View source for George Meany

{{Short description|American labor leader (1894–1980)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name               = George Meany
| image              = Meany-George-portrait.jpg
| caption            = Meany {{circa}} 1950-56
| office1            = 1st President of the [[AFL–CIO]]
| term_start1        = December 4, 1955
| term_end1          = November 19, 1979
| predecessor1       = ''Office established''
| successor1         = [[Lane Kirkland]]
| office2            = 5th President of the<br />[[American Federation of Labor]]
| term_start2        = November 25, 1952
| term_end2          = December 4, 1955
| predecessor2       = [[William Green (U.S. labor leader)|William Green]] 
| successor2         = ''Office abolished''
| office3            = 2nd Secretary-Treasurer of the<br />[[American Federation of Labor]]
| term_start3        = October 12, 1939
| term_end3          = November 25, 1952
| predecessor3       = [[Frank Morrison (trade unionist)|Frank Morrison]] 
| successor3         = [[William F. Schnitzler]]
| office4            = President of the New York State<br />[[American Federation of Labor|Federation of Labor]]
| term_start4        = August 29, 1934
| term_end4          = October 12, 1939
| predecessor4       = Emanuel Koveleski
| successor4         = Thomas J. Lyons
| birth_name         = William George Meany
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1894|8|16|mf=y}}
| birth_place        = [[New York City]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1980|1|10|1894|8|16|mf=y}}
| death_place        = Washington, D.C., U.S.
| resting_place      = [[Gate of Heaven Cemetery (Silver Spring, Maryland)|Gate of Heaven Cemetery]]
| occupation         = [[organized labor|Labor leader]]
| spouse             = Eugenia McMahon Meany
| children           = 
}}
'''William George Meany''' (August 16, 1894 – January 10, 1980) was an American [[labor union]] administrator for 57 years. He was a vital figure in the creation of the [[AFL–CIO]] and served as its first president, from 1955 to 1979.

Meany, the son of a union plumber, became a plumber himself at a young age. Within a decade, he was a full-time union official. As an officer of the [[American Federation of Labor]], he represented the AFL on the [[National War Labor Board (1942–1945)|National War Labor Board]] during [[World War II]]. He held the position of AFL president from 1952 to 1955.

In 1952, Meany proposed a merger of the AFL with the [[Congress of Industrial Organizations]] (CIO). He managed the negotiations until the merger was completed in 1955, creating the largest federation of unions in the United States. He was [[AFL–CIO]] president for the next 24 years.

Meany had a reputation for integrity and consistent opposition to corruption in the [[labor movement]],<ref name=Wayward>{{cite journal
 | last =Hutchinson
 | first =John
 | title =George Meany and the Wayward
 | journal =California Management Review
 | volume =14
 | issue =2
 | pages =51–60
 | publisher =[[University of California, Berkeley]]
 | date =Winter 1971
 | url =http://cmr.berkeley.edu/search/articleDetail.aspx?article=5208
 | jstor =41164335
 | doi =10.2307/41164335
 | s2cid =154102282
 | access-date =May 13, 2015
| archive-date =May 18, 2015
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100956/http://cmr.berkeley.edu/search/articleDetail.aspx?article=5208
 | url-status =dead
 | url-access =subscription
 }}</ref> and strong [[anti-communism]]. He was one of the best-known union leaders in the U.S. during the mid-20th century.<ref name=Columbia>{{cite book
  | last = Meagher
  | first = Timothy J.
  | title = The Columbia Guide to Irish American History
  | publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]
  | year = 2005
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GtobK1YDg30C&q=%22Michael+Meany%22+plumber&pg=PA284
  | isbn = 978-0-231-12070-8
  }}</ref>

==Early years==

Meany was born into a Roman Catholic family in [[Harlem]],<ref>{{cite news|last=|first1=Ltd|date=June 1975|title=An Interview with George Meany|page=106|newspaper=[[Black Enterprise]]|location=[[New York City]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZaHmjnB6jIC&q=%22George+Meany%22+Harlem&pg=PA106|access-date=November 17, 2011|last1=Earl g. Graves}}</ref> [[New York City]] on August 16, 1894, the second of 10 children.<ref name=NYTObit/> His parents were Michael Meany and Anne Cullen Meany, who were both American-born and of Irish descent.<ref name=Columbia/> His ancestors had immigrated to the United States during the 1850s. His father was a plumber and served as president of his plumber's union local.<ref name=NYTB>{{cite book
  | last = Stetson
  | first = Damon
  | title = A Blunt Labor Leader: William George Meany
  | publisher = New York Times and Arno Press
  | series = The New York Times Biographical Service
  | volume = 2
  | year = 1971
  | page = 3637
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JyJBAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Michael+Meany%22+plumber
  }}</ref> Michael Meany was also a precinct level activist in the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].<ref name=Zieger/>

Meany grew up in the [[Port Morris, Bronx|Port Morris]] neighborhood of [[The Bronx]], where his parents had relocated when he was five years old.<ref name=Zieger/> Always called "George", he learned that his real first name was William only when he got a work permit as a teenager.<ref name=Zieger/> Meany quit high school at age 16 to become a plumber like his father,<ref name=Telegraph/> beginning work as a plumber's helper.<ref name=NYTObit/> He then served a five-year apprenticeship as a plumber and got his journeyman's certificate<ref name=NYTB/> in 1917, with Local 463 [[United Association|United Association of Plumbers and Steamfitters of the United States and Canada]].<ref name=Columbia/>

His father died of [[myocardial infarction|heart failure]] in 1916 after a bout of [[pneumonia]]. When Meany's older brother joined the [[U.S. Army]] in 1917, George became the sole source of income for his mother and six younger siblings.<ref name=Zieger/> He supplemented his income for a while by playing as a semiprofessional baseball catcher.<ref name=Zieger/> In 1919, he married Eugenia McMahon, a garment worker and a member of the [[International Ladies Garment Workers Union]].<ref name=Columbia/> They had three daughters.<ref name=NYTObit/>

==Beginning of union career in New York==
In 1920, Meany was elected to the executive board of Local 463 of the Plumber's Union. In 1922, he became a full-time business agent for the local, which had 3,600 members at that time.<ref name=Zieger/> Meany later stated that he had never walked a [[picketing (protest)|picket line]] during his plumber's union days,<ref name=Zieger>{{cite book
  | last = Zieger
  | first = Robert
  | author-link = Robert Zieger
  | editor1-last=Dubofsky|editor1-first=Melvyn|editor-link2=Melvyn Dubofsky|editor2-last=Van Tine|editor2-first=Warren R.
  | title = Labor Leaders in America
  | publisher = [[University of Illinois Press]]
  | chapter = George Meany: Labor's organization man
  | year = 1987
  | pages = [https://archive.org/details/laborleadersinam00grap_0/page/324 324]–332
  | url = https://archive.org/details/laborleadersinam00grap_0
  | url-access = registration
  | quote = George Meany never walked a picket line.
  | isbn = 978-0-252-01343-0
  }}</ref><ref name=Dangerous/> explaining that his original plumber's union never needed to picket,
because the employers never attempted to replace the workers.<ref>{{cite book
  | last = Robinson
  | first = Archie
  | title = George Meany and His Times: A Biography
  | publisher = [[Simon & Schuster]]
  | year = 1981
  | page = 54
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wHeaAAAAIAAJ&q=picket+sign
  | isbn = 978-0-671-42163-2
  }}</ref>

In 1923, he was elected secretary of the New York City Building Trades Council, the city federation of unions representing construction workers. He won a court injunction against an [[lockout (industry)|industry lockout]] in 1927, which was then considered an innovative tactic for a union, and was opposed by many of the older union administrators.<ref name=Zieger/>

In 1934, he became president of the New York State Federation of Labor, the statewide coalition of trade unions. During his first year of lobbying in [[Albany, New York|Albany]], the state capital, 72 bills that he promoted to the state legislature were enacted into law, and he developed a close working relationship with Governor [[Herbert H. Lehman]].<ref name = NYTObit/>

He developed a reputation for honesty, diligence and the ability to testify effectively before legislative hearings and to speak well to the press.<ref name=Zieger/> In 1936, he cofounded the [[American Labor Party]], a pro-union political party active in New York, along with [[David Dubinsky]] and [[Sidney Hillman]], partly to organize support among union socialists for the re-election that year of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and mayor [[Fiorello La Guardia]] .<ref name=Dangerous>{{cite book
  | last = Lichtenstein
  | first = Nelson
  | title = Walter Reuther: the most dangerous man in Detroit
  | publisher = [[University of Illinois Press]]
  | year = 1997
  | pages = [https://archive.org/details/walterreuthermos00lich/page/88 88], 323
  | url = https://archive.org/details/walterreuthermos00lich
  | url-access = registration
  | quote = George Meany Walter Reuther.
  | isbn = 978-0-252-06626-9
  }}</ref>

==National leadership in Washington, DC==
Three years later, he relocated to Washington, D.C., to become national secretary-treasurer of the [[American Federation of Labor]],<ref name=Telegraph>{{cite news
  | last = Ullmann
  | first = Owen
  | title = George Meany, Labor's 'Giant' Is Dead at 85
  | newspaper = [[Nashua Telegraph]]
  | location = [[Nashua, New Hampshire]]
  | page = 1
  | date = January 11, 1980
| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZZ0rAAAAIBAJ&pg=3782,1780348
  | access-date = October 23, 2011}}</ref> where he served AFL president [[William Green (labor leader)|William Green]].
During [[World War II]], Meany was one of the permanent representatives of the AFL to the [[National War Labor Board (1942–1945)|National War Labor Board]].<ref name=Zieger/> During the war, he established close relationships with prominent anticommunists in the American [[labor movement]], including [[David Dubinsky]], [[Jay Lovestone]] and [[Matthew Woll]].<ref name=Zieger/> In October 1945, he organized the AFL boycott of the founding conference of the [[World Federation of Trade Unions]], which welcomed participation by labor unions from the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]<ref name=Zieger/> and was later called a [[communist front]].<ref>{{cite book
 | last =Richelson
 | first =Jefferey T.
 | title =A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century
 | publisher =[[Oxford University Press]]
 | date =1997
 | pages =252
 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=HohPaIyc5G0C&q=world+federation+trade+unions+soviet+front+group&pg=PA252 
 | isbn =978-0-19-511390-7
 }}</ref>

The [[strike wave of 1945-1946|labor strikes of 1945-1946]], which were organized to a large extent by CIO unions, resulted in passage of the [[Taft Hartley Act]] in 1947, which was perceived widely as anti-union. One provision required union officials to sign loyalty oaths affirming that they were not communists; this had a major effect on the CIO unions. Meany, in opposition to [[John L. Lewis]] and other leftist union leaders,<ref name=WaPoObit/> replied that he would "go further and sign an affidavit that I was never a comrade to the comrades" since he had always ostracized communists.<ref name = NYTObit/> Within a year, most U.S. union administrators unaffiliated with the Communist Party signed the affidavit, later upheld by the Supreme Court, which ruled in 1949 that the Communist Party was unique among American political parties in swearing allegiance to a foreign power.<ref>{{cite book
 | last =Luff
 | first =Jennifer
 | author-link = Jennifer D. Luff
 | title =Commonsense Anticommunism: Labor and Civil Liberties between the World Wars
 | publisher =[[University of North Carolina Press]]
 | date =2012
 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=G9fOATeJPkEC&q=george+meany+affidavit&pg=PT180
 | isbn = 978-0-8078-6989-5
 }}</ref><ref>Gerald Pomper, "Labor and congress: The repeal of Taft‐Hartley." ''Labor History'' 2.3 (1961): 323-343.</ref>

==Merger of AFL and CIO==
When Green's health began failing in 1951, Meany gradually assumed day-to-day operations of the AFL.<ref name=Blade>{{cite news
  | title = Murray, Green Deaths Likely To Bring New Era: Top Union Official Sights Possibility Of CIO-AFL Unification
  | newspaper = [[Toledo Blade]]
  | location = [[Toledo, Ohio]]
  | page = 3
  | date = November 22, 1952
| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wvlOAAAAIBAJ&pg=3041,3166759
  | access-date = October 23, 2011}}</ref> He became president of the American Federation of Labor in 1952 upon Green's death.<ref name=Telegraph/>

Meany quickly took effective control of the AFL, and proposed to merge with the CIO.<ref>{{cite news
  | title = Mr. Meany And Merger
  | newspaper = [[Toledo Blade]]
  | date = November 28, 1952
| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=x_lOAAAAIBAJ&pg=1809,6032655
  | access-date = November 6, 2011}}</ref> It took longer for [[Walter Reuther]] to complete his control of the CIO,<ref name=Dangerous/> but when he did he became a willing partner in the merger negotiations.<ref name=Dangerous/>

It took Meany three years to negotiate the merger, and he had to overcome significant opposition. [[John L. Lewis]] of the [[United Mine Workers]] termed the merger a "rope of sand", and his union refused to join the AFL–CIO.<ref name=LIFE55>{{cite news
  | title = New Affluence, Unity for Labor
  | newspaper = LIFE magazine
  | date = December 12, 1955
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fD8EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22George+Meany%22+Walter+Reuther&pg=PA26
  | access-date = November 6, 2011}}</ref> [[Jimmy Hoffa]], second in command of the Teamster's Union, protested, "What's in it for us? Nothing!"<ref name=LIFE55/> However, the Teamsters complied with the merger initially. [[Mike Quill]], president of the [[Transport Workers Union of America]] also fought the merger,<ref name=LIFE55/> saying that it amounted to a capitulation to the "racism, racketeering and [[Union raid|raiding]]" of the AFL.<ref name=Dangerous/>

Fearing a drawn-out negotiation process, Meany decided on a "short route" to reconciliation. This meant all AFL and CIO unions would be accepted into the new organization "as is", with all conflicts and overlaps to be sorted out after the merger.<ref>{{Cite book|title=AFL-CIO Labor United|last=Goldberg|first=Arthur|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=1956|location=New York, New York|pages=85–86}}</ref> Meany further relied on a small, select group of advisors to craft the necessary agreements. The draft constitution was written primarily by AFL Vice President [[Matthew Woll]] and CIO General Counsel [[Arthur Goldberg]], while the joint policy statements were written by Woll, CIO Secretary-Treasurer James Carey, CIO vice presidents David McDonald and [[Joseph Curran]], Brotherhood of Railway Clerks President [[George McGregor Harrison]], and Illinois AFL–CIO President [[Reuben G. Soderstrom|Reuben Soderstrom]].<ref>Soderstrom, Carl; Soderstrom, Robert; Stevens, Chris; Burt, Andrew (2018). [http://www.fortygavels.com/ ''Forty Gavels: The Life of Reuben Soderstrom and the Illinois AFL-CIO''.] '''3'''. Peoria, IL: CWS Publishing. pp. 95-96. {{ISBN|978-0-9982575-3-2}}</ref>

Meany's efforts came to fruition in December 1955 with a joint convention in New York City that merged the two federations, creating the [[AFL–CIO]], with Meany elected as president.<ref>{{cite news
  | last = Walker
  | first = Norman
  | title = Meany And AFL-CIO Merger: A Plumber's Dream
  | newspaper = [[Meriden Journal]]
  | location = [[Meriden, Connecticut]]
  | date = November 28, 1955
| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ucpIAAAAIBAJ&pg=1069,2981452
  | access-date = November 6, 2011}}</ref> Termed Meany's "greatest achievement" by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine,<ref name=Voice/> the new federation had 15 million members. Only two million US workers were members of unions remaining outside the AFL–CIO.<ref name=LIFE55/>

==Campaigns against corrupt unions==
In 1953, the [[International Longshoremen's Association]], accused of racketeering, was expelled from the AFL, an early example of Meany's efforts against corruption and organized crime in unions. After internal reform, it was readmitted<ref name=NYTObit/> to the now-merged AFL–CIO, in 1959.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

Meany also fought corruption in the AFL affiliated [[Textile Workers Union of America|United Textile Workers of America]] from 1952. In 1957, he reported that the president of that union had been stealing more than $250,000. Meany also appointed an independent monitor to oversee reform of the union.<ref name=Wayward/>

Concerns about corruption and the influence of organized crime in the [[International Brotherhood of Teamsters]], managed by [[Dave Beck]], caused Meany to begin a campaign to reform that union in 1956. In 1957, amidst a fight for control of the union with [[Jimmy Hoffa]], Beck was called before the [[United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management]], commonly known as the "McClellan Committee" after its chairman [[John Little McClellan]], of [[Arkansas]].<ref name=Wayward/>

Televised hearings during early 1957 exposed misconduct by both the Beck and the Hoffa factions of the Teamsters Union. Both Hoffa and Beck were indicted, but Hoffa won control of the Teamsters. In response, the AFL–CIO instituted a policy that no union official who had taken the [[Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifth Amendment]] during a corruption investigation could continue in a leadership position. Meany told the Teamsters that they could continue as members of the AFL–CIO if Hoffa resigned as president. Hoffa refused, and the Teamsters were ousted from the AFL–CIO<ref name=Wayward/><ref name=Telegraph/> on December 6, 1957. Meany endorsed the AFL–CIO's adoption of a code of ethics, after the scandal.<ref>{{cite book
  | editor-last1 = Cherny
  | editor-first1 = Robert W
  | editor-last2 = Issel
  | editor-first2 = William
  | editor-last3 = Taylor
  | editor-first3 = Kieran Walsh
  | title = American Labor and the Cold War: Grassroots Politics and Postwar Political Culture
  | publisher = [[Rutgers University Press]]
  | year = 2004
  | page = 3
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7XM3T-oShboC&q=%22code+of+ethics%22+George+Meany&pg=PA3
  | isbn = 978-0-8135-3403-9
  }}</ref>

Meany also organized campaigns against organized crime and corruption in the [[International Jewelry Workers Union]], the [[Laundry Workers International Union]], the [[Distillery, Wine and Allied Workers' International Union|AFL Distillery Workers]], the AFL [[United Auto Workers]], and the [[Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers' International Union|Bakery and Confectionery Workers International Union]].<ref name=Wayward/> He demanded the dismissal of corrupt union officials and internal reorganization of the unions. When some unions resisted, he organized their expulsion from the AFL and later from the AFL–CIO, and he even established rival unions.<ref name=Wayward/> He established an AFL–CIO Committee on Ethical Practices to investigate misconduct and insisted for unions being investigated to co-operate with its inquiries. According to John Hutchinson, a professor at [[UCLA]], "few American union leaders have such a public record of repeated and explicit opposition to corruption".<ref name=Wayward/>

==Vietnam War==
Meany consistently defended President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s [[Vietnam War]] policies. In 1966, Meany insisted that AFL–CIO unions give "unqualified support" to Johnson's war policy. Among the labor officials at the time who opposed Meany's position on the war were [[Ralph Helstein]] of the [[United Packinghouse Workers of America]], [[George Burdon]] of the [[United Rubber Workers]], and [[Patrick E. Gorman|Patrick Gorman]] of the [[Amalgamated Meat Cutters]].<ref>{{cite magazine
  | title = End the War in Vietnam! 
  | magazine = New World Review 
  | date = June 1966 
  | url = https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP75-00149R000400550031-7.pdf 
  | via = cia.gov
}}</ref>

Charles Cogen, president of the [[American Federation of Teachers]], joined the opposition when the 1967 AFL–CIO convention adopted a resolution pledging support for the war. Reuther stated that he was busy with negotiations with General Motors in Detroit and could not attend the convention. In his speech to the convention, Meany said regarding Vietnam that the AFL–CIO was "neither hawk nor dove nor chicken",<ref name="PP">{{cite news
  | title = Meany Backs Viet, Slaps at Reuther: Neither 'Hawk, Dove—Nor Chicken' AFL-Boss Says In Convention Keynote
  | newspaper = [[Pittsburgh Press]]
  | location = [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
  | date = December 7, 1967
| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0a0pAAAAIBAJ&pg=5768,3402675
  | access-date = October 23, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
  | last = Dumbrell
  | first = John
  | title = The making of US foreign policy: American democracy and American foreign policy
  | publisher = [[Manchester University Press]]
  | year = 1990
  | page = [https://archive.org/details/makingofusforeig00dumb/page/199 199]
  | url = https://archive.org/details/makingofusforeig00dumb
  | url-access = registration
  | quote = neither hawk nor dove nor chicken.
  | isbn = 978-0-7190-3188-5
  }}</ref> but was supporting "brother trade unionists" struggling against Communism.<ref name="PP"/>

[[File:Nixon and Meany 1969 cropped.tif|thumb|right|300px|Meany meeting with [[Richard Nixon]] in 1969.]]
As an anticommunist who identified with the working class, Meany expressed contempt for the [[New Left]]. That philosophy had often criticized the labor activists for conservatism, racism, and anticommunism, and during the late 1960s and early 1970s, it included many promoters of Communism, such as the [[Viet Cong]].<ref>{{cite book
 | last =Levy
 | first =Peter B.
 | title =The New Left and Labor in the 1960s
 | publisher =[[University of Illinois Press]]
 | date =1994
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tSdgmjlRhuIC&q=New+Left+AFL-CIO&pg=PA220
 | isbn =978-0-252-06367-1
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
 | last =Lewy 
 | first =Guenter
 | title =The Cause That Failed: Communism in American Political Life
 | publisher =[[Oxford University Press]]
 | date =1990
 | pages =[https://archive.org/details/causethatfailedc00guen/page/268 268]
 | url =https://archive.org/details/causethatfailedc00guen | url-access =registration
 | quote =new left viet cong.
 | isbn =978-0-19-987898-7
 }}</ref> In the aftermath of the [[1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity|violence by antiwar demonstrators and police]] at the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]], Meany sympathized with the police by terming the protesters a "dirtynecked and dirty-mouthed group of kooks".<ref name=Voice>{{cite news
 | title =Labor's Voice is Stilled, George Meany: 1894-1980
 | newspaper =[[Time (magazine)|Time]]
 | date =January 21, 1980
 | url =https://time.com/archive/6698232/nation-labors-voice-is-stilled/
 | access-date =May 13, 2015}}</ref>

Meany opposed the antiwar presidential candidacy of U.S. Senator [[George McGovern]] in 1972 against incumbent [[Richard Nixon]], despite McGovern's generally pro-labor voting record in Congress. However, Meany also refused to endorse Nixon. On ''[[Face the Nation]]'' in September 1972, Meany criticized McGovern's foreign policy position—that the U.S. should respect other peoples' right to choose communism—by saying there had never been a country that had voted freely for communism. Meany accused McGovern of being "an apologist for the Communist world".<ref name=MS>{{cite news
  | title = Woodcock Parries Meany Blast At McGovern Record
  | newspaper = [[Buffalo Courier-Express]]
  | location = [[Buffalo, New York]]
  | date = September 4, 1972
  | url = https://www.nyshistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=coe19720904-01.1.1&
  | via = New York State Historic Newspapers
}}</ref>

After Nixon's landslide defeat of McGovern, Meany said the American people had "overwhelmingly repudiated neo-isolationism" in foreign policy. Meany added that American voters had [[split vote|split their votes]] by endorsing the Democrats in Congress.<ref name=BR>{{cite news
  | title = Meany's observations
  | newspaper = [[Boca Raton News]]
  | location = [[Boca Raton, Florida]]
  | pages = 4a
  | date = November 9, 1972
| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IwtUAAAAIBAJ&pg=6616,880094
  | access-date = October 23, 2011}}</ref>

Meany's support for the war effort continued up until the final days before [[Saigon]] was captured by the [[North Vietnam]]ese in April 1975. He called for President [[Gerald Ford]] to provide a [[U.S. Navy]] "flotilla" if it was needed to ensure that hundreds of thousands of "friends of the United States" could escape before a communist regime could be established.<ref name=BCT/>

He also appealed for the admission of the maximum possible number of Vietnamese refugees to the U.S. Meany blamed Congress for "washing its hands" of the war and for weakening South Vietnam's military, damaging its "will to fight".<ref name=BCT/> In particular, Meany accused Congress of failing to provide adequate funding for American troops to stage an orderly withdrawal.<ref name=BCT>{{cite news
  | last = Sperling Jr.
  | first = Godfrey
  | title = Meany urges massive U.S. effort to rescue endangered Vietnam
  | newspaper = [[The Beaver County Times]]
  | location = [[Beaver, Pennsylvania]]
  | date = April 14, 1975
| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bNwqAAAAIBAJ&pg=2686,2965777
  | access-date = October 23, 2011}}</ref>

==Conflict with Reuther==
Despite their co-operation during the AFL–CIO merger, Meany and Reuther had a contentious relationship for many years.<ref name=Reuther>{{cite book
  | last = Carew
  | first = Anthony
  | title = Walter Reuther
  | publisher = [[Manchester University Press]]
  | series = Lives of the Left
  | year = 1993
  | page = 77
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TgLSAAAAIAAJ&q=%22George+Meany%22+Walter+Reuther&pg=PA77
  }}</ref> In 1963, Meany and Reuther disagreed about the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]], a major event in the history of the U.S. [[civil rights movement]]. Meany opposed AFL–CIO endorsement of the march. In an AFL–CIO executive council meeting on August 12, 1963, Reuther's motion for a strong endorsement of the march was supported by only [[A. Philip Randolph]] of the [[Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters]], the titular leader of the march. As a compromise, the AFL–CIO backed a civil rights law and allowed individual unions to endorse the march.<ref name=Dangerous/> When Meany heard Randolph's speech after the march, he was visibly moved.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Thereafter, he supported the creation of the [[A. Philip Randolph Institute]] to strengthen labor unions among African Americans and to strengthen ties with the African-American community. Randolph said he was sure that Meany was morally opposed to racism.<ref name=NYTObit/>

At the time of the 1967 AFL–CIO convention, Reuther demanded that Meany make the AFL–CIO more democratic.<ref name=PPG>{{cite news
  | title = AFL-CIO Backs LBJ on Vietnam
  | newspaper = [[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]
  | location = [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
  | date = December 12, 1967
| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MigjAAAAIBAJ&pg=7147,1945773
  | access-date = October 23, 2011}}</ref>

After years of disagreement with Meany, Reuther resigned from the AFL–CIO executive council in February 1967.<ref name=Dangerous/> In 1968, Reuther's UAW withdrew from the AFL–CIO,<ref>{{cite book
 | last =Weir
 | first =Robert E.
 | title =Workers in America: A Historical Encyclopedia
 | publisher =[[ABC-CLIO]]
 | date =2013
 | pages =187, 455, 680
 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=PnJ7PmAyi_MC&q=uaw+quits+AFL-CIO&pg=PA455
 | isbn =978-1-59884-719-2
 }}</ref> and the UAW did not re-affiliate with the AFL–CIO until 1981,<ref>{{cite news
 | last =Lardner
 | first =George
 | title =Leaders of Auto Workers Vote to Rejoin AFL-CIO
 | newspaper =[[Washington Post]]
 | date = June 10, 1981
| url =https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1981/06/10/leaders-of-auto-workers-vote-to-rejoin-afl-cio/b0b6b9ad-3ace-48e7-a935-0f4e02ca3572/
 }}</ref> long after Reuther's death in a 1970 airplane crash.<ref>{{cite book
 | last =Hamilton
 | first =Neil A.
 | title =American Social Leaders and Activists
 | publisher =[[Infobase Publishing]]
 | date =2002
 | pages =319
 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=tKxOpAh78IsC&q=walter+reuther+plane+crash&pg=PA319
 | isbn =978-1-4381-0808-7
 }}, and after Meany's death.</ref>

==Political goals==

Amidst the [[Great Society]] reforms advocated by President Johnson, Meany and the AFL–CIO in 1965 endorsed a resolution calling for "mandatory congressional price hearings for corporations, a technological clearinghouse, and a national planning agency".<ref name=Boyle>{{cite book
  | last = Boyle
  | first = Kevin
  | author-link = Kevin Boyle (historian)
  | title = The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 1945–1968
  | publisher = [[Cornell University Press]]
  | year = 1999
  | page = 201
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLuhnDKFzr4C&q=%22Michael+Harrington%22+George+Meany&pg=PA201
  | isbn = 978-0-8014-8538-1
  }}</ref> American socialist [[Michael Harrington]] commented that the AFL–CIO had "initiated a programmatic redefinition that had much more in common with the defeated socialist proposal of 1894 than with the voluntarism of [[Samuel Gompers|Gompers]]",<ref name=Boyle/> referring to the founder of the AFL, who had openly opposed socialism for decades. The 1965 resolution was part of the AFL–CIO's ongoing endorsement of [[industrial democracy]]. Despite Meany's support for reform policies that were sometimes termed "socialist", he also emphasized that "I very much agree with the free market system".<ref name = NYTObit/> In the early 1970s, he spoke about the changes in union workers since the 1930s:{{blockquote|We no longer march on the streets, we no longer have the [[Sitdown strike|sitdown strikes]], and labor to some extent has become middle class. In other words, when you have no property, you don't have anything, you have nothing to lose by these radical actions. But when you become a person who has a home and has property, to some extent you become conservative.<ref name = NYTObit/>}}

As AFL–CIO president, Meany supported increasing the minimum wage, increasing public works spending, and protecting union organizing rights. He also endorsed universal health care. While he was president, the AFL–CIO lobbied vigorously for its goals.<ref name=WaPoObit>{{cite news
 | last1 =Smith
 | first1 =J.Y.
 | last2 =Crawford
 | first2 =Kenneth
 | title =George Meany, 85, Giant of U.S. Labor Movement
 | newspaper =[[Washington Post]]
 | date =January 11, 1980
| url =https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1980/01/11/george-meany-85-giant-of-us-labor-movement/41218613-522b-4199-9066-21a4aa911c71/
 | access-date =July 12, 2015}}</ref> He backed the two-party system, and believed in "supporting your friends and punishing your enemies".<ref name = NYTObit/>

==Later years and death==
By the mid-1970s, Meany was past his 80th birthday and there were increasing calls for him to retire and pass the presidency of the AFL–CIO to a younger man.<ref>{{cite news
 | last =Dobkin
 | first =Robert A.
 | title =Union power passing to young, better educated generation
 | newspaper =[[Deseret News]]
 | location =[[Salt Lake City]]
 | date =September 8, 1977
| url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19770908&id=VLIqAAAAIBAJ&pg=7093,1733472
 | access-date = June 15, 2013}}</ref> During his final years, Meany adopted amateur photography and painting as hobbies.<ref name=NYTB/>

in June 1975 Meany as president of the AFL–CIO hosted [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn]] in his tour of the USA and had a dinner in Solzhenitsyn's honor where the Russian writer gave one of his most well known speeches. Meany himself gave the speech introducing Solzhenitsyn.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Solzhenitsyn |first1=Alexander |title=Warning to the West |date=2019 |publisher=Vintage |location=London |isbn=978-1-784-87566-4 |pages=3–5 }}</ref>

Meany's wife of 59 years, Eugenia, died in March 1979, and he became depressed after losing her.<ref name=Telegraph/> He injured his knee in a golfing mishap a few months before his death and was reliant on a wheelchair.<ref name=Telegraph/> In November 1979, he retired from the AFL–CIO, after a 57-year career in organized labor. He was succeeded by [[Lane Kirkland]], who served as AFL–CIO president for the next 16 years.<ref>{{cite book
 | last =Lichtenstein
 | first =Nelson
 | title =State of the Union: A Century of American Labor
 | publisher =[[Princeton University Press]]
 | date =2013
 | pages =247
 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=EFb4jFcfDVQC&q=george+meany+retires&pg=PA247 
 | isbn =978-1-4008-4814-0
 }}</ref>

Meany died at [[George Washington University Hospital]] on January 10, 1980, of [[cardiac arrest]].<ref name = NYTObit>{{cite news
 | last =Flint
 | first =Jerry
 | title =George Meany Is Dead; Pioneer in Labor Was 85
 | newspaper =[[New York Times]]
 | date =January 11, 1980
 | url =https://www.nytimes.com/1980/01/11/archives/george-meany-is-dead-pioneer-in-labor-was-85-outlived-friends-and.html
 | url-access =limited
 | access-date =April 19, 2015 }}</ref> The AFL–CIO had 14 million members at the time of his death. President [[Jimmy Carter]] termed him "an American institution" and "a patriot".<ref name=Telegraph/> He was interred at [[Gate of Heaven Cemetery (Silver Spring, Maryland)|Gate of Heaven Cemetery]] in [[Silver Spring, Maryland]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Bredemeier|first=Kenneth|title=Labor, Politicians Eulogize Meany|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=January 16, 1980}}</ref>

==Awards, tributes and legacy==

[[File:MeanyLID.jpg|thumb|right|300px|George Meany smoking a cigar, and a cigar also appears in the banner of the [[League for Industrial Democracy]]'s "Tribute to George Meany".]]
President [[John F. Kennedy]] established the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] on February 22, 1963, but died before he could award it. Two weeks after Kennedy's assassination, President [[Lyndon Johnson]] awarded it to Meany and thirty others on December 6, 1963.<ref>{{cite web
  | title = President Kennedy's Executive Order 11085: Presidential Medal of Freedom
  | publisher = [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]], [[Boston]]
  | url = http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JFK-Fast-Facts/Presidential-Medal-of-Freedom.aspx
  | access-date = November 19, 2011}}</ref> Johnson said the award was for Meany's service to unionism and for advancing freedom throughout the world.<ref>{{cite web
  | title = Lyndon B. Johnson: Remarks With Under Secretary of State George W. Ball at the Presentation of the Medal of Freedom Awards, December 6, 1963
  | publisher = The American Presidency Project, [[University of California, Santa Barbara]]
  | url = http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26165#axzz1eDrDQmUx
  | access-date = November 19, 2011}}</ref>

On November 6, 1974, Meany dedicated the George Meany Center for Labor Studies (founded 1969), which was renamed the [[National Labor College]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the National Labor College|publisher=George Meany Legacy Website|url=http://www.georgemeany.org/aboutUs/campusHistory.html|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=June 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624204421/http://www.georgemeany.org/aboutUs/campusHistory.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> From 1993 to 2013, the college housed the George Meany Memorial Archives. In 2013 the archival and library holdings were transferred to the [[University of Maryland Libraries|University of Maryland libraries]], making the university the official repository.<ref>{{cite web|title=George Meany Memorial Archives|date=December 26, 2013|publisher=National Labor College|url=http://www.nlc.edu/archives/|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=August 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817123202/http://www.nlc.edu/archives/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/classifications?q%5B%5D=%2A&op%5B%5D=OR&field%5B%5D=title&from_year%5B%5D=&to_year%5B%5D=&limit=pui_record_group&sort=identifier_sort%20asc,%20repo_sort%20asc,%20title_sort%20asc&page=1 | title=Archival Collections }}</ref> The holdings date from the establishment of the AFL (1881), and offer almost complete records from the founding of the AFL–CIO (1955). Among the estimated 40 million documents are AFL–CIO Department records, trade department records, international union records, union programs, union organizations with allied or affiliate relationships with the AFL–CIO, and personal papers of union leaders. Extensive photo documentation of labor union activities from the 1940s to the present are in the photographic negative and digital collections. Additionally, collections of graphic images, over 10,000 audio tapes, several hundred movies and videotapes, and more than 2,000 artifacts are available for public research and study.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Labor History and Workplace Studies - Special Collections {{!}} UMD Libraries|url=https://www.lib.umd.edu/special/guides/labor|access-date=July 26, 2021|website=www.lib.umd.edu}}</ref>

The George Meany Award was established by the [[Boy Scouts of America]] in 1974.<ref>{{cite web|title=The George Meany Award |publisher=Boy Scouts of America|url=http://www.scouting.org/scoutsource/Media/Relationships/GeorgeMeanyAward.aspx|access-date=August 12, 2016}}</ref>

Books published about Meany include ''Meany: The Unchallenged Strong Man of American Labor'' (1972)<ref>{{cite journal|title=''Meany: The Unchallenged Strong Man of American Labor'' by Joseph C. Goulden|last=Godson|first=Roy|journal=World Affairs|volume=135|issue=4|date=Spring 1973|pages=353–356|jstor=20671397}}</ref> and ''George Meany and His Times: A Biography'' (1981).<ref>{{cite journal|title=''George Meany and His Times: A Biography'' by Archie Robinson|last=Kheel|first=Theodore W.|author-link=Theodore W. Kheel|journal=Political Science Quarterly|volume=98|issue=4|date=Winter 1983–1984|pages=712–714|jstor=2149744|doi=10.2307/2149744}}</ref> Meany's entry in the biographical encyclopedia ''[[American National Biography]]'' was published in 2000, authored by historian [[David Brody (historian)|David Brody]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Brody|first=David|author-link=David Brody (historian)|title=Meany, George|url=http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-01098.html|encyclopedia=American National Biography Online|publisher=Oxford University Press and American Council of Learned Societies|url-access=subscription |date=February 2000|access-date=August 12, 2016}}</ref>

Meany was known as a cigar smoker, and pictures of him often appeared in newspapers and magazines smoking a cigar.<ref name=Dangerous/><ref>{{cite book
 | last =Freeman
 | first =Joshua B.
 | title =A Companion to Post-1945 America
 | publisher =[[John Wiley and Sons]]
 | date =2008
 | pages =201
 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=tcbk_ERH6MgC&q=george+meany+cigar+smoker&pg=PA201
 | isbn =978-1-4051-2319-8
 }}</ref><ref name=Sidey2>{{cite news
  | last = Sidey, Hugh
  | author-link = Hugh Sidey
  | title = For George Meany, life begins at 77
  | newspaper = [[LIFE magazine]]
  | location = [[New York City]]
  | date = November 19, 1971
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GEAEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22George+Meany%22&pg=PA4
  | access-date = November 15, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
  | title = A.F.L.'s George Meany
  | newspaper = [[Time (magazine)|TIME]]
  | location = [[New York City]]
  | date = March 21, 1955
| url = http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19550321,00.html
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061207073443/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0%2C16641%2C19550321%2C00.html
  | url-status = dead
  | archive-date = December 7, 2006
| access-date = November 15, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
  | title = Labor in the Freeze: George Meany
  | newspaper = [[Time (magazine)|TIME]]
  | location = [[New York City]]
  | date = September 6, 1971
| url = http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19710906,00.html
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071017220535/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19710906,00.html
  | url-status = dead
  | archive-date = October 17, 2007
| access-date = November 15, 2011}}</ref>

On the 100th anniversary of his birth in 1994,<ref>{{cite news
  | last = Kronish
  | first = Syd
  | title = Stamp Honors Labor Leader Meany on 100th Birthday
  | newspaper = [[Deseret News]]
  | location = [[Salt Lake City]]
  | date = August 29, 1994
| url = http://www.deseretnews.com/article/372647/STAMP-HONORS-LABOR-LEADER-MEANY-ON-100TH-BIRTHDAY.html
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150112143144/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/372647/STAMP-HONORS-LABOR-LEADER-MEANY-ON-100TH-BIRTHDAY.html
  | url-status = dead
  | archive-date = January 12, 2015
  | access-date = November 15, 2011}}</ref> Meany was pictured on a United States [[Commemorative stamp|commemorative postage stamp]].<ref>{{cite web
  | last = Sine
  | first = Richard L.
  |author2=Galpin, Jonathan
  | title = Commemorative issue: George Meany
  | work = U.S. Stamp Gallery
  | url = http://www.usstampgallery.com/view.php?id=1ba65bc81ee7d284e60782ecd3308ec517b73b82
  | access-date = November 15, 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Organized labour}}
* [[American Federation of Labor]]
* [[Argo (2012 film)|''Argo'']] features a scene about his death
* "[[Bart of Darkness]]", with a fictionalized cameo

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* Brody, David (1999). "Meany, George". ''American National Biography''. {{doi|10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1501098}}. Short scholarly biography.
* Buhle, Paul (1999). [https://archive.org/details/takingcareofbusi0000buhl ''Taking Care of Business: Samuel Gompers, George Meany, Lane Kirkland, and the Tragedy of American Labor''].
* Carew, Anthony (2018). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gD9vDwAAQBAJ ''American Labour's Cold War Abroad: From Deep Freeze to Détente, 1945–1970''].
* Goulden, Joseph C. (1972). [https://archive.org/details/meany00goul ''Meany: The Unchallenged Strong Man of American Labor'']. Detailed biography.
* Kersten, Andrew E. (2006). [https://archive.org/details/laborshomefronta0000kers ''Labor's Home Front: The American Federation of Labor During World War II'']. NYU Press.
* Liazos, Theodore Christos (1998). [https://www.proquest.com/openview/f3787ca8adc5f2c3c426ac5670122008/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y ''Big Labor: George Meany and the Making of the AFL-CIO, 1894–1955'']. PhD dissertation. New Haven, CT: Yale University. ProQuest ID 9929617. Biography.
* Robinson, Archie (1982). [https://archive.org/details/georgemeanyhisti00robi ''George Meany and His Times: A Biography''].
* Sinyai, Clayton (2006). [https://archive.org/details/schoolsofdemocra00siny/page/n5/mode/2up ''Schools of Democracy: A Political History of the American Labor Movement'']. ILR Press.
* Taft, Philip (1959). [https://archive.org/details/afoflfromd00taft ''The AFL from the Death of Gompers to the Merger''].
* Wehrle, Edmund F. (August 2008). [https://thekeep.eiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=history_fac {{"'}}Partisan for the Hard Hats': Charles Colson, George Meany, and the Failed Blue-Collar Strategy"]. ''Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas''. Volume 5, Issue 3. 45–66. {{doi|10.1215/15476715-2008-005}}.
* Zieger, Robert H. (1987). [https://archive.org/details/laborleadersinam00grap_0 "George Meany: Labor's Organization Man"] in ''Labor Leaders in America'', ed. Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine.
* Zieger, Robert H. (2002). [https://archive.org/details/americanworkersa0000zieg ''American Workers, American Unions, 1920–1985''], 3rd ed..

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081130032132/http://laborday.aflcio.org/aboutus/history/history/meany.cfm George Meany (1894–1980) AFL-CIO biography]
* [http://www.lib.umd.edu/special/collections/afl-cio/ George Meany Memorial AFL-CIO Archives] at the [[University of Maryland]]'s [[Hornbake Library]] 
* {{Internet Archive film clip|id=gov.archives.arc.95784|description="Longines Chronoscope with George Meany (September 26, 1952)"}}
* [https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/1482 Virginia Tehas Oral History interview] at the [[University of Maryland Libraries|University of Maryland libraries]]. Tehas was Meany's secretary from 1940 to 1979, and the interviews include her insight on working for Meany.

{{S-start}}
{{S-npo|union}}
{{succession box|title=Secretary-Treasurer of the [[American Federation of Labor]]|years=1939–1952|before=[[Frank Morrison (labor unionist)|Frank Morrison]]|after=[[William F. Schnitzler]]}}
{{S-bef | before=[[William Green (labor leader)|William Green]] }}
{{S-ttl | title=President of the [[American Federation of Labor]]
 | years=1952–1955 }}
{{S-non | reason=''Merged into AFL–CIO'' }}

{{S-new | reason=AFL–CIO founded }}
{{S-ttl | title=President of the [[AFL–CIO]]
 | years=1955–1979 }}
{{S-aft | after=[[Lane Kirkland]] }}
{{S-end}}

{{AFL-CIO}}
{{Freedom Award laureates}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meany, George}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Presidents of the American Federation of Labor]]
[[Category:Secretary-Treasurers of the American Federation of Labor]]
[[Category:Presidents of the AFL-CIO]]
[[Category:Activists from the Bronx]]
[[Category:People from City Island, Bronx]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:American plumbers]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Laetare Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Burials at Gate of Heaven Cemetery (Silver Spring, Maryland)]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American trade unionists of Irish descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American anti-communists]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:American anti-corruption activists]]
[[Category:American Labor Party politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century American trade unionists]]