View source for George W. Randolph

{{short description|American politician}}

{{Infobox officeholder
|name        = George Randolph
|image       = Bust portrait of George Wythe Randolph, Secretary of War.jpg
| caption             = Published circa 1866
|office      = 3rd [[Confederate States Secretary of War]]
|president   = [[Jefferson Davis]]
|term_start  = March 24, 1862
|term_end    = November 15, 1862
|predecessor = [[Judah P. Benjamin|Judah Benjamin]]
|successor   = [[James Seddon]]
| state_senate1 = Virginia
| district1 = [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]]
| term_start1 = 1863
| term_end1 = March 15, 1865
| preceded1 =   [[John Robertson (congressman)|John Robertson]]
| succeeded1 = Charles Campbell
|birth_date  = {{birth date|1818|3|10}}
|birth_place = [[Albemarle County, Virginia]], U.S.
|death_date  = {{death date and age|1867|4|3|1818|3|10}}
|death_place = [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], U.S.
|party       = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|spouse    = Mary Elizabeth Adams
|parents    = [[Thomas Mann Randolph Jr.]]<br />[[Martha Jefferson Randolph]]
|relatives   = [[Thomas Jefferson Randolph]] (brother)<br />[[Ellen Randolph Coolidge]] (sister) 
|alma_mater  = [[University of Virginia]]
|allegiance    = {{Flag|United States of America|1846}}<br />{{flagicon|CSA}} [[Confederate States of America]]
|branch        = {{navy|USA}}<br />{{army|CSA}}
|serviceyears  = 1831–1839 (USA)<br />1861–1865 (CSA)
|rank          =  [[Midshipman]] (USN)<br />Major (Virginia Militia)<br /> [[Brigadier General (CSA)|Brigadier General]] (CSA)
|servicenumber =
|unit          =
|commands      =
|battles       = [[American Civil War]]<br />[[Battle of Big Bethel]]
}}

'''George Wythe Randolph''' (March 10, 1818 &ndash; April 3, 1867) was a Virginia [[lawyer]], [[plantation|planter]], politician and [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] general. After representing the City of Richmond during the [[Virginia Secession Convention]] in 1861, during eight months in 1862 he was the [[Confederate States Secretary of War]] during the [[American Civil War]], then served in the Virginia Senate representing the City of Richmond until the war's end.<ref name=Goldberg>[http://www.EncyclopediaVirginia.org/Randolph_George_Wythe_1818-1867 Goldberg, David E. "George Wythe Randolph (1818–1867)."], ''Encyclopedia Virginia'', Ed. Brendan Wolfe. 6 Apr. 2011. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, accessed 19 October 2020</ref>

==Early and family life==
[[File:Coat of Arms of William Randolph.svg|175px|thumb|Coat of Arms of William Randolph]]
Born in 1818 at [[Monticello]] near [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], to [[Martha Jefferson Randolph]], the daughter of [[U.S. President]] [[Thomas Jefferson]], and her husband (and future Virginia governor) [[Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr.]], the couple's youngest son could trace his descent to [[Pocahontas]] and had many relations among the [[First Families of Virginia]]. His name honored [[George Wythe]], a signer of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], law professor of his grandfather [[Thomas Jefferson]], and Virginia judge who opposed slavery (which position likely caused his murder). Randolph's relations also included [[Edmund Randolph]] (Virginia's second governor after statehood as well as the first [[Attorney General of the United States]]),  [[colonist]] [[William Randolph]], [[Isham Randolph of Dungeness]], [[Richard Randolph]] and [[Thomas Randolph of Tuckahoe]].

Following a private education appropriate for his class, Randolph briefly attended preparatory schools in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] (under the direction of his brother in law [[Joseph Coolidge]])<ref>Biographies of Notable Americans (1904) available on ancestry.com</ref> and Washington, D.C., where his mother sent him to give him distance from Virginia politics and family troubles. His father had incurred much debt, and creditors foreclosed after his term as Virginia's 21st governor ended. However, his elder brother [[Thomas Jefferson Randolph]] managed to buy the family's Edgehill plantation at a foreclosure auction in 1826. Meanwhile, G.W. Randolph became a [[midshipman]] in the [[United States Navy]] from 1831 to 1839, sailing on the ''USS John Adams'' and ''USS Constitution'' in the Mediterranean Sea as well as training at the Naval School in [[Norfolk, Virginia]]. Randolph also began attending the [[University of Virginia]] in Charlottesville near his home during his naval service in 1837, perhaps while recovering from tuberculosis contracted during his naval voyages (which went into a very long remission but which ultimately proved fatal).<ref name=Goldberg/>

Randolph read the law with an established lawyer, probably in part guided by [[George Tucker (American politician)|George Tucker]], who was a professor of moral philosophy at the University of Virginia (at which his eldest brother Thomas Jefferson Randolph was rector) and also wrote the first widely read biography of Thomas Jefferson (in 1837) and various treatises about economics and slavery before retiring from the faculty and moving to Philadelphia in 1845.

===Marriage and family===
On April 10, 1852, George W. Randolph married the young widow Mary Elizabeth (Adams) Pope (1830&ndash;1871). Like Randolph, she descended from the First Families of Virginia. However, they had no children.<ref>''Genealogy of the Page Family in Virginia'' by Richard Channing Moore Page</ref> His wife Mary Randolph later became active in the Richmond Ladies Association, which organized welfare and relief for the Confederate war effort.<ref name=Goldberg/>

===Slaveholdings===

Several of the Randolphs, like Jefferson's teacher George Wythe, opposed slavery and freed slaves either during their lifetimes or in their wills. Following Nat Turner's Rebellion, his brother [[Thomas Jefferson Randolph]] introduced a [[Gradual emancipation (United States)|gradual emancipation]] plan as a bill in the [[Virginia House of Delegates]] but it was soundly defeated. In the 1860 federal census, George Wythe Randolph owned one slave, a 78-year-old woman.<ref>1860 U.S. Federal Census for Ward 1, Richmond, Henrico County, Virginia p. 50 of 53</ref> However, like other [[plantations in the American South|plantation]]s in Virginia, Edgehill plantation used slave labor.

==Career==
After admission to the bar in 1840, Randolph practiced law in [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], and he and Mary lived at the family's [[Edge Hill (Shadwell, Virginia)|Edgehill]] plantation. They moved to the capital of Richmond between 1849 and 1851. Randolph became active in the community as well as continued a law practice. He founded the Richmond Mechanics' Institute and was an officer in the [[Virginia Historical Society]].<ref name=Goldberg/>

Following John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry, rumors arose that abolitionist raiders would raid the jail at [[Charles Town, West Virginia|Charles Town]] to free him. Randolph responded by organizing the [[Richmond Howitzers]], which were among the troops that Virginia Governor [[Henry A. Wise]] sent to secure the town until Brown's execution. On their return, they received the naval howitzers that gave their unit their name, and first paraded in Richmond on July 4, 1860. Late in 1860, they received the designation, Company H of the First Regiment of Volunteers in the Virginia militia.<ref>Lee A. Wallace, Jr. The Richmond Howitzers (Lynchburg, H.E. Howard Inc. 1993 p. 1</ref>

As the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] formed after southern states began seceding from the Union following the election of [[Abraham Lincoln]] as president, the United States divided into two hostile camps and the sections moved toward open conflict. Richmond voters elected Randolph and fellow attorneys [[William Hamilton McFarland|William H. McFarland]] and [[Marmaduke Johnson (Lawyer and Soldier)]] as their representatives to the [[Virginia Secession Convention of 1861]].<ref>Cynthia Miller Leonard, The Virginia General Assembly 1619-1978 (Virginia State Library 1978 p. 476</ref> Despite Randolph's speech in favor of secession, the first secession vote failed (Randolph among the ayes, McFarland and Johnson among the nays). Randolph's brother Thomas Jefferson Randolph was one of the Albemarle County delegates.<ref>Leonard p. 474</ref> A special delegation, composed of G.W. Randolph, [[William B. Preston]] and [[Alexander H.H. Stuart]], traveled to [[Washington, D.C.]] where they met newly inaugurated [[President of the United States|President]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] on April 12, 1861, the same day that South Carolina artillery militia fired at [[Fort Sumter]]. Finding the President firm in his resolve to hold the Federal forts in the South, the three men returned to Richmond on April 15.<ref name=Goldberg/> On April 18, the day after President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the Confederate show of force, the Convention approved a secession resolution, which was sent for voter approval at a referendum the following month.

{{Css Image Crop|Image = CSA-T56-$100-1863 (inverted back).jpg|bSize = 250|cWidth = 250|cHeight = 113|oTop = 2|oLeft = 0|Location = right|Description=George W. Randolph depicted on an 1863 Confederate [[Confederate States dollar|$100 banknote]] (with [[Lucy Pickens]]).}}
On April 21 Governor Wise called the Richmond Howitzers into state service and sent them down the [[James River]] to stop the ''USS Pawnee'', allegedly en route to shell Richmond. They were then sent to barracks established at [[University of Richmond|Richmond Baptist College]] under Col. [[John B. Magruder]], who had fought as an artillery officer in the Mexican War and who requested ten cadets from the [[Virginia Military Institute]] as drill instructors. When enlistments proved heavy, the unit expanded into a battalion at the suggestion of Col. [[Edward Porter Alexander]] (who would later become CSA General Longstreet's artillery commander). On May 1, 1861, Randolph accepted a commission as [[Major (rank)|major]] and command of the Richmond Howitzers, with three companies designated (a fourth company was started in July but disbanded in August when recruitment lagged). He sent Lt. John Thomson Brown with several militiamen to [[Gloucester Point, Virginia|Gloucester Point]], where on May 7 they fired on the ''USS Yankee'', thus the first hostile shot fired in that conflict in Virginia. On May 13, the battalion left the college and encamped on the Mechanicsville Turnpike for a while until moving to [[Chimborazo Hill]], where they posted their guns overlooking the James River at [[Rockett's Landing]], where many slaves disembarked. Later in the month, First Company was sent to Manassas Junction (and returned for the battle below, but were then sent to Fairfax Court House where they were involved in a friendly fire incident on July 4, and were not actually called into action at the [[First Battle of Manassas]], only experienced hostile fire); Second Company to Yorktown (where they joined General Magruder's forces on May 27 and did not return, being reassigned) and Third Company to the lower Peninsula, where Randolph became General Magruder's artillery commander and designed fortifications to secure Yorktown and the [[Hampton Roads]] area. On June 10 Randolph's Howitzers fought the [[Battle of Big Bethel]] near Yorktown, their only engagement as a battalion during the war, and in which three men were wounded.<ref>Wallace pp. 1-2</ref> His defenses anticipated Union General George McClellan's campaign of the following spring.<ref name=Goldberg/>

On September 13, 1861, General Magruder organized ten artillery companies (including the Richmond Howitzers) into a regiment, with Major Randolph promoted to [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]]. It was initially called the 2nd Regiment Virginia Artillery but by January 1862 became the 1st Regiment Virginia Artillery. He was promoted to [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] on February 12, 1862, but saw no combat as such, initially assigned to plan the defense of [[Suffolk, Virginia|Suffolk]].<ref>Wallace pp. 3, 122</ref> He was officially mustered out on December 18, 1864.<ref>Civil War soldier records on ancestry.com</ref>
Confederate President [[Jefferson Davis]] appointed Randolph as [[Confederate States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] on March 18, 1862, and he took office on March 24, 1862. Randolph helped reform the department, improving procurement and writing a conscription law similar to one he had created for Virginia. He strengthened the Confederacy's western and southern defenses, but came into conflict with Jefferson Davis. He also was involved in a controversy over the use of hidden shells, which Union troops found upon capturing Yorktown; Randolph argued the explosive devices contravened the laws of civilized warfare but were acceptable if left on a parapet of a fort to prevent its capture or allow defenders to retreat more safely.<ref>Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography (1915) available on ancestry.com</ref> With weakening health due to [[tuberculosis]] (TB), he resigned on November 17, 1862.

However, Randolph did accept election as Richmond's state senator, and served in the [[Virginia Senate]] during the remainder of the conflict.<ref>Leonard p. 487</ref>

==Post-Civil War==
In 1864, Randolph ran the U.S. naval blockade and took his family to Europe, receiving medical treatment in England and southern France. He took the oath of allegiance to the United States in April 1866 in [[Pau, France]].<ref>ancestry.com</ref> The Randolphs then returned to Virginia. Randolph died of [[tuberculosis]] on April 3, 1867, at [[Edge Hill (Shadwell, Virginia)|Edgehill]].<ref name=Goldberg/> He is buried at [[Monticello]] in the Jefferson family graveyard.<ref name=Goldberg/>

==Legacy and honors==
*Randolph was portrayed on the [[Confederate States of America dollar|$100 bill]] printed by the Confederate States of America.

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|American Civil War}}
[[List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Eicher, John H., and [[David J. Eicher]], ''Civil War High Commands.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-3641-1}}.
*Daniels, Jonathan. ''The Randolphs of Virginia: America's Foremost Family'', Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1972.
*Janney, Caroline E. ''Burying the Dead but Not the Past: Ladies' Memorial Associations and the Lost Cause'', Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008.
* Moore, Richard Channing. ''Genealogy of the Page Family in Virginia.''
* Sifakis, Stewart. ''Who Was Who in the Civil War.'' New York: Facts On File, 1988. {{ISBN|978-0-8160-1055-4}}.
*Shackelford, George. ''George Wythe Randolph and the Confederate Elite'', Athens, Georgia and London: University of Georgia Press, 1988.
* [[Ezra J. Warner (historian)|Warner, Ezra J.]] ''Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders.'' Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. {{ISBN|978-0-8071-0823-9}}.

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|George W. Randolph}}
*{{Find a Grave|11056|access-date=2008-02-13}}

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{{s-bef|before=[[Judah P. Benjamin|Judah Benjamin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Confederate States Secretary of War]]|years=1862}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James Seddon]]}}
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{{Thomas Jefferson}}

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[[Category:1818 births]]
[[Category:1867 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century American Episcopalians]]

[[Category:American slave owners]]
[[Category:19th-century American planters]]
[[Category:Bolling family (Virginia)]]
[[Category:Burials at Monticello]]
[[Category:Cary family (Virginia)]]
[[Category:Confederate States Army generals]]
[[Category:Executive members of the Cabinet of the Confederate States of America]]
[[Category:19th-century members of the Virginia General Assembly]]
[[Category:Jefferson family]]
[[Category:People from Monticello]]
[[Category:People of Virginia in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Randolph family (Virginia)|George W.]]
[[Category:United States Navy officers]]
[[Category:University of Virginia alumni]]
[[Category:Virginia lawyers]]