View source for Gesang der Jünglinge

{{Short description|Electronic music work by Karlheinz Stockhausen}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox musical composition
| name              = ''Gesang der Jünglinge''
| type              = [[Electronic music]]
| composer          = {{nowrap|[[Karlheinz Stockhausen]]}}
| image             = Stockhausen March 2004 excerpt.jpg
| image_upright     = 
| caption           = 
| translation       = ''Song of the Youths''
| key               = 
| catalogue         = 8
| text              = [[Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego|Fiery furnace]] from the [[Book of Daniel]]
| composed          = 
| performed         = {{start date|1955}}–56
| scoring           = {{hlist|[[boy soprano]]| tape }}
| published         = 
}}

'''''Gesang der Jünglinge''''' (literally "Song of the Youths") is an [[electronic music]] work by [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]]. It was realized in 1955–56 at the [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk]] studio in [[Cologne]] and is Work Number 8 in the composer's catalog. The vocal parts were supplied by 12-year-old [[Josef Protschka]]. It is exactly 13 minutes, 14 seconds long.

The work, normally described as "the first masterpiece of electronic music"{{sfn|Simms|1986|p=391}}{{sfn|Kohl|1998|p=61}} and "an opus, in the most emphatic sense of the term",{{sfn|Decroupet|Ungeheuer|1998|p=97}} is significant in that it seamlessly integrates electronic sounds with the human voice by means of matching voice [[resonance]]s with [[Pitch (music)|pitch]] and creating sounds of [[phoneme]]s electronically. In this way, for the first time ever it successfully brought together the two opposing worlds of the purely electronically generated German ''elektronische Musik'' and the French ''[[musique concrète]]'', which transforms recordings of acoustical events. ''Gesang der Jünglinge'' is also noted for its early use of [[spatial sound|spatiality]]; it was originally in five-channel sound, which was later reduced to just four channels (mixed to monaural and later to stereo for commercial recording release).

==History==
In the autumn of 1954, Stockhausen conceived the idea of composing a [[Mass (liturgy)|mass]] for electronic sounds and voices. According to his official biographer, Stockhausen regarded this mass as a sacred work written from personal conviction, and asked his mentor, the director of the WDR electronic studio [[Herbert Eimert]], to write to the Diocesan office of the [[Archbishop of Cologne]] for permission to have the work performed in the [[Cologne Cathedral]]. Stockhausen was bitterly disappointed when the request was refused on grounds that loudspeakers had no place in church.{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|p=82}} Although there is no doubt about Stockhausen's ambition to create an electronic mass, nor that he was frustrated by the lack of assurance that a suitable sacred venue or worship service would be sanctioned by the church, it is equally certain that "he never made an official request to the General Vicariate of the Archdiocese of Cologne and, therefore, never could have received an official response from them, whatever the result might have been". Furthermore, there is no evidence at all that Eimert, who was a Protestant, ever broached the subject even informally with Johannes Overath, the responsible official in the Cologne archdiocese at the time (as well as a member of the Broadcasting Council from 2 March 1955), so that the version of the story presented by Kurtz cannot be sustained on the basis of contemporary records.{{sfn|Kirchmeyer|2009|pp=254–257, 259}}
[[File:Aosta Sant Orso Chiostro Capitello2 Lato Nord.jpg|thumb|[[Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego]] shielded by the angel (Aosta, cloister of the [[Collegiate church of Saint Ursus]], 12th century)]]
==Materials and form==
There are three basic types of material used: (1) electronically generated [[Sine wave|sine tones]], (2) electronically generated pulses (clicks), and (3) filtered white noise. To these is added the recorded voice of a [[boy soprano]], which incorporates elements of all three types: vowels are harmonic spectra, which may be conceived as based on sine tones; fricatives and sibilants are like filtered noises; plosives resemble impulses. Each of these may be composed along a scale running from discrete events to massed "complexes" structured statistically.{{sfn|Decroupet|Ungeheuer|1998|pp=99–100}} The last category occurs in Stockhausen's electronic music for the first time in ''Gesang der Jünglinge'', and originates in the course of studies Stockhausen took between 1954 and 1956 with [[Werner Meyer-Eppler]] at the [[University of Bonn]].

The text of ''Gesang der Jünglinge'' is from a Biblical story in the [[Book of Daniel]] where [[Nebuchadnezzar II|Nebuchadnezzar]] throws [[Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego]] into a fiery furnace but miraculously they are unharmed and begin to sing praises to God. This text is presented in a carefully devised scale of seven degrees of comprehensibility, an idea which also came from Werner Meyer-Eppler's seminars.{{sfn|Stockhausen|1958}}{{sfn|Heike|1999|pp=210–214}}

==Influence on popular music==
Key aspects of the arrangement of "[[Tomorrow Never Knows]]", the final track of [[The Beatles]]' 1966 studio album ''[[Revolver (Beatles album)|Revolver]],'' were inspired by ''Gesang der Jünglinge''. "Tomorrow Never Knows" is credited as a [[Lennon–McCartney]] song, but was written primarily by [[John Lennon]] with major contributions to the arrangement by [[Paul McCartney]]. The track included [[Tape loop|looped tape]] effects. For the track, McCartney supplied a bag of {{frac|1|4}}-inch audio tape loops he had made at home after listening to ''Gesang der Jünglinge''. The Beatles would continue to use similar efforts with "[[Revolution 9]]", a track produced in 1968 for ''[[The Beatles (album)|The White Album]]'' that also made use of [[sound collage]].{{sfn|Wenner|1971}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

=== Cited sources ===
{{div col|colwidth=45em}}
* {{cite journal| last1 = Decroupet | first1 = Pascal | last2 = Ungeheuer | first2 = Elena | date = Winter 1998 | title = Through the Sensory Looking-Glass: The Aesthetic and Serial Foundations of Gesang der Jünglinge | translator-last = Kohl | translator-first = Jerome | translator-link = Jerome Kohl | journal = [[Perspectives of New Music]] | volume = 36 | number = 1| pages = 97–142| doi = 10.2307/833578 | jstor = 833578 }}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Heike|1999}}|reference=Heike, Georg. 1999. "Die Bedeutung der Phonetik in der Vokalkomposition von Stockhausen." In ''Internationales Stockhausen-Symposion 1998. Musikwissenschaftliches Institut der Universität zu Köln, 11. bis 14. November 1998. Tagungsbericht'', edited by Imke Misch and Christoph von Blumröder, 206–216. Saarbrücken: Pfau-Verlag.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Kirchmeyer|2009}}|reference=[[Helmut Kirchmeyer|Kirchmeyer, Helmut]]. 2009. "Stockhausens Elektronische Messe nebst einem Vorspann unveröffentlichter Briefe aus seiner Pariser Zeit an Herbert Eimert". ''[[Archiv für Musikwissenschaft]]'' 66, no. 3:234–259.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Kohl|1998}}|reference=[[Jerome Kohl|Kohl, Jerome]]. 1998. "Guest Editor's Introduction" to "A Seventieth-Birthday Festschrift for Karlheinz Stockhausen (Part One)". ''[[Perspectives of New Music]]'' 36, no. 1 (Winter): 59–64.}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Kurtz|1992}}|reference=Kurtz, Michael. 1992. ''Stockhausen: A Biography'', translated by [[Richard Toop]]. London and Boston: Faber and Faber. {{ISBN|0-571-14323-7}} (cloth) {{ISBN|0-571-17146-X}} (pbk).}}
* {{cite book| last = Simms | first = Bryan R. | date = 1986 | title = Music of the Twentieth Century: Style and Structure | location = New York | publisher = Schirmer Books | isbn = 0-02-872580-8}}
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stockhausen|1958}}|reference=Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 1958. "Musik und Sprache". ''[[Die Reihe]]'' 6:36–58. (English edition, as "Music and Speech" 1964:40–64.)}}
* {{cite magazine|last=Wenner|first=Jann|author-link=Jann Wenner|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|issue=74, 75|date=21 January – 4 February 1971|title=John Lennon: The ''Rolling Stone'' Interview, Part One|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/john-lennon-the-rolling-stone-interview-part-one-160194/}} [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/john-lennon-the-rolling-stone-interview-part-two-160932/ Part Two]
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==Further reading==
{{div col|colwidth=45em}}
* {{ill|Christian Bauer (philosopher)|de|Christian Bauer (Philosoph)|lt=Bauer, Christian}}. 2008. ''Sacrificium intellectus: Das Opfer des Verstandes in der Kunst von Karlheinz Stockhausen, [[Botho Strauß]] und [[Anselm Kiefer]]''. Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag. {{ISBN|978-3-7705-4596-4}}.
* Decroupet, Pascal. 1993. "Bilan intermédiaire: À propos de ''Gesang der Jünglinge'' de Karlheinz Stockhausen". ''Mitteilungen der Paul Sacher Stiftung'', no. 6 (March): 23–25.
* Decroupet, Pascal. 1994. "Timbre Diversification in Serial Tape Music and Its Consequence on Form". ''Contemporary Music Review'', 10, no. 2:13–23.
* Decroupet, Pascal. 1995. "Rätsel der Zahlenquadrate: Funktion und Permutation in der seriellen Musik von [[Pierre Boulez|Boulez]] und Stockhausen". ''Positionen: Beiträge zur Neuen Musik'', no. 23 (May): 25–29.
* Decroupet, Pascal. 1997. "Gravitationsfeld Gruppen: Zur Verschränkung der Werke ''Gesang der Jünglinge'', ''Gruppen'', und ''Zeitmasse'' und deren Auswirkung auf Stockhausens Musikdenken in der zweiten Hälfte der fünfziger Jahre". ''Musiktheorie'' 12, no. 1 (''Analysieren und Hören neuer Musik'', edited by Rainer Wehinger and Thomas Kabisch): 37–51.
* Decroupet, Pascal. 2012. "Le rôle des clés et algorithmes dans le décryptage analytique: L'exemple des musiques sérielles de Pierre Boulez, Karlheinz Stockhausen et [[Bernd Alois Zimmermann]]". ''Revue de Musicologie'' 98, no. 1:221–246.
* Decroupet, Pascal, and Elena Ungeheuer. 1993. "Son pur—bruit—médiations: Matières, matériaux et formes dans ''Gesang der Jünglinge'' de Karlheinz Stockhausen". ''Genesis'' 4:69–85.
* Frisius, Rudolf. 2008. ''Karlheinz Stockhausen II: Die Werke 1950–1977; Gespräch mit Karlheinz Stockhausen, "Es geht aufwärts"''. Mainz, London, Berlin, Madrid, New York, Paris, Prague, Tokyo, Toronto: Schott Musik International. {{ISBN|978-3-7957-0249-6}}.
* Goldberg, Albert. 12 March 1957. "The Sounding Board: Strange Music Heard at Monday Concert". ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', p. 27.
* Metzer, David. 2004. "The Paths from and to Abstraction in Stockhausen’s ''Gesang der Jünglinge''". ''Modernism/Modernity'' 11, no. 4 (November): 695–721. {{doi|10.1353/mod.2005.0012}}
* Metzer, David Joel. 2009. ''Musical Modernism at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century''. Music in the Twentieth Century 26. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-51779-9}}.
* Plumb, Robert K. 24 June 1956. "Experts on Sound Pull New Strings: Congress on Acoustics Hears Electronic Music, Discusses Deceptive Tape Recording". ''[[The New York Times]]'', p. 80.
* Sangild, Torben. 2005. "Elektronisk avantgarde—Stockhausens Gesang der Jünglinge" In ''En tradition af opbrud: avantgardernes tradition og politik'', edited by [[Tania Ørum]], Marianne Ping Huang, and Charlotte Engberg, 192–202. Hellerup: Forlaget Spring. {{ISBN|87-90326-71-7}}.
* [[Harold C. Schonberg|Schonberg, Harold C.]] 17 June 1956. "Splitting the Octave: I.S.C.M. Composer Believes He Can Break It Down into 42 Segments". ''[[The New York Times]]'', p. 105.
* Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 1998. "Elektronische Musik seit 1952". In his ''Texte zur Musik'' 8 (1984–1991: ''Dienstag aus Licht''; Elektronische Musik), edited by [[Christoph von Blumröder]], 399–504. Kürten: Stockhausen-Verlag. {{ISBN|3-00-002131-0}}.
* Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 2009. ''Kompositorische Grundlagen Neuer Musik: Sechs Seminare für die Darmstädter Ferienkurse 1970'', edited by Imke Misch. Kürten: Stockhausen-Stiftung für Musik. {{ISBN|978-3-00-027313-1}}.
* [[Toop, Richard]]. 1981. "Stockhausen's Electronic Works: Sketches and Worksheets from 1952-1967." ''Interface'' 10:149–197.
* Ungeheuer, Elena, and Pascal Decroupet. 1996. "Technik und Ästhetik der elektronischen Musik". In ''Musik und Technik: Fünf Kongreßbeiträge und vier Seminarberichte'', edited by Rudolf Frisius and [[Helga de la Motte-Haber]], 123–142. Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Neue Musik und Musikerziehung Darmstadt 36. Mainz: Schott Musik International. {{ISBN|3-7957-1776-0}}.
* Ungeheuer, Elena, and Pascal Decroupet. 1998. "Materialen und Dramaturgie in Karlheinz Stockhausens ''Gesang der Jünglinge''". ''Mitteilungen: Eine Publikation der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Elektroakustiche Musik DEGEM'', no. 30 (September): 27–39.
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==External links==
* [http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/works/gesang-der-juenglinge/ ''Gesang der Jünglinge'' page from the score: vocal complex IV]
* [https://www.academia.edu/3284213/Analyse_perceptive_en_vue_de_letude_du_rapport_texte_musique_dans_Gesang_des_Junglinge_Le_chant_des_adolescents_de_Karlheinz_Stockhausen Analyse perceptive de ''Gesang der Jünglinge'' de Karlheinz Stockhausen], by Sandrine Baranski {{in lang|fr}}
* "[http://sites.music.columbia.edu/masterpieces/notes/stockhausen/GesangHistoryandAnalysis.pdf ''Gesang der Jünglinge'': History and Analysis]", notes by John Smalley, for concert series, Masterpieces of 20th-Century Electronic Music: A Multimedia Perspective. The Columbia University Computer Music Center, presented by Lincoln Center (July 2000) {{in lang|en}}.
* [http://stockhausenspace.blogspot.de/2015/01/opus-8-gesang-der-junglinge.html ''Gesang der Jünglinge''] (history, text, scores, equipment) Sounds in Space
* {{YouTube|zv-I-CNv3JI| Karlheinz Stockhausen's ''Gesang der Jünglinge'': Analysis}}, [[Samuel Andreyev]], 23 May 2017

{{Karlheinz Stockhausen |state=autocollapse}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gesang Der Junglinge}}
[[Category:20th-century classical music]]
[[Category:Compositions by Karlheinz Stockhausen]]
[[Category:1956 compositions]]
[[Category:Serial compositions]]
[[Category:Spatial music]]
[[Category:Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego]]
[[Category:Electronic compositions]]
[[Category:Musique concrète]]