View source for Geography of Georgia (country)

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{This|the geography of the country|the geography of the U.S state|Geography of Georgia (U.S. state)}}
{{Infobox country geography
 | name              = Georgia
 | map               = Physical Map of Georgia (en).svg
 | map size          = 
 | continent         = [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]
 | region            = [[Caucasus]]
 | coordinates       = {{coord|42|00|N|43|30|E|type:country}}
 | area ranking      = 119
 | km area           = 69,700
 | percent water     = {{#expr:(0/69700)*100 round 2}}
 | km coastline      = 310
 | exclusive economic zone = {{convert|21,946|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
 | borders           = {{convert|1814|km|0|abbr=on}} <br>
* [[Russia]] (894&nbsp;km)
* [[Turkey]] (273&nbsp;km)
* [[Armenia]] (219&nbsp;km)
* [[Azerbaijan]] (428&nbsp;km)
 | highest point     = [[Mount Shkhara]] {{convert|5201|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
 | lowest point      = Between [[Poti]] and [[Kulevi]], (-1.5-2.3 m)<ref>Geography of Georgia - 9th grade book; G. Chanturia, D. Kereselidze; p. 43</ref>
 | longest river     = [[Alazani|Alazani River]] {{convert|407|km|0|abbr=on}}
 | largest lake      = [[Paravani Lake]], {{convert|37.5|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
 | climate           = [[Temperate]] to [[subtropical]]
 | terrain           = Mountainous with a coastal plain
 | natural resources = timber, hydropower, [[manganese]] deposits, [[iron ore]], [[copper]], minor [[coal]] and [[petroleum]] deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important [[tea]] and [[citrus]] growth
 | natural hazards   = [[earthquake]]s
 | environmental issues = [[air pollution|air]] and [[water pollution]], [[soil pollution]] from toxic chemicals
}}

[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] is a country in the [[Caucasus]] region on the coast of the [[Black Sea]]. Sometimes considered a [[Boundaries between the continents|transcontinental]] country, it is located at the intersection of [[Eastern Europe]] and [[West Asia]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Caucasus - region and mountains, Eurasia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Caucasus |access-date=26 November 2018}} Quote: “One widely accepted scheme draws the dividing line along the crest of the Greater Caucasus range, putting the portion of the region north of the line in Europe...another scheme identifies the Aras River and the Turkish border as the line of continental demarcation, thereby locating...Georgia in Europe.”</ref> and is today generally regarded as part of [[Europe]].<ref>International Geographic Encyclopaedia and Atlas. [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]: p. 273</ref><ref>Encyclopedic World Atlas, George Philip & Son, [[Oxford University Press]]: 2002, [https://archive.org/details/encyclopedicworl0000geor/page/104/mode/2up p.104]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Georgia - 46 States, one Europe |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/georgia |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Council of Europe |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Europe - Georgia |url=https://www.who.int/georgia |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=World Health Organization |language=}}</ref> It is bordered to the north and northeast by [[Russia]], to the south by [[Turkey]] and [[Armenia]], and to the southeast by [[Azerbaijan]].<ref>[[Nana Bolashvili]], Andreas Dittmann, Lorenz King, Vazha Neidze (eds.): ''[[National Atlas of Georgia]]'', 138 pages, Steiner Verlag, 2018, {{ISBN|978-3-515-12057-9}}</ref><ref>[[Nana Bolashvili]], Vazha Neidze (eds.): ''The Physical Geography of Georgia'', 227 pages, Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, Switzerland, 2022, {{ISBN| 978-3-030-90752-5}}</ref>

== Location ==
Georgia is largely surrounded by the [[Greater Caucasus Mountains|Greater Caucasus]] and [[Lesser Caucasus]] mountains, which form part of a natural boundary between Eastern Europe and West Asia. Because the [[Europe–Asia boundary]] is essentially a "historical and cultural construct",<ref>[[Encyclopædia Britannica]], [http://www.britannica.com/place/Asia Asia]:"The land boundary between Asia and Europe is a historical and cultural construct that has been defined variously" June 2021</ref> Georgia's continental placement has varied greatly. [[Anaximander]] placed the boundary between Europe and Asia along the Phasis River (the modern [[Rioni River]]), which effectively located northern parts of Georgia in Europe and the south in Asia, a convention also followed by [[Herodotus]].<ref>''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' 4.38. Cf. James Rennell, ''The geographical system of Herodotus examined and explained'', Volume 1, Rivington 1830, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_enQ-AAAAcAAJ/page/n274 p. 244]</ref> According to one 18th century definition, which set the [[Kuma–Manych Depression]] as the continental boundary, Georgia and the entire Caucasus fell into Asia. However, yet another definition drew the line at [[Aras (river)|Aras River]], effectively placing all of Georgia in Europe.<ref>[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]”, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Caucasus Caucasus], June 2021: “another scheme identifies the Aras River and the Turkish border as the line of continental demarcation, thereby locating Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia in Europe.”</ref>

Notwithstanding variations in geographic placement, Georgia's proximity to the bulk of Europe, combined with various historical, cultural and political forces, has led to its inclusion in Europe. The country has joined European organizations, such as the [[Council of Europe]] and [[Eurocontrol]], and was deemed eligible to apply for membership of the [[European Union]],<ref name="EU perspective">[[European Parliament]], [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P8-TA-2014-0009 European Parliament Resolution 2014/2717(RSP)], 17 July 2014: "...pursuant to Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine – like any other European state – have a European perspective and may apply to become members of the Union…"</ref> which it did in 2022 and was [[Potential enlargement of the European Union|recognized as a candidate member state]].

==Topography==
[[Image:Georgia Topography.png|left|thumb|Topography of Georgia]]
[[Image:Satellite image of Georgia in May 2003.jpg|left|thumb|Satellite image of Georgia in late spring]]
Despite its small area, Georgia has one of the most varied topographies of the former Soviet republics.<ref name=":02">{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite book|last=Curtis|first=Glenn E.|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/94045459/|title=Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia : country studies|date=1995|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]]|isbn=0-8444-0848-4|edition=1st|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=175–177|oclc=31709972}}}}</ref> It is one of the most mountainous countries in Europe,<ref>Economic Commission for Europe. "Environmental Performance Reviews: Georgia", [[United Nations]]: 2016, p. 105</ref> lying mostly in the [[Caucasus Mountains]], with its northern boundary partly defined by the Greater Caucasus range.<ref name=":02" /> The Lesser Caucasus range, which runs parallel to the Turkish and Armenian borders, and the [[Likhi Range|Surami Range]], which connects the Greater Caucasus and the Lesser Caucasus, create natural barriers that are partly responsible for cultural and linguistic differences among regions.<ref name=":02" /> Because of their elevation and a poorly developed transportation infrastructure, many mountain villages are virtually isolated from the outside world during the winter.<ref name=":02" /> [[Earthquake]]s and [[landslide]]s in mountainous areas present a significant threat to life and property.<ref name=":02" /> Among the most recent natural disasters were massive rock- and mudslides in Ajaria in 1989 that displaced thousands in southwestern Georgia, and two earthquakes in 1991 that destroyed several villages in [[Racha]], upper [[Imereti]] and the [[Tskhinvali Region]] (South Ossetia).<ref name=":02" />

Georgia has about 25,000 rivers, many of which power small [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] stations.<ref name=":02" /> Drainage is into the Black Sea to the west and through Azerbaijan to the Caspian Sea to the east.<ref name=":02" /> The largest river is the [[Kura (Caspian Sea)|Kura River]], which flows 1,364&nbsp;km from northeast Turkey across the plains of eastern Georgia, through the capital, Tbilisi, and into the Caspian Sea.<ref name=":02" /> The [[Rioni River]], the largest river in western Georgia, rises in the Greater Caucasus and empties into the Black Sea at the port of [[Poti]].<ref name=":02" /> Soviet engineers turned the river lowlands along the Black Sea coast into prime subtropical agricultural land, embanked and straightened many stretches of river, and built an extensive system of canals.<ref name=":02" /> Deep mountain gorges form topographical belts within the Greater Caucasus.<ref name=":02" />

==Coastline==
[[File:Svaneti, georgia.jpg|thumb|[[Svaneti]] region, northwestern Georgia]]
[[File:Black Sea coast of Georgia (country), with skyline of Batumi on the horizon.jpg|thumb|[[Black Sea]] coast of western Georgia, with the skyline of [[Batumi]] on the horizon.]]
The [[coastline]] of Georgia about {{convert|315|km|mi}}:<ref name="NationsEncyclopedia">{{cite web |url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Europe/Georgia.html | title= Georgia |publisher= Encyclopedia of the Nations |access-date= 2 October 2012 |quote= The country has a coastline of {{convert|315|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}}.}}</ref> of the coastline, {{convert|57|km|mi}} is the coastline of [[Adjara|Ajaria]] (Ajara)<ref name="goBatumi">{{cite web |author= goBatumi.com |url= http://gobatumi.com/en/feelit/nature-geography |title= Geography |publisher= Website of the [[Department of Tourism and Resorts of Ajara Autonomous Republic]] |access-date= 2 October 2012 |quote= The Ajara coastline is 57 km long. |archive-date= 9 April 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140409130828/http://gobatumi.com/en/feelit/nature-geography |url-status= dead }}</ref> and {{convert|200|km|mi}} is the coastline of [[Abkhazia]].<ref name="Proletarskaya Gazeta">{{cite web |author= Aleksey Danko |url= http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv14n2/pgossetia.htm | title= The Class Roots and Sources of the Aggressive Actions of Georgia Against South Ossetia and Abkhazia and the Aggravation of the Situation in the Caucasus |publisher= Proletarskaya Gazeta #30 |date=November 2008 |access-date= 2 October 2012 |quote= Moreover, the Abkhazian coast stretches 200 kilometres, which has the potential to significantly increase the influence of either Russia or Georgia on the Black sea, including their military presence.}}</ref> Georgia has an [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] of {{convert|21,946|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the [[Black Sea]].

==Climate==
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_GEO_1991–2020.svg|thumb|Köppen climate classification regions.]]
Georgia's climate is affected by [[Humid temperate climate|temperate humid]] influences from the west and [[Continental climate|continental]] influences from the east.<ref name=":02" /> The Greater Caucasus range moderates local climate by serving as a barrier against cold air from the north.<ref name=":02" /> Warm, moist air from the Black Sea moves easily into the coastal lowlands from the west.<ref name=":02" /> Climatic zones are determined by distance from the Black Sea and by altitude.<ref name=":02" /> Along the Black Sea coast, from Abkhazia to the Turkish border, and in the region known as the [[Colchis Lowland]] inland from the coast, the dominant subtropical climate features high humidity and heavy precipitation ({{convert|1000|to|2000|mm|in|1|abbr=on|disp=or}} per year; the Black Sea port of Batumi receives {{convert|2500|mm|in|1|abbr=on|disp=or}} per year).<ref name=":02" /> Several varieties of [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] and [[citrus]] grow in these regions, where the midwinter average temperature is {{convert|5|°C|lk=on}} and the midsummer average is {{convert|22|°C|1}}.<ref name=":02" />

The plains of eastern Georgia are shielded from the influence of the Black Sea by mountains that provide a more [[continental climate]].<ref name=":02" /> Summer temperatures average {{convert|20|to|24|°C|1}}, winter temperatures {{convert|2|to|4|°C|1}}.<ref name=":02" /> Humidity is lower, and rainfall averages {{convert|500|to|800|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} per year.<ref name=":02" /> [[Alpine climate|Alpine]] and [[highland (geography)|highland]] regions in the east and west, as well as a [[semi-arid]] region on the [[Iori Plateau]] to the southeast, have distinct microclimates.<ref name=":02" />

At higher elevations, precipitation is sometimes twice as heavy as in the eastern plains.<ref name=":02" /> In the west, the climate is subtropical to about {{convert|650|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}; above that altitude (and to the north and east) is a band of moist and moderately warm weather, then a band of cool and wet conditions.<ref name=":02" /> Alpine conditions begin at about {{convert|2100|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, and above {{convert|3600|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} snow and ice are present year-round.<ref name=":02" />

{{Weather box
|location = Tbilisi (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1881–present)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|width = auto
|collapsed = Yes 
|Jan record high C = 19.5
|Feb record high C = 22.4
|Mar record high C = 28.9
|Apr record high C = 34.4
|May record high C = 35.1
|Jun record high C = 40.2
|Jul record high C = 42.0
|Aug record high C = 40.4
|Sep record high C = 37.9
|Oct record high C = 33.3
|Nov record high C = 27.2
|Dec record high C = 22.8
|year record high C = 42.0
|Jan high C = 6.6
|Feb high C = 7.7
|Mar high C = 12.6
|Apr high C = 18.9
|May high C = 23.1
|Jun high C = 28.1
|Jul high C = 31.2
|Aug high C = 30.9
|Sep high C = 26.4
|Oct high C = 19.8
|Nov high C = 12.8
|Dec high C = 8.4
|year high C = 18.9
|Jan mean C = 2.3
|Feb mean C = 3.1
|Mar mean C = 7.2
|Apr mean C = 12.7
|May mean C = 17.2
|Jun mean C = 21.7
|Jul mean C = 24.9
|Aug mean C = 24.7
|Sep mean C = 20.2
|Oct mean C = 14.2
|Nov mean C = 7.9
|Dec mean C = 3.7
|year mean C = 13.3
|Jan low C = -0.8
|Feb low C = 0.0
|Mar low C = 3.2
|Apr low C = 8.4
|May low C = 12.4
|Jun low C = 16.5
|Jul low C = 19.8
|Aug low C = 19.5
|Sep low C = 15.4
|Oct low C = 10.4
|Nov low C = 4.9
|Dec low C = 1.3
|year low C = 9.3
|Jan record low C = -24.4
|Feb record low C = −14.8
|Mar record low C = −12.8
|Apr record low C = -3.8
|May record low C = 1.0
|Jun record low C = 6.3
|Jul record low C = 9.3
|Aug record low C = 8.9
|Sep record low C = 0.8
|Oct record low C = -6.4
|Nov record low C = −7.1
|Dec record low C = −20.5
|year record low C = -24.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 21
|Feb precipitation mm = 23
|Mar precipitation mm = 29
|Apr precipitation mm = 51
|May precipitation mm = 92
|Jun precipitation mm = 85
|Jul precipitation mm = 49
|Aug precipitation mm = 37
|Sep precipitation mm = 27
|Oct precipitation mm = 41
|Nov precipitation mm = 29
|Dec precipitation mm = 23
|year precipitation mm = 507
|Jan humidity = 74
|Feb humidity = 72
|Mar humidity = 68
|Apr humidity = 66
|May humidity = 67
|Jun humidity = 64
|Jul humidity = 61
|Aug humidity = 62
|Sep humidity = 66
|Oct humidity = 73
|Nov humidity = 76
|Dec humidity = 76
|year humidity = 69
|Jan rain days = 4
|Feb rain days = 4
|Mar rain days = 8
|Apr rain days = 12
|May rain days = 12
|Jun rain days = 10
|Jul rain days = 7
|Aug rain days = 8
|Sep rain days = 9
|Oct rain days = 10
|Nov rain days = 10
|Dec rain days = 6
|year rain days = 100
|Jan snow days = 6
|Feb snow days = 8
|Mar snow days = 3
|Apr snow days = 0.1
|May snow days = 0
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 0.1
|Nov snow days = 1
|Dec snow days = 4
|year snow days = 22
|Jan sun = 99
|Feb sun = 102
|Mar sun = 142
|Apr sun = 171
|May sun = 213
|Jun sun = 249
|Jul sun = 256
|Aug sun = 248
|Sep sun = 206
|Oct sun = 164
|Nov sun = 103
|Dec sun = 93
|year sun = 2046
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name=Tbilisipogoda>{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate2/37545.htm
| script-title = ru:Погода и Климат
| publisher = Pogodaiklimat.ru
| language = ru
| access-date = 19 October 2016
| archive-date = 22 March 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210322113406/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate2/37545.htm
| url-status = live
}}</ref> 
|source 2 = NOAA (Sunshine hours 1961–1990)<ref name=NOAATbilisi >{{Cite FTP | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/GA/37549.TXT
| server = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| title = Tbilisi/Novoalexeye Climate Normals 1961–1990
| access-date = 19 October 2016}}</ref>

}}

{{Weather box 
|width= auto
|metric first= Yes 
|single line= Yes 
|location= Mta-Sabueti (1991-2020, extremes 1981-2020) {{coord|42|02|N|43|28|E}}
|collapsed = Yes

|precipitation colour=green
|Jan precipitation mm = 150.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 124.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 118.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 78.6
|May precipitation mm = 94.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 79.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 54.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 54.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 69.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 89.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 122.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 128.1

|Jan record high C = 13.3
|Feb record high C = 16.4
|Mar record high C = 19.4
|Apr record high C = 27.8
|May record high C = 26.5
|Jun record high C = 30.0
|Jul record high C = 31.1
|Aug record high C = 34.4
|Sep record high C = 31.4
|Oct record high C = 26.1
|Nov record high C = 23.6
|Dec record high C = 15.9
|year record high C = 34.4
| Jan high C  =0.3
| Feb high C  =1.0
| Mar high C  =5.1
| Apr high C  =11.2
| May high C  =16.0
| Jun high C  =19.5
| Jul high C  =22.1
| Aug high C  =23.1
| Sep high C  =18.8
| Oct high C  =13.4
| Nov high C  =6.7
| Dec high C  =2.0
| year high C =
| Jan mean C  =-2.5
| Feb mean C  =-2.3
| Mar mean C  =0.9
| Apr mean C  =5.9
| May mean C  =10.8
| Jun mean C  =14.4
| Jul mean C  =17.0
| Aug mean C  =17.7
| Sep mean C  =13.7
| Oct mean C  =8.9
| Nov mean C  =3.2
| Dec mean C  =-0.8
| year mean C =
|Jan low C= -4.7 
|Feb low C= -4.8
|Mar low C= -2.0
|Apr low C=  2.3
|May low C=  7.1
|Jun low C= 10.7
|Jul low C= 13.5
|Aug low C= 13.9
|Sep low C= 10.2
|Oct low C=  5.9
|Nov low C=  0.7
|Dec low C= -3.0
|Jan record low C = -18.3
|Feb record low C = −18.2
|Mar record low C = −14.6
|Apr record low C = -11.8
|May record low C = -2.2
|Jun record low C = 0.1
|Jul record low C = 3.1
|Aug record low C = 5.0
|Sep record low C = 1.6
|Oct record low C = -5.2
|Nov record low C = −8.6
|Dec record low C = −13.4
|year record low C = -18.3

| unit precipitation days =  1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days  =14.2
| Feb precipitation days  =13.8
| Mar precipitation days  =14.9
| Apr precipitation days  =12.2
| May precipitation days  =13.4
| Jun precipitation days  =12.4
| Jul precipitation days  =10.3
| Aug precipitation days  =9.2
| Sep precipitation days  =9.5
| Oct precipitation days  =10.7
| Nov precipitation days  =11.3
| Dec precipitation days  =13.7
| year precipitation days =145.6
     
| humidity colour =  
| time day        =  
| daily           = 
| Jan humidity    =88.7
| Feb humidity    =88.7
| Mar humidity    =86.6
| Apr humidity    =82.3
| May humidity    =84.5
| Jun humidity    =86.6
| Jul humidity    =86.2
| Aug humidity    =83.7
| Sep humidity    =85.8
| Oct humidity    =87.9
| Nov humidity    =87
| Dec humidity    =88.2
| year humidity   =

|source = [[NCEI]]<ref name="ncei91">{{cite web |title=WMO Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Mta-Sabueti-37665 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Georgia/CSV/MtaSabueti_37665.csv |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA]] |access-date=17 March 2024 |format=CSV}}</ref><ref name="Clino81">{{cite web |title=WMO Climate Normals for 1981-2010: Mta Sabueti |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Georgia/WMO_Normals_Georgia.xls |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA]] |access-date=17 March 2024 |page=6 |format=XLS |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009215740/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Georgia/WMO_Normals_Georgia.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

==Environmental issues==
{{main|Environmental issues in Georgia}}
Beginning in the 1980s, Black Sea pollution has greatly harmed Georgia's tourist industry.<ref name=":02" /> Inadequate sewage treatment is the main cause of that condition.<ref name=":02" /> In Batumi, for example, only 18 percent of wastewater was treated before release into the sea as of the early 1990s.<ref name=":02" /> As of the early 1990s, an estimated 70 percent of surface water contained health-endangering bacteria to which Georgia's high rate of intestinal disease was attributed.<ref name=":02" />

The war in Abkhazia did substantial damage to the ecological habitats unique to that region.<ref name=":02" /> In other respects, experts considered Georgia's environmental problems less serious than those of more industrialized former Soviet republics.<ref name=":02" /> Solving Georgia's environmental problems was not a high priority of the national government in the post-Soviet years, however; in 1993 the minister for protection of the environment resigned to protest this inactivity.<ref name=":02" /> In January 1994, the Cabinet of Ministers announced a new, interdepartmental environmental monitoring system to centralize separate programs under the direction of the Ministry of Protection of the Environment.<ref name=":02" /> The system would include a central environmental and information and research agency.<ref name=":02" /> The [[Green Party (Georgia)|Green Party]] used its small contingent in the parliament to press environmental issues in 1993.<ref name=":02" />

Georgia participates in a number of international environmental agreements. It is a party to: [[Air Pollution]], [[Biodiversity]], [[Climate Change]], Climate Change-[[Kyoto Protocol]], [[Desertification]], Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, [[Law of the Sea]], Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, and Wetlands.

== Extreme points ==

* Northernmost point: (''de jure''): [[Abkhazia]]
* Northernmost point (''de facto''): [[Mestia Municipality]], [[Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti]]
*Southernmost point: [[Dedoplistsqaro Municipality]], [[Kakheti]]
* Westernmost point (''de jure''): Abkhazia
*Westernmost point (''de facto''): [[Adjara]]
* Easternmost point: Dedoplistsqaro Municipality, Kakheti (border with [[Azerbaijan]])

==See also==
*[[Glaciers of Georgia]]
*[[List of earthquakes in Georgia (country)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Georgia (country) topics}}
{{Geography of Europe}}
{{Geography of Asia}}

[[Category:Geography of Georgia (country)| ]]

[[bn:জর্জিয়া (রাষ্ট্র)#ভূগোল]]