View source for George Adamski

{{Short description|Polish-American ufologist (1891-1965)}}
{{redirect|Orthon|the Roman emperor also known as Orthon|Otho}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
|name          = George Adamski
|image         = George Adamski.jpg
|caption       = Adamski in 1938
|alt           =
|birth_name    = 
|birth_date    = {{birth date|1891|4|17|df=y}}
|birth_place   = [[Bydgoszcz|Bromberg]], [[German Empire]]
|death_date    = {{death date and age|1965|4|23|1891|4|17|df=y}}
|death_place   = [[Silver Spring, Maryland]], U.S.
|resting_place = [[Arlington National Cemetery]]
|occupation    = Self-described "wandering teacher",<ref name="tm2">[[#Zinsstag & Good 1983|Zinsstag & Good 1983]], pp. 5–6</ref> [[Ufology|ufologist]]
|known_for     = [[Contactee]]
|organization  = Royal Order of Tibet<br />George Adamski Foundation
|spouse        = {{marriage|Mary Shimbersky|1917|1954|end=her death}}
|children      = none
}}

'''George Adamski''' (17 April 1891 – 23 April 1965) was a [[Polish people|Polish]]-[[Americans|American]] author who became widely known in [[ufology]] circles, and to some degree in [[popular culture]], after he displayed numerous photographs in the 1940s and 1950s that he said were of alien spacecraft, claimed to have met with friendly [[Nordic aliens|Nordic alien]] or "[[Space Brothers]]", and claimed to have taken flights with them to the Moon and other planets.<ref>Peebles, pp. 93-96</ref>

Adamski was the first, and most famous, of several so-called UFO [[contactee]]s who came to prominence during the 1950s. Adamski called himself a "philosopher, teacher, student and [[flying saucer|saucer]] researcher", although most UFO researchers and investigators regarded him as a [[charlatan]] and a [[con artist]] and concluded that his many claims were an elaborate [[hoax]].<ref name="tm1">{{cite magazine|date=1 June 1959|title=The Queen & the Saucers|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,811123,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713175327/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,811123,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 July 2007|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=27 April 2007}}</ref>

Adamski authored three books describing his meetings with Nordic aliens and his travels with them aboard their spaceships: ''Flying Saucers Have Landed'' (co-written with [[Desmond Leslie]]) in 1953, ''Inside the Space Ships'' in 1955, and ''Flying Saucers Farewell'' in 1961. The first two books were both bestsellers; by 1960 they had sold a combined 200,000 copies.<ref name="gutenberg.org">[https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/17346/pg17346.html Profile], gutenberg.org; accessed 8 June 2017.</ref> In addition to his contributions to ufology in the [[United States]], Adamski's work became popular in other countries, especially [[Japan]] and helped inspire many depictions of aliens and UFOs in postwar [[Culture of Japan|Japanese culture]] and [[Media of Japan|media]].<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/I1eOQl16x-8 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210227042407/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1eOQl16x-8 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |last1=Robinson |first1=Nick |title=Why do Japanese UFOs look so different? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1eOQl16x-8 |website=YouTube |date=26 February 2021 |access-date=10 April 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Early years==
Adamski was born in [[Bydgoszcz|Bromberg]] in the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[German Empire]]. He was one of five siblings born to ethnic [[Polish people|Polish]] parents, Józef Adamski (1867–1937) and Franciszka Adamska (1862–1946).<ref name="sosd1">{{cite news|last=Scott-Blair|first=Michael|date=13 August 2003|title=Palomar campground expanding its universe|work=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/northcounty/20030813-9999_7m13ufo.html|access-date=27 April 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051226004518/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/northcounty/20030813-9999_7m13ufo.html|archive-date=26 December 2005|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

When Adamski was two years old his family emigrated to the United States and settled in [[New York City]].<ref name="sosd1"/> From 1913 to 1916, beginning at the age of 22,<ref name="ps1">[[#Solomon 1998|Solomon 1998]], pp. 54–56</ref> he was a soldier in the 13th [[United States Cavalry|U.S. Cavalry]] Regiment (K Troop) fighting at the [[Mexico–United States border|Mexican border]] during the [[Pancho Villa Expedition]].<ref name="sosd1"/>

In 1917, Adamski married Mary Shimbersky. She died in 1954, they had no children.<ref name="Clark, p. 26">Clark, p. 26</ref> Following his marriage Adamski moved west, doing maintenance work in [[Yellowstone National Park]] and working in an Oregon flour mill and a California concrete factory.<ref name="sosd1"/><ref name="Clark, p. 26"/> In the 1920s, Adamski became interested in the esoteric [[occultist]] religion [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophy]], and a variant called [[Neo-Theosophy]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/adamski.htm | title=George Adamski }}</ref> By 1930, "Adamski was a minor figure on the California [[occult]] scene", teaching his personal mixture of Christianity and Eastern religions, which he called "Universal Progressive Christianity" and "Universal Law."<ref name="Clark, p. 26"/>

In the early 1930s, while living in [[Southern California]], Adamski founded the "Royal Order of Tibet" in [[Laguna Beach, California|Laguna Beach]], which held its meetings in the "Temple of Scientific Philosophy".<ref name="ps1"/> Adamski served as a "philosopher" and teacher at the temple.<ref name="Peebles, p. 113">Peebles, p. 113</ref> The "Royal Order of Tibet" was given a government license to make wine for "religious purposes" during [[Prohibition]]; Adamski was quoted as saying "I made enough wine for all of Southern California ... I was making a fortune!" However, the end of Prohibition in December 1933 also marked the decline of his profitable wine-making business, and Adamski later told two friends that's when he "had to get into this [flying] saucer crap."<ref name="Peebles, p. 113"/>

In 1940, Adamski, his wife, and some close friends moved to a ranch near California's [[Palomar Mountain]], where they dedicated their time to studying religion, philosophy, and farming. In 1944, with funding from Alice K. Wells, a student of Adamski, they purchased {{convert|20|acre|ha}} of land at the base of Palomar Mountain, along highway [[County Route S6 (California)|S6]], where they built a new home, a campground called Palomar Gardens, and a small diner called Palomar Gardens Cafe.<ref name="tm1"/><ref name="sosd1"/><ref name="ps1"/>

At the campground and diner, Adamski "often gave lectures on Eastern philosophy and religion, sometimes late into the night" to students, admirers, and tourists.<ref>Peebles, p. 114</ref> He also built a wooden observatory at the campground to house his six-inch [[telescope]], and visitors and tourists to Palomar Mountain often received the false impression that Adamski was an astronomer connected to the famed [[Palomar Observatory]] at the top of the mountain.<ref>Moseley, pp. 64-65</ref> Adamski usually did nothing to correct this  inaccurate impression; he would tell visitors the truth "only when pressed to do so."<ref>Moseley, p. 65</ref> Though he was usually referred to as "Professor" Adamski by his admirers and followers and he often implied or claimed to possess various academic degrees, Adamski held no graduate or undergraduate degree from any accredited college or university and in fact had only a [[elementary school|third grade]] education.<ref name="Peebles, p. 119">Peebles, p. 119</ref>

==Ufology==
On 9 October 1946, during a [[meteor shower]], Adamski and some friends [[Lie|claimed]] that while they were at the Palomar Gardens campground, they witnessed a large cigar-shaped "[[mother ship]]."<ref name="sosd1"/> In early 1947, Adamski took a [[photograph]] of what he claimed was the 1946 cigar-shaped "mother ship" crossing in front of the Moon over Palomar Gardens.<ref name="sosd1"/> In the summer of 1947, following the first widely publicized UFO sightings in the US, Adamski claimed he had seen 184 UFOs pass over Palomar Gardens one evening.<ref name="Clark, p. 27">Clark, p. 27</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-09 |title=George Adamski Got Famous Sharing His UFO Photos and Alien 'Encounters' |url=https://www.history.com/news/george-adamski-ufo-alien-photos |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref>

In 1949, Adamski began giving his first UFO lectures to civic groups and other organizations in Southern California; he requested, and received, fees for the lectures. In these lectures he made "fantastic" claims, such as "that government and science had established the existence of UFOs two years earlier, via radar tracking of 700-foot-long spacecraft on the other side of the Moon."<ref name="Clark, p. 27"/> In his lectures, Adamski further claimed that "science now knows that all planets [in the [[Solar System]]] are inhabited" and "photos of Mars taken from the Mount Palomar observatory have proven the canals on Mars are man-made, built by an intelligence far greater than any man's on earth."<ref name="Clark, p. 27"/>

However, as one UFO historian has noted, "even in the early 1950s [Adamski's] assertions about surface conditions on, and the habitability of, Venus, Mars, and the other planets of the solar system flew in the face of massive scientific evidence ...'mainstream' ufologists were almost uniformly hostile to Adamski, holding not only that his and similar contact stories were fraudulent, but that the contactees were making serious UFO investigators look ridiculous."<ref name="Clark, p. 31">Clark, p. 31</ref>

On 29 May 1950, Adamski took a photograph of what he alleged to be six unidentified objects in the sky, which appeared to be flying in formation. This same [[Unidentified flying object|UFO]] photograph was depicted in an August 1978 [[commemorative stamp]] issued by the island nation of [[Grenada]] in order to mark the "Year of UFOs."<ref name="sosd1"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=T.J.|title=Grenadas UFO Stamps|date=June 2003|url=http://ufo_stamps.tripod.com/pages/grenada.html|access-date=28 April 2007}}</ref>

===Orthon and the Contactees===
On 20 November 1952, Adamski and several friends were in the [[Deserts of California|California Desert]] near the town of [[Desert Center, California]], when they purportedly saw a large submarine-shaped object hovering in the sky. Believing that the ship was looking for him, Adamski is said to have left his friends and to have headed away from the main road. Shortly afterwards, according to Adamski's accounts, a scout ship made of a type of translucent [[metal]] landed close to him, and its pilot, a [[Venusians|Venusian]] called Orthon,<ref>Peebles, pp. 115-16</ref> disembarked and sought him out. Adamski claimed the people with him also saw the Venusian ship, and several of them later stated they could see Adamski meeting someone in the desert, although from a considerable distance.<ref name="tcu1">{{cite news|first=Noel|last=Malcolm|author-link=Noel Malcolm|date=6 March 2005|title=Common sense abducted|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3638217/Common-sense-abducted.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London, UK|access-date=27 April 2007}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
Adamski described Orthon as being a medium-height [[humanoid]] with long blond hair and [[Tan (color)|tanned]] skin wearing reddish-brown shoes, though, as Adamski added, "his trousers were not like mine." Adamski said Orthon communicated with him via [[telepathy]] and through hand signals.<ref name="tm2"/><ref name="sosd1"/><ref name="tcu1"/><ref name="s1">[[#Laycock, et al.|Laycock, et al. 1989]], p. 3</ref>

During the conversation, Orthon purportedly warned of the dangers of [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]], and Adamski later wrote that "the presence of this inhabitant of Venus was like the warm embrace of great love and understanding wisdom."<ref name="Clark, p. 28">Clark, p. 28</ref> Adamski claimed Orthon had refused to allow himself to be photographed, and instead, had asked Adamski to provide him with a blank photographic plate, which Adamski claimed he had given Orthon.<ref name="sosd1"/> [[George Hunt Williamson]] (a contactee and Adamski associate) also claimed that after Orthon left, he was able to take plaster casts of Orthon's shoe imprints. The imprints contained mysterious symbols, which Adamski said was a message from Orthon.<ref>Peebles, p. 116</ref>

Orthon is said to have returned the photographic plate to Adamski on 13 December 1952; when developed it was found to contain strange new symbols.<ref name="sosd1"/><ref name="p1">{{cite web|url=http://www.algonet.se/~hermesat/adamski.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20060527080117/http://www.algonet.se/~hermesat/adamski.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2006|title=George Adamski and the Flying Saucers from Venus|access-date=27 April 2007}}</ref> It was during this meeting that Adamski is said to have taken a now famous photograph of Orthon's Venusian scout ship using his {{convert|6|in|mm|adj=on}} telescope. At the time, skeptics said it looked suspiciously like the top of a "chicken brooder", for warming newly hatched poultry.<ref name="p1"/>

Anglo-Irish eccentric [[Desmond Leslie]] struck up a correspondence with Adamski. In the mid-1950s, Leslie had created a low-budget UFO film entitled ''Them In The Thing'' at his home, [[Castle Leslie]]. The flying saucer in the film had been created by shining mirrors on to a Spanish Renaissance shield suspended from a fishing line. The film was rediscovered in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sir Patrick Moore's Irish UFO film identified - BBC News|work=BBC News |date=16 August 2010 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-10985156|access-date=21 December 2015}}</ref>

In need of money and keen to create a bestseller, Leslie had written a manuscript about the visitation of Earth by aliens. Its genesis had been Leslie chancing upon a copy of the 1896 book ''The Story of Atlantis and the Lost Lemuria'' by [[William Scott-Elliot]] in a friend's library.<ref>[[Michael Hesemann|Hesemann, Michael]], Filmed interview with Leslie as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPvvz7O3CKk&t=323 ''The Pioneers of Space''], YouTube.com; accessed 2 July 2017.</ref>

Adamski sent Leslie a written account of his supposed contact with Orthon, and photos. Leslie combined the two works into the 1953 co-authored book ''Flying Saucers Have Landed''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Desmond Leslie: The Biography of an Irish Gentleman|last=O'Bryne|first=Robert|publisher=Lilliput Press|year=2010|location=Dublin|page=85}}<!--ISBN needed--></ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Flyingsaucerers: A Social History of UFOlogy|last=Clarke|first=Dave|publisher=Alternative Albion|year=2007|isbn=978-1905646005|page=40}}</ref> The book became a bestseller, brought both Adamski and Leslie news media attention, and eventually became "a key text of the [[New Age]] movement."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1327100/Desmond-Leslie.html | title=Desmond Leslie | date=20 March 2001 }}</ref>

The following year, Leslie visited Adamski in California and claimed to witness several UFOs with him. Leslie described one of them in a letter he sent to his wife while he was in [[San Diego]]:<ref name="tcu2">{{cite news|date=20 March 2001|title=Desmond Leslie|work=The Daily Telegraph|type=Obituary|location=London, UK|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1327100/Desmond-Leslie.html|access-date=25 October 2013}}</ref>

{{blockquote|...&nbsp;a beautiful golden ship in the sunset, but brighter than the sunset&nbsp; ... It slowly faded out, the way they do.}}

''Flying Saucers Have Landed'' claimed Nordic aliens from Venus and other planets in Earth's solar system routinely visited the Earth. According to the book, Orthon and other aliens were worried that nuclear bomb tests in the Earth's atmosphere would kill all life on Earth, spread radiation into space, and contaminate other planets.<ref name="Peebles, p. 115">Peebles, p. 115</ref> Adamski claimed that Nordic aliens worshiped a "Creator of All", but that "we on Earth know very little about this Creator ... our understanding is shallow."<ref name="Peebles, p. 115"/>

In his 1955 book ''Inside the Space Ships'', Adamski claimed that Orthon arranged for him to be taken on a trip to see the [[Solar System]], including the planet [[Venus]], the location where Orthon said the late Mrs. Adamski had been [[Reincarnation|reincarnated]].<ref name="sosd1"/><ref name="tcu1"/> He claimed that in another voyage he met the 1,000-year-old "elder philosopher of the space people", who was called "the Master". Adamski said he and the Master discussed philosophy, religion, and the "Earth's place in the universe".<ref name="Peebles, p. 122">Peebles, p. 122</ref> Adamski said he learned that he had been selected by Nordic aliens to bring their message of peace to Earth people, and that other humans throughout history had also served as their messengers, including [[Jesus Christ]]. Adamski further claimed that aliens were peacefully living on Earth, and that he had met with them in bars and restaurants in Southern California.<ref name="Peebles, p. 122"/>

Adamski's stories led other people to come forward with their own claims of contact and interplanetary travels with friendly "Space Brothers", including such figures as [[Howard Menger]], [[Daniel Fry]], [[George Van Tassel]], and [[Truman Bethurum]]. The message of Adamski and his fellow contactees was one in which the other planets of Earth's solar system were all "inhabited by physically handsome, spiritually evolved beings who have moved beyond the problems of Earth people ... the reader of ''Inside the Space Ships'' enters a perfect world, the kind we can create here on Earth if we behave ourselves."<ref name="Clark, p. 28"/> Through books, lectures, and conventions, particularly the annual [[Giant Rock]] UFO convention near [[Landers, California]], the [[contactee]] movement would grow throughout the 1950s.<ref>Peebles, p. 125</ref> However, Adamski would remain the most prominent, and most influential, of the contactees.<ref name="gutenberg.org"/>

Adamski's claims of traveling aboard a UFO inspired an elaborate hoax perpetrated by British astronomer [[Patrick Moore]] and his friend Peter Davies using the false identity [[Cedric Allingham]].<ref>Clark, pp. 70-71</ref>

===Straith Letter Hoax===
In 1957, Adamski received a letter signed "R.E. Straith," alleged representative of the "Cultural Exchange Committee" of the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]]. The letter said the U.S. Government knew that Adamski had spoken to extraterrestrials in a California desert in 1952, and that a group of highly placed government officials planned on public corroboration of Adamski's story. Adamski was proud of this endorsement and exhibited it to support his claims.<ref>Peebles, pp. 133-34</ref>

However, in 1985 [[Ufology|ufologist]] [[James W. Moseley]] revealed that the letter was a [[hoax]].<ref>{{cite web|website=debunker.com
|url=http://www.debunker.com/historical/GrayBarkerPapers.pdf|title=Gray Barker Papers}}</ref> Moseley said he and his friend [[Gray Barker]] had obtained some official State Department letterheads, created the R.E. Straith persona, and then written the letter to Adamski as a prank. According to Moseley, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] investigated the case and discovered that the letter was a hoax, but charges were not filed against Moseley or Barker.<ref>[[#Moseley & Pflock|Moseley & Pflock]], pp. 124–27, 180</ref>

Moseley also wrote that the FBI informed Adamski that the Straith letter was a hoax and asked him to stop using it as evidence in support of his claims, but that Adamski refused and continued to display the letter in his lectures and talks.<ref>[[#Moseley & Pflock|Moseley & Pflock]], p. 126</ref> This was not the first time Adamski had claimed government support for his UFO stories. In 1953 he told a meeting of the Corona, California [[Lions Club]] that his "material has all been cleared with the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] and Air Force Intelligence."<ref name="Peebles, p. 117">Peebles, p. 117</ref>

When the FBI learned of Adamski's claims, three agents were sent to talk to Adamski. He denied having stated that the FBI or USAF intelligence supported his claims (even though his remarks were reported in a local newspaper, the ''Riverside Enterprise''), and he agreed to sign a letter stating that "he understood the implications of making false claims" and that the FBI "did not endorse [the claims] of individuals." The three FBI agents also signed the letter, and a copy was given to Adamski.<ref name="Peebles, p. 117"/>

However, a few months later, Adamski told an interviewer that he had been "cleared" by the FBI, and displayed the letter as proof. When the Los Angeles [[Better Business Bureau]] complained, more FBI agents were sent to retrieve Adamski's copy of the letter, "read the riot act to him, and warn him that legal action would be taken if he continued" to claim FBI or government support for his stories.<ref>Peebles, pp. 117-18</ref> Adamski later said the FBI had "warned [him] to keep quiet."<ref name="Peebles, p. 118">Peebles, p. 118</ref>

===Meeting with Queen Juliana of the Netherlands===
In May 1959, the head of the Dutch Unidentified Flying Objects Society told Adamski she had been contacted by officials at the palace of [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Queen Juliana of the Netherlands]] who advised "that the Queen would like to receive you."<ref name="tm1"/>

Adamski informed a London newspaper about the invitation, which prompted the court and cabinet to request that the queen cancel her private audience with Adamski, but the queen went ahead with the audience, saying, "A hostess cannot slam the door in the face of her guests."<ref name="tm1"/> After the audience, Dutch Aeronautical Association president Cornelis Kolff said "The Queen showed an extraordinary interest in the whole subject."

The [[Royal Netherlands Air Force]] Chief of Staff, Lieutenant General Haye Schaper said "The man's a pathological case."<ref name="tm1"/> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine reported that the Amsterdam newspaper ''[[de Volkskrant]]'' said: "Once again, Queen Juliana's weakness for the preternatural had landed her back in the headlines: she had invited to the palace a crackpot from California who numbered among his friends men from Mars, Venus and other solar-system suburbs."<ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,811123,00.html#ixzz1jWNHOYuY| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713175327/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,811123,00.html#ixzz1jWNHOYuY| url-status=dead| archive-date=13 July 2007|magazine=Time|title=The Netherlands: The Queen & the Saucers|date=1 June 1959}}</ref>

Wire services such as [[United Press International]] and [[Reuters]] circulated reports of the meeting to newspapers around the world.<ref>Peebles, p. 60</ref>

==Later life==
[[Image:George Adamski Pope Medal 1.jpg|right|thumb|Adamski's spurious "Golden Medal of Honor", which he claimed to have received during a secret audience with [[Pope John XXIII]] in 1963]]
In 1962, Adamski announced that he would be attending an interplanetary conference held on the planet [[Saturn]].<ref name="sosd1"/> In 1963, Adamski claimed that he had been granted a secret audience with [[Pope John XXIII]] and that he had received a "Golden Medal of Honor" from the pope.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gafintl-adamski.com/html/AboutGA.htm|title=About George Adamski|access-date=1 May 2007|publisher=George Adamski Foundation|archive-date=11 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411062344/http://www.gafintl-adamski.com/html/AboutGA.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, skeptics noted that the medal was actually a common tourist souvenir made by a company in [[Milan|Milan, Italy]], and that Adamski displayed it to his friends in a cheap plastic box - which is how it was sold in tourist shops in Rome.<ref name="skepticreport.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.skepticreport.com/sr/?p=101|title=Why I can say that Adamski was a Liar - SkepticReport|website=www.skepticreport.com|access-date=25 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194641/http://www.skepticreport.com/sr/?p=101|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Adamski said he met with the Pope at the request of the extraterrestrials he was allegedly in contact with, in order to request a "final agreement" from the Pope because of his decision not to communicate directly with any extraterrestrials, and also to offer him a liquid substance in order to save him from the gastric [[enteritis]] that he suffered from, which would later become acute [[peritonitis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ufodigest.com/news/1206/omegasecret3.html|title=The Omega Secret|last=Barbato|first=Cristoforo|year=2006|website=UFO Digest|publisher=Dirk Vander Ploeg|location=Port Colborne, Ontario|access-date=30 April 2007|archive-date=1 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601204605/http://www.ufodigest.com/news/1206/omegasecret3.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Death==
On 23 April 1965, aged 74, Adamski died of a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] at a friend's home in [[Silver Spring, Maryland]], shortly after giving a UFO lecture in [[Washington, D.C.]].<ref name="sosd1"/><ref>(Clark, p. 30)</ref> He is buried in [[Arlington National Cemetery]].<ref>[https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgdhZGFtc2tpEgZnZW9yZ2U-/ Arlington National Cemetery]</ref>

==Investigations and criticism==
Over the decades, numerous critics and skeptics have investigated Adamski's claims. The aliens Adamski claimed to have met in the 1950s were described by him as "human beings from another world", usually light-skinned, light-haired humanoids that would later be called [[Nordic aliens]].<ref name="Peebles, p. 115"/> Adamski claimed in his books that these "alien humans" came from Venus, Mars, and other planets in Earth's solar system. However, none of the planets he mentioned are capable of supporting human life, due to their adverse environmental conditions. The first alien Adamski claimed to have met was from Venus, yet the atmospheric pressure on that planet's surface is 92 times greater than that of Earth, and it has clouds which rain a toxic substance thought to be [[sulfuric acid]]; the atmosphere consists almost entirely of [[carbon dioxide]], with very little [[oxygen]], and the average surface temperature of Venus is 464&nbsp;°C. In one of his books, Adamski described a trip he took to the [[far side of the Moon]] in a flying saucer, where he claimed to have seen cities, trees, and snow-capped mountains; he also claimed that the first photographs of the Moon's far side that were taken by the Soviet lunar probe [[Luna 3]] in 1959, were altered to depict a barren, lifeless surface to hide what he saw.<ref name="nro1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/205575/spirits-sky/andrew-stuttaford|title=Spirits in the Sky|last=Stuttaford|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Stuttaford|date=17 January 2003|work=[[National Review Online]]|publisher=[[National Review]]|location=New York|access-date=24 October 2013}}</ref> However, all scientific evidence, as well as later lunar trips by American astronauts, clearly showed that the entire surface of the Moon is barren of life and has no atmosphere.

In his writings, Adamski claimed he travelled to Venus, Mars, and other planets in Earth's solar system, and clearly stated that they were all capable of supporting humanoid life.<ref name="Clark, p. 28"/> As UFO historian [[Jerome Clark]] noted, "some Adamski partisans insisted that Venus, Mars, Saturn, and the rest were merely code words for planets in other solar systems; there is, however, nothing in Adamski's public writings to support this interpretation and considerable testimony to the contrary."<ref name="Clark, p. 31"/>

Adamski's 1955 book ''Inside the Space Ships'', which describes his claimed travels through Earth's solar system in a UFO, is considered by some critics<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hallet|first=Marc|date=1 May 2005|title=Why I can say that Adamski was a Liar|url=http://www.skepticreport.com/sr/?p=101|journal=SkepticReport|location=Frederikssund, Denmark|publisher=Claus Flodin Larsen|access-date=25 October 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194641/http://www.skepticreport.com/sr/?p=101|url-status=dead}}</ref> to be a "remake" of his 1949 [[science fiction]] novel, [[Ghostwriter|ghostwritten]] for Adamski by Lucy McGinnis, and entitled ''Pioneers of Space''. It described a fictional voyage through the solar system that, critics noted, sounded very similar to the space travels described by Adamski in ''Inside the Space Ships''.<ref name="skepticreport.com"/>

===Adamski photographs and Moseley investigation===
{{multiple image
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| image1            = George Adamski ship 1.jpg
| image2            = Sears & Roebuck 742-461 TURD Gas Lantern 1930s (cropped) (cropped).jpg
| footer            = Adamski's infamous "chicken brooder" photograph (top), which he claimed to be of a [[Unidentified flying object|UFO]], taken on 13 December 1952. However, German scientist Walther Johannes Riedel said this photo was faked using a surgical lamp and that the landing "struts" were [[General Electric]] light bulbs.  Adamski is believed to have utilized a portion of a popular 1930s gas lantern (bottom) in creating the photo. 
}}

Adamski's photographs of objects he claimed were UFOs have also come under scrutiny. His frequently published photograph from 1952, depicts an object which has been variously identified as the top of a chicken brooder or a streetlight.<ref>[[#Wilhelmsen|Wilhelmsen 2008]], p. 259</ref> Adamski claimed that movie director [[Cecil B. DeMille]]'s top trick photographer, [[Peverell Marley|J. Peverell Marley]], had examined his UFO photos and found a "spaceman" in them, and Marley himself declared that if Adamski's pictures were fakes, they were the best he had ever seen. In the United Kingdom, 14 experts from the [[General Film Distributors|J. Arthur Rank company]] concluded that the object photographed was either real or a full-scale model.<ref>[[#Zinsstag & Good 1983|Zinsstag & Good 1983]], p. 176.</ref>

However, in his 1955 investigation into Adamski's claims, [[James W. Moseley]] interviewed Marley, who stated that he had never enlarged the photos for analysis nor found a "spaceman" in them, and did not know of anyone who had. Moseley also interviewed German rocket scientist Walther Johannes Riedel, who told him that he had analyzed Adamski's UFO photos and found them to be fakes.<ref name="Moseley69">[[#Moseley & Pflock|Moseley & Pflock]], p. 69</ref> Riedel told Moseley that the UFO's "landing struts" were actually 100-watt [[General Electric]] light bulbs, and that he had seen the round  "GE" logo printed on them.<ref name="Moseley69"/> In 2012, UFO researcher Joel Carpenter identified the reflector-shade of a widely available 1930s pressurised-gas lantern as an identical visual match to the main portion of Adamski's saucer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beamsinvestigations.org/Adamski%20Scout%20Ship%20Hoax.pdf|title=Preliminary Notes on the Adamski Scout Ship Photos|access-date=8 June 2017|last=Carpenter|first=Joel}}</ref>
{{UFO photographs}}
In his 1955 investigation, Moseley found other flaws in Adamski's story. He interviewed several of the people that Adamski claimed had been with him in his initial 20 November 1952 meeting with Orthon, and found that these witnesses contradicted Adamski's claims.<ref>Peebles, pp. 118-19</ref> One, Al Bailey, denied to Moseley that he had seen a UFO in the desert or the alien Adamski described. Jerrold Baker, who had worked at Palomar Gardens with Adamski, told Moseley that he had overheard "a tape-recorded account of what was to transpire on the desert, who was to go, etc." several days before Adamski's claimed 20 November meeting with Orthon, and Baker stated that Adamski's meeting with Orthon was a "planned operation."<ref name="Peebles, p. 118"/> Baker added that Adamski had tried to convince him not to expose their hoax by telling him that he could make money by charging fees to give UFO lectures, as Adamski was doing: "Now you know the [UFO] picture connected to your name is in the book (''Flying Saucers Have Landed'') too. And with people knowing that you are connected with flying saucers ... you could do yourself a lot of good. You could give lectures in the evenings. There is a demand for this! You could support yourself by the picture in the book with your name."<ref name="Peebles, p. 119"/>
[[File:Flying saucer against night sky as 1935 Sears lantern.gif|thumb|In a 21st century animation, a flying saucer against night sky is revealed to be part of a 1935 Sears lantern.]]
Moseley discovered that [[George Hunt Williamson]], another prominent contactee and friend of Adamski, did not witness any UFO nor Adamski's encounter with Orthon, despite his public statements claiming otherwise. When Irma Baker, Jerrold Baker's wife, accused him of lying about the incident, Williamson told her cryptically that "sometimes to gain admittance, one has to go around the back door."<ref name="Peebles, p. 119"/> In his report on Adamski, Moseley wrote "I do believe most definitely that Adamski's narrative contains enough flaws to place in very serious doubt both his veracity and his sincerity. The reader will be moved to make for himself a careful re-evaluation of the worth of Adamski's book."<ref>Peebles, p. 120</ref>

===Air Force investigation===
During the early-to-mid 1950s, USAF Captain [[Edward J. Ruppelt]] was the head of [[Project Blue Book]], the Air Force group assigned to investigate UFO reports. In 1953, Captain Ruppelt decided to investigate Adamski's UFO claims. He traveled to California's Palomar Mountain and, dressed in civilian attire to avoid attracting attention, attended one of Adamski's lectures before a large crowd at his Palomar Gardens Cafe.<ref name="gutenberg.org"/>

Ruppelt concluded that Adamski was a talented [[con artist]] whose UFO stories were designed to make money from his gullible followers and listeners, and he compared Adamski to the famed hoaxer, carnival, and circus showman [[P. T. Barnum]]. In describing Adamski's speaking style, Ruppelt wrote "to look at the man and listen to his story you had an immediate urge to believe him ... he was dressed in well-worn, but neat, overalls. He had slightly graying hair and the most honest pair of eyes I've ever seen. He spoke softly and naively, almost pathetically, giving the impression that 'most people think I'm crazy, but honestly, I'm really not.'"<ref name="gutenberg.org"/> According to Ruppelt, Adamski had a persuasive effect on his audience, "you could actually have heard the proverbial pin drop" in the cafe as Adamski told of his initial 1952 meeting with Orthon. When Adamski finished his story, Ruppelt noted that many of his listeners purchased copies of Adamski's UFO photos that were on sale in the cafe. At another lecture led by Adamski and other well-known [[contactees]], Ruppelt wrote that "people shelled out hard cash to hear Adamski's story."<ref name="gutenberg.org"/>

Ruppelt believed "the common undertone to many of these [contactee] stories ... is [[Utopia]]. On these other worlds there is no illness, they've learned how to cure all diseases. There are no wars, they've learned how to live peaceably. There is no poverty, everyone has everything he wants. There is no old age, they have learned the secret of eternal life ... Too many times this subtle pitch can be boiled down to, "Step right up folks and put a donation in the pot. I'm just on the verge of learning the spaceman's secrets and with a little money to carry out my work I'll give ''you'' the secret."<ref name="gutenberg.org"/>

According to Ruppelt, by 1960, Adamski's UFO lectures and in particular his first two books, had brought him financial security: "[His] hamburger stand is boarded up and he now lives in a big ranch house. He vacations in Mexico and has his own clerical staff. His two books ''Flying Saucers Have Landed'' and ''Inside the Space Ships'' have sold ... 200,000 copies and have been translated into every language except Russian." Ruppelt humorously noted that by 1960, two "beautiful spacewomen" who claimed to be Nordic aliens were dating Adamski, a blonde from Saturn called "Kalna" and another woman named "Ilmuth".<ref name="gutenberg.org"/>

{{external media|video1=[https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x3nv1ht Adamski film of 1965]}}

== Literary works ==
=== Books ===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Adamski|first=George|title=The Invisible Ocean|year=1932|publisher=Geo. Adamski|location=Los Angeles, CA|ref=Adamski 1932}}
*{{cite book|author=Royal Order of Tibet|others=Compiled by Professor G. Adamski|title=Questions and Answers|year=1936|series=Wisdom of the Masters of the Far East|volume=1|publisher=G. Adamski|location=Laguna Beach, CA|oclc=38260588|lccn=36025826|ref=Royal Order of Tibet 1936}}
*{{cite book|last=Adamski|first=George|title=Pioneers of Space: A Trip to the Moon, Mars and Venus|year=1949|edition=1st|publisher=Leonard-Freefield|location=Los Angeles|oclc=317646658|lccn=ltf91070007|ref=Adamski 1949}}
*{{cite book|last1=Leslie|first1=Desmond|author-link=Desmond Leslie|last2=Adamski|first2=George|title=Flying Saucers Have Landed|year=1953|publisher=British Book Centre|location=New York|isbn=0-854351-80-9|oclc=383007|lccn=53012621|ref=Leslie & Adamski 1953a|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/flyingsaucershav00lesl}}
**{{cite book|last1=Leslie|first1=Desmond|last2=Adamski|first2=George|title=Flying Saucers Have Landed|year=1953|publisher=[[Thomas Werner Laurie]]|location=London, UK|oclc=1952754|lccn=54020807|author-mask1=2|author-mask2=2|ref=Leslie & Adamski 1953b}}
**{{cite book|last1=Leslie|first1=Desmond|author-link=Desmond Leslie|last2=Adamski|first2=George|title=Flying Saucers Have Landed|year=1970|edition=Revised and enlarged|publisher=Neville Spearman|location=London, UK|isbn=0-8543518-0-9|oclc=147050|author-mask1=2|author-mask2=2|ref=Leslie & Adamski 1970|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/flyingsaucershav00lesl}}
*{{cite book|last=Adamski|first=George|title=Inside the Space Ships|url=https://archive.org/details/insidespaceships00adam|url-access=registration|year=1955|publisher=Abelard-Schuman|location=New York|oclc=543169|lccn=55010556|ref=Adamski 1955a}}
*{{cite book|last=Adamski|first=George|title=Flying Saucers Farewell|year=1961|publisher=Abelard-Schuman|location=New York|oclc=964949|lccn=61012205|author-mask=2|ref=Adamski 1961}}
*{{cite book|last=Adamski|first=George|title=Inside the Flying Saucers|year=1967|orig-year=Originally published 1955 as ''Inside the Space Ships''; New York: Abelard-Schuman|publisher=[[Hachette Book Group USA#Inactive imprints|Paperback Library]]|location=New York|oclc=1747128|author-mask=2|ref=Adamski 1967a}}
*{{cite book|last=Adamski|first=George|title=Behind the Flying Saucer Mystery|year=1967|orig-year=Originally published 1961 as ''Flying Saucers Farewell''; New York: Abelard-Schuman|series=Paperback Library 53-439|publisher=Paperback Library|location=New York|oclc=4020003|author-mask=2|ref=Adamski 1967b}}
*{{cite book|last=Adamski|first=George|title=Cosmic Philosophy|year=1972|orig-year=Originally published 1961; G. Adamski|publisher=Pine Hill Press|location=Freeman, SD|oclc=13371492|lccn=62000520|author-mask=2|ref=Adamski 1972}}
{{Refend}}

=== Other publications ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Adamski|first=George|title=Petals of Life: Poems|year=1937|publisher=Royal Order of Tibet|location=Laguna Beach, CA|oclc=47304946|ref=Adamski 1937}}
* {{cite book|last=Adamski|first=George|title=The Possibility of Life on Other Planets|year=1946|author-mask=2|ref=Adamski 1949}}
* {{cite book|last=Adamski|first=George|title=Many Mansions |type=From a press conference with the ministers of Detroit in September 1955 ...|year=1955|publisher=SS & S Publications|location=Willowdale, Ontario|oclc=45443779|author-mask=2|ref=Adamski 1955b}}
* {{cite book|last=Adamski|first=George|title=Telepathy: The Cosmic or Universal Language|year=1958|oclc=45443839|author-mask=2|ref=Adamski 1958}}
* {{cite AV media|last=Adamski|first=George|date=28 March 1960|title=Man tells of trip to moon|medium=Motion picture ([[newsreel]])|publisher=[[Hearst Corporation]]|author-mask=2|oclc=79040262}}
* {{cite book|last=Adamski|first=George|title=Science of Life Study Course|year=1964|publisher=Self-published|author-mask=2|ref=Adamski 1964}}
* {{cite book|last=Adamski|first=George|title=Letters to Emma Martinelli|orig-year=1950-1952|publisher=BGA Publications|year=2022|medium=Introduced and edited by Gerard Aartsen|location=Amsterdam, NL|author-mask=2|ref=Adamski 1950-1952}}
{{Refend}}

==See also==
* [[Extraterrestrial life]]
* [[Nordic aliens]]
* [[Contactee]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
*[[Jerome Clark]]. ''The UFO Encyclopedia: The Phenomenon from the Beginning.'' Detroit: Omnigraphics. 1998.
* {{cite book |year=1989 |editor1-last=Laycock |editor1-first=Donald |editor1-link=Donald Laycock |editor2-last=Vernon |editor2-first=David |editor2-link=David Vernon (writer) |editor3-last=Groves |editor3-first=Colin |editor3-link=Colin Groves |editor4-last=Brown |editor4-first=Simon |editor4-link=Simon Brown |display-editors=3 |title=Skeptical: A Handbook on Pseudoscience and the Paranormal |publisher=Canberra Skeptics |location=Civic Square, A.C.T. |isbn=0-7316-5794-2 |oclc=27597342 |ref=Laycock, et al.}}
* {{cite book |last1=Moseley |first1=James W. |author1-link=James W. Moseley |last2=Pflock |first2=Karl T. |author2-link=Karl T. Pflock |title=Shockingly Close to the Truth!: Confessions of a Grave-Robbing Ufologist |year=2002 |publisher=[[Prometheus Books]] |location=Amherst, NY |isbn=1-57392-991-3 |oclc=48942361 |lccn=2002018951 |ref=Moseley & Pflock}}
*[[Curtis Peebles]]. ''Watch the Skies: A Chronicle of the Flying Saucer Myth.'' New York: Berkley Books. 1995.
* {{cite book |last=Solomon |first=Professor |others=illustrations by Steve Solomon |title=How to Make the Most of a Flying Saucer Experience |year=1998 |publisher=Top Hat Press |location=Baltimore, MD |chapter=It Can Happen to Anyone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oyE5I4afNhoC&q=George+Adamski |isbn=978-0-912509-07-5 |oclc=39544236 |lccn=98231519 |access-date=25 October 2013 |ref=Solomon 1998}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilhelmsen |first=Jim |title=Beyond Science Fiction |year=2008 |orig-year=Original copyright 2004 |publisher=[[iUniverse]] |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=978-1-4401-0471-8 |oclc=449900456 |ref=Wilhelmsen}}
* {{cite book |last1=Zinsstag |first1=Lou |last2=Good |first2=Timothy |title=George Adamski: The Untold Story |publisher=CETI Publications |location= Beckenham, Kent, England |year=1983 |isbn=0-9508414-0-4 |oclc=16603394 |ref=Zinsstag & Good 1983}}
*[[Zirger, Michel]]. ''The Incredible Life of George Hunt Williamson: Mystical Journey''. (co-author, Maurizio Martinelli) Verdechiaro Edizioni, 2016, 400 pages. {{ISBN|978-88-6623-262-9}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Aartsen |first=Gerard |year=2012|edition=2nd |title=George Adamski: A Herald for the Space Brothers |publisher=BGA Publications |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-9081549523 |oclc=659716721 |ref=Aartsen}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.biblioteca-ga.info/50/28 |title=George Adamski publications (overview) |last=Aartsen |first=Gerard |date=October 2008 |website=Our Elders Brothers Return - A History in Books |publisher=BGA Publications |location=Amsterdam, the Netherlands |access-date=30 June 2014 }}
* {{cite book |year=2005 |editor-last=Battaglia |editor-first=Debbora |title=E.T. Culture: Anthropology in Outerspaces |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |location=Durham, NC |isbn=978-0-8223-3621-1 |oclc=61520296 |lccn=2005025677 |ref=Battaglia |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/etcultureanthrop0000unse }}
* {{cite book |last=Bennett |first=Colin |others=Foreword by [[John Michell (writer)|John Michell]] |title=Looking For Orthon: The Story of George Adamski, The First Flying Saucer Contactee, and How He Changed The World |year=2008 |orig-year=Originally published 2001; Paraview Press |publisher=Cosimo Books |location=New York |isbn=978-1-60520-067-5 |oclc=421529776 |ref=Bennett}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ufocusnz.org.nz/content/Secret-History-Part-3/62.aspx |title=Secret History, Part Three: 'George Adamski and the Toughest Job in the World' |last=Brunt |first=Tony |date=May 2009 |website=UFOCUS NZ |location=Tauranga, New Zealand |access-date=25 October 2013 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214850/http://www.ufocusnz.org.nz/content/Secret-History-Part-3/62.aspx |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Creme |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Creme |year=2010 |title=The Gathering of the Forces of Light: UFOs and Their Spiritual Mission |edition=1st |publisher=[[Share International|Share International Foundation]] |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-71484-46-9 |oclc=664130882 |ref=Creme}}
* {{cite journal |last=Gulyas |first=A. J. |date=November–December 2005 |title=Meaningful Contact: George Adamski and the Contactees as Social Reformers |journal=UFO Review |volume=13}}
* {{cite news |last=Lewis |first=Judith |date=5 April 2000 |title=Get a Piece of the Rock |url=http://www.laweekly.com/2000-04-13/la-life/get-a-piece-of-the-rock/ |work=[[LA Weekly]] |location=Culver City, CA |publisher=[[Village Voice Media|New Times Media]] |access-date=25 October 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191550/http://www.laweekly.com/2000-04-13/la-life/get-a-piece-of-the-rock/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |last=Walker |first=Cheryl |date=13 August 2005 |title=Web site documents mountain's history |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/northcounty/20050813-9999-m1m13tfpal.html |work=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |access-date=27 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522144255/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/northcounty/20050813-9999-m1m13tfpal.html |archive-date=22 May 2006 |df=dmy-all }}
* {{cite journal |last=Yockel |first=Michael |date=11 April 2001 |title=They Came from Out of the Sky |journal=New York Press |volume=14 |issue=15 |url=http://www.nypress.com/print.cfm?content_id=4039 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013174405/http://www.nypress.com/print.cfm?content_id=4039 |archive-date=13 October 2007 |access-date=27 April 2007 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Zinsstag |first1=Lou |last2=Good |first2=Timothy |year=1990 |title=UFO ... George Adamski: Their Man on Earth |edition=Limited 1st |publisher=UFO Photo Archives |location=Tucson, AZ |isbn=0-934269-21-1 |oclc=26442082 |ref=Zinsstag & Good 1990}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=George Adamski}}
* [http://www.gafintl-adamski.com Adamski Foundation – Exobiology] ("Welcome to the only Authorized & Original Source for George Adamski information") 
*[https://www.the-adamski-case.nl/&nbsp; The George Adamski Case - The Facts in Context]&nbsp;(Adamski materials, research, and primary sources freely available online, 2019)&nbsp; 
*[https://the-eye.eu/public/WorldTracker.org/Metaphysics%20%26%20Spirituality/George%20Adamski%20FLYING%20SAUCERS%20HAVE%20LANDED.pdf &nbsp;''Flying Saucers Have Landed'', by Desmond Leslie & George Adamski] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506094456/https://the-eye.eu/public/WorldTracker.org/Metaphysics%20%26%20Spirituality/George%20Adamski%20FLYING%20SAUCERS%20HAVE%20LANDED.pdf |date=6 May 2021 }} (1953) full text online (pdf)
*[http://www.cosmic-people.com/english/svetelna_knihovna/htm/en/en_kniha_inside_the_space_ships.htm ''Inside the Spaceships'', by George Adamski &nbsp;(1955)]
* {{LCAuth|n80046394|George Adamski|10|}}
* {{isfdb name|2122}}

{{UFOs}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adamski, George}}
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