View source for General manager

{{short description|Oversees a firm's day-to-day business operations}}

A '''general manager''' ('''GM''') is an executive who has overall responsibility for managing both the [[revenue]] and [[cost]] elements of a company's income statement, known as profit & loss (P&L) responsibility. A general manager usually oversees most or all of the firm's [[marketing]] and [[sales]] functions as well as the day-to-day operations of the business.  Frequently, the general manager is responsible for effective planning, delegating, coordinating, staffing, organizing, and decision making to attain desirable profit making results for an organization.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sayles|first=Leonard|title=Leadership|url=https://archive.org/details/leadershipwhatef00sayl|url-access=registration|year=1979|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Inc|location=New York|isbn=0-07-055012-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/leadershipwhatef00sayl/page/6 6]}}</ref>

In many cases, the general manager of a business is given a different formal title or titles.  Most corporate managers holding the titles of [[chief executive officer]] (CEO) or [[President (corporate title)|president]], for example, are the general managers of their respective businesses.  More rarely, the [[chief financial officer]] (CFO), [[chief operating officer]] (COO), or [[chief marketing officer]] (CMO) will act as the general manager of the business. Depending on the company, individuals with the title managing director, regional vice president, country manager, product manager, branch manager, or segment manager may also have general management responsibilities.  In large companies, many vice presidents will have the title of general manager when they have the full set of responsibility for the function in that particular area of the business and are often titled [[vice president]] and general manager.

In [[consumer products]] companies, general managers are often given the title [[brand manager]] or category manager.  In [[professional services]] firms, the general manager may hold titles such as managing partner, senior partner, or managing director.

==Industry-specific usages==

===Hotels===
{{Main article|Hotel manager}}
In the hotel industry, the general manager is the head executive responsible for the overall operation of an individual hotel establishment including financial profitability. The general manager holds ultimate managerial authority over the hotel operation and usually reports directly to a regional vice president, corporate office, and/or hotel ownership/investors.

Some of the common duties of a general manager include are [[recruitment|hiring]] and the [[management]] of an executive team, which consists of individual department heads, who oversee various hotel departments and functions, [[budgeting]] and [[financial management]]; creating and enforcing hotel business objectives and goals; [[sales management]]; [[marketing management]]; [[revenue management]]; [[project management]]; [[contract management]]; handling of emergencies and other major issues involving guests, employees, or the facility; [[public relations]]; [[labor relations]]; local government relations; and maintaining business partnerships.

The extent of duties of an individual hotel general manager vary significantly depending on the size of the hotel and company organization; for example, general managers of smaller boutique-type hotels may be directly responsible for additional administrative duties such as accounting, human resources, payroll, purchasing, and other duties that would normally be handled by other subordinate managers or entire departments and divisions in a larger hotel operation.

===Sports teams===
{{see also|General manager (American football)|General manager (baseball)|General manager (basketball)|List of current NHL general managers|Sport management}}

In most [[professional sports]], the general manager is the team executive responsible for acquiring the rights to player personnel, negotiating their [[contracts]], and reassigning or dismissing players no longer desired on the team.  The general manager may also have responsibility for hiring and firing the head coach of the team.

For many years in U.S. professional sports, [[Coach (sport)|coaches]] often served as general managers for their teams as well, deciding which players would be kept on the team and which ones dismissed, and even negotiating the terms of their contracts in cooperation with the ownership of the team.  In fact, many sports teams in the early years of U.S. professional sports were coached by the owner of the team, so in some cases the same individual served as owner, general manager and head coach.

As the amount of money involved in professional sports increased, many prominent players began to hire [[sports agent|agent]]s to negotiate contracts on their behalf.  This intensified contract negotiations to ensure that player contracts are in accordance with salary caps, as well as being consistent with the desires of the team's ownership and its ability to pay.

General Managers are usually responsible for the selection of players in player [[Draft (sports)|drafts]] and work with the coaching staff and [[scout (sport)|scouts]] to build a strong team.  In sports with developmental or [[minor league]]s, the general manager is usually the team executive with the overall responsibility for "sending down" and "calling up" players to and from these leagues, although the head coach may also have significant input into these decisions.

Some of the most successful sports general managers have been former players and coaches, while others have backgrounds in ownership and business management.

The term is not commonly used in Europe, especially in [[Association football|football]], where the position of [[Manager (association football)|manager]] or coach is used instead to refer to the managing/coaching position. The position of [[Sporting director|director of football]] might be the most similar position on many [[UEFA|European football]] clubs.

==See also==
*[[Business manager]]
*[[Hotel management]]
*[[Hospitality management studies]]
*[[Managing Director]]
*[[List of 2009 all-decade Sports Illustrated awards and honors#Top 10 GMs/Executives of the Decade|''Sports Illustrated'' Top 10 GMs/Executives of the Decade]] (in all sports) (2009)
*[[The Sporting News Executive of the Year Award|''Sporting News'' Executive of the Year]] (MLB)
*[[Sporting News NFL Executive of the Year Award]] (NFL) 
*[[NBA Executive of the Year Award]]
*[[Jim Gregory General Manager of the Year Award]] (NHL)
*[[National Lacrosse League GM of the Year Award]]

==References==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:General Manager}}
[[Category:Management occupations]]
[[Category:Managers]]