View source for Giovanni Battista Pergolesi

{{Short description|Italian composer, violinist and organist (1710–1736)}}
{{redirect|Pergolesi}}
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{{Infobox classical composer
| name          = Giovanni Battista Pergolesi
| image         = Giovanni Battista Pergolesi.jpg
| alt           = 
| caption       = Purported portrait of Pergolesi donated by [[Francesco Florimo]] to the [[Conservatorio di San Pietro a Majella|Naples Conservatory]] in 1874<ref>This portrait has recently been sometimes attributed to [[Domenico Antonio Vaccaro]] (e.g. {{cite book | last=De Simone|first=Roberto|author-link=Roberto De Simone |editor-last1=Bauduin |editor-first1=Mariano |editor-last2=Mancusi |editor-first2=Franco | title=Omaggio a Giovan Battista Pergolesi 1710–2010 | date=2010 | publisher=Grimaldi | location=Naples|page=6|isbn=978-88-89879-62-7|postscript=0 }}), which would effectively date it back to Pergolesi's time. Thus far, however, this attribution has not been shared by the site of the [https://www.sanpietroamajella.it/ritratti/ Naples Conservatory Museum], where the painting is kept, and, as a portrait of Pergolesi, it appears scarcely compatible with the two caricatures by Ghezzi, which are certainly authentic.</ref>
| birth_name    = Giovanni Battista Draghi
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|1710|01|04|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[Jesi]], [[Papal States]]
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1736|03|16|1710|01|04|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[Pozzuoli]], [[Kingdom of Naples]]
| occupation    = {{hlist|Composer|violinist|organist}}
| era           = [[Baroque music|Baroque]] ([[Neapolitan school]])
| known_for     = {{hlist|''[[L'Olimpiade (Pergolesi)|L'Olimpiade]]''|''[[Stabat Mater (Pergolesi)|Stabat Mater]]''|''[[La serva padrona]]''}}
}}

'''Giovanni Battista Draghi''' ({{IPA|it|dʒoˈvanni batˈtista ˈdraːɡi|lang}}; 4 January 1710 – 16 or 17 March 1736), usually referred to as '''Giovanni Battista Pergolesi''' ({{IPA|it|perɡoˈleːsi, -eːzi|lang}}), was an Italian [[Baroque music|Baroque]] composer, violinist, and organist, leading exponent of the Baroque; he is considered one of the greatest Italian musicians of the first half of the 18th century and one of the most important representatives of the [[Neapolitan school]].

Despite his short life and few years of activity (he died of [[tuberculosis]] at the age of 26), he managed to create works of high artistic value and historical importance, such as ''[[La serva padrona]]'' (''The Maid Turned Mistress''), which played an important role in the development and diffusion of the [[opera buffa]] in Europe, ''[[L'Olimpiade (Pergolesi)|L'Olimpiade]]'', considered "one of the finest [[Opera seria|opere serie]] of the early eighteenth century",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grout |first=Donald Jay |title=A Short History of Opera |last2=Weigel Williams |first2=Hermine |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-231-11958-0 |edition=4th |location=New York |pages=229 |quote=...one of the finest opere serie of the early eighteenth century.}}</ref> and ''[[Stabat Mater (Pergolesi)|Stabat Mater]]'', which is among the most important works of [[sacred music]] of all time.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Will|first=Richard|title=Pergolesi's Stabat Mater and the Politics of Feminine Virtue|journal=[[The Musical Quarterly]]|year=2004|volume=87|issue=3|pages=570–614|doi=10.1093/musqtl/gdh021|url=http://artsandsciences.virginia.edu/music/graduate/documents/RichardWill-MQPergolesi.pdf|access-date=18 January 2023|archive-date=5 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605143819/http://artsandsciences.virginia.edu/music/graduate/documents/RichardWill-MQPergolesi.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Choral Masterworks: A Listener's Guide|first=Michael|last=Steinberg|author-link=Michael Steinberg (music critic)|page=115|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=9780198029212|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ex6JR8JBYisC}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|first=Barry S.|last=Brook|authorlink=Barry S. Brook|year=1983|title=Pergolesi: research, publication and performance|isbn=9780918728791|conference=The present state of studies on Pergolesi and his times. November 18–19, 1983, Jesi, Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iu1wDLj5iAC}}</ref>

==Biography==
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 | header            = Two caricatures by [[Pier Leone Ghezzi]]<br />("the only extant authentic portraits")<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-battista-pergolesi_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ |title=PERGOLESI, Giovanni Battista |author=Toscani, Claudio |date=2015 |website=[[Dizionario biografico degli italiani]] |publisher=[[Treccani|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana]]. Volume 82 |access-date=10 August 2023 |location=Rome|language=it}}
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 | caption1          = "Pergolese music composer who came to Rome on 20 May 1734"<br />([[The British Museum]])
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 | image2            = Pergolesi, compositor.png
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 | caption2          = "Signor Pergolese, Neapolitan music composer, who is clever indeed and died in Naples on 7 February 1736, and had suffered greatly with his left leg which made him walk with a limp)."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carrozzo |first1=Mario |last2=Cimagalli |first2=Cristina |date=2001 |title=Storia della musica occidentale |page=326 |language=it |location=Rome |publisher=Armando |volume=II: ''Dal Barocco al Classicismo viennese'' |isbn=9788860811066 |quote=}}</ref><br />([[Vatican Library|Vatican Apostolic Library]])
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 | footer            = The two caricature sketches by Pier Leone Ghezzi (the latter evidently derived from the former) are "the only two authentic portraits of the musician that have come down to us. The marked features of the face are very far from subsequent idealizations: pronounced deformity<ref>In Italian "''anchilosi''" (ankylosis), not used in a technical sense.</ref> of the left leg is also shown, a sign of probable previous [[polio]]myelitis [...]".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dorsi |first1=Fabrizio |last2=Rausa |first2=Giuseppe |date=2000 |title=Storia dell'opera italiana |location=Turin |publisher=Bruno Mondadori |language=it |pages=126–127 |isbn=88-424-9408-9}}</ref>
}}
<!--[[File:Famous Composers and their Works v1 024.jpg|thumb|Pergolesi]] we have enough pics-->
Born in [[Jesi]] in what is now the [[Province of Ancona]] (but was then part of the [[Papal States]]), he was commonly given the nickname "Pergolesi", a [[demonym]] indicating in Italian the residents of nearby [[Pergola, Marche|Pergola]], which was the birthplace of his ancestors. He studied music in Jesi under a local musician, Francesco Santi, before going to [[Naples]] in 1725, where he studied under [[Gaetano Greco]] and [[Francesco Feo]] among others. On leaving the conservatory in 1731, he won some renown by performing the [[oratorio]] in two parts ''{{illm|La fenice sul rogo|lt=La fenice sul rogo, o vero La morte di San Giuseppe|it|La fenice sul rogo}}'' ("The Phoenix on the Pyre, or The Death of Saint Joseph"), and the ''dramma sacro'' in three acts, ''[[La conversione e morte di San Guglielmo|Li prodigi della divina grazia nella conversione e morte di san Guglielmo duca d’Aquitania]]'' ("The Miracles of Divine Grace in the Conversion and Death of Saint William, Duke of Aquitaine"). He spent most of his brief life working for aristocratic patrons such as Ferdinando [[Colonna family|Colonna]], Prince of Stigliano, and Domenico Marzio [[House of Carafa|Carafa]], Duke of Maddaloni.

Pergolesi was one of the most important early composers of ''[[opera buffa]]'' (comic opera). His ''[[opera seria]]'', ''[[Il prigionier superbo]]'', contained the two-act ''buffa'' [[intermezzo]], ''[[La serva padrona]]'' (''The Servant Mistress'', 28 August 1733), which became a very popular work in its own right. When it was performed in Paris in 1752, it prompted the so-called [[Querelle des Bouffons]] ("quarrel of the comic actors") between supporters of serious French opera by the likes of [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]] and [[Jean-Philippe Rameau]] and supporters of new Italian comic opera. Pergolesi was held up as a model of the Italian style during this quarrel, which divided Paris's musical community for two years.

Among Pergolesi's other operatic works are his first [[opera seria]] ''[[La Salustia]]'' (1732), ''[[Lo frate 'nnamorato]]'' (''The brother in love'', 1732, to a text in the [[Neapolitan language]]), ''[[L'Olimpiade (Pergolesi)|L'Olimpiade]]'' (January 1735) and ''[[Il Flaminio]]'' (1735, to a text in the Neapolitan language). All his operas were premiered in Naples, apart from ''L'Olimpiade'', which was first given in [[Rome]].

Pergolesi also wrote sacred music, including a [[mass (music)|Mass]] in F and three ''[[Salve Regina]]'' settings. The Lenten Hymn 'God of Mercy and Compassion' by [[Redemptorist]] priest Edmund Vaughan is most commonly set to a tune adapted by Pergolesi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catholicretreats.net/great-lenten-hymns-god-of-mercy-and-compassion|title=Catholic Retreats|website=catholicretreats.net|access-date=16 June 2019}}</ref> It is his ''[[Stabat Mater (Pergolesi)|Stabat Mater]]'' (1736), however, for [[soprano]], [[alto (voice)|alto]], [[string orchestra]] and [[basso continuo]], which is his best-known sacred work. It was commissioned by the Confraternita dei Cavalieri di San Luigi di Palazzo, which presented an annual Good Friday meditation in honour of the Virgin Mary. Pergolesi's work replaced the [[Stabat Mater (Scarlatti)|one composed by Alessandro Scarlatti]] in 1724, but which was already perceived as "old-fashioned," so rapidly had public tastes changed. While classical in scope, the opening section of the setting demonstrates Pergolesi's mastery of the Italian baroque ''durezze e ligature'' style, characterized by numerous suspensions over a faster, conjunct bassline. The work remained popular, becoming the most frequently printed musical work of the 18th century,<ref name="grove">Hucke, Helmut and Monson, Dale E. "{{cite Grove| id=S21325 | title=Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista}}". ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]''. Oxford University Press.</ref> and being arranged by a number of other composers, including [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], who reorchestrated and adapted it for a non-[[Marian devotions|Marian]] text in his [[cantata]] ''[[Tilge, Höchster, meine Sünden, BWV 1083|Tilge, Höchster, meine Sünden]]'' (''Root out my sins, Highest One''), [[BWV]] 1083.

Pergolesi wrote a number of secular instrumental works, including a [[violin sonata]] and a [[violin concerto]]. A considerable number of instrumental and sacred works once attributed to Pergolesi have since been shown to be misattributed. Many colourful anecdotes related by Pergolesi's 19th-century biographer [[Francesco Florimo]] were later revealed as [[hoax]]es.

Pergolesi died on 16 or 17 March 1736 at the age of 26 in [[Pozzuoli]] from [[tuberculosis]] and was buried at the [[Franciscan]] [[monastery]] one day later.

Pergolesi was the subject of a 1932 Italian film biopic ''[[Pergolesi (film)|Pergolesi]]''. It was directed by [[Guido Brignone]] with [[Elio Steiner]] playing the role of the composer.

== Legend and posthumous fame ==
In life, despite numerous awards, Pergolesi's fame was almost exclusively limited to the Neapolitan and Roman musical milieu. Nonetheless, he has influenced poets and artists who, during the 19th century, reinterpreted the composer in a romantic light.

As the historian and traveler [[Charles Burney]] wrote: {{Quotation|…from the moment his death became known, all Italy manifested a keen desire to hear and possess his works.}} 
Indeed, the myth that was born throughout Europe around his life and work after his death represents an exceptional phenomenon in the history of music. Mozart will experience a similar phenomenon after his death. Thus, more than three hundred works have been attributed to him, of which only about thirty have been recognized by modern critics as true Pergolesi's compositions, a phenomenon which testifies the reputation of the composer.

However, already in the middle of the 18th century Pergolesi was immensely better known than he had been in life: as mentioned, the numerous prints of his compositions began to spread throughout Europe. Several years after Pergolesi's death, the performance in Paris, in [[1752]], of ''La Serva padrona'' by an Italian comic opera troupe, triggered the famous [[Querelle des Bouffons]] between the defenders of French music and the supporters of the [[opera buffa]]. For Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in particular, the freshness and the grace of his music was the dazzling demonstration of the superiority of Italian opera over [[French lyric tragedy]]. The French composer [[André Grétry]] said: {{Quotation|Pergolesi was born, and the truth was known!}} Above all, the scarcity of tangible information about his life and works was fertile ground for the flourishing of imaginative anecdotes of all kinds. The doubt crept in that his tragic end was due not to natural causes but to poisoning by musicians envious of his talent.<ref>Biografie e ritratti di uomini illustri piceni pubblicate per cura del conte Antonio Hercolani. 1839, p. 169</ref> Apollonian beauty and numerous tragic loves were attributed to him.

Because of this extraordinary posthumous fame, the catalog of his works had an unpredictable destiny: during the 18th century and 19th century spread in Europe the practice of publishing under his name, for the purpose of speculation, any score having the musical style of the Neapolitan school. By the end of the 19th century, this led to over five hundred compositions in the ''informal'' catalog of his works. Contemporary studies have reduced Pergolesi's compositions to less than fifty, and of these only twenty-eight are the works whose paternity is considered sure.

[[File:Pergolesi Denkmal in Jesi (Marken) 2008.JPG|thumb|Monument to Giovanni Battista Pergolesi in Jesi]]There are still serious doubts about the attribution of various works, even among the best known, such as the ''Salve Regina in F minor''. Several music and record editions perpetuate these uncertainties about the authorship of various compositions, publishing in his name compositions certainly produced by other authors, such as the arias ''Se tu m'ami'' (certainly composed by the musicologist [[Alessandro Parisotti]] in the second half of the 19th century and included in one of his collections of baroque arias under the name of Pergolesi) and ''[[Tre giorni son che Nina]]'' (attributed to [[Vincenzo Legrenzio Ciampi]]) or the ''[[Magnificat]]'' in D major, composed by his teacher [[Francesco Durante]].

The situation of extreme uncertainty that distinguishes the catalog of Pergolesi's works can be easily described with the case of ''[[Pulcinella (ballet)|Pulcinella]]'' by [[Igor Stravinsky]]: composed in [[1920]] as a tribute to the style of the composer from Jesi, the most recent music critics have established that of the 21 pieces used for this composition, as many as 11 are to be attributed to other authors (mainly [[Domenico Gallo]]), two are of dubious attribution and only eight (mostly taken from his operas) can be attributed to Pergolesi.

==Pergolesi's works on screen==
Pergolesi's ''Salve Regina'' is a highlighted performance in the movie [[Farinelli (film)|''Farinelli'']] (1994), in which [[Farinelli]] also performs ''Stabat Mater Dolorosa'' in the only duet. The first and last parts of Pergolesi's ''Stabat Mater'' were used in the soundtrack of the movie ''[[Jesus of Montreal]] (Jésus de Montréal)'' (1989); the fifth part ("Quis est homo") was used in the soundtrack of the movie ''[[Smilla's Sense of Snow (film)|Smilla's Sense of Snow]]'' (1997); the last part was also used in the movie ''[[Amadeus (film)|Amadeus]]'' (1984) and in the movie ''[[The Mirror (1975 film)|The Mirror]]'' (1975) by [[Andrei Tarkovsky]]. The film ''[[Cactus (1986 film)|Cactus]]'' (1986) by the Australian director [[Paul Cox (director)|Paul Cox]] also features Pergolesi's ''Stabat Mater'' on the soundtrack.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/70006/cactus#credits |title=Cactus (1986) – Full Credits |publisher=[[Turner Classic Movies]] |access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> ''Nothing Left Unsaid'', a 2016 documentary on [[Gloria Vanderbilt]] and [[Anderson Cooper]], used the last movement ("Quando Corpus / Amen") of Pergolesi's ''Stabat Mater''.

==Works==
The standard catalogue of Pergolesi's works was produced by Marvin Paymer in 1977, ascribing a unique P number to each item so that – for example – the well-known [[Stabat Mater (Pergolesi)|''Stabat Mater'']] is P.77.<ref>''Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, 1710–1736: a thematic catalogue of the Opera Omnia, with an appendix listing omitted compositions''. Marvin E. Paymer (New York: Pendragon Press, 1977).</ref>

===Sacred music===
*''Antifona "In caelestibus regnis"'' (1731)
*''Confitebor tibi Domine'' (Psalm 111) in C for Soprano, Alto, Choir, Strings and Continuo (1732)
*''Dixit Dominus'' (Psalm 110) for Soprano, Bass, 2 Choirs and 2 Orchestras (1732)
*''Laudate pueri Dominum'' (Psalm 113) in D for Soprano, Mezzo, Choir and Orchestra (1734)
*Mass in D (1732)
*Mass in F "San Emidio" ''(Missa romana)'' for Soprano, Alto, 2 Choirs, 2 Orchestras and Continuo (1732)
*Oratorio ''{{illm|La fenice sul rogo|lt=La fenice sul rogo, o vero La morte di San Giuseppe|it|La fenice sul rogo}}'' (1731, atrium of the [[Girolamini, Naples|Chiesa dei Girolamini]], Naples)
*Dramma sacro ''[[La conversione e morte di San Guglielmo|Li prodigi della divina grazia nella conversione e morte di san Guglielmo duca d'Aquitania]]'' (1731, Monastery of [[Sant'Agnello Maggiore]], Naples)
*''Salve regina'' in a for Soprano, Strings and Continuo (1731)
*''Salve regina'' in c for Soprano, Strings and Continuo (1735)
*''Salve regina'' in f for Alto, Strings and Continuo (1736, adapted from the ''Salve regina'' in c)
*''[[Stabat Mater (Pergolesi)|Stabat Mater]]'' in f (wr. 1735, pr. 1736, Naples)

===Operas===
*''[[La Salustia]]'', January 1732, Teatro San Bartolomeo, Naples; text possibly by Sebastiano Morelli after ''[[Alessandro Severo]]'' by [[Apostolo Zeno]]
*''[[Lo frate 'nnamorato]]'', 27 September 1732, Teatro dei Fiorentini, Naples
*''[[Il prigionier superbo]]'', containing the intermezzo ''[[La serva padrona]]'', 28 August 1733, Teatro San Bartolomeo, Naples
*''[[Adriano in Siria (Pergolesi)|Adriano in Siria]]'', containing the intermezzo ''[[Livietta e Tracollo]]'', 25 October 1734, Teatro San Bartolomeo, Naples 
*''[[L'Olimpiade (Pergolesi)|L'Olimpiade]]'', January 1735, Teatro Tordinona, Rome 
*''[[Il Flaminio]]'', autumn 1735, [[Teatro Nuovo (Naples)|Teatro Nuovo]], Naples

===Orchestral music===
*Sinfonia in B-flat major
*Sinfonia in D major
*Sinfonia in F major
*Sinfonia in G major, P.35
*Sinfonia in G minor, P.24c
*Flute Concerto in G major, P.33 (very doubtful)
*Concerto for Flute and 2 Violins in D major
*Concerto for Flute and 2 Violins in G major
*Concerto for 2 Harpsichords and Orchestra
*Violin Concerto in B flat major

====Spurious====
*6 ''Concerti armonici'' for 4 violins, viola and continuo, long attributed to Pergolesi but in fact by [[Unico Wilhelm van Wassenaer|Wassenaer]]

===Keyboard works===
* Harpsichord Sonata in A major, P.1
* Harpsichord Sonata in D major
* Organ Sonata in F major
* Organ Sonata in G major

===Chamber works===
*Trio Sonata in G major, P.12
*Trio Sonata in G minor
*Unspecified Andantino, for violin and piano
*Violin Sonata in G major
*Sonata No.1 in G major, for 2 violins
*Sinfonia in F major, for cello and continuo

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{EB1911 poster|Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista}}
*{{CathEncy|wstitle=Giovanni Battista Pergolesi}}
*{{Internet Archive author|sname=Giovanni Battista Pergolesi}}
*{{ChoralWiki}}
*{{IMSLP|id=Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista|cname=Giovanni Battista Pergolesi}}
*{{MutopiaComposer|PergolesiGB}}
*[http://www.fondazionepergolesispontini.com Fondazione Pergolesi Spontini of Iesi]
*{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215062257/http://www.domenicoscarlatti.it/|date=15 February 2016|title=Istituto Internazionale per lo studio del '700 musicale napoletano}}
*[http://voicesofmusic.org/pergolesi.html The Early Music ensemble ''Voices of Music'' performs Pergolesi's Stabat Mater]

{{Giovanni Battista Pergolesi|state=collapsed}}
{{Neapolitan School|state=collapsed}}
{{Baroque music}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista}}
[[Category:1710 births]]
[[Category:1736 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Italian composers]]
[[Category:18th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Catholic liturgical composers]]
[[Category:Italian classical composers of church music]]
[[Category:Italian Baroque composers]]
[[Category:Italian opera composers]]
[[Category:Italian male opera composers]]
[[Category:Neapolitan School composers]]
[[Category:People from Jesi]]
[[Category:Deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Musicians from the Papal States]]
[[Category:18th-century Italian male composers]]