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{{Infobox Italian comune
| name                = Ghedi
| official_name       = Città di Ghedi
| native_name         = {{Lang|lmo|Ghét}}
| image_skyline       = Chiesa Parrocchiale GHEDI XVIIsec..JPG
| imagesize           = 
| image_alt           = 
| image_caption       = Parish Church of Ghedi
| image_shield        =Ghedi-Stemma.svg
| shield_alt          = 
| image_map           = 
| map_alt             = 
| map_caption         = 
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt     = 
| coordinates         = {{coord|45|24|05|N|10|16|37|E|region:IT_type:city(17891)|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = <ref name="world gazetteer">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?men=gpro&des=gamelan&geo=487531024 |title=The World Gazetteer |access-date=2007-02-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930205851/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?men=gpro&des=gamelan&geo=487531024 |archive-date=2007-09-30 }}</ref>
| region              = [[Lombardy]]
| province            = [[Province of Brescia|Brescia]] (BS)
| frazioni            = Belvedere, Ponterosso, Fienil Nuovo
| mayor_party         = 
| mayor               = Federico Casali
| area_footnotes      = 
| area_total_km2      = 60
| population_footnotes = <ref name="template divisione amministrativa-abitanti">{{Cite web|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?a=2025&i=D7B|title=Bilancio demografico mensile anno 2025 (dati provvisori)}}</ref>
| population_total    = 18516
| population_as_of    = 31 July 2025
| pop_density_footnotes = 
| population_demonym  = Ghedesi
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m         = 85
| twin1               = 
| twin1_country       = 
| saint               = [[Roch|St. Roch]]
| day                 = August 16
| postal_code         = 25016
| area_code           = 030
| website             = {{official website|http://www.comune.ghedi.brescia.it}}
| footnotes           = 
}}

'''Ghedi''' ({{IPA|it|ˈɡɛdi|lang}};<ref>Luciano Canepari, Ghedi, in Il DiPI: dizionario di pronuncia italiana, Bologna, Zanichelli, 1999, ISBN 88-08-09344-1.</ref> ''Ghét'' in Brescian dialect<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brescialeonessa.it/dialet/vocabo/index.htm|title=Brescian-Italian Vocabulary|access-date=2020-05-19|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027123456/http://www.brescialeonessa.it/dialet/vocabo/index.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=AA. VV.|trans-title=Dictionary of Toponymy. History and Meaning of Italian Geographical Names|year=1996|publisher=Garzanti|location=Milan|isbn=88-11-30500-4|page=303|url=https://archive.org/details/dizionarioditopo00unse/page/303|title=Dizionario di toponomastica. Storia e significato dei nomi geografici italiani|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027123512/https://archive.org/details/dizionarioditopo00unse/page/303}}</ref>) is an [[Italy|Italian]] ''[[comune]]'' with a population of 18,516 inhabitants,<ref name="template divisione amministrativa-abitanti" /> located in the [[Province of Brescia]] in [[Lombardy]]. It is located in the eastern Lower Brescian Plain and is crossed by the Naviglio di Brescia canal.

The town is renowned for being home to the 6th Wing of the [[Italian Air Force]] (whose flying groups are the 102nd "[[Giuseppe Cenni]]", the 154th and the 155th), along with [[Ghedi Air Base|Ghedi Air Base]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.difesa.it/Protocollo/AOO_Difesa/Aeronautica/Pagine/ABS001.aspx|title=6th Wing Command - Difesa.it|access-date=2021-09-22|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027123601/https://www.difesa.it/Protocollo/AOO_Difesa/Aeronautica/Pagine/ABS001.aspx}}</ref> where the Brescia Ghedi weather station is also located.

== Physical geography ==
{{See also|Geography of Lombardy}}

=== Territory ===
Ghedi is situated within the [[Po Valley]] and features minimal hilly relief, being predominantly flat. It is geographically positioned in the eastern Lower Brescian Plain, thus not far from the [[Province of Cremona]] and the [[Province of Mantua]]; it covers a total area of about 60&nbsp;km², with a maximum elevation of 85&nbsp;m [[above sea level]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.italiapedia.it/comune-di-ghedi_017-078|publisher=Italiapedia|title=Municipality of Ghedi - Statistics|access-date=2021-09-22|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027123645/http://www.italiapedia.it/comune-di-ghedi_017-078}}</ref>

According to the conventional [[Seismic classification in Italy|seismic classification]], Ghedi falls into zone 2 (medium seismicity), particularly following the 2004 Salò earthquake. This classification was updated after the resolution of the [[Regional Council of Lombardy]] on 11 July 2014 no. 2129, which officially entered into force on 10 April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/lombardia/94-ghedi/rischio-sismico/|title=Seismic Risk in Ghedi (BS)|website=Tuttitalia.it|language=it|access-date=2021-09-22|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027123712/https://www.tuttitalia.it/lombardia/94-ghedi/rischio-sismico/}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
The climate of Ghedi generally aligns with that of rural centers in the upper Po Valley: falling under climate classification E with 2,570 [[Degree day|degree days]],<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://it.climate-data.org/europa/italia/lombardia/ghedi-13321/|title=Ghedi Climate: Temperature, Climate Averages, Rainfall in Ghedi. Rainfall and Temperature Graphs for Ghedi - Climate-Data.org|website=it.climate-data.org|access-date=2021-09-20|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027123745/https://it.climate-data.org/europa/italia/lombardia/ghedi-13321/}}</ref> it is characterized by a humid and temperate climate: warm and muggy in summer, but cold and harsh in winter, with widespread fog and occasional snowfall in the coldest months.<ref name=":6" />

{{Weather box
| location = Ghedi
| source = <ref name=Eurometeo1>{{Cite web
 | url = http://www.eurometeo.com/italian/climate/city_LIPL/meteo_brescia-ghedi%20italia
 | title = Eurometeo, climate averages
 | access-date = 14 June 2011
 | archive-date = 2023-10-27
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231027123812/http://www.eurometeo.com/italian/climate/city_LIPL/meteo_brescia-ghedi%20italia
}}</ref>
| collapsed = 
| Jan high C = 4
| Feb high C = 8
| Mar high C = 13
| Apr high C = 17
| May high C = 22
| Jun high C = 26
| Jul high C = 29
| Aug high C = 28
| Sep high C = 24
| Oct high C = 18
| Nov high C = 10
| Dec high C = 5
| Jan low C = -3
| Feb low C = -1
| Mar low C = 3
| Apr low C = 7
| May low C = 11
| Jun low C = 15
| Jul low C = 18
| Aug low C = 17
| Sep low C = 14
| Oct low C = 9
| Nov low C = 3
| Dec low C = -2
| Jan precipitation mm = 60
| Feb precipitation mm = 54
| Mar precipitation mm = 64
| Apr precipitation mm = 69
| May precipitation mm = 92
| Jun precipitation mm = 75
| Jul precipitation mm = 73
| Aug precipitation mm = 85
| Sep precipitation mm = 62
| Oct precipitation mm = 84
| Nov precipitation mm = 79
| Dec precipitation mm = 54
| Jan rain days = 6
| Feb rain days = 6
| Mar rain days = 8
| Apr rain days = 9
| May rain days = 10
| Jun rain days = 9
| Jul rain days = 6
| Aug rain days = 8
| Sep rain days = 6
| Oct rain days = 7
| Nov rain days = 8
| Dec rain days = 6
| Jan humidity = 86
| Feb humidity = 81
| Mar humidity = 75
| Apr humidity = 76
| May humidity = 73
| Jun humidity = 71
| Jul humidity = 72
| Aug humidity = 72
| Sep humidity = 75
| Oct humidity = 79
| Nov humidity = 85
| Dec humidity = 86
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
}}

== Origin of the name ==
The origin of the [[toponym]] ''Ghedi'' remains a subject of debate and uncertainty:
* Monsignor Antonio Fappani, in his Brescian Encyclopedia, suggests that it may derive from the name ''Gut'', comparable to the [[Goths|Gothic]] heritage and similar to Godi;<ref name=":5">{{Harvtxt|Fappani|1982}}</ref> another hypothesis traces it to the Lombard term ''gaida,'' meaning "arrow," alluding to the piece of land in which Ghedi is enclosed, between the course of the [[Chiese (river)|Chiese]] and the lower Naviglio di Brescia.<ref name=":5" />
* According to recent studies by Raffaele Castrichino, the modern toponym instead derives from the Latin term ''vadum'', synonymous with 'ford' or 'passage':
{{Quotation|''The Latin word lama means "marsh" and is common as a toponym. A lama is low ground where water stagnates, but where one can pass on foot or horseback. The Romans crossed it; it was called the "vadum." In antiquity, fords were important locations, like bridges, ferries, or rafts. For the Romans, a ford was synonymous with 'transitus,' or passage.''|R. Castrichino, Lombard Toponymic Heritage in Montesarchio (Benevento) and Ghedi (Brescia), Appendix, pp. 28-31}}

Following the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]], and the resulting phonetic phenomena blending with other languages, the term ''vadum'' underwent Lombard influence and transformed into «''gua''», from the Frankish «''waldt''», meaning ford. In subsequent medieval eras, the term evolved into the forms ''Gede, Gide, Gade, Gaide, Giede, Ghede, and Gaydo''.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bonini|1987|pp=33–34}}.</ref>

==History==
{{See also|History of Ghedi|History of Lombardy}}

=== Ancient era ===
No traces or artifacts dating to the pre-Roman period have been found in the Ghedi territory: this indicates that settlements prior to Roman colonization, excluding the isolated presence of some ''vicus'', did not affect the Ghedi countryside;<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bonini|1987|p=18}}.</ref> nevertheless, the distinctly Gallic nature of the Ghedi settlement persisted even during the processes of so-called "Romanization" of the Brescian territory: votive tablets datable between the 1st century BC and the 3rd century AD are dedicated to deities such as [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]] and [[Hercules]], associable with deities of Gallic culture, such as [[Teutates]] and [[Ogmios]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bonini|1987|p=19}}.</ref> The Gallic matrix also persists in the [[onomastics]] of the original inhabitants, enduring for a long time thereafter:

{{Quotation|NTVBRIGIO . CA / NI . F . ET . BOVNITIC / VIRILLI . F . fiLI . POSIer|Roman-era epigraph found in Ghedi and preserved at the [[Santa Giulia Museum]] in [[Brescia]]}}
[[File:Groma a Ghedi.jpg|thumb|A gromatic cippus from the Roman era, found in Ghedi and preserved in the gardens of the former elementary schools]]
Roman archaeological sites have been uncovered near the Ghedi countryside: on the border between [[Leno, Lombardy|Leno]] and Ghedi, in 1895 and 1897, seven tombs were found with various grave goods, such as coins, ampoules, and finely crafted glass vases, possibly evidence of a ''vicus'' or ''villa'' with servants.<ref>{{Cite book|author=P. Rizzini|title=Illustration of the Civic Museums of Brescia|year=1911|location=Brescia|page=74 and 82|volume=III|publisher=none}}</ref> In 1926, another area of interest was identified at "Cascina Santi," on the road to [[Viadana, Lombardy|Viadana]], perhaps corresponding to a large [[Roman villa]]: fragments of [[opus signinum|''opus signinum'']] floors and mosaics with still-legible inscriptions indicated its presence, along with heating systems, which disappeared or were destroyed.<ref name=":1">{{Harvtxt|Bonini|1987|p=26}}.</ref> On the same road, in the locality of Alberello, stood the rural site of Formignano<ref>{{Harvtxt|Zamboni|p=11}}.</ref> or Forminiano<ref>{{Harvtxt|Zaccaria|1767|p=94}}.</ref> which was destroyed only later, in 1265, its toponym certainly of Roman origin.<ref name=":1" /> Furthermore, another epigraph dedicated to the god [[Hercules]] and found in Ghedi reads:

{{Quotation|HERCVli / V . S . L . M / M. MAECLVs / MAGUNUS|Roman votive epigraph by M. Maeclus Magunus to Hercules}}

The Ghedi territory, in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, followed the dynamics of the rest of the empire: land plots were damaged by barbarian invasions, and climate changes between 450 and 550 AD negatively impacted the geography of the [[Po Valley]], now completely transformed and dominated by forests and marshes.<ref name=":2">{{Harvtxt|Bonini|1987|p=40}}.</ref>

=== Medieval era ===
{{See also|Ghedi Castle}}[[File:Santa Maria Assunta, campanile ed abside (Ghedi).JPG|left|thumb|A view of the apse of the parish church and the 14th-century bell tower]]The rise of the [[Lombards]] was followed by the development of a small rural center; this was also possible thanks to the territorial administration exercised by the monks of the [[Abbey of Leno|Leno Abbey]], founded by King [[Desiderius]] in 758.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Zaccaria|1767|p=6}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Bonini|1987|p=41}}.</ref> The archaic name of the settlement ''Gide'' (though the form ''Gede'' also appears in the document) is written for the first time in a charter dated 12 October 843, preserved at the [[Biblioteca Queriniana, Brescia|Biblioteca Queriniana]] in [[Brescia]]:<ref name=":5" /> the document in question is a sales contract, drawn up in [[Gonzaga, Lombardy|Gonzaga]], then ''Gaudenciaga,'' among individuals whose names highlight the presence, in the village of that time, of a population of [[Lombards|Lombard]] origin.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bonini|1987|p=42}}{{Quotation|[…] Agiverto, son of Auteperto, ceded all properties ''in vico Gide'' to the Brescian bishop Ramperto, who was represented by his envoy, Liutfredo}}
</ref>

The oldest nucleus of the village developed around a modest fortified enclosure, which later formed the future [[Ghedi Castle|Castle of Ghedi]], the site called "castle": the ancient enclosure contained some modest shacks and the primitive early Christian ''[[pieve]]'' (on the same site where the latter stood is the parish church, the Church of Santa Maria Assunta) and, starting from the [[Early Middle Ages]], the municipal palace;<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bonini|1987|p=62}}.</ref> only from the 14th century onward, with the expansion of the settlement and the development of the castle, did residential buildings appear outside the walls. Thus, the traditional four boroughs or quarters were formed: Bassina, Gazzolo, Borgonuovo, and Malborgo.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bonini|1987|p=60}}.</ref> Connected by a network of intricate narrow streets, they gave the settlement the characteristic appearance of a rounded medieval village, surrounded by moats called ''sarche'', later filled in and turned into streets.<ref name=":3" /> The defensive wall was destroyed multiple times due to sieges and the numerous disputes in the medieval era between neighboring communes, and thus rebuilt several times to counter increasingly powerful weaponry.<ref name=":0">{{Harvtxt|Bonini|1987|pp=42–43}}.</ref> The medieval walls were demolished at the end of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, to optimize urban spaces and create the future Piazza Roma. The southern part of the walls, including some medieval shacks, was demolished to make way for the former elementary schools, designed by architect Luigi Arcioni.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bonini|1987|p=112}}.</ref>

=== Modern era ===
{{See also|Ghedi Castle}}

Between the 13th century and the 15th century, Ghedi followed the historical events of the Lower Brescian Plain, contested between the [[Duchy of Milan]] and the [[Republic of Venice]]; precisely because of such tensions, on 15 August 1453, the so-called [[Battle of Ghedi]] occurred. The small center, at that time under Venetian rule, gained increasing importance due to its strategic position and fortified village, a potential hub for distributing Venetian troops along the western borders.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bonini|1987|p=64}}.</ref> Due to continuous warfare that repeatedly destroyed the wall enclosures, the inhabitants obtained tax exemptions from the Serenissima on several occasions, specifically to rebuild the castle walls. The definitive military decline of the village dates to the technological development of weaponry, now capable of easily besieging the simple village wall.

In 1465, amid these ongoing conflicts and to restore faith among the people of Ghedi, the community erected a monastery named Santa Maria delle Grazie, donating it to the [[Order of Friars Minor|Observant Friars Minor]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bonini|2016|p=7}}.</ref> From 1498 onward, the Republic of Venice granted the territory of Ghedi as a fief to [[Niccolò di Pitigliano]], Count of Pitigliano and [[Nola]], and [[Venetian army|Captain General of the Mainland]] for the Serenissima; wishing to reside there permanently, he had a noble palace built and prepared a funerary monument in the church of the aforementioned Franciscan convent. The latter, following the Napoleonic suppression of 1799, fell into disuse. It was then sold and converted into a farmhouse (the so-called Santa Maria, which still exists); the funerary mausoleum was donated in 1838 by nobleman Ottavio Mondella to the [[Santa Giulia Museum]] in Brescia, to be placed in the choir of the nuns.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bonini|2016|p=13}}.</ref>

Starting from the 15th century, thanks to a stable economic situation in the commune and the practice of [[emphyteusis]], the first farmhouses arose within the same village. Known in dialect as ''löch'', or if smaller, ''löcasì'', they typically featured internal vegetable gardens and orchards hidden behind large gates. The commune's ambitions diminished in the 16th century. Ghedi shifted its focus to preserving the existing heritage and abandoned expansionist policies, which led to a definitive decline.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bonini|1987|pp=79–80}}.</ref>

=== Contemporary era ===
{{See also|Ghedi Air Base}}
As early as 1547, attempts were made to render the village lands cultivable, especially the [[heath]] to the north and east of the center, by diverting the course of the Naviglio di Brescia into small canals; other reclamation efforts were undertaken from the late 18th century, mainly on the initiative of the Brescian agricultural academy. However, a radical intervention in this regard began in the mid-19th century and early 20th century, when many farmers founded dedicated companies and societies to reclaim the lands known as "''lame''."<ref name=":3">{{Harvtxt|Fappani|1982}}.</ref>

The construction of Ghedi railway station on the [[Brescia–Parma railway]] route in 1893 was significant. During the first [[post-war period]], the village continued its economic and demographic development, also thanks to the foundation of the [[Ghedi Air Base|military airport of Brescia-Ghedi]], named after [[Luigi Olivari]]; this new military hub hosted several air shows in the 1930s, some of which were attended by [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]]. At that time, the local economy was based on [[sericulture]] and livestock breeding, so much so that in 1930 a new slaughterhouse was founded for trading animal meat. In 1915, a modern cotton mill was also established, called "Cotonificio del Mella" and later "Filatura Bresciana," which by 1930 employed about 500 people. Meanwhile, from 1928, agrarian reform was completed, and five new rural establishments were built along with two new quarries, "Gandina" and "Montirone"; the [[Credito Agrario Bresciano]] also assisted the local population in reclaiming the ''lame''.<ref name=":3" /> After reaching its peak, Ghedi Airport became home to the [[Frecce Tricolori]] and the 6th Wing of the [[Italian Air Force]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/vetrine/Pagine/Tornado-al-6-Stormo-Ghedi-con-102-154-155-gruppo-volo-soppresso-il-156.aspx|title=Ghedi Airport and 6th Wing|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027123901/http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/vetrine/Pagine/Tornado-al-6-Stormo-Ghedi-con-102-154-155-gruppo-volo-soppresso-il-156.aspx}}</ref>
[[File:Ghedi-Stemma.svg|left|thumb|127x127px]]
=== Symbols ===
The coat of arms of Ghedi was recognized by decree of the [[Prime Minister of Italy|head of government]] on 12 July 1929.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dati.acs.beniculturali.it/comuni/comuni.printDetail.html?1693|title=Ghedi, decree 1929-07-12 DCG, recognition of coat of arms|website=Central State Archive|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027123945/http://dati.acs.beniculturali.it/comuni/comuni.printDetail.html?1693}}</ref>
{{Quotation|Red with an inverted silver capital "V."<ref>{{Cite book|author=Marco Foppoli|title=Brescian Armorial|chapter=Ghedi|publisher=Province of Brescia / Grafo|year=2011|isbn=978-88-7385-844-7|page=94}}</ref>}}

The municipal [[gonfalon]] is a blue drapery.

=== Honors ===
{|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="width:60px; vertical-align:top;" | [[File:Corona di Città Italiana.svg|60x30px|center|Title of City - ribbon for ordinary uniform]] || [[City status in Italy|Title of City]]
|- 
| —&nbsp;November 24, 2001
|}On 24 November 2001, by Decree of the President of the Republic, Ghedi obtained the title of [[City status in Italy|City of Italy]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.comune.ghedi.brescia.it/hh/index.php|title=Municipality of Ghedi|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027124012/http://www.comune.ghedi.brescia.it/hh/index.php}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Ferrari| Foppoli|2009|p=103}}.</ref>

== Monuments and places of interest ==
=== Parish Church of Santa Maria Assunta ===
[[File:Chiesa Parrocchiale GHEDI XVIIsec..JPG|thumb|200x200px|Exterior view]]
Evidence of a dense layering of previous buildings is evident at the site where the church stands. Archaeological findings suggest that a primitive ''[[pieve]]'' and a centrally planned baptistery arose there in the 5th century. Starting from the Early Middle Ages, the buildings were expanded and rebuilt, and the current parish church was built in the 17th century based on a design by the Avanzo family. The bell tower, which dates to the 14th century, is attached to the church and belonged to the previous Romanesque ''pieve''.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bonini|2008|p=119}}.</ref>

The parish church is characterized by a single large central nave and houses several notable works, including a Deposition by [[Pietro Ricchi]], a wooden crucifix attributed to either Stefano Lamberti or [[Maffeo Olivieri]], an Assumption by [[Pietro Marone]], and a series of paintings depicting the Mysteries of the Rosary, also by Ricchi.

=== Church of the Madonna of Caravaggio ===
[[File:Chiesetta caravaggio Ghedi.JPG|thumb|180x180px|The subsidiary church of the Madonna of Caravaggio in Ghedi|alt=|left]]
Construction of the building began in 1759 and it is dedicated to the apparition of the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] in the town of [[Caravaggio, Lombardy|Caravaggio]], later renamed Santa Maria del Fonte. Since the building was erected several centuries after this miraculous event, the true reason for its construction remains unknown. Historian Angelo Bonini hypothesizes that it may have been a place where farmers could thank the Virgin Mary. It was commonly believed that, through her intercession, the epidemics afflicting the people of Ghedi at that time had ceased. The patrons of this religious building are also unknown, though it is hypothesized that they belonged to the noble Buccelleni family.

It is one of the finest examples of late [[Baroque architecture]] in the city of Ghedi. Built where the village's most fertile fields were accessed, it symbolizes the Virgin's protection of agricultural activities.

=== Sanctuary of the Dead of the Fossetta ===
{{See also|1629–1631 Italian plague}}
[[File:San Rocco GHEDI.JPG|thumb|180x180px|The sanctuary of San Rocco or of the Dead of the Fossetta]]
It is also called the Sanctuary of San Rocco. Construction began in 1630 to commemorate the victims of the plague that year.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Chiara|1988|p=83}}.</ref> The commemorative plaque on the church façade indicates that a mass grave containing the remains of Ghedi's plague victims was originally on the site where the church later was built.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Chiara|1988|p=13}}.</ref>

Over time, this site has garnered immense devotion from its inhabitants, who have traditionally sought intercessions and miracles from the bones of the plague victims. This has fueled popular beliefs about the [[Thaumaturgy|thaumaturgic]] properties of these remains.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Chiara|1988|p=69}}.</ref> Because of these associations, the church sacristy contains many [[Ex-voto|ex-votos]] celebrating miracles performed by benevolent spirits.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Chiara|1988|p=90}}.</ref>

=== Former Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie ===
[[File:Convento di Santa Maria delle Grazie.jpg|thumb| Fresco in the cloister of the Church of San Giuseppe in Brescia, depicting the Franciscan monastery |alt=|left]]
Santa Maria, a private farmhouse since the 20th century, was previously a Franciscan convent, built starting from 1465, and donated by the population to the [[Observant Friars Minor]]; from the mid-18th century it was also home to the Confraternity of the Pardon of Assisi, an important institution for the sale of indulgences in the Brescian area.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bonini|2016|pp=24–25}}.</ref>

Following the arrival of [[Napoleon]] in Italy in 1798, many convents and monasteries were suppressed with the creation of the [[Cisalpine Republic]]: the Ghedi convent met the same fate, later repurposed as a [[farmhouse]] and eventually a [[Cascina a corte|''cascina'']]. The buildings in the complex were destroyed in a fire in the early 20th century, while the church, after having its side naves demolished, was converted into a farmhouse.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bonini|2016|pp=38–39}}.</ref>

=== Church of Santa Caterina ===
Construction began in 1630, and the building was named for its proximity to a women's monastery dedicated to [[Catherine of Alexandria|Saint Catherine]]. Since the 20th century, it has been part of the construction complex of the male oratory dedicated to [[John Bosco]]. Shortly after its foundation, the community of lay religious women was suppressed by ecclesiastical authorities following the visit of [[Charles Borromeo]] and transferred to Brescia.<ref name=":3" />

=== Municipal Palace ===
{{See also|Ghedi_Castle#The_municipal_building}}
[[File:Palazzo Comunale (Ghedi).JPG|thumb|180x180px|The Ghedi Town Hall building, with the 17th-century parish church behind it]]
Of medieval origin, it displays architectural features from the 14th and 15th centuries, following the design of traditional Lombard ''[[Broletto|broletti]]''. Until the late 19th century, it was part of the ancient walls of Ghedi Castle. It stood at the southern entrance of the castle, near one of the two drawbridges. Subsequently, the walls were demolished and the moats were filled in.

[[Early Middle Ages|Early medieval]] burials were discovered beneath the town hall in 1984, indicating the presence of an ancient necropolis near the municipality and the old parish church in that era.<ref name=":4" /> The restoration work carried out in the 1980s revealed a portico with brick columns on the southern facade of the building.

=== Loggia delle grida ===
[[File:Loggetta delle grida (Ghedi).JPG|thumb|159x159px|Frescoes recovered after the restoration of the so-called Loggia delle grida|alt=|left]]
Built between the 15th and 16th centuries, the building features wall frescoes that were uncovered during a restoration project. They depict historical events in the village and its coat of arms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.comune.ghedi.brescia.it/c017078/zf/index.php/storia-comune|title=MUNICIPALITY OF GHEDI|access-date=2020-04-13|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027124112/http://www.comune.ghedi.brescia.it/c017078/zf/index.php/storia-comune}}</ref>

The events recorded in the Loggetta are attributed to the chronicler Pandolfo Nassino, who documented the military activities of the commune and of Ghedi Castle.

=== Palazzo Orsini ===
[[File:Palazzo Orsini in Ghedi.png|thumb|One of the last reproductions of the Renaissance palace |183x183px]]
The noble residence of Count [[Niccolò di Pitigliano]] was built in the early 16th century after his appointment as Captain General of the [[Republic of Venice]]'s mainland troops. The palace featured frescoes by [[Romanino]] and [[Marcello Fogolino]], which were dismantled and sold to Italian and European museums before the palace collapsed permanently.

After Orsini's death in 1510, the villa was passed on to other noble families. In the 19th century, fires and collapses due to precarious conditions destroyed half of the villa. However, starting in 2014, one wing of the palace was restored and converted into a nursery.

=== Villa Mondella ===
[[File:Palazzo Mondella-GHEDI.JPG|thumb|155x155px|Palazzo Mondella|alt=|left]]
This noble villa was built starting in the 18th century on the site of a 15th-century building. Located in the historic center of the village, the villa has belonged to the noble Mondella family since its construction. The façade features the Mondella family coat of arms and the [[Lion of Saint Mark]], which is likely a reused element from Niccolò Orsini's palace.<ref name=":3" />

The exterior was restored in the 1990s, but the interior was only restored in 2009.

=== Other monuments and places of interest ===

* Palazzo Ochi, an 18th-century residence;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://servizi.ct2.it/ssl/wiki/index.php?title=Ochi#Dimore|title=Ochi - EFL - Lombard Historical Society|website=servizi.ct2.it|access-date=2020-08-14|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027124145/https://servizi.ct2.it/ssl/wiki/index.php?title=Ochi#Dimore|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''Former elementary schools'': built in 1930 to a design by Brescian Oreste Buffoli;
* Palazzo Arcioni, home to the municipal library since May 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bresciaoggi.it/territori/bassa/ghedi/l-esilio-della-biblioteca-%C3%A8-finito-palazzo-arcioni-riapre-le-porte-1.7319188|title=The library's exile is over; Palazzo Arcioni reopens its doors|author=Milena Moneta|work=[[Bresciaoggi]]|date=10 May 2019|access-date=15 December 2019|archive-date=15 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215210118/https://www.bresciaoggi.it/territori/bassa/ghedi/l-esilio-della-biblioteca-%C3%A8-finito-palazzo-arcioni-riapre-le-porte-1.7319188|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Society ==
=== Demographic evolution ===
{{Historical populations
| title = Resident population
| source = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ebiblio.istat.it/digibib/Censimenti%20popolazione/Censimentipopolazioneresidentedal1861/RML0050288Pop_res_cens_1861_1991.pdf|title=Popolazione residente dei comuni. Censimenti dal 1861 al 1991|publisher=[[Istituto nazionale di statistica|ISTAT]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://esploradati.censimentopopolazione.istat.it/databrowser/#/it/censtest/dashboards|title=Popolazione residente per territorio – serie storica}}</ref>
| width = 588
| height = 373
| max = 20000
| step1 = 5000
| step2 = 1000
| 1861 | 3206
| 1871 | 3403
| 1881 | 3465
| 1901 | 4237
| 1911 | 5471
| 1921 | 7224
| 1931 | 8433
| 1936 | 8834
| 1951 | 10638
| 1961 | 11240
| 1971 | 11622
| 1981 | 12750
| 1991 | 14194
| 2001 | 15627
| 2011 | 18321
| 2021 | 18518
}}

=== Ethnic groups and foreign minorities ===
Ghedi, like all municipalities in the province of Brescia, has an extremely varied and [[multicultural]] population, with a significant presence of foreign citizens (12.3% of the resident population as of 1 January 2021).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/lombardia/94-ghedi/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri-2021/|title=Foreign Citizens 2021 - Ghedi (BS)|website=Tuttitalia.it|language=it|access-date=2021-09-27|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027124212/https://www.tuttitalia.it/lombardia/94-ghedi/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri-2021/}}</ref>

According to [[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]] data as of 1 January 2020, the most represented foreign population, based on its percentage of the total resident population, was:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/lombardia/94-ghedi/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri-2020/|title=Foreign Citizens 2020 - Ghedi (BS)|website=Tuttitalia.it|language=it|access-date=2021-09-27|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027124245/https://www.tuttitalia.it/lombardia/94-ghedi/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri-2020/}}</ref>

* [[Morocco]] (348) 15.07%
* [[India]] (379) 16.41%
* [[Romania]] (374) 16.20%
* [[Albania]] (296) 12.82%
* [[Pakistan]] (179) 7.75%
* [[Ghana]] (123) 5.33%

=== Languages and dialects ===
{{See also|Brescian dialect|Eastern Lombard dialect}}
In the territory of Ghedi, the official language is Italian, the only one officially recognized. The local language is [[Lombard language|Lombard]], specifically the Brescian dialect. However, the latter shows evident influences that, to a minor extent, bring it closer to both the [[Cremunés dialect|Cremonese]] and Upper Mantuan dialects.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dialettobresciano.it/contenuto/grammatica.html|title=Main Characteristics|access-date=2021-09-27|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027124312/https://www.dialettobresciano.it/contenuto/grammatica.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Due to the geographical and territorial proximity of the Brescian, Mantuan, and Cremonese territories, Ghedi has unique slang expressions, inflections, and phonetic characteristics that differ from those of all other provincial territories.<ref name=":7" />

=== Traditions and folklore ===

* In Ghedi, as in many other provincial territories and more generally in northeastern Italy, the tradition of the New Year's bonfire is deeply rooted in the particular form of the [[Giubiana|bonfire of the old woman (''vècia'' in dialect)]]: a dummy of an old woman is burned near the end of Carnival, ultimately marking a clear break between the cold winter season and the impending fertility and abundance of spring.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://primabrescia.it/cultura/da-dove-viene-lusanza-di-bruciare-la-vecchia/|title=Where does the custom of burning the old woman come from|website=Prima Brescia|date=2018-03-11|language=it-IT|access-date=2021-09-27|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027124345/https://primabrescia.it/cultura/da-dove-viene-lusanza-di-bruciare-la-vecchia/}}</ref>
* [[Saint Roch|Feast of Saint Roch (16 August)]]: on the occasion of the patronal feast dedicated to the saint, protector of plague victims, stalls, cultural events, and liturgical celebrations are organized. It also provides an opportunity for the community to gather and socialize.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parrocchiadighedi.it/realta-parrocchiali/frazioni/san-rocco.html|title=San Rocco|access-date=2021-09-27|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027124412/http://www.parrocchiadighedi.it/realta-parrocchiali/frazioni/san-rocco.html}}</ref>
* [[Saint Lucy|Saint Lucy (13 December)]]: according to tradition, the saint would bring gifts and presents to children on the night of 12 December, on the back of her [[donkey]], which the children had requested in a written letter collected by the saint herself. According to legend, it is customary to leave milk and biscuits for the saint and hay for her donkey before going to sleep.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bresciatoday.it/social/santa-lucia-storia-leggenda.html|title=The true story of Saint Lucy|website=BresciaToday|language=it|access-date=2021-09-27|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027124445/https://www.bresciatoday.it/social/santa-lucia-storia-leggenda.html}}</ref>
* Thursday market: established in 1926, it is traditionally held every Thursday in the central Piazza Roma and Largo Zanardelli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.regione.lombardia.it/wps/wcm/connect/6fd843b7-dfa8-4326-8ad4-7694b3c05eb5/Elenco+generale+134+mercati+storici_agg+decreto+n+1836+14+feb+2019.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-6fd843b7-dfa8-4326-8ad4-7694b3c05eb5-ny2T58l|title=Regional Register of Historic Markets Recognized in Lombardy from 2009 to 2019|website=regione.lombardia.it|format=PDF|access-date=27 September 2021|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027124512/https://www.regione.lombardia.it/wps/wcm/connect/6fd843b7-dfa8-4326-8ad4-7694b3c05eb5/Elenco+generale+134+mercati+storici_agg+decreto+n+1836+14+feb+2019.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-6fd843b7-dfa8-4326-8ad4-7694b3c05eb5-ny2T58l}}</ref> It was also proclaimed a historically valuable market according to Decree No. 8/8886, issued on January 20, 2009, by the [[Regional Council of Lombardy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.provincia.brescia.it/sites/default/files/allegati/documenti/5475/mercati_settimanali.pdf|title=Weekly Markets in the Province of Brescia|access-date=27 September 2021|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027124545/https://www.provincia.brescia.it/sites/default/files/allegati/documenti/5475/mercati_settimanali.pdf}}</ref>

== Culture ==
=== Education ===
==== Schools ====
There are state and private nurseries and preschools, as well as an elementary school divided into several complexes. Additionally, there is a public middle school and a public high school that offer various courses, including science, social studies, and health services.

== Infrastructure and transport ==
=== Roads ===
The settlement of Ghedi is skirted to the south by the former State Road 668 Lenese, connecting [[Orzinuovi]] to [[Lonato del Garda]]. The center is also crossed by [[Provincial road (Italy)|provincial road]] 24 Brescia-Fiesse. The Ghedi Western Ring Road, a western bypass, was inaugurated in November 2009. Its purpose was to divert traffic from the SP24 road away from the town.

The following provincial roads also depart from Ghedi:
* 65, which goes to [[Bagnolo Mella]];
* 66, which goes to [[Castenedolo]].

=== Railways ===
[[File:Stazione ferroviaria di Ghedi 2009.jpg|thumb|right|Ghedi railway station]]
The municipal territory is crossed by the [[Brescia–Parma railway]]. The settlement is served by the eponymous station, which opened when the line was inaugurated in 1893. As of 2012, the station has a yard with three tracks. [[Trenord]] regional trains traveling between Brescia and Parma stop at the station.

=== Airport ===
Ghedi is home to [[Ghedi Air Base]], a [[Main operating base|Main Operating Base]] (MOB) under the [[NATO nuclear sharing|NATO Nuclear Sharing]] Program. The base is supposed to house 20–40 [[B61 nuclear bomb|B61-3, B61-4, and B61-7 nuclear bombs]], but according to journalistic sources, it houses 60–100.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.panorama.it/news/armi-nucleari-italia|title=Nuclear Weapons in Italy: Where, How, Why|website=Panorama|date=24 April 2013|language=it|access-date=5 May 2020|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027124612/https://www.panorama.it/news/armi-nucleari-italia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|language=it|author=Marco Ludovico|url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/nucleare-italia-oltre-100-ordigni-usa-ecco-dove-sono-stati-dislocati-AEp5NH2B|title=Nuclear: Over 100 US Bombs in Italy. Here's Where They Are Deployed|website=Il Sole 24 ORE|date=2022-09-22|access-date=25 May 2025|archive-date=2025-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525123456/https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/nucleare-italia-oltre-100-ordigni-usa-ecco-dove-sono-stati-dislocati-AEp5NH2B}}</ref>

== Administration ==

Below is the list of mayors elected by the municipal council (1946-1995):
{{ComuniAmminPrecTitolo}}
{{ComuniAmminPrec|1 April [[1946]]|28 July 1946|Franco Faraoni|[[Christian Democracy (Italy)|DC]]|[[Mayor]]|}}
{{ComuniAmminPrec|28 July 1946|23 November [[1947]]|Adriano Giovanelli||''Interim administrator''}}
{{ComuniAmminPrec|23 November 1947|27 May [[1951]]|Paolo Oneda|DC|Mayor}}
{{ComuniAmminPrec|27 May 1951|23 July [[1953]]|Attilio Bonardi|DC|Mayor}}
{{ComuniAmminPrec|23 July 1953|16 June [[1956]]|Paolo Perani|DC|Mayor}}
{{ComuniAmminPrec|16 June 1956|19 November [[1960]]|Luigi Zappa|DC|Mayor}}
{{ComuniAmminPrec|19 November 1960|10 July [[1970]]|Annibale Baresi|DC|Mayor}}
{{ComuniAmminPrec|10 July 1970|31 July [[1975]]|Adelino Rossi
|DC|Mayor}}
{{ComuniAmminPrec
|31 July 1975|10 December [[1976]]|Franco Ferrari|[[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]]|Mayor}}
{{ComuniAmminPrec
|10 December 1976|15 September [[1980]]|Corrado Marpicati|DC
|Mayor}}
{{ComuniAmminPrec
|15 September 1980|12 March [[1981]]|Gianfausto Merigo|DC|Mayor}}
{{ComuniAmminPrec
|12 March 1981|17 September [[1981]]|Severino Cadini|[[Italian Communist Party|PCI]]|Mayor}}
{{ComuniAmminPrec
|17 September 1981|8 October [[1985]]|Annibale Baresi|DC|Mayor}}
{{ComuniAmminPrec
|8 October 1985|12 May [[1987]]|Vincenzo Bonometti|PSI|Mayor}}
{{ComuniAmminPrec
|12 May 1987|21 December [[1992]]|Eugenio Baresi|DC|Mayor}}
{{ComuniAmminPrec
|21 December 1992|24 April [[1995]]|Silvio Favagrossa|DC|Mayor}}
{{ComuniAmminPrecFine}}

The list of mayors who were directly elected by citizens since 1995 is below:
{{ComuniAmminPrecTitolo}}
{{ComuniAmminPrec|24 April [[1995]]<br>14 June [[1999]]|14 June [[1999]]<br>14 June [[2004]]|Osvaldo Scalvenzi|[[Democratic Party of the Left|PDS]]<br>[[Democrats of the Left|DS]]|Mayor||}}
{{ComuniAmminPrec|14 June [[2004]]|23 June [[2009]]|Anna Giulia Guarneri|[[Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy|DL]]|Mayor|}}
{{ComuniAmminPrec|23 June [[2009]]<br>10 June [[2014]]|10 June [[2014]]<br>27 May [[2019]]|Lorenzo Borzi|[[Lega Nord|LN]]<br>[[Brothers of Italy|FdI-AN]]|Mayor|}}
{{ComuniAmminPrec|27 May [[2019]]<br>10 June [[2024]]|10 June [[2024]]<br>''in office''|Federico Casali|[[Lega Nord|LN]]|Mayor|}}
{{ComuniAmminPrecFine}}

== Sport ==
=== Football ===
One of the headquarters of A.S.D. Calcio Bassa Bresciana is located in Ghedi. The team competes in [[Promozione]] and was formed in 2016 from the merger of A.S.D. Calcio Ghedi and A.S.D. Bassa Bresciana of [[Isorella]]. The team plays its home matches at the Don Battista Colosio stadium in Isorella. The team colors are black, white, and red.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuttocampo.it/Lombardia/Promozione/GironeE/Squadra/CalcioBassaBresciana/72607/Scheda|title=Calcio Bassa Bresciana|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027124712/https://www.tuttocampo.it/Lombardia/Promozione/GironeE/Squadra/CalcioBassaBresciana/72607/Scheda}}</ref>

Other local teams are ''A.C.D. Ghedi 1978'' and ''Real Ghedi A.S.D.'', both competing in [[Seconda Categoria]].<ref>Official Bulletin No. 4 of 21/07/2016 of the Lombardy Regional Committee - L.N.D.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Battle of Ghedi]]
* [[Ghedi Air Base]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book|first=Baldassarre|last= Zamboni|trans-title=Report of the Solemn Entry of the Most Reverend Archpriest and Forane Vicar Don Giuseppe Tedoldi, Made in Ghedi on 13 May 1770, Brescia|title=Relazione del solenne ingresso del Reverendissimo Signor Arciprete e Vicario Foraneo don Giuseppe Tedoldi, fatto in Ghedi il dì 13 maggio 1770, Brescia}}
* {{Cite book|first=F. A.|last= Zaccaria|trans-title=About the Most Ancient Abbey of Leno|url=https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=10539#mode/2up|year=1767|location=Venice|title=Dell'antichissima Badia di Leno}}
* {{Cite book|first=Angelo|last= Bonini|trans-title=Ghedi, a Village Born Around Its Square|year=1987|publisher=Cassa Rurale ed Artigiana dell'Agro Bresciano – Tipolitografia Queriniana|location=Ghedi-Brescia|title=Ghedi, un paese nato intorno alla sua piazza}}
* {{Cite book|first=Angelo|last= Bonini|trans-title=The Parish Church of S. Maria Assunta in Ghedi. Origins, History, Art, Society|publisher=Fondazione Civiltà Bresciana|year=2008|location=Brescia|isbn=978-88-559-0000-3|title=La Chiesa Parrocchiale di S. Maria Assunta in Ghedi. Origini, storia, arte, società|OCLC=878709231}}
* {{Cite book|first=Angelo|last= Bonini|trans-title=Ghedi 1848-1861. A Fragment of the History of Italian Unity|publisher=BAMS|year=2011|location=Brescia|title=Ghedi 1848-1861. Un frammento della storia dell'unità d'Italia|isbn=978-88-905529-4-6}}
* {{Cite book|first=Angelo|last= Bonini|trans-title=The Sanctuary of the Madonna of Caravaggio in Ghedi|year=2012|publisher=Grafiche Tagliani – BAMS Edizioni|location=Calcinato-Montichiari|isbn=978-88-905529-8-4|title=Il santuario della Madonna di Caravaggio in Ghedi|OCLC=828425024}}
* {{Cite book|first=Matteo|last= Ferrari|first2=Marco|last2= Foppoli|trans-title=The white shield, the coat of arms of the Municipality of Ghedi in the original Lombard civic heraldry|year=2009|publisher=Tipolitografia Gandinelli|location=Ghedi|title=Il bianco scaglione, Lo stemma del Comune di Ghedi nell'araldica civica lombarda delle origini|url=https://www.academia.edu/2116843/M_FERRARI_M_FOPPOLI_Il_bianco_scaglione_Lo_stemma_del_Comune_di_Ghedi_nell_araldica_civica_lombarda_delle_origini_Ghedi_Bs_2009 }}
* {{Cite book|first=Angelo|last= Bonini|trans-title=The Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie of the Franciscan Fathers of the Regular Observance in Ghedi|year=2016|publisher=Bams Photo|title=Il convento di Santa Maria delle Grazie dei Padri francescani della Regolare osservanza in Ghedi|OCLC=969825063|isbn=978-88-97941-16-3}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia|first=Antonio|last= Fappani|entry=Ghedi (2)|encyclopedia=Enciclopedia bresciana|publisher=La Voce del Popolo|volume=5|location=Brescia|year=1982|url=http://www.enciclopediabresciana.it/enciclopedia/index.php?title=GHEDI_(2)|oclc=163181971}}
* {{Cite book|first=Davide|last= Chiara|trans-title=At the Gates of Silence|year=1988|publisher=Società editrice Vannini|location=Brescia|title=Alle porte del silenzio}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070408104614/http://www.oratorioghedi.it/ Oratory of Ghedi]

{{Province of Brescia}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Lombardy]]