View source for General Services Administration

{{short description|U.S. government agency formed in 1949}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name     = General Services Administration
| picture         = Flag_of_the_General_Services_Administration_(1973–1989).svg
| picture_caption = Flag of the General Services Administration
| logo            = US-GeneralServicesAdministration-Logo.svg
| logo_width      = 
| logo_caption    = Logo of the General Services Administration
| seal            = Seal of the General Services Administration.svg
| seal_width      = 
| seal_caption    = Seal of the General Services Administration
| formed          = {{Start date and age|1949|7|1}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/mission-and-background/our-missions-evolution |title=A Brief History of the GSA |publisher=GSA |access-date=2019-10-16 |archive-date=2019-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010005840/https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/background-history/a-brief-history-of-gsa |url-status=live }}</ref>
| preceding1      = 
| preceding2      = 
| headquarters    = [[United States General Services Administration Building|GSA Building]]<br />1800 F Street NW, [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| employees       = 12,000 (FY 2024)<ref name="FY24">{{cite web |url=https://www.gsa.gov/system/files/FY-2024-GSA-AFR-12-20-2024-508-compliant.pdf |title=GSA 2024 Annual Report |publisher=GSA |access-date=2025-02-01 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124110934/https://www.gsa.gov/system/files/FY-2024-GSA-AFR-12-20-2024-508-compliant.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| budget          = $61.1 billion (FY 2024)<ref name="FY24" />
| chief1_name     = [[Michael Rigas]]
| chief1_position = acting administrator
| chief2_name     = [[Stephen Ehikian]]
| chief2_position = deputy administrator<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/organization/leadership-directory/deputy-administrator |title=GSA Deputy Administrator |publisher=GSA |access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref>
| child1_agency   = Public Buildings Service<ref name="GSA Organization">{{cite web|title=GSA Organization|url=https://www.gsa.gov/portal/category/21014 |publisher=U.S. General Services Administration |date=2017-01-24|access-date=2017-04-13|archive-date=2017-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414021810/https://www.gsa.gov/portal/category/21014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| child2_agency   = Federal Acquisition Service
| child3_agency   = 
| child4_agency   = Staff Offices (12)
| child5_agency   = Independent Offices (2)
| keydocument1    = [[Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949]]
| website         = {{URL|http://www.gsa.gov}}
| footnotes       = 
}}

The '''General Services Administration''' ('''GSA''') is an  [[Independent agencies of the United States government|independent agency of the United States government]] established in 1949 to help manage and support the basic functioning of [[List of federal agencies in the United States|federal agencies]]. The GSA supplies products and communications for U.S. government offices, provides transportation and office space to federal employees, and develops government-wide cost-minimizing policies and other management tasks.<ref>{{cite web | title = Mission and Priorities | url = http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/100735 | publisher = U.S. General Services Administration | date = 2013-01-15 | access-date = 2013-02-08 | archive-date = 2013-02-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130218235233/http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/100735 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The GSA employs about 12,000 federal workers. It has an annual operating budget of roughly $33 billion and oversees $66&nbsp;billion of procurement annually. It contributes to the management of about $500 billion in U.S. federal property, divided chiefly among 8,397 owned and leased buildings (with a total of 363 million square feet of space)<ref>{{Cite web |title=GSA Properties |url=https://www.gsa.gov/real-estate/gsa-properties |website=GSA Properties}}</ref> as well as a 215,000-vehicle [[fleet vehicle|motor pool]]. Among the real estate assets it manages are the [[Ronald Reagan Building|Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], which is the largest U.S. federal building after [[the Pentagon]].

The GSA's business lines include the Federal Acquisition Service (FAS) and the Public Buildings Service (PBS), as well as several Staff Offices including the Office of Government-wide Policy, the Office of Small Business Utilization, and the Office of Mission Assurance. As part of FAS, GSA's Technology Transformation Services (TTS) helps federal agencies improve the delivery of information and services to the public.<ref>{{cite web|title=Office of Products and Programs |url=https://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/124174|publisher=U.S. General Services Administration|date=2017-03-16|access-date=2017-04-13|archive-date=2017-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414021806/https://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/124174|url-status=dead}}</ref> Initiatives include the [[Presidential Innovation Fellows]] program, [[18F]], [[Login.gov]], Cloud.gov, [[FedRAMP]], the [[USAGov]] platform ([[USA.gov]], [[GobiernoUSA.gov]]), [[Data.gov]], Challenge.gov, the [[U.S. Web Design System]], and I.T. Modernization Centers of Excellence.

The GSA is a member of the [[Procurement G6]], an informal group leading the use of [[framework agreements]] and [[e-procurement]] instruments in [[Government procurement in the United States|public procurement]].

==History==
In 1947, President [[Harry Truman]] asked former president [[Herbert Hoover]] to lead what became known as the [[Hoover Commission]] to make recommendations to reorganize the operations of the federal government. One of the commission's  recommendations was the establishment of an "Office of the General Services", to combine the responsibilities of the following organizations:{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}
*[[United States Department of the Treasury]]'s Bureau of Federal Supply
*U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Contract Settlement
*[[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives Establishment]]
*All functions of the [[Federal Works Agency]], including the Public Buildings Administration and the Public Roads Administration
*[[War Assets Administration]]

GSA became an independent agency on July 1, 1949, after the passage of the [[Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949|Federal Property and Administrative Services Act]]. General [[Jess Larson]], administrator of the [[War Assets Administration]], was named GSA's first administrator.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

The first job awaiting Administrator Larson and the newly formed GSA was a complete renovation of the [[White House]]. The structure had fallen into such a state of disrepair by 1949 that one inspector said it was standing "purely from habit". Larson later explained the total renovation in depth by saying, "In order to make the White House structurally sound, it was necessary to completely dismantle, and I mean completely dismantle, everything from the White House except the four walls, which were constructed of stone. Everything, except the four walls without a roof, was finally stripped down, and that's where the work started." GSA worked closely with President Truman and First Lady [[Bess Truman]] to ensure that the new agency's first major project would be a success. GSA completed the renovation in 1952.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/contentView.do?contentType=GSA_BASIC&contentId=23310&noc=T |title=GSA Assists in Coordinated Effort To Transform White House Press Briefing Room |publisher=U.S. General Services Administration |access-date=2012-07-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920171208/http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/contentView.do?contentType=GSA_BASIC |archive-date=2008-09-20}}</ref>

In 1960, GSA created the Federal Telecommunications System, a government-wide intercity telephone system. In 1962 the Ad Hoc Committee on Federal Office Space created a new building program to address obsolete office buildings in Washington, D.C., resulting in the construction of many of the offices that now line [[Independence Avenue (Washington D.C.)|Independence Avenue]].<ref name="gsa.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/103369 |title=A Brief History of GSA |work=GSA.gov |access-date=March 18, 2017 |archive-date=March 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319111504/https://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/103369 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1970, the Nixon administration created the Consumer Product Information Coordinating Center, now part of [[USAGov]]. In 1974 the Federal Buildings Fund was initiated, allowing GSA to issue rent bills to federal agencies. In 1972 GSA established the Automated Data and Telecommunications Service, which later became the Office of Information Resources Management. In 1973 GSA created the Office of Federal Management Policy. GSA's Office of Acquisition Policy centralized [[procurement]] policy in 1978. GSA was initially responsible for [[emergency preparedness]] and stockpiling strategic materials to be used in wartime until those functions were transferred to the newly created [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] in 1979.<ref name="gsa.gov"/>

In 1984, GSA introduced the federal government to the use of [[charge card]]s, known as the GSA SmartPay system.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://smartpay.gsa.gov/ |title=Welcome to SmartPay &#124; SmartPay |access-date=2017-12-17 |archive-date=2017-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207225811/https://smartpay.gsa.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The National Archives and Records Administration was spun off into an independent agency in 1985. The same year, GSA began providing government-wide policy oversight and guidance for federal real property management as a result of an executive order signed by President [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref name="gsa.gov"/>

In 1986, GSA headquarters, [[U.S. General Services Administration Building]], located at [[18th Street NW|Eighteenth]] and F Streets, NW, was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]], at the time serving as Interior Department offices.<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2009a}}</ref>

In 2003, the [[Federal Protective Service (United States)|Federal Protective Service]], which secures GSA-managed (and other) buildings, was moved to the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]]. In 2005, GSA reorganized to merge the Federal Supply Service (FSS) and Federal Technology Service (FTS) business lines into the Federal Acquisition Service (FAS).<ref name="GSA Releases Draft FTS/FSS Reorganization Plan">{{cite press release |url=http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/contentView.do?pageTypeId=10430&channelId=-24825&P=XI&contentId=19003&contentType=GSA_BASIC |title=GSA Releases Draft FTS/FSS Reorganization Plan (GSA News Release #10161) |date=June 2, 2005 |publisher=U.S. General Services Administration |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528005324/http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/contentView.do?pageTypeId=10430&channelId=-24825&P=XI&contentId=19003&contentType=GSA_BASIC |archive-date=May 28, 2014 }}</ref>

On April 3, 2009, President [[Barack Obama]] nominated [[Martha N. Johnson]] to serve as GSA Administrator. After a nine-month delay, the [[United States Senate]] confirmed her nomination on February 4, 2010. On April 2, 2012, Johnson resigned in the wake of a management-deficiency report that detailed improper payments for a 2010 "Western Regions" training conference held by the Public Buildings Service in [[Las Vegas]].<ref name=Brockell2010/>

In 2013, a result of the Open Government Initiative's instruction for federal agencies to open their activities to the public, GSA developed Data.gov to foster transparency and information sharing. In the same year, GSA also launched the Total Workplace initiative to modernize the workplace of federal agencies and increase efficiency, alongside the Presidential Innovation Fellows and the 18F programs. In 2016, the [https://acquisitiongateway.gov/ Acquisition Gateway] and Making It Easier programs were launched to assist buyers from federal agencies in acquisitions, and to assist new companies in doing business with the government. Improvements were also made in the deliverance of digital government services with the creation of the Technology Transformation Services.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/mission-and-background/our-missions-evolution |title=A Brief History of GSA |publisher=General Services Administration |access-date=2019-07-12 |archive-date=2019-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712165044/https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/background-history/a-brief-history-of-gsa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the election of President [[Donald Trump]] in January 2025, GSA became one of the [[US federal entities targeted by Elon Musk]]. Members of the [[Department of Government Efficiency]] accessed GSA laptops and internal GSA infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Kelly |first1=Makena |last2=Schiffer |first2=Zoë |date=2025-01-31 |title=Elon Musk's Friends Have Infiltrated Another Government Agency |url=https://www.wired.com/story/elon-musk-lackeys-general-services-administration/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> An employee of [[Elon Musk]]'s company [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]], [[Thomas Shedd]], was appointed to lead "Technology Transformation Services" within the GSA.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kelly |first=Makena |date=2025-02-03 |title=Elon Musk Ally Tells Staff 'AI-First' Is the Future of Key Government Agency |url=https://www.wired.com/story/elon-musk-lieutenant-gsa-ai-agency/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>

===Controversies===
====Ted Weiss Federal Building controversy====
In July 1991, GSA contractors began the excavation of what is now the [[Ted Weiss Federal Building]] in [[New York City]]. The planning for that building did not take into account the possibility of encountering the historic cemetery for colonial-era African New Yorkers located beneath the footprint of the $276 million office building. When initial excavation disturbed burials, destroying skeletons and artifacts, GSA sent [[archaeologist]]s to excavate—but hid their findings from the public. Revelation of the discoveries led to 18 months of activism by African-descendant community members, public officials, academics, and concerned citizens. Ultimately, GSA made public amends by funding extensive scientific research under the auspices of [[Michael Blakey (anthropologist)|Michael Blakey]]; creating a new subagency, the Office of Public Education and Interpretation; truncating the building plan; and funding public reports on the story of the African Burial Ground. The efforts led to the creation of a new unit of the [[National Park Service]], the [[African Burial Ground National Monument]], at the facility. GSA fully funded that portion of the National Park Service<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/101077 | title = The African Burial Ground | publisher = U.S. General Services Administration | access-date = 2013-02-08 | archive-date = 2013-02-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130220081113/http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/101077 | url-status = dead }}</ref> until 2010, when GSA's formal involvement with the African Burial Ground ceased.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/afbg/index.htm |title=African Burial Ground National Monument New York |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=2012-06-12 |archive-date=2010-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830000216/http://www.nps.gov/afbg |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Lurita Doan controversy====
During President George W. Bush's Administration GSA Administrator, [[Lurita Doan]], was forced to resign after GSA had awarded a sole source contract for $20,000 to her friend. Doan appeared to have violated the [[Hatch Act of 1939|Hatch Act]] and was criticized for political activity while on the job. The investigating team recommended she be punished to the fullest extent, and she resigned soon after.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |title=Doan Ends Her Stormy Tenure as GSA Chief |first=Robert |last=O'Harrow Jr. <!-- |author-link=Robert O'Harrow Jr. --> |author2=[[Scott Higham]] |date=May 1, 2008 |access-date=2013-10-04 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/30/AR2008043001271.html |archive-date=2013-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912142057/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/30/AR2008043001271.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Western Regions Training Conference controversy====
In 2012, U.S. representative [[John Mica]], chairman of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, called for a congressional investigation into the misuse of federal money by GSA.<ref name=Brockell2010>{{cite web |url=http://www.federalnewsradio.com/?nid=447&sid=2814682 |title=Former GSA head faults regional commissioners in spending scandal |first=Gillian |last=Brockell |publisher=FederalNewsRadio.com |date=2012-04-04 |access-date=2012-06-12 |archive-date=2013-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117104436/http://www.federalnewsradio.com/?nid=447&sid=2814682 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lawmakers accused GSA of "lavish spending" following the 2010 Western Regions Training Conference at the [[M Resort]] in [[Las Vegas]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/46931908#.T3uIvNWiYoo | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120412200530/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/46931908 | archive-date = 12 April 2012 | title = GSA head resigns amid reports of lavish spending | first = Philip | last = Elliott | agency = Associated Press | location = Washington DC | url-status = dead | work = MSNBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=April 7, 2010 |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/agency-under-fire-for-vegas-conference-had-ballooning-budgets-in-recent-years/ |title=Agency under fire for Vegas conference had ballooning budgets in recent years |publisher=[[Fox News]] |first=Judson |last=Berger |access-date=2012-06-12 |archive-date=2012-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605232604/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/04/04/agency-under-fire-for-vegas-conference-recorded-ballooning-budgets-in-recent/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Lisa |last1=Rein |first2=Timothy R. |last2=Smith |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/gsa-conference-went-over-the-top/2012/04/04/gIQAi23suS_story.html |title=GSA conference went 'over the top' |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2011-06-28 |access-date=2012-06-12 |archive-date=2012-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506110634/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/gsa-conference-went-over-the-top/2012/04/04/gIQAi23suS_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

GSA spent $823,000 in taxpayer money toward the October 2010 convention, including $100,405.37 spent on employee travel costs for a total of eight pre-planning meetings, scouting trips, and a "dry run". The report also found excessive spending for event planners, gifts for participants, and lavish meals.<ref name="Elliott">{{cite web |url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/government/gsa-head-resigns-amid-reports-lavish-spending-las-vegas-conference |title=GSA head resigns amid reports of lavish spending at Las Vegas conference |author=Elliott, Phillip |work=Las Vegas Review-Journal |date=April 2, 2012 |access-date=March 18, 2017 |archive-date=March 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319112253/http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/government/gsa-head-resigns-amid-reports-lavish-spending-las-vegas-conference |url-status=live }}</ref>

The conference had been the most recent in a series of similar lavish conferences organized by regions of GSA's Public Buildings Service (PBS, not to be confused with the public broadcaster [[PBS|of the same name]]). In May 2010 GSA treated 120 interns to a five-day conference at a [[Palm Springs, California]], resort. An additional investigation led by Inspector General Brian D. Miller found 115 missing [[Apple iPods]] meant for an employee rewards program.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

GSA administrator [[Martha N. Johnson]] resigned in the wake of the controversy, after firing Public Buildings Service head Robert Peck and senior advisor Stephen Leeds. Four regional commissioners of the Service, who had been responsible for planning the conference, were placed on administrative leave.<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.gsaig.gov/?LinkServID=908FFF8C-B323-14AD-270C38936310AEBD&showMeta=0 | title = Management Deficiency Report: General Services Administration, Public Buildings Service, 2010 WESTERN REGIONS CONFERENCE | date = 2 April 2012 | publisher = Office of Investigations, Office of Inspector General, U.S. General Services Administration | access-date = 20 July 2012 | archive-date = 17 August 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120817095624/http://www.gsaig.gov/?LinkServID=908FFF8C-B323-14AD-270C38936310AEBD&showMeta=0 | url-status = live }}</ref>

====Trump–Biden presidential transition controversy====
{{See also|Emily W. Murphy#2020 presidential transition}}
After [[Joe Biden]] was called by media outlets as the [[president-elect of the United States]] – defeating [[Donald Trump]] in the [[2020 United States presidential election|November 2020 election]] – Emily W. Murphy, the chief executive of the General Services Administration, initially refused to sign a letter authorizing [[United States presidential transition|Biden's transition team]] to begin work and access federal agencies and [[United States presidential transition|transition funds]], according to ''[[The Washington Post]]''. This came as Trump refused to concede Biden's presumptive – but not yet certified – victory and follow the norm of facilitating a [[peaceful transition of power]] to the presumptive winner.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=[[Washington Post]] | title=A little-known Trump appointee is in charge of handing transition resources to Biden — and she isn't budging | first=Lisa | last=Rein | author2=Jonathan O'Connell | author3=Josh Dawsey | date=2020-11-08 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-gsa-letter-biden-transition/2020/11/08/07093acc-21e9-11eb-8672-c281c7a2c96e_story.html | access-date=2020-11-09 | archive-date=2020-11-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109100819/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-gsa-letter-biden-transition/2020/11/08/07093acc-21e9-11eb-8672-c281c7a2c96e_story.html | url-status=live }}</ref> There are no firm rules on how the GSA determines the president-elect. Typically, the GSA chief might decide after reliable news organizations have declared the winner or following a [[concession (politics)|concession]] by the loser.<ref>{{cite news|first=Anne|last=Flaherty|title=Trump could make a Biden transition messy: Here's how|date=November 18, 2020|work=ABC News|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-make-biden-transition-messy/story?id=74060595|access-date=November 18, 2020}}</ref> On November 23, 2020, Murphy issued the letter of ascertainment that meant the Trump administration was ready to begin the formal transition.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kristen Holmes and Jeremy Herb|title=First on CNN: Key government agency acknowledges Biden's win and begins formal transition|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/23/politics/transition-biden-gsa-begin/index.html|access-date=2020-11-24|website=CNN|date=November 23, 2020 }}</ref>

====Login.gov Digital Identity Standards controversy====
In April 2022, the Office of Inspector General (OIG), Office of Inspections, initiated an evaluation of the GSA's [[Login.gov]] services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsaig.gov/content/gsa-misled-customers-logingovs-compliance-digital-identity-standards|title=GSA Misled Customers on Login.gov's Compliance with Digital Identity Standards &#124; GSA Office of Inspector General|website=www.gsaig.gov}}</ref> OIG initiated this evaluation based on a notification received from GSA's Office of General Counsel identifying potential misconduct within Login.gov, a component of GSA's Technology Transformation Services (TTS) under the Federal Acquisition Service (FAS). OIG's evaluation found that GSA misled their customer agencies when GSA failed to communicate Login.gov's known noncompliance with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication (SP) 800-63-3, Digital Identity Guidelines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-07 |title=GSA Misled Customers on Login.gov's Compliance with Digital Identity Standards |url=https://www.gsaig.gov/sites/default/files/ipa-reports/GSA%20Misled%20Customers%20on%20Login.gov%27s%20Compliance%20with%20Digital%20Identity%20Standards%20%28JE23-003%29_Redacted.pdf |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=GSAIG}}</ref>

Notwithstanding GSA officials' assertions that Login.gov met SP 800-63-3 Identity Assurance Level 2 (IAL2) requirements, Login.gov has never included a physical or biometric comparison for its customer agencies. Further, GSA continued to mislead customer agencies even after GSA suspended efforts to meet SP 800-63-3.
GSA knowingly billed IAL2 customer agencies over $10 million for services, including alleged IAL2 services that did not meet IAL2 standards. Furthermore, GSA used misleading language to secure additional funds for Login.gov. Finally, the GSA lacked adequate controls over the Login.gov program and allowed it to operate under a hands-off culture. OIG found that because of its failure to exercise management oversight and internal controls over Login.gov, FAS shares responsibility for the misrepresentations to GSA's customers. In response to OIG's report, GSA management agreed with the findings and recommendations.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==Organization==

===Structure===
The administrator is a presidential [[Political appointments in the United States|political appointee]] and the chief executive of the General Services Administration.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sernovitz |first1=Daniel J. |title=GSA Administrator Emily Murphy, political staffers to offer resignations and aid transition |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2021/01/07/gsa-administrator-to-resign-aid-transition.html |work=Washington Business Journal |date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> On April 12, 2021, President [[Joe Biden]] nominated [[Robin Carnahan]] to serve as administrator.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-12|title=Nominations Sent to the Senate|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/12/nominations-sent-to-the-senate-9/|access-date=2021-04-12|website=The White House|language=en-US}}</ref> She was confirmed by the US Senate on June 23, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-16|title=PN272 - Nomination of Robin Carnahan for General Services Administration, 117th Congress (2021-2022)|url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/272|access-date=2021-06-23|website=www.congress.gov}}</ref>

The GSA consists of two major services: the Federal Acquisition Service (FAS), and the Public Buildings Service (PBS).<ref name="GSA Organization"/> In addition to these two major services, the agency also consists of twelve staff offices and two independent offices. The FAS provides both strategic<ref>GSA, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20200331224923/https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/organization/federal-acquisition-service/fas-initiatives/federal-marketplace-strategy Federal Marketplace Strategy]", updated February 25, 2021, accessed February 26, 2021.</ref> and operational support<ref>GSA, "[https://www.gsa.gov/buy-through-us/products-and-services Products & Services]", updated November 24, 2020, accessed February 26, 2021.</ref> for the acquisition of goods and services for other federal departments.

===Past administrators===
The following persons served as administrator of the General Services Administration:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/organization/office-of-the-administrator/past-and-present-administrators |title=Past and present administrators |publisher=GSA}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!{{abbr|No.|number}}
!Image
!Administrator
!Term start
!Term end
!{{abbr|Refs.|References}}
|-
|1
|[[File:JessLarson1949.jpg|70px]]
|[[Jess Larson]]
|July 3, 1949
|January 29, 1953
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|
|[[Russell Forbe]]
|February 10, 1953
|May 1, 1953
|
|-
|2
|
|[[Edmund F. Mansure]]
|May 2, 1953
|February 29, 1956
|
|-
|3
|
|[[Franklin G. Floete]]
|May 3, 1956
|January 20, 1961
|
|-
|4
|
|[[John Moore (GSA)|John Moore]]
|February 7, 1961
|November 25, 1961
|
|-
|5
|[[File:Bernard L. Boutin (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|[[Bernard L. Boutin]]
|November 27, 1961
|November 30, 1964
|
|-
|6
|
|[[Lawson B. Knott Jr.]]
|December 1, 1965
|February 28, 1969
|
|-
|7
|[[File:Robert Lowe Kunzig 1969.jpg|70px]]
|[[Robert Lowe Kunzig]]
|March 17, 1969
|January 14, 1972
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|
|[[Rod Kreger]]
|January 17, 1972
|June 1, 1972
|
|-
|8
|
|[[Arthur F. Sampson]]
|June 2, 1972
|October 15, 1975
|
|-
|9
|[[File:Jack Eckerd (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|[[Jack Eckerd]]
|November 21, 1975
|February 11, 1977
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|
|[[Robert Griffin (GSA)|Robert Griffin]]
|February 15, 1977
|April 29, 1977
|
|-
|10
|
|[[Jay Solomon]]
|April 30, 1977
|March 31, 1979
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|
|[[Paul Goulding]]
|April 1, 1979
|June 29, 1979
|
|-
|11
|
|[[Rowland G. Freeman III]]
|July 2, 1979
|January 14, 1981
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|
|[[Raymond Adam Kline]]
|January 15, 1981
|May 25, 1981
|
|-
|12
|[[File:Gerald P. Carmen 174-CD-L03-07-25B-007 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|[[Gerald P. Carmen]]
|May 26, 1981
|February 29, 1984
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|
|[[Raymond Adam Kline]]
|March 1, 1984
|March 3, 1985
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|
|[[Dwight Ink]]
|March 4, 1985
|June 28, 1985
|
|-
|13
|
|[[Terence Golden]]
|June 29, 1985
|March 18, 1988
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|
|[[Paul Trause]]
|March 19, 1988
|March 31, 1988
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|
|[[John Alderson (GSA)|John Alderson]]
|April 1, 1988
|September 26, 1988
|
|-
|14
|
|[[Richard Austin (GSA)|Richard Austin]]
|September 27, 1988
|January 20, 1993
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|
|[[Robert Jones (GSA)|Robert Jones]]
|January 20, 1993
|February 3, 1993
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|
|[[Dennis Fischer]]
|February 4, 1993
|June 13, 1993
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|
|[[Julia Stasch]]
|June 13, 1993
|July 7, 1993
|
|-
|15
|
|[[Roger Johnson (California official)|Roger Johnson]]
|July 8, 1993
|February 29, 1996
|
|-
|16
|[[File:David J. Barram.jpg|70px]]
|[[David J. Barram]]
|March 4, 1996
|December 15, 2000
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|
|[[Thurman Davis]]
|December 16, 2000
|May 30, 2001
|
|-
|17
|
|[[Stephen A. Perry]]
|May 31, 2001
|October 31, 2005
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|[[File:Bibb David 160x200bio R2E-q9-c 0Z5RDZ-i34K-pR.jpg|70px]]
|[[David Bibb]]
|November 1, 2005
|May 30, 2006
|
|-
|18
|[[File:Lurita Doan.jpg|70px]]
|[[Lurita A. Doan]]
|May 31, 2006
|April 30, 2008
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|[[File:Bibb David 160x200bio R2E-q9-c 0Z5RDZ-i34K-pR.jpg|70px]]
|[[David Bibb]]
|May 1, 2008
|August 29, 2008
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|
|[[James A. Williams (GSA)|James A. Williams]]
|August 30, 2008
|January 20, 2009
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|
|[[Paul F. Prouty]]
|January 20, 2009
|December 21, 2009
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|
|[[Stephen R. Leeds]]
|December 22, 2009
|February 6, 2010
|
|-
|19
|[[File:MarthaJohnson 160x200.jpg|70px]]
|[[Martha N. Johnson]]
|February 7, 2010
|April 2, 2012
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff"|
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff"|[[Daniel M. Tangherlini]]
|April 3, 2012
|July 4, 2013
|
|-
|20
|July 5, 2013
|February 21, 2015
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff"|[[File:Denise Turner Roth GSA.jpg|70px]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff"|[[Denise Turner Roth]]
|February 22, 2015
|August 6, 2015
|<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.federaltimes.com/acquisition/gsa/2015/02/23/denise-turner-roth-takes-the-helm-at-gsa/ |title=Denise Turner Roth takes the helm at GSA |first=Andy |last=Medici |date=February 23, 2015 |magazine=[[Federal Times]]}}</ref>
|-
|21
|August 7, 2015
|January 20, 2017
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fedscoop.com/roth-sworn-in-as-gsa-administrator/ |title=Roth sworn in as GSA administrator |first=Billy |last=Mitchell |date=August 7, 2015 |work=FedScoop}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|
|[[Tim Horne]]
|January 20, 2017
|December 11, 2017
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-picks-gsa-leader-oversee-hotel-234233 |title=Trump picks leader for federal agency overseeing his D.C. hotel |first=Isaac |last=Arnsdorf |date=January 26, 2017 |work=[[Politico]]}}</ref>
|-
|22
|[[File:Emily W. Murphy official photo.jpg|70px]]
|[[Emily W. Murphy]]
|December 12, 2017
|January 15, 2021
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/newsroom/news-releases/emily-murphy-sworn-in-as-administrator-of-gsa-12122017 |title=Emily Murphy sworn in as Administrator of GSA |date=December 12, 2017 |publisher=GSA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.govexec.com/management/2021/01/gsa-administrator-resigns/171451/ |title=GSA Administrator Resigns |first=Courtney |last=Bublé |date=January 15, 2021 |work=Government Executive}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|
|[[Alison Brigatti]]
|January 15, 2021
|January 20, 2021
|
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|[[File:Katy Kale, Deputy Administrator, U.S General Services Administration.jpg|70px]]
|[[Katy Kale]]
|January 20, 2021
|July 2, 2021
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nextgov.com/people/2021/01/white-house-names-gsa-senior-leaders/258769/ |title=White House names GSA senior leaders |first=Natalie |last=Alms |date=January 20, 2021 |work=Nextgov/FCW}}</ref>
|-
|23
|[[File:Robin Carnahan, GSA Administrator official.jpg|70px]]
|[[Robin Carnahan]]
|July 2, 2021
|January 20, 2025
|<ref>{{cite web |title=GovSearch News: Robin Carnahan has been confirmed and sworn in as GSA Administrator |url=https://carrollpublishing.com/whoentry.aspx?entry_number=140775 |date=July 2, 2021 |website=Carroll Publishing |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230404030830/https://carrollpublishing.com/whoentry.aspx?entry_number=140775 |archive-date= Apr 4, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/newsroom/news-releases/senate-confirms-robin-carnahan-to-lead-gsa-06232021 |title=Senate Confirms Robin Carnahan to Lead GSA |date=June 23, 2021 |publisher=GSA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://federalnewsnetwork.com/ask-the-cio/2025/01/carnahan-accomplished-much-of-what-she-came-to-gsa-to-do/ |title=Carnahan accomplished much of what she came to GSA to do |first=Jason |last=Miller |date=January 17, 2025 |work=[[WFED]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|[[File:Stephen Ehikian, Acting Administrator and Deputy Administrator of the General Services Administration (GSA) by appointment.jpg|70px]]
|[[Stephen Ehikian]]
|January 20, 2025
|July 21, 2025
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/newsroom/news-releases/stephen-ehikian-appointed-acting-administrator-and-deputy-administrator-of-gsa-01222025 |title=Stephen Ehikian appointed Acting Administrator and Deputy Administrator of the General Services Administration |date=January 22, 2025 |publisher=GSA}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|Acting
|[[File:United States Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources Michael John Rigas.jpg|70px]]
|[[Michael Rigas]]
|July 21, 2025
|''Incumbent''
|<ref>{{cite web | title=State Department deputy Michael Rigas tapped as acting GSA head | date=July 21, 2025 | url=https://www.govexec.com/management/2025/07/state-department-deputy-michael-rigas-tapped-acting-gsa-head/406873/ }}</ref>
|}

====Staff offices====
* Office of Government-wide Policy
* Office of the Chief Financial Officer
* Office of Human Resources Management
* Office of GSA IT
* Office of Administrative Services
* Office of Congressional and Intergovernmental Affairs
* Office of Strategic Communication
* Office of Small Business Utilization
* Office of General Counsel
* Office of Civil Rights
* Office of Mission Assurance
* Office of Customer Experience

====Independent offices====
*[[Office of Inspector General (United States)|Office of Inspector General]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GSA Office of Inspector General|url=https://gsaig.gov/ |website=gsaig.gov |access-date=2017-04-13|archive-date=2017-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413154613/https://gsaig.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Civilian Board of Contract Appeals]]<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Civilian Board of Contract Appeals|url=http://cbca.gov/ |website=cbca.gov |access-date=2017-04-13|archive-date=2017-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413153655/http://cbca.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Regions===
The GSA conducts its business activities through 11 offices (known as GSA regions) throughout the United States. These regional offices are located in [[Atlanta]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Denver]], [[Fort Worth]], [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City (Missouri)]], [[New York City]], [[Philadelphia]], [[San Francisco]], [[Seattle]] ([[Auburn, Washington|Auburn]]), and [[Washington, D.C.]]

{| class="wikitable" style="background:white; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Region
! Region name
! Complex
! Location
|-
||1
||New England
||[[Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building]]
||Boston, MA
|-
||2
||Northeast and Caribbean
||[[1 World Trade Center]]
||New York, NY
|-
||3
||Mid-Atlantic
||100 S Independence Mall W
||Philadelphia, PA
|-
||4
||Southeast Sunbelt
||[[Martin Luther King, Jr. Federal Building]]
||Atlanta, GA
|-
||5
||Great Lakes
||[[Kluczynski Federal Building|John C. Kluczynski Federal Building]]
||Chicago, IL
|-
||6
||Heartland
||Two Pershing Square
||Kansas City, MO
|-
||7
||Greater Southwest
||Fritz G. Lanham Federal Building
||Fort Worth, TX
|-
||8
||Rocky Mountain
||[[Denver Federal Center]]
||Denver (Lakewood), CO
|-
||9
||Pacific Rim
||[[Federal Office Building (San Francisco, California)|50 United Nations Plaza]]
||San Francisco, CA
|-
||10
||Northwest/Arctic
||400 15th Street SW
||Auburn, WA
|-
||11
||National Capital
||1800 F St NW
||Washington, DC
|}

==Operations==
===Procurement and the GSA Schedule===
The Federal Acquisition Service (FAS) provides products and services available to federal agencies across the U.S. government.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gsa.gov/portal/category/100131 | title = FAS Initiatives | publisher = U.S. General Services Administration | date = 2012-12-17 | access-date = 2013-02-08 | archive-date = 2013-02-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130217170459/http://gsa.gov/portal/category/100131 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The GSA assists with procurement work for other government agencies. As part of this effort, it maintains the GSA Schedule Program, which other agencies can use to buy goods and services. The GSA Schedule can be thought of as a collection of pre-negotiated contracts.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.gsa.gov/buy-through-us/purchasing-programs/multiple-award-schedule?gsaredirect=schedules | title = GSA Schedules | publisher = U.S. General Services Administration | date = 29 January 2013 | access-date = 8 February 2013 | archive-date = 19 July 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080719163351/http://gsa.gov/schedules | url-status = live }}</ref> Procurement managers from government agencies can view these agreements and make purchases from the GSA Schedule by following the appropriate procedures prescribed by Federal Acquisition Regulation, or FAR, Subpart 8.4.

The GSA Schedule is awarded as a prime contract entered into by the federal government and a vendor that has submitted an acceptable proposal. At the core of the GSA Schedule contract lie two key concepts: 1) Basis of Award customer or group of customers and 2) Price Reduction Clause. The two concepts are applied in concert to achieve the government's pricing objectives for the GSA Schedule program. Namely, the government wants to ensure that when the vendor experiences competitive pressures to reduce its pricing, then the government can benefit from these and be extended reduced pricing as well.<ref>{{cite web  | url = http://www.fedmarket.com/contractors/GSA-Schedule-Price-Reduction-Clause-%28PRC%29-Compliance  | title = GSA Schedule Price Reduction Clause (PRC) Compliance  | publisher = Fedmarket  | access-date = 2010-09-23  | archive-date = 2010-09-12  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100912122142/http://www.fedmarket.com/contractors/GSA-Schedule-Price-Reduction-Clause-%28PRC%29-Compliance  | url-status = live  }}</ref>

The Basis of Award customer or group of customers represents the customer or group of customers whose sales are affected on the same terms and conditions as those with GSA, and whose pricing is used: 1) as the baseline during negotiations to establish discounts offered to GSA, and 2) as a [[price floor]] that, when breached, constitutes additional discounting that triggers the Price Reduction Clause.

The Price Reduction Clause ensures that vendor discounting practices and GSA Schedule prices maintain a fixed relationship. The vendor specifies in its GSA proposal, and during negotiations of GSA Schedule contract prices, the discounts to be given to Basis of Award customer(s). If the vendor then provides a larger discount to a Basis of Award customer than what was agreed upon in the GSA Schedule contract (i.e., if the price floor is breached), then the vendor's GSA price will be reduced proportionately and retroactively.<ref>{{citation| url = https://www.acquisition.gov/gsam/current/html/Part552_Sub2B.html#wp1884901| title = General Services Administration Acquisition Manual (GSAM)| publisher = U.S. General Services Administration| date = 1 October 2012| access-date = 11 January 2011| archive-date = 19 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719052916/https://www.acquisition.gov/gsam/current/html/Part552_Sub2B.html#wp1884901| url-status = live}}</ref>

Effective Price Reduction Clause compliance procedures will protect vendors if their discounting practices are fully and accurately disclosed in their original proposals to GSA and then are used as a basis for compliance over the term of the contract. Although not ideal, a compliance system implemented after a contract has been awarded can bring a contract into compliance, although sometimes at the expense of profits. If implementing a system in the middle of a contract period, inaccuracies that turn up should be corrected immediately, and the GSA contracting officer should be made aware of them. Price Reduction Clause compliance systems and procedures can range from simple to complex. A simple, manual system would be appropriate for a service contractor with standard labor rates that are not discounted. A complex system would be required for a [[reseller]] with thousands of products and discounting policies that differ among product groups.

In response to increased mandates and standards required by the [[Federal Government]] of its agencies and in a push to plan for federal sustainability, GSA offers online tools to aid in the building and management of government offices that are subject to these requirements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sftool.gov/|title=SFTool - Sustainable Facilities Tool - GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool|access-date=2015-07-02|archive-date=2015-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703003350/https://sftool.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The GSA has delegated authority to the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to procure medical supplies under the VA Federal Supply Schedules Program.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.acquisition.gov/sites/default/files/current/far/html/Subpart%2038_1.html |title=38.000 Scope of part |publisher=Acquisition.gov |access-date=2016-03-25 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092518/https://www.acquisition.gov/sites/default/files/current/far/html/Subpart%2038_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2018, the GSA awarded federal government debt collection services to IC System.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gsaadvantage.gov/ref_text/47QRAA18D009M/0T8OB3.3N0KLP_47QRAA18D009M_ICSYSTEMFSSPRICELIST.PDF|title=Authorized Federal Supply Schedule Price List|access-date=2019-01-16|archive-date=2019-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013309/https://www.gsaadvantage.gov/ref_text/47QRAA18D009M/0T8OB3.3N0KLP_47QRAA18D009M_ICSYSTEMFSSPRICELIST.PDF|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Federal property and buildings===
{{See also|Federal Building (disambiguation)}}
[[File:1930s Courthouse window replacement.jpg|thumb|Thoughtful analysis to balance GSA preservation, cost, and performance goals supported historic window retention with replacement of non-historic windows at this 1930 courthouse.]]
The Public Buildings Service (PBS) acquires and manages thousands of federal properties. In accordance with [[Title 40 of the United States Code]], the GSA is charged with promulgating regulations governing the acquisition, use, and disposal of real property (real estate and land) and personal property (essentially all other property). This activity is centered in the GSA's Office of Governmentwide Policy. Policies promulgated by the GSA are developed in collaboration with federal agencies and are typically published for public comment in the Federal Register before publication as a Final Rule.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

The Public Buildings Service provides offices for its customers (I.e., federal agencies) and provides [[United States courthouse]]s at good economies to the American taxpayer.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/contentView.do?contentType=GSA_OVERVIEW&contentId=8062 |title=Public Buildings Service |publisher=U.S. General Services Administration |access-date=2012-06-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714182333/http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/contentView.do?contentType=GSA_OVERVIEW&contentId=8062 |archive-date=2010-07-14 }}</ref> PBS is funded primarily through the Federal Buildings Fund, which is supported by the rent from federal customer agencies.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The Office of Property Disposal of the PBS manages the disposal of surplus [[real property]]. The Office is responsible for land, office buildings, warehouses, former post offices, farms, family residences, commercial facilities, and airfields located in the United States, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the U.S. Pacific Territories.<ref name=note-0>{{cite web|url=http://ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/public/pub-12.cfm |title=CRS Report: RS20630 - Surplus Federal Property - NLE |publisher=Congressional Research Service (CRS), part of the U.S. Library of Congress |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726044115/http://ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/public/pub-12.cfm |archive-date=July 26, 2011 }}</ref> Surplus property is made available to both government and private bidders and, in some cases, land sold for public purposes (such as parks or welfare) may be discounted by up to 100% of [[Fair market value|FMV]].<ref name=note-0 />

Twenty-four GSA [[green buildings]] have earned [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|LEED]] ratings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gsa.gov/portal/category/26002 |title=LEED Certified Projects |publisher=U.S. General Services Administration |date=2013-01-25 |access-date=2013-02-08 |archive-date=2013-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224023407/http://www.gsa.gov/portal/category/26002 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some green offerings include [[green roof]]s,<ref>{{cite web|title=Green Roof Building Information |url=http://www.gsa.gov/portal/category/25996 |publisher=U.S. General Services Administration |date=2012-05-18 |access-date=2013-02-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312005159/http://www.gsa.gov/portal/category/25996 |archive-date=2013-03-12 }}</ref> [[underfloor air distribution]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Wayne L. Morse Courthouse (Eugene, OR)| url = http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/102574| publisher = U.S. General Services Administration| date = 2012-02-13| access-date = 2013-02-08| archive-date = 2013-03-12| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130312005150/http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/102574| url-status = dead}}</ref> use of [[renewable power]] from utility companies, and light shelves (located outside of the building that reduce the amount of heat radiating into the building from the sun while increasing the amount of natural light and high ceilings that help direct daylight deep into the work environment).<ref name="gsa.gov 2">{{cite web |url=http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/contentView.do?contentType=GSA_BASIC&contentId=24440&noc=T |title=(Unknown title: dead link) |publisher=U.S. General Services Administration |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111145807/http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/contentView.do?contentType=GSA_BASIC&contentId=24440&noc=T |archive-date=2012-01-11 }}</ref> The [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]] made available not less than $4.5 billion for measures necessary to convert GSA facilities to High-Performance Green Buildings, as defined in the [[Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007]] ([[Public Law 110-140]]).

The [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy's]] [[Federal Energy Management Program]] facilitates the GSA’s implementation under the Act through [[project transaction]] services, applied technology services, and decision support services, deploying renewable energy technologies and cultivating change to embrace [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/ | title = Federal Energy Management Program | publisher = U.S. Department of Energy | date = 2013-01-14 | access-date = 2013-02-08 | archive-date = 2013-02-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130202041459/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

In 2004, the GSA was presented with the [[Honor Award]] from the [[National Building Museum]] for "success in creating and maintaining innovative environments for the federal community as well as providing a positive federal presence for the public".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbm.org/support-us/awards_honors/honor-award/us-general-services.html |title=A Salute to the U.S. General Services Administration |publisher=[[National Building Museum]] |date=June 3, 2004 |access-date=2012-06-12 |archive-date=2012-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808221855/http://www.nbm.org/support-us/awards_honors/honor-award/us-general-services.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Federal vehicle fleet management===
{{Update|inaccurate=yes|date=November 2010}}
{{See also|List of official vehicles of the president of the United States|fleet vehicle}}
The GSA contributes to the management of U.S. Federal property, including a 215,000 vehicle [[Fleet vehicle|motor pool]].

The [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]] (stimulus bill) included $300 million to acquire energy-efficient motor vehicles for the federal fleet. President [[Barack Obama]] announced that the GSA was to support the [[U.S. auto industry]] with orders for about 17,600 new [[Fuel economy in automobiles|fuel-efficient vehicles]] by June 1, 2009, on an accelerated schedule, with money from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. GSA was to pay $285 million to [[General Motors Corporation]], [[Chrysler LLC]], and [[Ford Motor Company]]. It was to include 2,500 [[hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid sedans]]—the largest one-time purchase yet of hybrid vehicles for the federal government—and each new vehicle was claimed to yield at least a 10% fuel economy improvement over its predecessor. GSA was to spend $15 million more that year on a pilot fleet of [[advanced-technology vehicle]]s, including [[all-electric vehicle]]s and [[hybrid electric bus|hybrid buses]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the_press_office/President-Obama-Announces-Accelerated-Purchase-of-17600-New-American-Vehicles-for-Government-Fleet/ |title=President Obama Announces Accelerated Purchase of 17,600 New American Vehicles for Government Fleet &#124; |author=The White House Office of the Press Secretary |date=April 9, 2009 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |access-date=2012-06-12 }}</ref>

Hybrids accounted for about 10 percent of the 145,473 vehicles the GSA bought during the fiscal years 2009 and 2010, after making up less than 1 percent of government vehicle purchases in 2008. As for specific models, President Obama took a [[Buy-American Restrictions|buy-American]] stance. The U.S. government bought about two-thirds of the [[Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid]]s sold during the past two years, and almost a third of the [[Ford Fusion Hybrid]]s, but only 17 [[Toyota Prius]] hybrids and five [[Honda Civic Hybrid]]s.<ref>{{cite web |author=Scott Doggett |url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/11/obama-administration-buys-nearly-1-in-4-hybrids-as-consumer-market-slumps.html |title=Obama Administration Buys Nearly 1 in 4 Hybrids as Consumer Market Slumps - AutoObserver |publisher=Blogs.edmunds.com |date=November 11, 2010 |access-date=2012-06-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128100012/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/11/obama-administration-buys-nearly-1-in-4-hybrids-as-consumer-market-slumps.html |archive-date=2010-11-28 }}</ref> [[Ground Force One]], so designated when transporting the POTUS, is one of two [[armored bus]]es procured in 2010 for the transportation of dignitaries under protection of the [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]], at a cost of $1.1 million each. The coaches were assembled in [[Tennessee]] on frames made in [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite web | author=Robert Farley | title=Obama's Canadian-American Bus | url=http://www.factcheck.org/2011/08/obamas-canadian-american-bus/ | work=FactCheck | date=25 August 2011 | access-date=2011-10-17 | archive-date=2017-05-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525173421/http://www.factcheck.org/2011/08/obamas-canadian-american-bus/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Interagency Resources Management Conference===
The Interagency Resources Management Conference (IRMCO) was a federal executive conference of the GSA, held annually between 1961 and 2011 as a multi-day offsite event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stegon |first=David |date=2015-01-10 |title=Turco: IRMCO Getting a Makeover |url=https://fedscoop.com/turco-irmco-getting-a-makeover/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=FedScoop |language=en-US}}</ref> It gave awards to federal government teams that improved government operations or communications with the public.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weigelt |first=Matthew |date=2010-04-15 |title=GSA honors top federal achievers at IRMCO |url=https://www.nextgov.com/modernization/2010/04/gsa-honors-top-federal-achievers-at-irmco/222850/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Nextgov |language=en}}</ref> Its attendees included [[Senior Executive Service (United States)|Senior Executive Service]] members from a range of agencies, along with members of industry. After IRMCO 2011, the GSA announced that it was discontinuing IRMCO because it no longer had a purpose.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weigelt |first=Matthew |date=2012-03-15 |title=IRMCO's 50-year run is at an end |url=https://www.nextgov.com/people/2012/03/irmcos-50-year-run-is-at-an-end/205934/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Nextgov/FCW |language=en}}</ref> Instead, in 2012 the GSA held a one-day Acquisition Excellence event focused on efficiency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kash |first=Wyatt |date=March 30, 2012 |title=Procurement Forum Highlights Gains And Strains In Federal IT |url=https://breakinggov.com/2012/03/30/procurement-forum-highlights-gains-and-strains-in-federal-it/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Breaking Government |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Technology Transformation Services===
{{Main|Technology Transformation Services}}
The GSA established the Federal Citizen Information Center in 1970 (now [[USAGov]]) to connect the public to government information and services.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crane |first=Sarah |date=March 2, 2016 |title=Unveiling 'USAGov' |url=https://blog.usa.gov/unveiling-usagov |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=USAGov |language=en-us}}</ref> In 2009, the GSA created the Office of Citizen Services and Innovative Technologies (now the Office of Products and Programs) to expand the effort to serve the public through technology.

In 2014, the GSA began managing the [[Presidential Innovation Fellows]] program<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Rebecca |date=2014-09-15 |title=White House Introduces New Class of Innovation Fellows |url=https://www.nextgov.com/digital-government/2014/09/white-house-introduces-new-class-innovation-fellows/94139/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Nextgov.com |language=en}}</ref> and launched [[18F]] with a team focused on improving the federal government's digital services.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=GSA Tech Team 18F Marks First Decade, Eyes Future |url=https://www.govtech.com/gov-experience/gsa-tech-team-18f-marks-first-decade-eyes-future |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=GovTech |language=en}}</ref> Between 2014 and 2024, 18F worked with 34 agencies on 455 projects, such as improving online permitting and complaint submission processes.<ref name=":1" /> 18F helped the [[Federal Election Commission]] move its website to the Cloud.gov platform, which FEC projected would save it $1.2 million annually.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Konkel |first=Frank |date=2017-03-30 |title=FEC and 18F Team Up to Save Agency $1.2M |url=https://www.nextgov.com/modernization/2017/03/fec-and-18f-team-save-agency-12m/136598/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Nextgov.com |language=en}}</ref>

The GSA established the IT Modernization Centers of Excellence in 2017 to accelerate the modernization of IT infrastructure and reduce legacy IT spending across the government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Konkel |first=Frank |date=2017-12-14 |title=White House Unveils Latest Plan to Fix Government Technology |url=https://www.nextgov.com/modernization/2017/12/white-house-unveils-it-modernization-center-excellence/144572/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Nextgov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Konkel |first=Frank |date=2017-12-21 |title=GSA Taking Quotes for IT Modernization Centers of Excellence |url=https://www.nextgov.com/modernization/2017/12/gsa-taking-quotes-tech-centers-excellence/144767/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Nextgov |language=en}}</ref> The Centers of Excellence are a fee-for-service consulting service.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2023 |title=Overview of the General Service Administration: Acquisition Services and Real Property Management |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47722/2 |access-date=February 19, 2025 |website=Congressional Research Service |page=14}}</ref> For example, they helped the Agriculture Department avoid $42 million in costs by closing [[data center]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuldell |first=Heather |date=2021-08-18 |title=GSA's First Centers of Excellence Customer Touts $50M in Cost Avoidance |url=https://www.nextgov.com/digital-government/2021/08/gsas-first-centers-excellence-customer-touts-50m-cost-avoidance/184634/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Nextgov |language=en}}</ref>

The GSA consolidated those offices into the [[Technology Transformation Services|Technology Transformation Service]] (TTS) in 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Billy |date=2016-05-03 |title=GSA launches tech service for agencies |url=https://fedscoop.com/gsa-launches-technology-service-line/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=FedScoop |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mazmanian |first=Adam |date=2016-05-03 |title=GSA unifies tech groups into single service |url=https://www.nextgov.com/digital-government/2016/05/gsa-unifies-tech-groups-into-single-service/218087/?oref=fcw-next-story |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Nextgov |language=en}}</ref> which became a sub-unit of the Federal Acquisition Service in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Billy |date=2017-06-07 |title=GSA reorganizing tech service as part of Federal Acquisition Service |url=https://fedscoop.com/gsa-reorganizing-tech-service-part-federal-acquisition-service/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=FedScoop |language=en-US}}</ref> Its mission is to improve the lives of the public and public servants by transforming how the government uses technology. TTS aims to meet the government's technology needs: acquisition, omnichannel experience, intelligent process automation, infrastructure optimization and cloud, accelerators and innovation, data and analytics, and identity management.<ref>{{cite web |title=Office of the Centers of Excellence |url=https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/organization/federal-acquisition-service/technology-transformation-services/office-of-the-centers-of-excellence |website=GSA.gov |publisher=GSA |access-date=2019-07-05 |archive-date=2019-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705142340/https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/organization/federal-acquisition-service/technology-transformation-services/office-of-the-centers-of-excellence |url-status=dead }}</ref>

TTS offices and programs include:
* United States Digital Corps: Fellowship program for early-career technologists to launch impactful careers in public service and create a more effective, equitable government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=John Hewitt |date=2023-07-18 |title=General Services Administration names 48 new US Digital Corps fellows |url=https://fedscoop.com/general-services-administration-names-48-new-us-digital-corps-fellows/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=FedScoop |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=cnihill |date=2024-08-13 |title=U.S. Digital Corps announces AI-focused cohort |url=https://fedscoop.com/u-s-digital-corps-announces-ai-focused-cohort/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=FedScoop |language=en-US}}</ref>
* TTS Solutions: Products and services that help agencies improve the delivery of information and services to the public, such as [[Login.gov]].<ref name=":0" />
* [[Data.gov]]

===Section 1122 Program===
Section 1122 of the 1994 National Defense Authorization Act enabled state and local government agencies to purchase defense and other federal equipment to support [[Drug prohibition law|drug enforcement]] activity.<ref name="GSA1122">{{cite web |title=1122 Program |url=https://www.gsa.gov/buying-selling/purchasing-programs/gsa-schedules/schedule-buyers/state-and-local-governments/1122-program |website=U.S. General Services Administration |access-date=9 August 2019 |archive-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809220205/https://www.gsa.gov/buying-selling/purchasing-programs/gsa-schedules/schedule-buyers/state-and-local-governments/1122-program |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2009, the reauthorization bill expanded the program to purchases for use in [[homeland security]] and [[emergency response]] operations.<ref name="GSA1122"/> The program is owned and managed by the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] (DOD), and equipment is made available by the [[Defense Logistics Agency]] (DLA) and the GSA,<ref name="GSA1122"/> as is also done under the [[1033 program]].<ref name=1122pr>{{cite web|author=GSA|title=1122 Program|url=http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/202569|publisher=GSA|access-date=28 November 2014|date=<!-- n.d. -->|archive-date=4 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204173515/http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/202569|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
* [[Building code]]
* [[Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grants]]
* [[Federal Building (disambiguation)]]
* [[General Schedule (US civil service pay scale)]]
* [[Geographic Locator Codes]]
* [[GSA Advantage]]
* [[Public Works and Government Services Canada]]
* [[Washington Headquarters Services]]
* [[Technology Modernization Fund]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}
*[https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/organization/office-of-the-administrator/past-and-present-administrators GSA list of past administrators]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/general-services-administration General Services Administration] in the [[Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gsaschedulecontract.com/gsa-schedule GSA Schedule Contract] in the [[Top 100 Contractors of the U.S. federal government]]
*[https://github.com/gsa GitHub Repositories for the GSA]

{{Authority control}}

{{GSA}}

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