli (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Turkey place
| type                 = municipality
| name                 = Gelibolu
| other_name           = 
| image_skyline        = Gelibolu - panoramio (12).jpg
| image_caption        = The port of Gelibolu on the [[Dardanelles]] strait
| image_shield         = 
| coordinates          = {{coord|40|24|50|N|26|40|13|E|region:TR|display=inline,title}}
| province             = Çanakkale
| district             = Gelibolu
| leader_party         = AKP
| leader_name          = Ali Kamil Soyuak
| area_footnotes       = 
| area_total_km2       = 
| elevation_m          = 0
| population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/>
| population_total     = 31782
| population_as_of     = 2021
| postal_code          = 17500
| area_code            = 0286
| website              = {{url|http://www.gelibolu.bel.tr/}}
}}
'''Gelibolu''' is a town in [[Çanakkale Province]] of the [[Marmara region]], located in [[Eastern Thrace]] in the European part of [[Turkey]].  It is located on the southern shore of the [[Gallipoli|peninsula named after it]] on the [[Dardanelles]] strait, {{convert|3|km|}} away from [[Lapseki]] on the other shore.<ref name=Britt>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Gallipoli (Turkey)|display=Gallipoli |volume=11 |page=420 }}</ref> It is the seat of [[Gelibolu District]].<ref name=ilce>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx İlçe Belediyesi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201033916/https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx |date=2025-02-01 }}, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</ref> Its population is 31,782 (2021).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021|url=https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx |access-date=1 March 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=tr |format=XLS}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Dardanelles map2.png|thumb|left|Map of the [[Dardanelles]] strait, where [[Çanakkale]], [[Lapseki]] and Gelibolu are located.]]

The [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]]n city of Kallipolis was founded in the 5th century B.C.<ref name=Britt/> It has a rich history as a naval base for various rulers.

The emperor [[Justinian I]] fortified Gallipoli and established important military warehouses for corn and wine there, of which some [[Byzantine]] ruins can still be seen.<ref name=Britt/><ref name=Cath>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03183c.htm Callipolis] in the New Advent Encyclopedia</ref>  After the [[Siege of Constantinople (1204)|capture of Constantinople]] by the [[Fourth Crusade|Latins]] in 1204, Gallipoli passed into the power of the [[Republic of Venice]]. In 1294 the [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] defeated a Venetian force in the neighbourhood. The [[Catalan Company]], a body of [[Almogavars]], under [[Roger de Flor]], established themselves here in 1306, and after the death of their leader massacred almost all the citizens; they were vainly besieged by the allied troops of Venice and the Byzantine Empire, and withdrew in 1307, after dismantling the fortifications.<ref name=Britt/><ref name=Cath/>  After the city's defenses were damaged in an earthquake, it was [[Fall of Gallipoli|conquered by Turks in 1354]] and became the first stronghold of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in Europe.<ref name=Cath/> Sultan [[Bayezid I]] (1389–1403) built a castle and tower there which can still be seen.<ref name=Britt/> In 1416 the Venetians under [[Pietro Loredan (admiral)|Pietro Loredan]] [[Battle of Gallipoli (1416)|defeated the Turks]] here.<ref name=Britt/> Gallipoli is the site of "tombs of the Thracian kings",<ref name=Britt/> which refers to the graves of the Islamic writers [[Ahmed Bican]] (died 1466) and his brother Mehmed Bican (died 1451).

[[File:Gelibolu ÇANAKKALE - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|left|A view from the port of Gelibolu]]
[[File:Gelibolu ÇANAKKALE - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|Historic buildings near the port]]

Throughout the Ottoman period, the town was the capital of the [[Sanjak of Gelibolu]], and the original center of the [[Eyalet]] of the [[Kapudan Pasha]]; between 1864 and 1920 the town belonged to the [[Edirne Vilayet]] of the Ottoman Empire. In 1904 the Greek bishopric of Kallipolis was promoted to a [[metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|metropolis]] and is listed under the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]].<ref name=Cath/>

From the early 17th century until the early 20th century, a relatively large number of Sephardic Jews lived in Gallipoli, descendants of those fleeing the Spanish Inquisition.

In 1854 the town was occupied by the allied French and British armies during the [[Crimean War]] who strengthened the defensive constructions from 1357.<ref name=Britt/> Many soldiers died there of cholera and are buried in a local cemetery.<ref name=Cath/> The guns of Gallipoli guarded the sea of Marmara until 1878 when more fortifications were built when the Russians [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)|threatened to take possession]] of Constantinople.<ref name=Britt/>

The [[Bulgaria]]n Army threatened Gelibolu during the [[First Balkan War]] and advanced to [[Bolayır]] in 1912. During the First World War the peninsula and the town were witness to a series of memorable battles (see [[Gallipoli Campaign]]). The town was [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)|occupied by the Greek army]] in 1920–1922, and finally returned to Turkey in 1923 under the [[Treaty of Lausanne]]. Like the island [[Imbros]] off the western shore of the peninsula, Gallipoli had had a majority of Greek inhabitants from ancient times until World War I. It was exempted in article 2 from the [[Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations (1923)]], however, the [[Greek genocide|Greek inhabitants]] were expelled or killed during the Turkish War of Independence. Between 1922 and 1926 the town was a provincial center and the districts of Gelibolu, [[Eceabat]], [[Keşan]] ([[Enez]] became part of Keşan before 1953) and [[Şarköy]].

== Bishopric ==
[[File:Gelibolu Anıtı.jpg|200px|thumb|Gallipoli National Park]]
[[File:Gelibolu feneraltı - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|The coastal promenade of Gelibolu near the lighthouse]]
[[File:GELİBOLU - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]] in Gelibolu]]
[[File:Gelibolu Lapseki Feribotu - panoramio.jpg|thumb|View of Gelibolu from the sea]]

A Christian [[bishopric]], a [[suffragan]] of [[Perinthus|Heraclea]], the capital and [[metropolitan see]] of the [[Roman province]] of [[Europa (Roman province)|Europa]]. Extant documents give the names of three of its bishops of the period before the [[East–West Schism]]: Cyrillus, who was at the [[Council of Ephesus]] in 431; Harmonius, who took part in [[Council of Constantinople (536)|a synod]] that [[Patriarch Menas of Constantinople]] held in 536 to condemn the [[Miaphysite]] [[Patriarch Anthimus I of Constantinople]]; Melchisedec, who participated in the [[Second Council of Nicaea]] (787).<ref>Pius Bonifacius Gams, [http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=65154&dirids=1 ''Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae''], Leipzig 1931, p.&nbsp;427</ref><ref name=Lequien>{{Oriens christianus|volume=1|at=coll. 1123–1124}}</ref>

The bishopric continued to be a see of the [[Greek Orthodox Church]] until after the 1923 [[population exchange between Greece and Turkey]].<ref>Raymond Janin, [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rebyz_0766-5598_1959_num_17_1_1202 ''La hiérarchie ecclésiastique dans le diocèse de Thrace''], in ''Revue des études byzantines'', tomo 17, 1959, pp. 148-149.</ref> [[Le Quien]] mentions three of those bishops who lived in the 14th and 15th centuries.<ref name=Lequien/> Beginning in the early 13th century, there were also [[Latin Church]] bishops of Callipolis.<ref>Konrad Eubel, ''Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi'', [http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002716&mediaType=application/pdf vol. 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709140633/http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002716&mediaType=application%2Fpdf |date=2019-07-09 }}, pp.&nbsp;158–159; [http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002717&mediaType=application/pdf vol. 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004040657/http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002717&mediaType=application%2Fpdf |date=2018-10-04 }}, pp.&nbsp;XVIII e 115; [http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002718&mediaType=application/pdf vol. 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321112249/http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002718&mediaType=application%2Fpdf |date=2019-03-21 }}, p.&nbsp;147; [http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002719&mediaType=application/pdf vol. 4], p.&nbsp;130; [https://archive.org/stream/hierarchiacathol05eubeuoft#page/137/mode/1up vol. 5], p.&nbsp;137; [https://archive.org/stream/hierarchiacathol06eubeuoft#page/141/mode/1up vol. 6], p.&nbsp;141</ref>

No longer a residential bishopric, Callipolis is today listed by the [[Catholic Church]] as a [[titular see]].<ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 856</ref>

===Known bishops===
*Cyrillus fl. 431<ref name=Lequien/>
*Harmonius fl. 538
*Melchisedec fl. 787
*Joseph
*Paulus
*Alexius

====Titular Catholic bishops====
*Heinrich Kratz, O.Hosp.S.J.H., appointed 28 Jan 1484
*Edward, appointed 1494
*Diego, appointed 21 Aug 1507; died 1509
*John Young, ordained bishop 3 Jul 1513; died 28 Mar 1526
*Petrus Deodato, O.F.M., appointed 13 Feb 1638; succeeded as Bishop of Sardica (Sredek, Sofia), 15 Jun 1641
*James Smith, appointed 28 Jan 1688; died 13 May 1711
*Hyacinthus Archiopoli, appointed 1757; died 7 Apr 1789
*Giuseppe Menditto, appointed 23 Jun 1828
*John Bernard Fitzpatrick, appointed 21 Nov 1843; succeeded as Bishop of Boston, Massachusetts, 11 Aug 1846
*Jean-Benoît Truffet, C.S.Sp., appointed 11 Dec 1846; died 23 Nov 1847
*Jean-René Bessieux, C.S.Sp., appointed 20 Jun 1848; died 30 Apr 1876
*Rosario Maria Frungillo, appointed 31 Dec 1877; died 5 Feb 1886
*Vincenzo Molo, appointed 20 Sep 1887; died 15 Mar 1904
*Karel Wisnar, appointed 14 Nov 1904; died 18 Apr 1926
*José María Betanzos y Hormaechevarría, O.F.M., appointed 17 Jul 1926; died 27 Dec 1948
*Joseph-Pierre-Albert Wittebols, S.C.I., appointed 10 Mar 1949; appointed Bishop of Wamba 10 Nov 1959
*Bernard Schilling, S.V.D., appointed 19 Dec 1959; died 16 Jun 1992<ref>[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0379.htm Callipolis] at GCatholic.org.</ref><ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2c18.html Callipolis] at catholic-hierarchy.org.</ref><ref>Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 856.</ref>

==Gelibolu today==
Gelibolu is now an administrative center in the province of [[Çanakkale Province|Çanakkale]]. The mayor was Münir Mustafa Özacar ([[Republican People's Party|CHP]]) until the [[2024 Turkish local elections]], being replaced by Ali Kamil Soyuak ([[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]]). Gelibolu is well known for [[sardine]] canning.

== Notable people ==
* [[Piri Reis]] ({{circa|1465–1555}}), Turkish cartographer and geographer
* [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] (1478–1546), Ottoman corsair and admiral of the Ottoman Navy.{{cn|date=November 2024}}
* [[Ahmed Bican Yazıcıoğlu]] (d. {{circa|1466}}), [[Bayramiye]] dervish and writer
* [[Mustafa Âlî]] (1541–1600), Turkish historian
* [[Sofia Vembo]] (1910–1978), Greek singer
* [[Berkim Tümer|Berkim Tumers]], Archer

== See also ==
* [[Gallipoli Serbs]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://www.gelibolumuz.com Web pages related with Gelibolu]
* [http://www.gelibolu.net Web pages related with Gelibolu]

{{Gelibolu District}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gelibolu| ]]
[[Category:Gelibolu District]]
[[Category:District municipalities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Populated places in Çanakkale Province]]
[[Category:Port cities of the Sea of Marmara]]
[[Category:Dardanelles]]
[[Category:Former Greek communities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Fishing communities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Turkey]]
[[Category:Places of the Greek genocide]]