View source for George Akerlof

{{short description|American economist (born 1940)}}
{{Infobox economist
| name              = George Akerlof
| birth_name        = George Arthur Akerlof
| school_tradition  = [[New Keynesian economics]]
| image             = George Akerlof (cropped).jpg
| caption           = Akerlof in 2007
| birth_date        = {{Birth date and age|1940|6|17|mf=y}}
| birth_place       = [[New Haven, Connecticut]], U.S.
| death_date        =
| death_place       =
| institution       = [[Georgetown University]]<br />[[London School of Economics]]<br />[[University of California, Berkeley]]
| field             =
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Robert Solow]]<ref>{{cite thesis |last= Akerlof |first= George |date= 1966 |title= Wages and capital |type= Ph.D. |publisher= Massachusetts Institute of Technology |url= https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/12962/26075763-MIT.pdf?sequence=2 |access-date= June 28, 2017 }}</ref>
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students = [[Charles Engel]]<br />[[Adriana Kugler]]
| notable_students  =
| influences        = [[John Maynard Keynes]]
| contributions     = [[Information asymmetry]]<br />[[Efficiency wages]]
| awards            = [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]] (2001)
| spouse            = {{ubl|{{marriage|Kay Leong|1974|1977|reason=divorce}}|{{marriage|[[Janet Yellen]]|1978}} }}
| children          = 1
| relatives         = [[Carl W. Akerlof]] (brother)
| signature         =
| repec_prefix      = e
| repec_id          = pak7
| module2           =
| thesis_title      =  Wages and capital
| thesis_url        = https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/12962/26075763-MIT.pdf?sequence=2
| thesis_year       = 1966
|education=[[Yale University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br />[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
}}

'''George Arthur Akerlof''' (born June 17, 1940) is an American economist and a university professor at the [[McCourt School of Public Policy]] at [[Georgetown University]] and Koshland Professor of Economics Emeritus at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref name="wsj"/><ref name="heavy"/> Akerlof was awarded the 2001 [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]], jointly with [[Michael Spence]] and [[Joseph Stiglitz]], "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information." He is the husband of former [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]] [[Janet Yellen]].

==Early life and education==
Akerlof was born in [[New Haven, Connecticut]], on June 17, 1940. His mother was Rosalie Clara Grubber (née Hirschfelder), a housewife of [[History of the Jews in Germany|German Jewish]] descent, and his father was Gösta Carl Åkerlöf, a chemist and inventor, who was a [[Swedish Americans|Swedish immigrant]].<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Economics and Sociology: Redefining Their Boundaries : Conversations with Economists and Sociologists|author=Swedberg, R.|date=1990|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691003764|url=https://archive.org/details/economicssociolo0000swed|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/economicssociolo0000swed/page/61 61]|access-date=2014-10-25}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Biographical Memoirs|author1=Secretary, O.H.|author2=Sciences, N.A.|date=1980|volume=51|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=978-0309028882|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s3Ms-rq7RWQC|page=221|access-date=2014-10-25}}</ref><ref name="Nobel">{{Nobelprize}}: "The Princeton Country Day School ended at grade nine. At that point most of my classmates dispersed among different New England prep schools. Both for financial reasons and also because they preferred that I stay at home, my family sent me down the road to the Lawrenceville School."</ref> George has an older brother, [[Carl W. Akerlof|Carl]], a physics professor at the [[University of Michigan]].<ref name="Nobel"/>

Akerlof attended [[Princeton Day School]], before he graduated from the [[Lawrenceville School]] in 1958.<ref name="Nobel"/> He received a [[Bachelor of Arts|bachelor's]] in economics from [[Yale University]] in 1962, and earned his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in economics from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) in 1966.<ref name="heavy">{{cite web |url=https://heavy.com/news/janet-yellen-husband-george-akerlof/ |title=Janet Yellen's Husband, George Akerlof: 5 Fast Facts |last=Laviola |first=Erin |date=May 11, 2021 |website=heavy.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328184324/https://heavy.com/news/janet-yellen-husband-george-akerlof/ |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=May 12, 2021}}</ref> His dissertation was titled ''Wages and Capital'' under the supervision of [[Robert Solow]], a noted economist who would later receive the Nobel Memorial Prize.

== Academic career ==
After receiving his doctorate, Akerlof joined the faculty of the [[University of California, Berkeley]], as an assistant professor of economics, although he taught for only one year before moving to India. In 1967, he spent some time as a visiting professor at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] (ISI) in New Delhi and returned to the United States in September 1968.<ref name="Nobel"/> Akerlof then became an associate professor at Berkeley and voted for a tenure-track position at the university. He also served as a senior economist at the White House [[Council of Economic Advisers]] (CEA) from 1973 to 1974. In 1977, Akerlof spent a year as a visiting research economist for the [[Federal Reserve Board of Governors]] in Washington, D.C. where he met his future wife and coauthor, [[Janet Yellen]].<ref name="heavy"/> After that he hoped to be promoted to full professorship, however, Berkeley's department of economics failed to appoint him. Akerlof and Yellen then moved to the [[London School of Economics]] (LSE) in 1978, where he accepted a prestigious post as the Cassel Professor of Money and Banking, while she accepted a tenure-track lectureship. They remained in the United Kingdom for two years before returning to the United States.<ref name="Nobel"/>

In 1980, Akerlof became Goldman Professor of Economics at Berkeley and taught there for most of his career.<ref name="heavy"/> In 1997, he took a [[leave of absence]] from Berkeley to accompany his wife when she was named chair of the Council of Economic Advisers (CEA). At Washington, Akerlof began working for the [[Brookings Institution]] as a senior fellow. They both returned to teaching at UC Berkeley in 1999. Akerlof remained an active faculty member at the university until his retirement. He was awarded Koshland Professor of Economics Emeritus in 2010.

After that, he once again moved to Washington when Yellen confirmed to the Federal Reserve Board.<ref name="FedLove">{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-fed-yellen/a-fed-love-story-janet-yellen-meets-her-match-idUSBRE98S07N20130929 |title=A Fed love story: Janet Yellen meets her match |last1=Thompson |first1=Marilyn W. |author1-link=Marilyn W. Thompson |last2=Spicer |first2=Jonathan |date=September 29, 2013 |website=reuters.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125003341/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-fed-yellen/a-fed-love-story-janet-yellen-meets-her-match-idUSBRE98S07N20130929 |archive-date=November 25, 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=September 30, 2013}}</ref> Akerlof received a position as visiting scholar at the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) from 2010 to 2014 and joined the [[McCourt School of Public Policy]] at [[Georgetown University]] as a university professor in 2014.<ref name="wsj">{{cite news |last=Reddy |first=Sudeep |date=September 23, 2014 |title=George Akerlof (aka Mr. Janet Yellen) Heads to Georgetown – Real Time Economics  |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2014/09/23/george-akerlof-aka-mr-janet-yellen-heads-to-georgetown/ |url-status=bot: unknown |work=The Wall Street Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926023302/http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2014/09/23/george-akerlof-aka-mr-janet-yellen-heads-to-georgetown/ |archive-date=September 26, 2014 |access-date=September 24, 2014 |issn=1042-9840 }}</ref>

==Contributions to economics==

[[File:ASA 2025 - George Akerlof 01.jpg|thumb|Akerlof speaking at AEA 2025]]

==="The Market for Lemons" and asymmetric information===
Akerlof is perhaps best known for his article, "[[The Market for Lemons|The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism]]", published in the ''[[Quarterly Journal of Economics]]'' in 1970, in which he identified certain severe problems that afflict markets characterized by [[Information asymmetry|asymmetric information]], the paper for which he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize.{{#tag:Ref|Both the ''[[American Economic Review]]'' and ''[[The Review of Economic Studies]]'' rejected the paper for "triviality", while the reviewers for ''[[Journal of Political Economy]]'' rejected it as incorrect, arguing that if this paper was correct, then no goods could be traded. Only on the fourth attempt did the paper get published in ''[[Quarterly Journal of Economics]]''.<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2001/akerlof-article.html Writing the <!--sic;the extra "the" is in the source--> "The Market for 'Lemons'": A Personal and Interpretive Essay] by George A. Akerlof</ref> Today, the paper is one of the most-cited papers in modern economic theory (more than 5800 citations in academic papers as of July 2009).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scholar.google.de/scholar?num=100&hl=en&lr=&safe=off&cites=13868942939151083936 |title=Citations of Akerlof: The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism |access-date=2009-07-07 |work=[[Google Scholar]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120723200808/http://scholar.google.de/scholar?num=100&hl=en&lr=&safe=off&cites=13868942939151083936 |archive-date=2012-07-23 }}</ref>}} In ''Efficiency Wage Models of the Labor Market'', Akerlof and coauthor/wife, Janet Yellen propose rationales for the [[efficiency wage hypothesis]] in which employers pay above the [[market clearing|market-clearing]] wage, in contradiction to the conclusions of [[neoclassical economics]]. This work introduced [[gift-exchange game]] to economics.

===Identity economics===
Akerlof and collaborator [[Rachel Kranton]] of Duke University have introduced social identity into formal economic analysis, creating the field of [[identity economics]]. Drawing on [[social psychology]] and many fields outside of economics, Akerlof and Kranton argue that individuals do not have preferences only over different goods and services. They also adhere to [[norm (sociology)|social norms]] for how different people should behave. The norms are linked to a person's [[social identity|social identities]]. These ideas first appeared in their article "Economics and Identity", published in the ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'' in 2000.

===Reproductive technology shock===
In the late 1970s, Akerlof's ideas attracted the attention of some on both sides of the debate over legal [[abortion]]. In articles appearing in The ''[[Quarterly Journal of Economics]]'',<ref>{{Citation |doi=10.2307/2946680 |last1=Akerlof |first1=George A. |last2=Yellen |first2=Janet |author-link2=Janet Yellen |last3=Katz |first3=Michael L. |s2cid=11777041 |author-link3=Lawrence F. Katz |name-list-style=amp |year=1996 |title=An Analysis on Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing in the United States |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=111 |issue=2 |pages=277–317 |publisher=The MIT Press |jstor=2946680 }}</ref> ''[[The Economic Journal]]'',<ref>{{Citation |doi=10.1111/1468-0297.00288 |last=Akerlof |first=George A. |year=1998 |title=Men Without Children |journal=Economic Journal |volume=108 |issue=447 |pages=287–309 |jstor=2565562 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |doi-access= }}</ref> and other forums, Akerlof described a phenomenon that he labeled "''reproductive technology shock.''" He contended that the new technologies that had helped to spawn the late twentieth century [[sexual revolution]], modern contraceptives and legal abortion, had not only failed to suppress the incidence of [[Legitimacy (family law)|out-of-wedlock]] childbearing but also had actually worked to increase it. According to Akerlof, for women who did not use them, these technologies had largely transformed the old paradigm of socio-sexual assumptions, expectations, and behaviors in ways that were especially disadvantageous. For example, the availability of legal abortion now allowed men to view their offspring as the deliberate product of female choice rather than as the joint product of sexual intercourse. Thus, it encouraged biological fathers to reject not only the notion of an obligation to marry the mother but also the idea of a paternal obligation.

While Akerlof did not recommend legal restrictions on either abortion or the availability of contraceptives his analysis seemed to lend support to those who did. Thus, a scholar strongly associated with liberal and Democratic-leaning policy positions has been approvingly cited by conservative and Republican-leaning analysts and commentators.<ref>{{Citation|title=Failed Promises of Abortion|url=http://www.uexpress.com/maggiegallagher/?uc_full_date=20030121|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012045720/http://www.uexpress.com/maggiegallagher/?uc_full_date=20030121|archive-date=2008-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The Facts of Life & Marriage |url=http://www.nfpoutreach.org/library/facts_life-marriage.htm }}</ref>

===Looting===
In 1993 Akerlof and [[Paul Romer]] published "Looting: The Economic Underworld of Bankruptcy for Profit", describing how under certain conditions, owners of corporations will decide it is more profitable for them personally to 'loot' the company and 'extract value' from it instead of trying to make it grow and prosper. For example:

<blockquote>Bankruptcy for profit will occur if poor accounting, lax regulation, or low penalties for abuse give owners an incentive to pay themselves more than their firms are worth and then default on their debt obligations. Bankruptcy for profit occurs most commonly when a government guarantees a firm's debt obligations.<ref>1993 George Akerlof and [[Paul Romer]], "Looting: The Economic Underworld of Bankruptcy for Profit", Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 24, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 1993, as quoted in {{Citation | title = Econned | author = Yves Smith | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0230620513 | title-link = ECONned }} pp. 164–165</ref></blockquote>

===Norms and macroeconomics===
In his 2007 presidential address to the [[American Economic Association]], Akerlof proposed ''natural norms'' that decision makers have for how they ''should'' behave, and showed how such norms can explain discrepancies between theory and observed facts about the macroeconomy. Akerlof proposed a new agenda for macroeconomics, using social norms to explain macroeconomic behavior.<ref>[http://www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_papers/2007/0106_1640_0101.pdf ''The Missing Motivation in Macroeconomics'']</ref> He is considered{{According to whom|date=March 2017}} together with [[Gary Becker]] as one of the founders of [[social economics]].

He is a trustee of [[Economists for Peace and Security]] and co-director of the Social Interactions, Identity and Well-Being Program at the [[Canadian Institute for Advanced Research]] (CIFAR). He is on the advisory board of the [[Institute for New Economic Thinking]]. He was elected a fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1985.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=April 6, 2011}}</ref>

For his work and contribution to economics and philosophy, he was awarded the third Witten Lectures in Economics and Philosophy at the [[Witten/Herdecke University]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Witten Lectures in Economics and Philosophy |date=2009 |title=3. Witten Lectures in Economics and Philosophy |url=http://wittenlectures.org/Home.html |access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref>

==Political views==
In June 2024, 16 [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize in Economics]] laureates, including Akerlof, signed an open letter arguing that [[Donald Trump]]'s fiscal and trade policies coupled with efforts to limit the [[Federal Reserve]]'s independence would reignite inflation in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nichols |first=Hans |date=June 25, 2024 |title=Scoop: 16 Nobel economists see a Trump inflation bomb |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/06/25/nobel-prize-winners-biden-economy-trump-inflation |access-date=June 26, 2024 |website=Axios |publisher=Cox Enterprises}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Picciotto |first=Rebecca |date=June 25, 2024 |title=Sixteen Nobel Prize-winning economists warn a second Trump term would 'reignite' inflation |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/06/25/nobel-prize-economists-warn-trump-inflation.html |access-date=June 26, 2024 |publisher=CNBC |archive-date=June 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626002547/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/06/25/nobel-prize-economists-warn-trump-inflation.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Picchi |first=Aimee |date=June 25, 2024 |title=16 Nobel Prize-winning economists warn that Trump's economic plans could reignite inflation |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-economy-nobel-prize-winners-letter-inflation-warning/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709175720/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-economy-nobel-prize-winners-letter-inflation-warning/ |archive-date=July 9, 2024 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US |quote=Trump's policies could prove to be inflationary, other economists also warned, such as his proposal to create a 10% across-the-board tariff on all imports to deporting immigrants. The tariff plan would add $1,700 in annual costs for the typical U.S. household, essentially acting as an inflationary tax, according to experts at the Peterson Institute for International Economics.}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Akerlof was briefly married to an architect, Kay Leong; they wed in 1974 and divorced three years later, after he did not get promoted to a full professorship at Berkeley. Following their divorce, Kay moved to New York and remarried a fellow architect.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Luscombe |first1=Belinda |title=Everything You Need to Know About Mr. Janet Yellen |url=https://time.com/296/everything-you-need-to-know-about-mr-janet-yellen/ |magazine=Time |access-date=11 November 2022 }}</ref> In 1978, Akerlof married [[Janet Yellen]], an economist who was the former [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]] and former [[chair of the Federal Reserve]], as well as a professor emeritus at Berkeley's [[Haas School of Business]].<ref name="CNN">{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=Janet Yellen Fast Facts |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/25/us/janet-yellen-fast-facts/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204103138/https://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/25/us/janet-yellen-fast-facts/index.html |archive-date=December 4, 2020 |website=CNN |date=December 3, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Berkeley">{{cite web |url=http://newsroom.haas.berkeley.edu/article/janet-yellen-fact-sheet |title=Janet Yellen Fact Sheet  |publisher=Berkeley-Haas |access-date=2014-10-25 |date=2013-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Luscombe |first=Belinda |date=January 9, 2014 |title=Everything You Need to Know About Mr. Janet Yellen |url=https://time.com/296/everything-you-need-to-know-about-mr-janet-yellen/ |magazine=Time |access-date=January 10, 2014 |issn=0040-781X}}</ref>

They have one son named Robert, a fellow economist born in 1981,<ref name="Nobel"/> who earned a bachelor's degree in economics and mathematics from Yale University in 2003 and then was awarded his PhD in economics from [[Harvard University]] in 2009. Robert previously worked for 14 years as an assistant and associate professor of economics at the [[University of Warwick]], having firstly spent two years working as a postdoctoral associate at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] after his PhD.<ref name="R.AkerlofCV">{{cite web |url=http://www.robertakerlof.com/download/-akerlof-cv-october-2018-v2.pdf |title=Robert Akerlof Resume |work=robertakerlof.com |access-date=March 13, 2021 |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413060600/http://www.robertakerlof.com/download/-akerlof-cv-october-2018-v2.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, he became a full professor of economics at the [[UNSW Business School]] in Sydney.<ref name="R.AkerlofCV2">{{cite web |url=https://robertakerlof.com/download/akerlof-cv-september-2025.pdf |title=Robert Akerlof Resume |work=robertakerlof.com |access-date=October 11, 2025}}</ref>

Akerlof was one of the signees of a 2018 ''amici curiae'' brief that expressed support for Harvard in the ''[[Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College]]'' lawsuit.<ref name="HarvardAdmissions">{{cite web |url=https://www.harvard.edu/admissionscase/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2022/08/Amicus-Brief-Economics-Professors.pdf |title=Amicus brief – Economics Professors |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=October 2, 2022 |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003061252/https://www.harvard.edu/admissionscase/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2022/08/Amicus-Brief-Economics-Professors.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Other signees of the brief include [[Alan Krueger|Alan B. Krueger]], [[Cecilia Rouse|Cecilia E. Rouse]], [[Robert Solow|Robert M. Solow]], Janet L. Yellen, as well as numerous others.<ref name="HarvardAdmissions"/>

== Bibliography ==
{{Incomplete list|date=December 2017}}
* {{cite book |author=Akerlof, George A. |title=An economic theorist's book of tales : essays that entertain the consequences of new assumptions in economic theory |url=https://archive.org/details/economictheorist00aker_0 |url-access=registration |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 <!--isbn=0521263239-->}}
* Akerlof, George A., and [[Janet Yellen]]. 1986. ''Efficiency Wage Models of the Labor Market''. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press.
* Akerlof, George A., Romer, Paul M., Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, "Looting: The Economic Underworld of Bankruptcy for Profit" Vol. 1993, No. 2 (1993), pp.&nbsp;1–73<ref name="nyu">{{cite web|url=http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~promer/Looting.pdf|date=23 December 2007|title=Looting: The Economic Underworld of Bankruptcy for Profit|author=George A. Akerlof and Paul M. Romer|access-date=2014-10-25|archive-date=2018-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220040926/http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~promer/Looting.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Akerlof, George A. 2000. "Economics and Identity,"  ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'', 115(3), pp. [http://www.popeconomics.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/economicsandidentity.pdf 715–53.]
* Akerlof, George A. 2005. ''Explorations in Pragmatic Economics'', Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0199253906}}.
* Akerlof, George A. 2005. "Identity and the Economics of Organizations," ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'',  19(1), pp. [http://econ.duke.edu/~rek8/identityandtheeconomicsoforganizations.pdf 9–32.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914064057/http://econ.duke.edu/~rek8/identityandtheeconomicsoforganizations.pdf |date=2011-09-14 }}
* Akerlof, George A. "[http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/143-Thoughts-on-global-warming Thoughts on global warming]." [[chinadialogue]] (2006). 14 July 2008.
* Akerlof, George A. and [[Robert Shiller|Robert J. Shiller]]. 2009. ''[[Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism]]''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-0691142333}}.
* Akerlof, George A., and [[Rachel Kranton|Rachel E. Kranton]]. 2010. ''Identity Economics: How Our Identities Shape Our Work, Wages, and Well-Being'', Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-0691146485}}. [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9108.html Description & TOC], "Introduction,"  pp. [http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9108.pdf 3–8], and [https://books.google.com/books/p/princeton?id=1gKUpITuf00C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false preview.]
* George A. Akerlof and [[Robert Shiller|Robert J. Shiller]]. 2015. ''Phishing for Phools: The Economics of Manipulation and Deception'', Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-0691168319}}.

== See also ==
* [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}

=== Official ===
* [https://gufaculty360.georgetown.edu/s/contact/00336000014Su4DAAS/george-akerlof George A. Akerlof] at [[Georgetown University]]
* [http://emlab.berkeley.edu/users/akerlof/ George A. Akerlof] at [[University of California, Berkeley]]
* {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Prize Lecture December 8, 2001 ''Behavioral Macroeconomics and Macroeconomic Behavior''
* [http://identityeconomics.org/ Identity Economics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312152109/http://identityeconomics.org/ |date=2014-03-12 }}

=== Other ===
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/764254/George-A-Akerlof Biography] at [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
* [https://ideas.repec.org/e/pak7.html Profile] and [http://econpapers.repec.org/RAS/pak7.htm Papers] at [[Research Papers in Economics]]/RePEc
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=George A. Akerlof (1940– ) |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Akerlof.html |encyclopedia=[[The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |edition=2nd |series=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] |publisher=[[Liberty Fund]] |year=2008|isbn=978-0865976665 |editor-first=David R.|editor-last=Henderson |editor-link=David R. Henderson |page=521 }}
;Articles
* [http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/02/12_akerlof.shtml Akerlof's criticism of Bush], February 12, 2003
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061121212004/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0729-06.htm Akerlof slams Bush government], July 29, 2003

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{{s-ttl | title = [[List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics|Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics]] | years = 2001 | alongside = [[A. Michael Spence]], [[Joseph E. Stiglitz]] }}
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{{s-ttl | title = [[American Economic Association#Association presidents|President]] of the [[American Economic Association]] | years = 2006–2007 }}
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{{Keynesians}}
{{Sveriges Riksbank laureates in economics 2001–2025}}
{{2001 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Presidents of the American Economic Association}}
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[[Category:20th-century American economists]]
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[[Category:Academics of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:American Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:American people of German-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Swedish descent]]
[[Category:Distinguished fellows of the American Economic Association]]
[[Category:Economists from Connecticut]]
[[Category:Economists from New Jersey]]
[[Category:American expatriate academics in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Econometric Society]]
[[Category:Information economists]]
[[Category:Institute for New Economic Thinking]]
[[Category:Jewish American economists]]
[[Category:American labor economists]]
[[Category:Lawrenceville School alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:McCourt School of Public Policy faculty]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:National Bureau of Economic Research]]
[[Category:New Keynesian economists]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Economics]]
[[Category:People from Princeton, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Presidents of the American Economic Association]]
[[Category:Russell Sage Foundation]]
[[Category:People from New Haven, Connecticut]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty]]
[[Category:Yale College alumni]]
[[Category:Jewish Nobel laureates]]