View source for Gewehr 41

{{About|the [[World War II]] era Gewehr 41 rifle|the Heckler and Koch G41|Heckler & Koch G41}}

{{Infobox weapon
| name               = Gewehr 41
| image              = Automatgevär m1941 Walther - Tyskland - AM.067370.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = Gewehr 41-W ([[Walther arms|Walther]] version)
| origin             = Nazi Germany
| type               = [[Semi-automatic rifle]]
| is_ranged          = yes
| service            = 1941–1945
| used_by            = See ''[[#Operators|operators]]''
| wars               = [[World War II]]
| designer           = 
| design_date        = 1941
| manufacturer       = 
| production_date    = 
| number             = up to 120,000{{sfn|McNab|2013|page=17}}
| variants           = 
| weight             = {{convert|4.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| length             = {{convert|1140|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| part_length        = {{convert|546|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| cartridge          = [[7.92×57mm Mauser]]
| action             = [[Gas-operated]], gas trap/ [[bolt action]] (G41(M))
| rate               = 20 to 30 rounds per minute
| velocity           = {{convert|776|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}{{sfn|Bishop|2002|page=217}}
| range              = {{convert|400|m|yd|abbr=on}}
| feed               = 10-round non-detachable magazine
| sights             = 
}}
[[File:Automatgevär m1941 Mauser - Tyskland - AM.045875.jpg|thumb|300px|Gewehr 41-M ([[Mauser]] version) semi-automatic rifle]]

The '''Gewehr 41''' {{langx|en|Rifle 41}}, commonly known as the '''G41(W)''' or '''G41(M)''', denoting the manufacturer ([[Carl Walther GmbH|Walther]]/[[Mauser]]), are two distinct and different [[Semi-automatic rifle]]s manufactured and used by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] during [[World War II]]. The Walther variant of the G41 was far more common and successful in German military service. They were largely superseded by the improved [[Gewehr 43]], which was derived from the G41(W) although both rifles served concurrently until the end of the war.

==Background==

While the Germans experimented with semi-automatic rifles as early as 1901, they didn't consider introducing such a weapon until the [[Soviet]]s began issuing the [[SVT-40]] rifle in large numbers for their troops.{{sfn|Smith|1948|pages=184−185}}

German semi-automatic [[recoil-operated]] prototypes proved to be too heavy and not meeting military requirements during trials, while their experience with the [[Mondragón rifle#World War I German service|Mondragón rifle]]  during [[World War 1]], and studies on captured [[RSC M1917]] rifles, both of which had several flaws, left the German High Command skeptical of gas-operated rifles in general, relying instead on tried and tested [[Mauser]] [[bolt-action]] rifles and recoil-operated light machine guns.{{sfn|Smith|1948|page=184}}

Samples of [[AVS-36]] rifles captured during the [[Spanish Civil War]] were studied by the Germans, but apparently they still considered gas systems as too impractical for military rifles.{{sfn|Smith|1948|page=185}}

During the early years of WWII, the Germans were becoming increasingly aware of other nations adopting semi-automatic rifles in large numbers: besides the AVS-36, the Soviets introduced the SVT-38 (and later the improved SVT-40), while the Americans adopted the [[M1 Garand]] to increase their infantry's firepower.{{sfn|McNab|2013|page=16}} According to Smith, the Germans were so familiar with the Garand upon its introduction that popular firearms publications in Germany included photos and descriptions of the M1. The Gewehr 41 would later incorporate a gas trap system similar to the early Garand.{{sfn|Smith|1948|pages=184−185}}

In 1940, the [[Oberkommando des Heeres|Army high command]] launched a competitive program for a new semi-auto rifle, with Mauser and [[Carl Walther GmbH|Walther]] as the main competitors, and the following restrictions placed upon the design:{{sfn|McNab|2013|pages=16−18}}

* no holes were to be bored into the [[Gun barrel|barrel]] for tapping gas for the loading mechanism;
* the rifles were not to have any moving parts on the surface;
* and in case the auto-loading mechanism failed, a bolt action was to be included.

== Description ==

Both designs used a mechanism known as the [[M1922 Bang rifle|"Bang" system]] (after its Danish designer Søren H. Bang). In this system, propellant gases were captured by a cone-shaped gas trap at the muzzle, which in turn deflected them to operate a small piston which in turn pushed on a long piston rod that opened the breech and re-loaded the gun. This is as opposed to the more common type of [[Gas-operated reloading|gas-actuated]] system, in which gases are tapped off from the barrel, and pushed back on a piston to open the breech to the rear.{{sfn|McNab|2013|page=17}} They also used the [[7.92×57mm Mauser]] round, having a range comparable to the standard-issue [[Karabiner 98k]] rifle. In comparison to the Kar98k, the Gewehr 41 rifles were longer and heavier, and the only advantages they offered were limited to a higher rate of fire and an extra five rounds in the magazine.{{sfn|McNab|2013|page=17}}

The Mauser design, the G41(M), was the only one of the two that respected the criteria imposed.{{sfn|McNab|2013|page=19}} It proved to be unreliable during trials and impractical for field use.{{sfn|McNab|2013|pages=17−19}}{{sfn|Smith|1948|page=187}} The G41(M) was striker-fired, rotating-bolt locking, and featured a traditional bolt handle/charging handle that automatically disconnected the bolt assembly from the recoil spring should the rifle be used in manual mode. The bolt system was in many ways analogous to the [[straight-pull]] [[Mannlicher M1895]] rifle.{{sfn|Smith|1948|page=187}} Only 6,673 were produced before production was halted, and of these, nearly 1,700 were returned as unusable.{{sfn|McNab|2013|page=19}}

The Walther design was more successful because the designers had simply ignored some of the restrictions placed by the German High Command (namely no moving parts on the surface of the gun, and the inclusion of a manual bolt-action backup mechanism).{{sfn|McNab|2013|page=18}} However it was still a heavy, complex, and unreliable weapon.{{sfn|McNab|2013|page=19}} The G41(W) was produced in small numbers (up to 7,500 in total) before it was officially adopted by the German Army as the Gewehr 41. According to McNab, around 120,000 Gewehr 41s were made in total.{{sfn|McNab|2013|page=17}} 

While the breech locking and firing systems on the G41(W) proved to be cheap and satisfactory enough for field use,{{sfn|Smith|1948|page=189}} the complex gas trap system proved to be difficult to be kept meticulously clean in the field resulting in malfunctions,<ref>{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Garry |title=This Old Gun: German Gewehr 41(W) |url=https://www.americanrifleman.org/content/this-old-gun-german-gewehr-41-w/ |website=American Rifleman |publisher=National Rifle Association |access-date=26 September 2024 |language=en |date=28 December 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Pegler|2019|page=19}} often suffering from carbon fouling and/or corrosion.{{sfn|Smith|1948|page=189}}

According to Pegler, the Gewehr 41 performance was on par with the Soviet SVT-38. Like the Tokarev rifle, the gas system had to be carefully adjusted. Use of poor-quality ammunition would result in failure to feed rounds or extract spent cartridge cases if the pressure was too low; on the other hand, if the pressure was too high it would rip off the cartridge cases, causing the gun to jam.{{sfn|Pegler|2019|page=64}} 

The G41(W) was thoroughly tested at the [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]], where its reliability proved to be inferior to the M1 Garand under severe conditions, especially when exposed to mud and rain. Mechanical breakdowns during testing were also frequent.{{sfn|Army Medical Service|1962|page=41}}

==History==

It was mostly used in the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]], where it proved to be less than successful due to the excessive weight and complexity of the Bang system, but it was the only semi-auto rifle the Germans were producing in significant quantities until the introduction of the improved [[Gewehr 43]].{{sfn|Bishop|2002|page=216}}

The Gewehr 41 was redesigned in 1943 into the Gewehr 43, utilizing a short-stroke piston copied from the [[SVT-40]] rifle, and implementing a conventional detachable box magazine,{{sfn|McNab|2013|page=19}} while keeping the Gewehr 41 locking system.{{sfn|Smith|1948|page=188}} Despite this, the remaining Gewehr 41s were kept in service for the rest of the war.{{sfn|McNab|2013|page=19}}

Some German-trained units of the [[Italian Social Republic]] such as the [[2nd Grenadier Division "Littorio"]], [[3rd Marine Infantry Division "San Marco"]] and the [[4th Alpine Division "Monterosa"]] were equipped with German weapons including G41(W) rifles.{{sfn|Morin|1974|pages=204,249}}

==Operators==

*{{flag|Nazi Germany}}
*{{flag|Italian Social Republic}} − Received some rifles in 1944{{sfn|Morin|1974|page=249}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last1=Army Medical Service |first1=United States |editor1-last=Coates Jr|editor1-first=Colonel James Boyd |editor2-last=Beyer |editor2-first=Major James C. |title=Wound Ballistics |date=1962 |publisher=Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army |location=Washington, DC |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtNKGZ_IerMC |access-date=26 September 2024 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bishop |first1=Chris |title=The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II |date=2002 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. |isbn=978-1-58663-762-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/tractors-29177010-Encyclopedia-of-Weapons-of-World-War-II/mode/2up |access-date=26 September 2024 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=McNab |first1=Chris |title=German Automatic Rifles 1941–45: Gew 41, Gew 43, FG 42 and StG 44 |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78096-387-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tn2ICwAAQBAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Pegler |first1=Martin |title=Sniping Rifles on the Eastern Front 1939–45 |date=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-2588-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJODDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Morin |first1=Marco |title=Morin Dal Carcano Al FAL V. 2 |date=1974 |publisher=Editorial Olympia |location=Florence |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/details/MorinDalCarcanoAlFALV.2 |language=It}}
*{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Walter Harold Black |title=Rifles Volume Two of The N. R. A. Book of Small Arms |date=1948 |publisher=[[National Rifle Association of America]] |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015004546142&seq=9 |access-date=25 September 2024 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commonscatinline}}
* [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/ehLg3n9_ruM Forgotten Weapons: Mauser Gewehr 41 (M)]
* [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/m38NQLwpQgo Forgotten Weapons: Walther Gewehr 41 (W)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115720/http://www.forgottenweapons.com/wp-content/uploads/Gewehr41/G41(M)%20Manual.PDF Gewehr 41 (M), Beschreibung, Handhabungs- und Behandlungsanleitung, vom 26.5.41 and Gewehr 41 (W), Beschreibung, Handhabung und Behandlung, vom 16.2.43]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220823213447/http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/ttt07/german-semiautomatic-rifle.html "New German Semi-Automatic Rifle"], Tactical and Technical Trends, No. 27, June 1943.


{{WWIIGermanInfWeapons}}
{{Mauser Firearms}}
{{Walther}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:7.92×57mm Mauser semi-automatic rifles]]
[[Category:World War II infantry weapons of Germany]]
[[Category:World War II semi-automatic rifles]]
[[Category:Semi-automatic rifles of Germany]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1941]]