View source for Ghost in the Shell

{{Short description|Japanese cyberpunk media franchise}}
{{About|the media franchise in general|specific works and entries in that franchise}}
{{Pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| title = ''Ghost in the Shell''
| image = Ghost in the Shell logo (1995 film).svg
| imagesize = 280
| caption = Logo used in the 1995 film adaptation of the series
| creator = [[Masamune Shirow]]
| origin = ''[[Ghost in the Shell (manga)|The Ghost in the Shell]]'' (1989–91)
| year = 1989-present 
| owner = {{Plainlist|
* Masamune Shirow
* [[Kodansha]]
}}
| manga = * ''[[Ghost in the Shell (manga)|The Ghost in the Shell]]'' (1989–91)
* ''The Ghost in the Shell 1.5: Human-Error Processor'' (1991–96)
* ''The Ghost in the Shell 2: Man-Machine Interface'' (1997)
* ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex'' (2009–12)
* ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex – Tachikomatic Days'' (2009–15)
* ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex – The Laughing Man'' (2013–16)
* ''Ghost in the Shell: Arise – Sleepless Eye'' (2013–16)
* ''Ghost in the Shell Comic Tribute'' (2017)
* ''The Ghost in the Shell: Global Neural Network'' (2018)
* ''The Ghost in the Shell: The Human Algorithm'' (2019–present)
| novels = * ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex – The Lost Memory'' (2004)
* ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex – Revenge of the Cold Machines'' (2004)
* ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex – White Maze'' (2005)
* ''The Ghost in the Shell: Five New Short Stories'' (2017)
| films = * ''[[Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)|Ghost in the Shell]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie]]'' (2015)
* [[Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)|''Ghost in the Shell'']] (2017)
* ''Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045 – Sustainable War'' (2021)
* ''Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045 – The Last Human'' (2023)
| tv_films = * ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex – Solid State Society]]'' (2006)
| vgs = * ''[[Ghost in the Shell (video game)|Ghost in the Shell]]'' (1997)
* [[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2004 video game)|''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex'']] (2004)
* [[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2005 video game)|''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex'']] (2005)
* ''Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. Cyber Mission'' (2011)
* ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex'' (2011)
* ''Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. Tachikoma Wars!'' (2012)
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex – First Assault Online]]'' (2017)
* ''Ghost in the Shell Arise: Stealth Hounds'' (2017)
| atv = * ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex]]'' (2002–05)
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Arise|Ghost in the Shell: Arise – Alternative Architecture]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045]]'' (2020–22)
| direct-to-video = * ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex – The Laughing Man'' (2005)
* ''Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. 2nd GIG – Individual Eleven'' (2006)
| plays = * ''Ghost in the Shell: Arise – Ghost is Alive'' (2015)
* ''VR Noh The Ghost in the Shell'' (2020–present)
}}

'''''Ghost in the Shell'''''{{Efn|Known in Japan as {{nihongo||攻殻機動隊|Kōkaku Kidōtai|{{lit}} "Mobile Armored Riot Police"|lead=yes}}}} is a [[Japanese cyberpunk]] [[military science fiction]] [[media franchise]] based on the [[manga]] series [[Ghost in the Shell (manga)|of the same name]] written and illustrated by [[Masamune Shirow]]. The manga, first serialized between 1989 and 1991, is set in mid-21st century Japan and tells the story of the fictional counter-cyberterrorist organization [[Public Security Section 9]], led by protagonist Major [[Motoko Kusanagi]].

Animation studio [[Production I.G]] has produced several anime adaptations of the series. These include the 1995 film [[Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)|of the same name]] and its 2004 sequel, ''[[Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence]]''; the 2002 television series ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex]]'' and its 2020 follow-up, ''[[Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045]]''; and the ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Arise]]'' [[original video animation]] series. In addition, an American-produced [[Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)|live-action film]] was released on March 2017. 
{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

==Overview==
===Title===
The original editor Koichi Yuri says: At first, ''Ghost in the Shell'' came from Shirow, but when Yuri asked for "something more flashy", Shirow came up with "攻殻機動隊 ''Koukaku Kidou Tai (Shell Squad)''" for Yuri. But Shirow was attached to including "Ghost in the Shell" as well even if in smaller type.<ref>{{cite magazine|year=2003|title=''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex'' Official Log 1|magazine=[[Young Magazine]] Pirate Edition|page=9}}</ref>

===Setting===
{{Main|List of Ghost in the Shell characters|l1 = List of ''Ghost in the Shell'' characters}}

Primarily set in the mid-twenty-first century in the fictional Japanese city of {{nihongo|Niihama, Niihama Prefecture|新浜県新浜市|Niihama-ken Niihama-shi}},{{efn|There is a real-world [[Niihama, Ehime|Niihama]], located in [[Ehime Prefecture]], but its name is written differently in [[kanji]]: {{nihongo2|新居浜市}}.}} otherwise known as {{nihongo|New Port City|ニューポートシティ|Nyū Pōto Shiti}}, the manga and the many anime adaptations follow the members of [[Public Security Section 9]], a task-force consisting of various professionals skilled at solving and preventing crime, mostly with some sort of police background. Political intrigue and counter-terrorism operations are standard fare for Section 9, but the various actions of corrupt officials, companies, and cyber-criminals in each scenario are unique and require the diverse skills of Section 9's staff to prevent a series of incidents from escalating.
 
In this [[post-cyberpunk]] iteration of a possible future, computer technology has advanced to the point that many members of the public possess cyberbrains, technology that allows them to interface their biological brain with various networks. The level of cyberization varies from simple minimal interfaces to almost complete replacement of the brain with cybernetic parts, in cases of severe trauma. This can also be combined with various levels of [[prostheses]], with a fully prosthetic body enabling a person to become a [[cyborg]]. The main character of ''Ghost in the Shell'', Major [[Motoko Kusanagi]], is such a cyborg, having had a terrible accident befall her as a child that ultimately required her to use a full-body prosthesis to house her cyberbrain. This high level of cyberization, however, opens the brain up to attacks from highly skilled hackers, with the most dangerous being those who will hack a person to bend to their whims.

==Media==
===Literature===
====Original manga====
{{Main|Ghost in the Shell (manga)|l1 = ''Ghost in the Shell'' (manga)}}

The original ''Ghost in the Shell'' manga ran in Japan from April 1989 to November 1990 in [[Kodansha]]'s manga anthology ''[[Young Magazine]]'', and was released in a ''[[tankōbon]]'' volume on October 2, 1991.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:攻殻機動隊（１）|url=http://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product/top.php/1234577897|language=ja|trans-title=Ghost in the Shell (1)|publisher=[[Kodansha]]|access-date=2012-10-13|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112045718/http://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product/top.php/1234577897|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Ghost in the Shell 2: Man-Machine Interface'' followed in 1997 for nine issues in ''Young Magazine'', and was collected in the ''Ghost in the Shell: Solid Box'' on December 1, 2000.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:攻殻機動隊ＳＯＬＩＤ ＢＯＸ|url=http://www.7netshopping.jp/books/detail/-/accd/1101992033/subno/1|language=ja|trans-title=Ghost in the Shell SOLID BOX|website=[[Seven & I Holdings|Seven Net Shopping Co., Ltd.]]|access-date=2012-10-13|archive-date=2013-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301020444/http://www.7netshopping.jp/books/detail/-/accd/1101992033/subno/1|url-status=live}}</ref> Then a standard version with modifications and new pages was published on June 26, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=『攻殻機動隊２』（士郎 正宗） 製品詳細 講談社コミックプラス |url=https://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product?item=0000008029 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=講談社コミックプラス |language=ja}}</ref> Four stories from ''Man-Machine Interface'' that were not released in tankobon format from previous releases were later collected in ''Ghost in the Shell 1.5: Human-Error Processor'', and published by Kodansha on July 17, 2003.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:攻殻機動隊 １．５|url=http://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product/top.php/1234588254|language=ja|trans-title=Ghost in the Shell 1.5|publisher=[[Kodansha]]|access-date=2012-10-13|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112042614/http://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product/top.php/1234588254|url-status=live}}</ref> Several art books have also been published for the manga.

===Films===
====Animated films====
{{Main|Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)|Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence|l1 = ''Ghost in the Shell'' (1995 film)|l2 = ''Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence''}}

Two animated films based on the original manga have been released, both directed by [[Mamoru Oshii]] and animated by Production I.G. ''[[Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)|Ghost in the Shell]]'' was released in 1995 and follows the "Puppet Master" storyline from the manga. It was re-released in 2008 as ''Ghost in the Shell 2.0'' with new audio and updated 3D computer graphics in certain scenes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-06-08/ghost-in-the-shell-to-return-to-japanese-theaters|title=Ghost in the Shell to Return to Japanese Theaters|work=[[Anime News Network]]|access-date =November 9, 2011|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023142228/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-06-08/ghost-in-the-shell-to-return-to-japanese-theaters|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Innocence'', otherwise known as ''[[Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence]]'', was released in 2004, with its story based on a chapter from the first manga.

====Live-action film====
{{Main|Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)|l1 = ''Ghost in the Shell'' (2017 film)}}

In 2008, [[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks]] and producer [[Steven Spielberg]] acquired the rights to a [[live-action]] film adaptation of the original ''Ghost in the Shell'' manga.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2008/film/markets-festivals/dreamworks-to-make-ghost-in-3-d-1117984029/|title=DreamWorks to make 'Ghost' in 3-D|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=November 9, 2011|first1=Tatiana|last1=Siegel|first2=Michael|last2=Fleming|date=April 14, 2008|archive-date=August 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818221658/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117984029?refCatId=13|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 24, 2014, [[Rupert Sanders]] was announced as director, with a screenplay by William Wheeler.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/25/5343472/live-action-ghost-in-the-shell-movie-signs-the-director-of-snow-white|title=Live-action 'Ghost in the Shell' movie signs the director of 'Snow White and the Huntsman'|last=Bishop|first=Bryan|date=January 25, 2014|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=March 3, 2014|archive-date=March 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303193520/http://www.theverge.com/2014/1/25/5343472/live-action-ghost-in-the-shell-movie-signs-the-director-of-snow-white|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2016, the full cast was announced, which included [[Juliette Binoche]], [[Ng Chin Han|Chin Han]], [[Lasarus Ratuere]] and [[Kaori Momoi]], and [[Scarlett Johansson]] in the lead role;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/676453-ghost-in-the-shell-photo-released-as-production-begins|title=Ghost in the Shell Photo Released as Production Begins|date=April 14, 2016|publisher=[[Mandatory (company)|ComingSoon.net]]|access-date=April 20, 2020|archive-date=May 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526221853/https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/676453-ghost-in-the-shell-photo-released-as-production-begins|url-status=live}}</ref> the casting of Johansson drew accusations of [[Whitewashing in film|whitewashing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://herocomplex.latimes.com/movies/ghost-in-the-shell-scarlett-johansson-casting-a-blow-to-diversity/|title='Ghost in the Shell': Scarlett Johansson casting called 'whitewashing'|last=Brown|first=Tracey|date=January 10, 2015|work=[[Los Angeles Times|HERO COMPLEX]]|access-date=April 14, 2016|archive-date=April 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418204925/http://herocomplex.latimes.com/movies/ghost-in-the-shell-scarlett-johansson-casting-a-blow-to-diversity/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Child|first=Ben|date=January 16, 2015|title=DreamWorks accused of 'whitewashing' Ghost in the Shell by casting Scarlett Johansson|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jan/16/dreamworks-scarlett-johansson-ghost-in-the-shell-whitewashing|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=April 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-36083113|title=Is Scarlett Johansson casting Hollywood 'whitewashing'?|date=April 19, 2016|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=June 22, 2018|archive-date=July 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719024930/https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-36083113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/ghost-in-the-shell-fans-not-happy-about-whitewashed-american-remake/|title='Ghost In The Shell' Fans Not Happy About 'Whitewashed' American Remake|last=Fuster|first=Jeremy|date=April 14, 2016|website=[[TheWrap]]|access-date=April 14, 2016|archive-date=April 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417145613/http://www.thewrap.com/ghost-in-the-shell-fans-not-happy-about-whitewashed-american-remake/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] on the film began on location in [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]], on February 1, 2016. Filming wrapped in June 2016.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/hk-magazine/article/2037972/ghost-shell-will-film-hong-kong-and-theres-still-no-asian-lead|title="Ghost in the Shell" Will Film in Hong Kong—and There's Still No Asian Lead|last=Tsui|first=Stephanie|date=June 2, 2016|access-date=June 4, 2016|magazine=[[HK Magazine]]|publisher=[[South China Morning Post]]|archive-date=November 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114001930/http://www.scmp.com/magazines/hk-magazine/article/2037972/ghost-shell-will-film-hong-kong-and-theres-still-no-asian-lead|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Ghost in the Shell'' premiered in Tokyo on March 16, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 31, 2017, in 2D, [[3D film|3D]] and [[IMAX|IMAX 3D]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4VmJcZR0Yg|title=Ghost in the Shell Official Trailer 1 (2017) - Scarlett Johansson Movie|date=2016-11-13|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=2017-03-31|archive-date=2020-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909202657/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4VmJcZR0Yg|url-status=live}}</ref> It received mixed reviews, with praise for its visuals and Johansson's performance but criticism for its script.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ghost_in_the_shell_2017|title=Ghost in the Shell (2017)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|access-date=April 1, 2017|archive-date=December 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230090249/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ghost_in_the_shell_2017/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/ghost-in-the-shell-2017|title=Ghost in the Shell reviews|website=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive|CBS Interactive Inc.]]|access-date=March 31, 2017|archive-date=March 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331035752/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/ghost-in-the-shell-2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Television===
====''Stand Alone Complex'' TV series, film and ONA====
{{Main|Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex|Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - Solid State Society|l1 = ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex''|l2 = ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - Solid State Society''}}

In 2002, ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex'' premiered on [[Animax]], presenting a new telling of ''Ghost in the Shell'' independent from the original manga, focusing on Section 9's investigation of the [[Laughing Man (Ghost in the Shell)|Laughing Man]] hacker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animax.co.jp/feature/index.php?code=NN00015576|title=Animax's official GitS:SAC webpage|access-date=2011-09-02|publisher=[[Animax]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019005947/http://animax.co.jp/feature/index.php?code=NN00015576|archive-date=2010-10-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was followed in 2004 by a second season titled ''Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. 2nd GIG'', which focused on the [[Individual Eleven]] terrorist group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.productionig.com/contents/works_sp/39_/s08_/index.html|title=Into the Network: The Ghost in the Shell Universe|publisher=[[Production I.G]]|access-date=2011-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517181546/http://www.productionig.com/contents/works_sp/39_/s08_/index.html|archive-date=2011-05-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> The primary storylines of both seasons were compressed into OVAs broadcast as ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex The Laughing Man'' in 2005 and ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Individual Eleven'' in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.productionig.com/contents/works_sp/38_/index.html|title=Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex The Laughing Man|publisher=Production I.G|access-date=14 January 2014|archive-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115015005/http://www.productionig.com/contents/works_sp/38_/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.productionig.com/contents/works_sp/39_/index.html|title=Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Individual Eleven|publisher=Production I.G|access-date=14 January 2014|archive-date=25 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125202252/http://www.productionig.com/contents/works_sp/39_/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Also in 2006, ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - Solid State Society]]'', featuring Section 9's confrontation with a hacker known as the Puppeteer, was broadcast, serving as a finale to the anime series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.productionig.com/contents/works_sp/47_/index.html| title=Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Solid State Society|publisher=Production I.G|access-date=14 January 2014|archive-date=19 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119072322/http://www.productionig.com/contents/works_sp/47_/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Music of Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex|The extensive score]] for the series and its films was composed by [[Yoko Kanno]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/lapsed-historian/yoko-kanno-the-greatest-composer-youve-never-heard-of-b452f64acc72|title=Yoko Kanno: The Greatest Composer You've Never Heard Of|last=Bull|first=John|date=2018-03-08|website=[[Medium (website)|Medium]]|access-date=2019-02-22|archive-date=2019-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222151852/https://medium.com/lapsed-historian/yoko-kanno-the-greatest-composer-youve-never-heard-of-b452f64acc72|url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 7, 2017, Kodansha and Production I.G announced that [[Kenji Kamiyama]] and [[Shinji Aramaki]] would be co-directing a new ''Kōkaku Kidōtai'' anime production.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-04-06/ghost-in-the-shell-gets-new-anime-from-kenji-kamiyama-shinji-aramaki/.114481|title=Ghost in the Shell Gets New Anime From Kenji Kamiyama, Shinji Aramaki|website=Anime News Network|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-date=2017-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408012856/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-04-06/ghost-in-the-shell-gets-new-anime-from-kenji-kamiyama-shinji-aramaki/.114481|url-status=live}}</ref> On December 7, 2018, it was reported by [[Netflix]] that they had acquired the worldwide streaming rights to the [[original net animation]] (ONA) anime series, titled ''[[Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045]]'', and that it would premiere on April 23, 2020. The series is in 3DCG and Sola Digital Arts collaborated with Production I.G on the project. [[Ilya Kuvshinov]] handled character designs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-06-11/ghost-in-the-shell-sac_2045-3dcg-anime-characters-designed-by-birthday-wonderland-ilya-kuvshinov/.147749|title=Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045 3DCG Anime's Characters Designed by Birthday Wonderland's Ilya Kuvshinov|website=Anime News Network|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=2019-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613195015/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-06-11/ghost-in-the-shell-sac_2045-3dcg-anime-characters-designed-by-birthday-wonderland-ilya-kuvshinov/.147749|url-status=live}}</ref>  The series had two seasons of 12 episodes each.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-12-07/new-ghost-in-the-shell-3dcg-anime-project-to-premiere-on-netflix-in-2020/.140540|title=New Ghost in the Shell 3DCG Anime Project to Premiere on Netflix in 2020|website=Anime News Network|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=2019-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108072126/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-12-07/new-ghost-in-the-shell-3dcg-anime-project-to-premiere-on-netflix-in-2020/.140540|url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition to the anime, a series of published books, two separate manga adaptations, and several video games for consoles and mobile phones have been released for ''Stand Alone Complex''.

====''Arise'' OVA, TV series and film====
{{Main|Ghost in the Shell: Arise|Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie|l1 = ''Ghost in the Shell: Arise''|l2 = ''Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie''}}

In 2013, a new iteration of the series titled ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Arise]]'' premiered, taking an original look at the ''Ghost in the Shell'' world, set before the original manga. It was released as a series of four [[original video animation]] (OVA) episodes (with limited theatrical releases) from 2013 to 2014, then recompiled as a 10-episode television series under the title of ''Kōkaku Kidōtai: Arise - Alternative Architecture''. An additional fifth OVA titled ''Pyrophoric Cult'', originally premiering in the ''Alternative Architecture'' broadcast as two original episodes, was released on August 26, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ghost in the Shell Arise Pyrophoric Cult Episode Slated for August on Home Video in Japan|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-04-06/ghost-in-the-shell-arise-pyrophoric-cult-episode-slated-for-august-on-home-video-in-japan/.86809|website=Anime News Network|access-date=10 May 2015|archive-date=2015-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509162128/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-04-06/ghost-in-the-shell-arise-pyrophoric-cult-episode-slated-for-august-on-home-video-in-japan/.86809|url-status=live}}</ref> Kazuchika Kise served as the chief director of the series, with [[Tow Ubukata]] as head writer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-01-15/ghost-in-the-shell-arise-anime-to-launch-in-2013|title=Ghost in the Shell Arise Anime to Launch in 2013|work=Anime News Network|date=January 15, 2013|access-date=2013-01-15|archive-date=2013-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116133325/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-01-15/ghost-in-the-shell-arise-anime-to-launch-in-2013|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cornelius (musician)|Cornelius]] was brought onto the project to compose the score for the series, with the Major's new voice actress [[Maaya Sakamoto]] also providing vocals for certain tracks.

''Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie'', also known as ''Ghost in the Shell: Arise − The Movie'' or ''New Ghost in the Shell'', is a 2015 film directed by Kazuya Nomura that serves as a finale to the ''Ghost in the Shell: Arise'' story arc. The film is a continuation to the plot of the ''Pyrophoric Cult'' episode of ''Arise'', and ties up loose ends from that arc.

A manga adaptation was serialized in Kodansha's ''Young Magazine'', which started on March 13 and ended on August 26, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 12, 2013|url=http://gigazine.net/news/20130212-koukaku-arise/|script-title=ja:6月22日から映画「攻殻機動隊ARISE GHOST IN THE SHELL」全4部作公開|language=ja|trans-title=From June 22, the movie "Ghost in the Shell ARISE GHOST IN THE SHELL" will be released in four parts|publisher=Gigazine|access-date=2013-03-13|archive-date=2013-02-13|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130213080638/http://gigazine.net/news/20130212%2Dkoukaku%2Darise/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=March 13, 2013|url=http://animeanime.jp/article/2013/03/13/13284.html|script-title=ja:「攻殻機動隊ＡＲＩＳＥ」コミカライズ 月刊ヤングマガジンで連載開始 公安9課以前を描く - アニメ！アニメ！|language=ja|trans-title="Ghost in the Shell ARISE" comicalization Starts serialization in monthly Young Magazine Drawing before Public Security Section 9 - Anime! animation|publisher=AnimeAnime.jp|access-date=2013-03-13|archive-date=2013-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316234046/http://animeanime.jp/article/2013/03/13/13284.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2026 anime===
{{Main|The Ghost in the Shell (2026 TV series)|l1 = ''The Ghost in the Shell'' (2026 TV series)}}

On May 25, 2024, it was announced that a new anime television series adaptation will be produced by [[Science Saru]] for a 2026 premiere.<ref name="CB">{{cite web | url=https://comicbook.com/anime/news/ghost-in-the-shell-new-anime/ | title=New Ghost in the Shell Anime Announced | date=25 May 2024 }}</ref> Saru will be in a production committee with Bandai Namco Filmworks, Kodansha and Production I.G.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://screenrant.com/ghost-in-the-shell-anime-announced-science-saru/ | title=Ghost in the Shell Announces New TV Anime | website=[[Screen Rant]] | date=25 May 2024 }}</ref>

===Video games===
{{Main|Ghost in the Shell (video game)|Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2004 video game)|Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2005 video game)|l1 = ''Ghost in the Shell'' (video game)|l2 = ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex'' (2004 video game)|l3 = ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex'' (2005 video game)|Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - First Assault Online|l4 = ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - First Assault Online''}}

''[[Ghost in the Shell (video game)|Ghost in the Shell]]'' was developed by Exact and released for the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] on July 17, 1997, in Japan by [[Sony Interactive Entertainment|Sony Computer Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:攻殻機動隊 GHOST IN THE SHELL|language=ja|url=http://www.jp.playstation.com/software/title/scps10043.html|work=[[PlayStation]]|publisher=[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]]|access-date=2012-12-19|archive-date=2013-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616041314/http://www.jp.playstation.com/software/title/scps10043.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a [[third-person shooter]] featuring an original storyline where the character plays a rookie member of Section 9. The video game's soundtrack ''Megatech Body'' features various techno artists, such as Takkyu Ishino, Scan X and Mijk Van Dijk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonymusic.co.jp/Music/Info/SonyTechno/feature/9707/cd.html|script-title=ja:世界中で絶賛されている近未来SFコミックス「攻殻機動隊」のプレイステーション・ゲームのSound [Techno] Trax。|language=ja|trans-title=Sound [Techno] Trax of the PlayStation game of the near future SF comic "Ghost in the Shell" acclaimed all over the world.|publisher=[[Sony Music Entertainment Japan]]|access-date=January 4, 2013|archive-date=November 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112024645/http://www.sonymusic.co.jp/Music/Info/SonyTechno/feature/9707/cd.html|url-status=live |title=Ghost in the Shell - Soundtrack- }}</ref>

Several video games were also developed to tie into the ''Stand Alone Complex'' television series, in addition to a [[first-person shooter]] by [[Nexon]] and Neople titled ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - First Assault Online]]'', released in 2016.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Prescott|first=Shaun|date=September 17, 2015|title=First Assault is a free-to-play Ghost in the Shell FPS coming soon|url=http://www.pcgamer.com/first-assault-is-a-free-to-play-ghost-in-the-shell-fps-coming-soon/|magazine=[[PC Gamer]]|access-date=2015-09-17|archive-date=2017-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610145101/http://www.pcgamer.com/first-assault-is-a-free-to-play-ghost-in-the-shell-fps-coming-soon/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A [[virtual reality]] game entitled ''Ghost in the Shell Arise: Stealth Hounds'', was made available at [[Bandai Namco]]'s arcade VR Zone Shinjuku in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ricchiuto |first1=Madeline |title=Ghost In The Shell Has A VR Multiplayer Arcade Shooter In Tokyo |url=https://bleedingcool.com/games/ghost-in-the-shell-has-a-vr-multiplayer-in-tokyo/ |website=Bleeding Cool |date=24 November 2017 |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Arise Ghost In The Shell Stealth Hounds |url=https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/arcade/287702-arise-ghost-in-the-shell-stealth-hounds |publisher=GameFAQs |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref>

==Legacy==
''Ghost in the Shell'' influenced some prominent filmmakers. [[The Wachowskis]], creators of ''[[The Matrix]]'' and its sequels, showed it to producer [[Joel Silver]], saying, "We wanna do that for real."<ref>[[Joel Silver]], interviewed in "Making ''The Matrix''" featurette on ''The Matrix'' DVD.</ref> ''The Matrix'' series took several concepts from the film, including the [[Matrix digital rain]], which was inspired by the opening credits of ''Ghost in the Shell'', and the way characters access the Matrix through holes in the back of their necks. Other parallels have been drawn to [[James Cameron]]'s ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'', [[Steven Spielberg]]'s ''[[A.I. Artificial Intelligence]]'' and [[Jonathan Mostow]]'s ''[[Surrogates]]''. James Cameron cited ''Ghost in the Shell'' as a source of inspiration,<ref>{{cite news|last=Rose|first=Steve|date=19 October 2009|title=Hollywood is haunted by Ghost in the Shell|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/oct/19/hollywood-ghost-in-the-shell|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=26 July 2013}}</ref> citing it as an influence on ''Avatar''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Schrodt|first=Paul|date=1 April 2017|title=How the original 'Ghost in the Shell' changed sci-fi and the way we think about the future|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/original-ghost-in-the-shell-movie-influence-2017-3|access-date=14 June 2019|website=[[Business Insider]]|archive-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826142138/https://www.businessinsider.com/original-ghost-in-the-shell-movie-influence-2017-3|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Bungie]]'s 2001 [[Third-person view|third-person]] action game ''[[Oni (video game)|Oni]]'' draws substantial inspiration from ''Ghost in the Shell''{{'s}} setting and characters.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Kushner|first=David|date=June 2000|title=Ghost in the Machine|url={{GBUrl|6N0JSkTI3j4C|pg=PA86}}|magazine=[[Spin (magazine)|SPIN]]|volume=16|issue=6|pages=86|issn=0886-3032|access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Al-Shakarchi|first=Harry|title=Interview with lead engineer Brent Pease|url=http://oni.bungie.org/special/part1/brent.html|publisher=[[Bungie]] West|access-date=2013-12-22|archive-date=2017-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024095440/http://oni.bungie.org/special/part1/brent.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Ghost in the Shell'' also influenced video games such as the ''[[Metal Gear|Metal Gear Solid]]'' series,<ref>{{cite web|last=Kojima|first=Hideo|date=8 April 2017|title=Hideo Kojima on the Philosophy Behind 'Ghost in the Shell'|url=http://www.glixel.com/news/hideo-kojima-on-the-philosophy-behind-ghost-in-the-shell-w475805|website=[[Glixel]]|access-date=April 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410032850/http://www.glixel.com/news/hideo-kojima-on-the-philosophy-behind-ghost-in-the-shell-w475805|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 10, 2017}}</ref> ''[[Deus Ex]]'',<ref>{{cite magazine|date=August 7, 2017|title=Ghost in the Shell (2017) – Blu-ray review|url=https://www.whathifi.com/features/ghost-in-shell-2017-blu-ray-review|magazine=[[What Hi-Fi?]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group]]|access-date=June 15, 2019|archive-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403215725/https://www.whathifi.com/features/ghost-in-shell-2017-blu-ray-review|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Cyberpunk 2077]]''.<ref>{{cite web|date=13 January 2019|title=Cyberpunk 2077 Devs Looked at Blade Runner and Ghost in the Shell for Inspiration|url=https://gamingbolt.com/cyberpunk-2077-devs-looked-at-blade-runner-and-ghost-in-the-shell-for-inspiration|work=GamingBolt.com|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227141102/https://gamingbolt.com/cyberpunk-2077-devs-looked-at-blade-runner-and-ghost-in-the-shell-for-inspiration|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Conditt|first=Jessica|date=1 August 2012|title=CD Projekt Red's 'Cyberpunk' inspired by System Shock, Blade Runner [Update]|url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/08/01/cd-projekt-reds-cyberpunk-inspired-by-shellshock-blade-runne/|website=[[Engadget]]|archive-date=14 October 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181014045635/https://www.engadget.com/2012/08/01/cd-projekt-reds-cyberpunk-inspired-by-shellshock-blade-runne/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The track ''The Ballade of Puppets: The Ghost Awaits in the World Beyond'' written and arranged by [[Kenji Kawai]] for the movie ''[[Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence]]'' was used as the opening number of the ice show ''[https://www.ice-explosion.com/ Ice Explosion 2023]'', produced by Japanese figure skater, Olympic bronze medallist and former world champion [[Daisuke Takahashi]]. The performance included an ensemble of 24 elite figure skaters (including Takahashi, Olympic champion [[Shizuka Arakawa]], former world silver medallists [[Kaitlyn Weaver]] and [[Andrew Poje]] and Olympic team bronze medallist [[Jason Brown (figure skater)|Jason Brown]]) and was choreographed by retired ice dancer [[Massimo Scali]]. Takahashi said about the song "''I've been obsessed with this song since I was 18 and wanted to skate to it myself one day... It's'' ''over four minutes long, so I didn't really get the chance, but I thought it would be cool to use it for the opening.''"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-29 |title=高橋大輔初演出のアイスショーが再演。垣間見られる「大輔の内的世界」 |url=https://gendai.media/articles/-/109796 |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=FRaU {{!}} 講談社 |language=ja}}</ref>

[[Echoes of Life]],  a solo ice show tour by Japanese figure skater and two-time Olympic champion [[Yuzuru Hanyu]], included a program with the song ''Utai IV Reawakening'' arranged by [[Kenji Kawai]] for the live-action American film ''[[Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)|Ghost in the Shell]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=[With setlist] Yuzuru Hanyu: "I put all my soul into skating" - A tearful final performance, all 7 performances completed |url=https://hochi.news/articles/20250209-OHT1T51182.html?page=1 |access-date=23 April 2025 |work=Sports Hochi |date=9 February 2025 |language=ja}}</ref> The programs of ''Echoes of Life'' are woven into a story that questions the meaning of life following the journey of an enhance human being in a devastated, imaginary near future.<ref>{{cite web |title=An Exclusive look at Yuzuru Hanyu's new dimension performance "Echoes of Life"! 14 years after the first coverage, special interview with Shuzo Matsuoka |url=https://post.tv-asahi.co.jp/post-404319/ |website=TV Asahi POST |access-date=24 April 2025 |language=ja}}</ref>

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://kokaku-a.jp/ }} {{in lang|ja}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170218110128/http://www.ghostintheshell.com.au/ Madman Entertainment's Australian distribution release site]
* {{Ann|manga|1590}}<!-- The parent link to the rest of the franchise. -->

{{Ghost in the Shell}}
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