View source for Generalissimo

{{Short description|Military rank of the highest degree}}
{{Other uses}}
[[File:Francisco Franco 1975 (cropped).jpg|alt=Francisco Franco, Generalissimo of Spain|thumb|[[Francisco Franco]], Generalissimo of Spain from 1936 to 1975.]]
{{Italic title}}
{{military ranks}}
[[File:Generalissimus ussr.PNG|alt=Proposed insignia of the Generalissimus of USSR, (only held by Joseph Stalin)|thumb|164x164px|Proposed insignia of the [[Generalissimo of the Soviet Union]] (only held by [[Joseph Stalin]])]]
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2022}}'''''Generalissimo'''''<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HconAAAAMAAJ |title=generalissimo |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, Enlarged and Improved |date=1823 |publisher=Archibald Constable |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HconAAAAMAAJ/page/n508 484]}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|dʒ|ɛ|n|(|ə|)|r|ə|ˈ|l|ɪ|s|ɪ|m|oʊ}} {{respell|JEN|(ə|)rə|LIS|ih|moh}}), also '''generalissimus''', is a [[highest military ranks|military rank of the highest degree]], superior to [[field marshal]] and other [[five-star rank]]s in the states where they are used.

==Usage==
The word {{lang|it|generalissimo}} ({{IPA|it|dʒeneraˈlissimo|pron}}), an [[Italian language|Italian]] term, is the [[superlative#Romance languages|absolute superlative]] of {{lang|it|[[wikt:generale#Italian|generale]]}} ([[General officer|'general']]) thus meaning "the highest-ranking of all generals". The [[Comparison (grammar)|superlative]] suffix {{lang|it|[[wikt:-issimo#Italian|-issimo]]}} itself derives from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|[[wikt:-issimus#Latin|-issimus]]}},<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia= [[Webster's Dictionary#Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1961) |Webster's Third New International Dictionary]] |title =issimus}}, French {{lang|fr|[[Éditions Larousse|Larousse]] Étymologique}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=generalissimo |title =Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher =[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |access-date =July 18, 2012 |archive-date =June 5, 2015 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150605212756/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=generalissimo |url-status =live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/generalissimo |title =Define Generalissimo at Dictionary.com |publisher =[[Reference.com]] |access-date =July 18, 2012 |archive-date =October 6, 2012 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121006163631/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/generalissimo |url-status =live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/generalissimo |title =Generalissimo – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |access-date=July 18, 2012 |archive-date=June 14, 2012 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120614061322/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/generalissimo |url-status =live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/generalissimo |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120729050305/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/generalissimo |url-status =dead |archive-date=July 29, 2012 |title=Definition of generalissimo – Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English) |publisher=[[Oxford Dictionary of English]]}}</ref> meaning "utmost, to the highest grade". Similar cognates in other languages include {{lang|es|generalísimo}} in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], {{lang|pt|generalíssimo}} in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], {{lang|fr| généralissime}} in [[French language|French]], and {{lang|la| generalissimus}} in Latin. The [[Russian language|Russian]] word {{Langx|ru|генералиссимус|translit= generalissimus|label=none}} comes from Latin.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last1 =Arsenyev |first1 =Konstantin |author-link1 =Konstantin Arsenyev |last2 =Petrushevsky |first2 =Fyodor |title =Генералиссимус |volume =15: Гальберг – Германий |encyclopedia=[[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]] |publisher =F. A. Brockhaus ([[Leipzig]]), I. A. Efron ([[Saint Petersburg]]) |year=1892 |trans-title=Generalissimo |page=312}}</ref>

Historically, this rank was given to a military officer leading an entire army or the entire armed forces of a state,<ref>
{{oed | generalissimo}} - "A supreme commander; ''spec''. an officer in command of a combined military, naval, and air force, or of several armies. Also: a prefixed title or form of address for such a commander. Frequently ''figurative''."
</ref>
usually only subordinate to the [[head of state|sovereign]].<ref>{{citation |url =http://jim.com/hobbes_on_right_of_sovereigns.htm |title=Chapter XVIII: Of the Rights of Sovereigns by institution |author =Thomas Hobbes |author-link =Thomas Hobbes |year =1660 |access-date =August 16, 2015 |archive-date=July 3, 2015 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150703143936/http://jim.com/hobbes_on_right_of_sovereigns.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Alternatively, those of imperial blood or the commanders-in-chief of several allied armies could gain the title.<ref>
{{cite encyclopedia
 | editor-last = Arsen'ev
 | editor-first = Konstantin Konstantinovich
 | editor-link = Konstantin Arsenyev
 | encyclopedia = Энциклопедический Словарь Ф.А.Брокгауза и И.А.Ефрона
 | title = Генералиссимус
 | trans-title = Generalissimus
 | url = https://www.vehi.net/brokgauz/all/026/26916.shtml
 | access-date = 2 August 2024
 | language = ru
 | year = 1892
 | publisher = Brockhaus and Efron
 | quote = Титул Г. всегда присваивался только лицам царской крови или же главнокомандующим несколькими союзными армиями. 
}}
</ref>
The military [[leader]] [[Albrecht von Wallenstein]] in 1632 became the first imperial ''generalissimo'' (general of the generals) of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Other usage of the title has been for the commander of the united armies of several allied powers (such as [[Ferdinand Foch]] on the [[Western Front (World War I) | Western Front]] in 1918 or [[Joseph Stalin]] on the [[Eastern Front (World War II) | Eastern Front]] in 1945), or if a senior military officer becomes a [[chief of state]] or a [[head of government]] (like [[Chiang Kai-shek]] in the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] or [[Francisco Franco]] in [[Francoist Spain|Spain]]).

The rank [[Generalissimus of the Soviet Union|''generalissimus'' of the Soviet Union]] would have been a ''generalissimo'' but some sources assert that Joseph Stalin refused to accept the rank.<ref name="Service2005">{{cite book |last1 =Service |first1 =Robert |title =[[Stalin: A Biography]] |date =2005 |publisher =Harvard University Press |isbn =978-0-674-01697-2 |pages =[https://books.google.com/books?id=hSWK6Dh4wRgC&pg=PA493 493], [https://books.google.com/books?id=hSWK6Dh4wRgC&pg=PA549 549] |url= |language=en}}</ref><ref>S. M. Shtemenko. ''The General Staff in the War Years''. Moscow, 1985. Vietnamese version (vol. 2) . pp. 587–588.</ref> In fact the grade was established by the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]], which did not need the approval of Stalin.<ref>Сборник законов СССР и Указов Президиума Верховного Совета СССР (1938 — июль 1956) / Сост.: М. И. Юмашев, Б. А. Жалейко. — М., 1956. — С. 202.</ref> The rank of ''generalissimo'' for Stalin was used also by Western diplomacy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1945/nov/07/generalissimo-stalin|title =Generalissimo Stalin (Hansard, 7 November 1945)|access-date =February 13, 2019|archive-date =February 13, 2019|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123627/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1945/nov/07/generalissimo-stalin|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 20th century, the term came to be associated with military officers who took [[dictator]]ial power in their respective countries, especially due to the Spanish leader Francisco Franco having this rank. As such, it is used in literature depicting fictional [[Latin America|Latin American]] dictatorial regimes, for example ''[[Father Hilary's Holiday]]'' by [[Bruce Marshall (writer)|Bruce Marshall]].<ref>Marshall, B: ''Father Hilary's Holiday'' Doubleday & Company, New York 1965.</ref>

==List of ''generalissimo''s==
{{Main category|Generalissimos}}

<!-- NOTE: The term "generalisimo" is NOT a synonym for supreme commander, or commander-in-chief, and is rarely used in English.
All persons listed here should be supported by a source which specifically refers to them by this title; unsupported names WILL BE REMOVED. -->
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Person || Service || Country || Era || class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| {{sort|Adolph|[[Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg|Prince Adolph John, Count Palatine of Kleeburg]]}} || [[Deluge (history)|The Deluge]] || {{sort|Sweden|{{flagicon image|Naval Ensign of Sweden.svg}} [[Sweden]]}} || 1655–1660 || Named "Generalissimo of the Swedish armies in Poland and Prussia" by his brother King [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adolf Johan |url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/mobil/Artikel/5575 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=sok.riksarkivet.se}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Emilio|Aguinaldo}} || [[Philippine Revolutionary Army]] || {{sort|China|{{flag|Philippines|aguinaldo}}}} || 1898–1901 || ''Generalissimo of the Katipunan''<ref name="emilio">{{cite archive |first =George |last =Whitefield |item =Annual report of Major General George W. Davis, United States Army commanding Division of the Philippines from October 1, 1902, to July 26, 1903 |item-url =https://archive.org/details/annualreportofma03unit/page/188 |type =Textual record |item-id =annualreportofma03unit |date =1903 |page =188 |collection =Archive.Org |institution =Boston Public Library |oclc =1039990497}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Charles|[[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Crown Prince Charles John]]}} || [[Swedish Army|Royal Swedish Army]] || {{sort|Sweden|{{flagicon image|Naval Ensign of Sweden.svg}} [[Sweden]]}} || 1810–1818 || Named Generalissimo of the Swedish Armed Forces on October 20, 1810, upon his arrival to Sweden. Charles John had the singular distinction of having been offered the role of Generalissimo of four different nations: Sweden (accepted), Imperial Russia, offered by Alexander during the Conference at Åbo in 1812,<ref>Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 39. John Murray, London.</ref> of a restored Bourbon France in 1814 (offered by Louis XVIII's brother the [[Charles X of France|Comte D'Artois]]),<ref>Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 127. John Murray, London.</ref> and a desperate offer by Napoleon in early 1814 as an inducement for Sweden to switch its alliance to France.<ref>Scott, Franklin (1935). Bernadotte and the Fall of Napoleon. P. 153. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.</ref> Charles John declined the latter three.<ref name="svj">{{in lang|sv}} ''Ancienneté och Rang-Rulla öfver Krigsmagten år 1813''</ref><ref>Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 4. John Murray, London.</ref><ref group=Note>The Napoleonic [[Marshal of France]] ''Jean Baptiste Bernadotte'', [[Prince of Ponte Corvo]], was elected Crown Prince of Sweden by the [[Riksdag of the Estates]] and [[Charles XIII of Sweden|King Charles XIII]] in 1810. Given his exalted French military rank, the rank of ''generalissimus'' was likely granted him in order to give him precedence over "mere" [[List of Swedish field marshals|Swedish field marshals]]. Once he became [[Monarchy of Sweden|King of Sweden]] [[Monarchy of Norway|and Norway]] in 1818, the ''generalissimus'' rank became superfluous.</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Charles|[[Charles X Gustav of Sweden|Prince Charles Gustav]]}} || [[Thirty Years' War]] || {{sort|Sweden|{{flagicon image|Naval Ensign of Sweden.svg}} [[Sweden]]}} || 1648–1650 || He was named "Generalissimo of all Swedish forces in Germany" by his cousin Queen [[Christina of Sweden]] in January 1648, however he didn't accomplish much as commander of the Swedish forces in Germany as the war ended in October of the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karl X Gustav |url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/mobil/Artikel/12355 |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=sok.riksarkivet.se}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Chiang Kai-shek|[[Chiang Kai-shek]]}} || [[National Revolutionary Army]] || {{sort|China|{{flagdeco|Republic of China}} [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]]}} || 1926–1975 || Appointed commander in chief of the Nationalist Army for the [[Northern Expedition]].<ref>''[[The New York Times]]'', December 4, 1926, pg.6.</ref> Appointed "general special class" (特級上將 ''Tèjí shàng jiàng'') in 1935
|-
| {{sortname|John|Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough}} || [[War of the Spanish Succession]] || {{sort|Dutch Republic|{{flag|Dutch Republic}}}} || 1702 || Referred to as ''generalissimo'' by the Dutch [[States General of the Netherlands|States General]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul)|author-link=Paul de Rapin|editor=Nicholas Tindal|editor-link=Nicholas Tindal|title=The History of England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04NaAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA562|access-date=September 16, 2018|volume=IV, part 1 (French original: ''Histoire d'Angleterre'', 1724–27)|year=1745|publisher=J. and P. Knapton|page=562|quote=The Earl of Athlone [Godard van Reede] was set on by the other Dutch Generals, to insist on his quality of Velt-Marshal, and to have the command with the Earl of Marlborough by turns. But, though he was now in high reputation by his late conduct, the States obliged him to yield this point to the Earl of Marlborough, whom they declared Generalissimo of all their forces, and sent orders to all their Generals and other Officers to obey him.|archive-date=March 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311233145/https://books.google.com/books?id=04NaAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA562|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Ferdinand|Foch}} || [[French Army]] || {{sort|France|{{flag|France|1830}}}} || 1918 || ''Généralissime'' was the title used to describe [[Marshal of France|Marshal]] Ferdinand Foch's Allied Command, starting March 26, 1918. He actually held the rank of ''[[Divisional general|général de division]]'', the dignity (rank) of [[Marshal of France]] and later the ranks of [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|British field marshal]] and [[Marshal of Poland]].<ref>John McGroarty :''The Gray Man of Christ: Generalissimo Foch'' (1919) Los Angeles, Walter A Abbott</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Deodoro da|Fonseca}} || [[Brazilian Army]] || {{sort|Brazil|{{flag|Brazil|1889}}}} || 1890 || <ref>{{cite book |last1=Andermann |first1=Jens |last2=Rowe |first2=William |title=Images of Power: Iconography, Culture and the State in Latin America |date=2006 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=9781845452124 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uvlQ6FipbMgC&pg=PA176 |access-date=August 11, 2019 |archive-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311233147/https://books.google.com/books?id=uvlQ6FipbMgC&pg=PA176 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Francisco|Franco}} || [[Spanish Armed Forces]] || {{sort|France|{{flag|Francoist Spain|name=Spain}}}} || 1936–1975 || ''Generalísimo'' was used as a combination rank as he held the highest possible rank in all three branches of service: ''[[Captain general of the Army|capitán general]], [[Captain general of the Air Force|capitán general del Aire]], and [[Captain general of the Navy|capitán general de la Armada]].''<ref name="franciscof">[https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19431018,00.html "Franco of Iberia"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', October 18, 1943. cover.</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Frederick|[[Frederick I of Sweden|Prince Consort Frederick of Hesse]]}} || [[Swedish Army|Royal Swedish Army]] || {{sort|Sweden|{{flagicon image|Naval Ensign of Sweden.svg}} [[Sweden]]}} || 1716–1720 || Fredrick was named "Generalissimo of the Swedish Armed forces to horse and foot" in 1716 by [[Charles XII of Sweden|King Charles XII]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Pock|first=Johann Joseph|title=Der politische, katholische Passagier, durchreisend alle hohe Höfe, Republiquen, Herrschafften und Länder der ganzen Welt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ClMAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA832|access-date=September 16, 2018|year=1724|publisher=Brechenmacher|page=832|quote=wurde 1720. von dem König in Schweden&nbsp;... zum Generalissimo der sämmtlichen Schwedischen Trouppen ernennet|archive-date=March 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311233144/https://books.google.com/books?id=6ClMAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA832|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Maurice|Gamelin}} || [[French Army]] || {{sort|France|{{flag|France|1830}}}} || 1939 || His rank was ''[[général d'armée]]'', but his title as commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces was ''généralissime''.
|-
| {{sort|George|[[Prince George of Denmark]]}} || [[British Army]] || {{sort|Great Britain|{{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain|name=Great Britain}}}} || 1702–1708 || Declared "''generalissimo'' of all our Forces within Our Kingdom of England and Ireland and Elsewhere" by his wife [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]]<ref name=Roper1998/><ref>{{cite book|author=Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul)|author-link=Paul de Rapin|editor=Nicholas Tindal|editor-link=Nicholas Tindal|title=The History of England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04NaAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA104|access-date=September 16, 2018|volume=IV, part 1 (French original: ''Histoire d'Angleterre'', 1724–27)|year=1745|publisher=J. and P. Knapton|page=104|quote=The Prince was Duke of Cumberland, Lord High-Admiral of Great-Britain and Ireland, Generalissimo of all her Majesty's forces both by sea and land, and Warden of the Cinque-ports.|archive-date=March 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311233146/https://books.google.com/books?id=04NaAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA104|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Máximo|Gómez}} || [[Cuban Liberation Army]] || {{sort|Cuba|{{flag|Cuba|1902}}}} || 1895–1898|| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Rioseco |first1=Pedro |title=Generalísimo Máximo Gómez, ejemplo de internacionalismo y genio militar |url=https://www.contraloria.gob.cu/noticias/generalisimo-maximo-gomez-ejemplo-de-internacionalismo-y-genio-militar |website=Contraloría General de la República |access-date=16 September 2022 |language=es |archive-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163527/https://www.contraloria.gob.cu/noticias/generalisimo-maximo-gomez-ejemplo-de-internacionalismo-y-genio-militar |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Miguel|Hidalgo y Costilla}} || [[Mexican Army#Independence|Revolutionary Army of Mexico]] || {{sort|Mexico|{{flagicon image|Estandarte de Hidalgo.svg}} [[Mexico]]}} || 1810–1811|| <ref name="dhdm">[http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1810_115/Comunica_Miguel_Hidalgo_su_proclamaci_n_como_General_simo_de_Am_rica.shtml Comunica Miguel Hidalgo su proclamaci n como General simo de Am rica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184612/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1810_115/Comunica_Miguel_Hidalgo_su_proclamaci_n_como_General_simo_de_Am_rica.shtml |date=September 23, 2015 }}. Documentos Historicos de Mexico, October 24, 1810.</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Hirohito|[[Hirohito]] (Emperor Shōwa)}} || [[Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan]] || {{sort|Japan|{{flag|Empire of Japan|name=Japan}}}} || 1926–1945 || ''[[Dai-gensui]]'', as sovereign ruler of the [[Empire of Japan]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bix |first1=Herbert P. |title=Hirohito And The Making Of Modern Japan |date=13 October 2009 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-0-06-186047-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjmVltzm1kYC&dq=Generalissimo&pg=PA31 |language=en |access-date=June 5, 2022 |archive-date=June 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604181823/https://books.google.com/books?id=zjmVltzm1kYC&pg=PA31&dq=Generalissimo |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Agustín de|Iturbide}} || [[Mexican Army]] || {{sort|Mexico|{{flag|Mexico|1821}}}}|| 1821–1823 || <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anna |first1=Timothy E. |title=The Rule of Agustin de Iturbide: A Reappraisal |journal=Journal of Latin American Studies |date=1985 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=79–110 |doi=10.1017/S0022216X00009202 |jstor=157498 |s2cid=145054515 |issn=0022-216X}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|James|[[James, Duke of York]]}} || [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] || {{sort|England|{{flag|Kingdom of England|name=England}}}} || 1673 || "''Generalissimo'' and supreme commander" over forces employed against the Dutch.<ref name=Roper1998>{{cite book |last1=Roper |first1=Michael |title=The Records of the War Office and Related Departments, 1660–1964 | page=5 |date=1998 |publisher=Public Record Office |location=Kew, Surrey }}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Joseph|Joffre}} || [[French Army]] || {{sort|France|{{flag|France|1830}}}} || 1914 || His dignity (rank) was ''[[Marshal of France]]'', but his title as commander-in-chief of the French Army was ''généralissime''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Doughty |first1=Robert A. |title=Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War |date=30 June 2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-03431-0 |page=232 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awbB9jqNBccC&pg=PA232 |language=en |author1-link=Robert A. Doughty |access-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708053537/https://books.google.com/books?id=awbB9jqNBccC&pg=PA232 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- 
| {{sort|Kalakaua|[[Kalākaua]]}} || Hawaiian Army || {{sort|Hawaii|{{flag|Kingdom of Hawaii|name=Hawaii}}}} || 1886–1891 || King of Hawaii, was given titles of "supreme commander and ''generalissimo'' of the Hawaiian Army".<ref name="1886Act">{{cite book |chapter=Chapter XXII: Act Act To Organize The Military Forces Of The Kingdom |title=Laws of His Majesty Kalakaua, King of the Hawaiian Islands: Passed by the Legislative Assembly at Its Session of 1886 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LMwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA37 |year=1886 |publisher=Black & Auld |location=Honolulu |oclc=42350849 |pages=37–41 |access-date=March 16, 2017 |archive-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311233146/https://books.google.com/books?id=2LMwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA37 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Karl|[[Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg]]}} || [[Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars|Austrian Army]] || {{sort|Austria|{{flagdeco|Austrian Empire}} [[Hapsburg Monarchy|Austrian Empire]]}} || 1813–1814 || Generalissimo of the Armies of the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] and senior Field Marshal of the combined forces of the [[Sixth Coalition]]. He led the largest Allied field army, the [[Army of Bohemia]], during the [[Battle of Leipzig]] in 1813 and the [[Campaign in north-east France (1814)|Invasion of France]] in early 1814.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Harry Thurston |title=The International Cyclopedia: A Compendium of Human Knowledge, Rev. with Large Additions |date=1898 |publisher=Dodd, Mead |page=238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gj5MAAAAMAAJ&dq=generalissimo&pg=PA238 |language=en |access-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-date=May 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505040512/https://books.google.com/books?id=gj5MAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=generalissimo |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Kim Il-sung|[[Kim Il Sung]]}} || [[Korean People's Army]] || {{Sort|Korea, North|{{flag|North Korea}}}} || 1992 || ''[[Taewonsu]]''<ref name=yomuiri>{{Cite web |url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/world/T100928004855.htm |title=The Daily Yomuiri, 29 September 2010, Kim Jong Un spotlighted / 'Heir apparent' promoted to general, makes DPRK media debut |access-date=September 30, 2010 |archive-date=October 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002062121/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/world/T100928004855.htm }}</ref><ref name="VOA2012">{{cite news |title=Late North Korean Leader Promoted to Generalissimo |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/late-north-korean-leader-promoted-to-generalissimo-139347773/152066.html |work=[[Voice of America]] |date=14 February 2012 |language=en |access-date=May 8, 2022 |archive-date=May 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508080214/https://www.voanews.com/a/late-north-korean-leader-promoted-to-generalissimo-139347773/152066.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Kim Jong-il|[[Kim Jong Il]]}} || [[Korean People's Army]] || {{Sort|Korea, North|{{flag|North Korea}}}} || 2012 || ''Taewonsu'' (posthumously awarded)<ref name="kimj">{{Cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/late-kim-jong-il-awarded-highest-honour-by-north/story-e6frg6so-1226271640849 |title=The Australian, 15 February 2012, Late Kim Jong-il awarded highest honour by North |work=TheAustralian |access-date=February 15, 2012 |archive-date=February 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217023225/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/late-kim-jong-il-awarded-highest-honour-by-north/story-e6frg6so-1226271640849}}</ref><ref name="VOA2012"/>
|-
| {{sort|Louis Dauphin of France|[[Louis, Grand Dauphin]]}} || [[War of the Spanish Succession]] || {{sort|France|{{flag|Kingdom of France|name=France|bourbon}}}} || 1708 || Commanded the French Army<ref>{{cite book|author=Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul)|author-link=Paul de Rapin|editor=Nicholas Tindal|editor-link=Nicholas Tindal|title=The History of England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04NaAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA68|access-date=September 16, 2018|volume=IV, part 1 (French original: ''Histoire d'Angleterre'', 1724–27)|year=1745|publisher=J. and P. Knapton|page=68|quote=But an unexpected alteration was suddenly made, and the French King declared the Duke of ''Burgundy'' Generalissimo of his forces, appointing the Duke ''de Vendosme [sic: Vendôme]'' to serve under him; and he was to be accompanied by the Duke of ''Berry''.|archive-date=March 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311233217/https://books.google.com/books?id=04NaAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA68|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Mao Zedong|[[Mao Zedong]]}} || [[People's Liberation Army]] || {{flag|People's Republic of China}} || 1955 || Proposed the rank of [[Dayuanshuai|Generalissimo of the People's Republic of China]] (declined usage)
|-
| {{sortname|Alexander Danilovich|Menshikov}} || [[Imperial Russian Army]] || {{sort|Russia|{{flag|Russian Empire|name=Russia}}}} || 1727–1728 || <ref name="Jena96">"Menschikow und Stalin waren die einzigen Heerführer der russischen Geschichte, die sich 'Generalissimus' nennen ließen." [Menshikov and Stalin were the only military leaders in Russian history who declared themselves "''generalissimus''".] Jena, Detlev (1996): ''Die russischen Zaren in Lebensbildern'', Graz, p. 520.</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Francisco de|Miranda}} || [[Venezuelan Army]] || {{sort|Venezuela|{{flagicon image|Flag of Venezuela (1811).svg}} [[First Republic of Venezuela|Venezuela]]}} || 1812 ||
|-
| {{sortname|José María|Morelos}} || [[Mexican Army#Independence|Revolutionary Army of Mexico]] || {{sort|Mexico|{{flagicon image|Bandera y Estandarte de Morelos.svg}} [[Mexico]]}} || 1813–1815 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Inauguration of the exhibition José María Morelos y Pavón. Generalissimo of Mexican America armies |url=https://www.cultura.gob.mx/dgai/noticias-detalle/?id=43828&orden=1&ln=en |website=Gobierno de México |publisher=Noticias – Dirección General de Asuntos internacionales – Secretaría de Cultura |access-date=3 July 2022 |language=spanish |archive-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209212440/https://www.cultura.gob.mx/dgai/noticias-detalle/?id=43828&orden=1&ln=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Ihsan|Nuri}} || [[Ararat rebellion|Ararat Forces]] || {{sort|Ararat|{{flagicon image|Kurdish flag (Khoiboun).svg}} [[Kurdish Republic of Ararat|Ararat]]}} || 1927–1930 || <ref name="Chirguh">Bletch Chirguh, ''La Question Kurde: ses origines et ses causes'', Le Caire, Impimerie Paul Barbey, 1930, front cover, ''Ihsan Nouri Pacha Généralissime des forces nationales Kurdes'' {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Alexander|Suvorov}} || [[Imperial Russian Army]] || {{sort|Russia|{{flag|Russian Empire|name=Russia}}}} || 1799 ||
|-
| {{sort|Ulrich, Anthony|[[Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick]]}} || [[Imperial Russian Army]] || {{sort|Russia|{{flag|Russian Empire|name=Russia}}}} || 1740–1741 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/01.+Paintings/128240|title=Portrait of Prince Anton Ulrich von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1714-1774)|publisher=hermitagemuseum.org|date=2023|access-date=14 January 2023|archive-date=April 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410141125/https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/01.%2BPaintings/128240|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Maxime|Weygand}} || [[French Army]] || {{sort|France|{{flag|France|1830}}}} || 1940 || His rank was ''[[Army general (France)|général d'armée]]'', but his title as commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces was ''généralissime''.
|-
| {{sortname|José de|San Martín}} || [[Peruvian Army]] || {{sort|Peru|{{flag|Peru|1821}}}} || 1821–1822 || ''Generalísimo de las Armas del Perú''
|-
| {{sortname|Joseph|Stalin}} || [[Soviet Armed Forces]] || {{sort|Soviet Union|{{flag|Soviet Union|1936}}}} || 1945 || [[Generalissimus of the Soviet Union|''Generalissimus'' of the Soviet Union]]<ref>Joseph Stalin was appointed ''generalissimus'' of the Soviet Union. See: Ivan Aleksandrovich Venediktov, ''Selskokhozyaystvennaya entsiklopediya'', Vol. 4, Gos. izd-vo selkhoz, 1956, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LAcZAAAAIAAJ p. 584.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311233144/https://books.google.com/books?id=LAcZAAAAIAAJ |date=March 11, 2023 }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref> (declined usage)
|-
| {{sort|Sun Yat-sen|[[Sun Yat-sen]]}} || [[National Pacification Army]] || {{flag|Republic of China}} || 1921 || Technically as ''[[dayuanshuai]]'' or "[[grand marshal]] of the army and navy"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=otwbBh_GgrwC&q=tang+jiyao&pg=PA255|title=Wu Tingfang (1842–1922): Reform and Modernization in Modern Chinese History|author=Linda Pomerantz-Zhang|year=1992|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|page=255|isbn=962209287X|access-date=October 31, 2010|archive-date=March 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311233146/https://books.google.com/books?id=otwbBh_GgrwC&q=tang+jiyao&pg=PA255|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Taylor2009">{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jay|title=The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China|url=https://archive.org/details/generalissimochi00tayl|url-access=registration|access-date=February 28, 2017|date=April 15, 2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05471-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/generalissimochi00tayl/page/32 32]}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Rafael|Trujillo}} || [[Dominican Army]] || {{sort|Dominican Republic|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}}} || 1930 || <ref>Stanley Walker, ''Generalissimo Rafael L. Trujillo'' (1955) Caribbean Library</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Albrecht von|Wallenstein}} || [[Thirty Years' War]] || {{sort|Holy Roman Empire|{{flag|Holy Roman Empire}}}} || 1625 || Via the "Principal Decree of the Imperial Deputation"<ref name="books.google.de">[[iarchive:ashorthistoryge06hendgoog|<!-- quote=Principal Decree of the Imperial Deputation. -->A short history of Germany]]. Ernest Flagg Henderson, 1908</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[https://books.google.com/books?id=KhtIC3zyvUcC&dq=Tilly+generalissimus&pg=PA6 Tilly und Wallenstein – ein Vergleich zweier Heerführer]. Harry Horstmann, 2010. {{in lang|de}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|George|Washington}} || [[Continental Army]]<br />[[United States Army]] || {{sort|United States|{{flag|United States|1776}}}} || 1776 || When chosen to be the commander-in-chief, was called by ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'' the ''generalissimo'' of American forces.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chadwick |first1=Bruce |author-link1=Bruce Chadwick |title=George Washington's War: The Forging of a Revolutionary Leader and the American Presidency |date=2005 |publisher=Sourcebooks, Inc. |isbn=9781402226106 |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrN95xjXKC0C&pg=PA40 |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311233145/https://books.google.com/books?id=JrN95xjXKC0C&pg=PA40 |url-status=live }}</ref> Promoted [[Posthumous promotion|posthumously]] to General of the Armies of the United States on January 19, 1976, with date of rank of July 4, 1976<ref name="PL-Washington">[[s:Public Law 94-479|Public Law 94-479 of January 19, 1976]]<!-- The correct date is January 19, 1976. DO NOT CHANGE IT. --> to provide for the appointment of George Washington to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States</ref>
|-
| {{sort|William|[[William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe]]}} || [[Portuguese Army|Royal Portuguese Army]] || {{sort|Portugal|{{flag|Kingdom of Portugal|1750|name=Portugal}}}} || 1762–1763 || Became ''Generalissimus'' of the Allied Armies in Portugal during the [[Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)|Spanish invasion]]
|-
| {{sort|Yuan Shikai|[[Yuan Shikai]]}} || [[Beiyang Army]] || {{flag|Republic of China (1912–1949)|1912}} || 1913–1916 || Leader of the [[Beiyang government]], declared ''generalissimo'' (''[[dayuanshuai]]'') in 1913
|- 
| {{sort|Zhang Zuolin|[[Zhang Zuolin]]}} || [[National Pacification Army]] || {{flag| Republic of China (1912–1949)|1912}} || 1927–1928 || Leader of the [[Beiyang government]], declared ''generalissimo'' (''[[dayuanshuai]]'') in June 1927<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moore |first1=Frederick |title=Chang Tso-lin Made Dictator in Move to Beat Back South |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/06/18/archives/chang-tsolin-made-dictator-in-move-to-beat-back-south-northerners.html |access-date=February 4, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=June 18, 1927 |archive-date=August 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818121633/https://www.nytimes.com/1927/06/18/archives/chang-tsolin-made-dictator-in-move-to-beat-back-south-northerners.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Our Lady of Aparecida|[[Our Lady of Aparecida]]}} || [[Brazilian Army]] || {{sort|Brazil|{{flag|Brazil|1889}}}} || 1967 || Patroness of Brazil, uses the feminine equivalent title ''[[Military ranks of Brazil#Generalissima|Generalissima]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nossa Senhora Aparecida recebeu o título de Generalíssima do Exército em 1967 |url=https://www.a12.com/redentoristas/noticias/nossa-senhora-aparecida-recebeu-o-titulo-de-generalissima-do-exercito-em-1967 |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=www.a12.com |language=pt-BR}}</ref> 
|}

==See also==
* ''[[Admiralissimo]]''
* ''[[Capo dei capi]]''
* ''[[Caudillo]]''
* [[Commander-in-chief]]
* [[Grand marshal]]
* ''[[Dayuanshuai]]''
* ''[[Dai-gensui]]''
* [[Field marshal]]
* [[First marshal of the empire]]
* [[General of the Armies]]
* [[Generalissimo of the Soviet Union|''Generalissimo'' of the Soviet Union]]
* [[Highest military ranks]]
* [[Magister militum|Magister Militum]]
* [[Marshal General of France]]
* ''[[Shogun]]''
* [[Six-star rank]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Highest Military Ranks}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Generalissimos| ]]
[[Category:Military ranks]]
[[Category:Italian words and phrases]]