View source for Golden Quadrilateral

{{Short description|National highway network in India connecting four megacities}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| name = Golden Quadrilateral
| established = 2001
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]]
| map = Golden Quadrilateral.svg
| map_notes = Highway map of India with the Golden Quadrilateral highlighted
| length_km = 5846
| section1 = [[National Highway 16 (India)|<span style=color:white>NH-16</span>]]
| terminus_a1 = [[Chennai]]
| terminus_b1 = [[Kolkata]]
| length_km1 = 1684
| section2 = [[National Highway 19 (India)|<span style=color:white>NH-19</span>]] and [[National Highway 44 (India)|<span style=color:white>NH-44</span>]]
| terminus_a2 = [[Kolkata]]
| terminus_b2 = [[Delhi]]
| length_km2 = 1453
| section3 = [[National Highway 48 (India)|<span style=color:white>NH-48</span>]]
| terminus_a3 = [[Delhi]]
| terminus_b3 = [[Mumbai]]
| length_km3 = 1419
| section4 = [[National Highway 48 (India)|<span style=color:white>NH-48</span>]]
| terminus_a4 = [[Mumbai]]
| terminus_b4 = [[Chennai]]
| length_km4 = 1290
}}
The '''Golden Quadrilateral''' ({{langx|hi|Svarnim Chaturbhuj}}; abbreviated '''GQ''') is a network of [[National Highway (India)|national highways]] connecting major cities of India. It roughly forms a [[quadrilateral]] with major cities &ndash; [[Delhi]] (north), [[Kolkata]] (east), [[Mumbai]] (west) and [[Chennai]] (south) forming the termini. Stretching {{cvt|5846|km}}, it is one of the longest roads in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-images-worlds-10-longest-highways/20140122.htm#5|title=World's 10 longest highways|access-date=22 January 2014|archive-date=23 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123014156/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-images-worlds-10-longest-highways/20140122.htm#5|url-status=live}}</ref>

The project was part of the first phase of the [[National Highways Development Project]] executed by the [[Government of India]]. The roads were constructed and are maintained by the [[National Highway Authority of India]] under the purview of the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]. The road system consists of access controlled four or six-lane highways, built at a cost of {{INRConvert|324.9|b|year=1999}}. The project was launched in 1999, and completed in 2012.

== Background and planning ==
In 1998, the [[Government of India]] launched the [[National Highways Development Project]] (NHDP). The project envisaged the development of about {{cvt|13150|km}} of four and six lane highways at an estimated cost of {{INRconvert|540|b|year=1999}}.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/evaluation-document/35657/files/in387-08.pdf|title=India Highways Project|work=[[Asian Development Bank]]|date=November 2008|access-date=1 June 2024|page=5}}</ref><ref name="GQ">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=1025|title=Road Transport & Highways|date=7 February 2004|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/international/asia/04highway.html?ex=1291352400&en=d77dd2ca4f760ef0&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&pagewanted=all|title=Mile by Mile, India Paves a Smoother Future|work=[[New York Times]]|date=4 December 2005|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The Golden Quadrilateral project was part of the first phase of NHDP, and involved the construction of {{cvt|5846|km}} of multi-lane highways connecting the major cities.<ref name="AR">{{cite report|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/48.pdf|title=Annual Report 2003-04|work=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]], [[Government of India]]|page=10|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Nat">{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/10/india-highway/belt-text|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918041257/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/10/india-highway/belt-text|title=Fast Lane to the Future|author=Don Belt|work=[[National Geographic Magazine|National Geographic]]|date=October 2008|access-date=1 June 2009|archive-date=18 September 2008}}</ref> It was intended to establish better and faster transport networks between major cities, thereby reducing accidents and costs,<ref name="GQ"/> and drive economical growth by providing better access to markets.<ref name="Nat"/><ref name="Forbes">{{cite web|url=http://business.in.com/article/briefing/crossing-the-chasm/4202/1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925032101/http://business.in.com/article/briefing/crossing-the-chasm/4202/1|url-status=dead|date=21 September 2009|archive-date=25 September 2009|author=R. N. Bhaskar|work=[[Forbes]]|title=Crossing the chasm}}</ref><ref name="BT">{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/focus/story/economic-benefits-of-the-golden-quadrilateral-project-41439-2013-05-04|title=Benefits of Golden Quadrilateral project are already visible|newspaper=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|date=12 May 2013|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== Construction ==
[[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) was tasked with the implementation of the project.<ref name="BT"/> The foundation stone for the project was laid on 6 January 1999 by then [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref>{{cite press release|title=Building India's National Pride: The Golden Quadrilateral|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2003/fapr2003/f020420031.html|date=2 April 2003|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=19 August 2012|archive-date=17 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717091143/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2003/fapr2003/f020420031.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the original plan, majority of the project was intended to be completed by December 2004.<ref name="AR"/> However, as of July 2005, four laning of only {{cvt|4944|km}} was complete, and the project timeline was revised to be completed by December 2006.<ref name="FE">{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/fe_full_story.php?content_id=100459|title=Golden Quadrilateral still has miles to go|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=26 August 2005|access-date=26 August 2005|archive-date=28 November 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051128212502/http://www.financialexpress.com/fe_full_story.php?content_id=100459|url-status=live}}</ref> 

The project faced further delays due to land acquisition issues, disputes with contractors, and renegotiation of contracts.<ref name="BT"/><ref name="FE"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Contractors take the sheen off Golden Quadrilateral |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=3 August 2011 |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/contractors-take-the-sheen-off-golden-quadrilateral/826471/0 |url-status=dead |df=dmy |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731160327/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/contractors-take-the-sheen-off-golden-quadrilateral/826471/0 |archive-date=31 July 2012 }}</ref> A NHAI engineer [[Satyendra Dubey]] wrote letter to the prime minister highlighting that the large contractors were being given inside information by NHAI officials, and the contractors were subcontracting the work to smaller companies which lacked technical expertise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/dec/05bihar1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918082555/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/dec/05bihar1.htm|archive-date=18 September 2009|title=Bihar govt wakes up to IITian's murder|work=[[Rediff]]|date=5 December 2003|access-date=1 June 2004}}</ref> While Dubey was transferred and was later murdered for voicing out his concerns, NHAI implemented reforms in contract procedures due to the allegations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/full_story.php?content_id=78880|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019033409/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/full_story.php?content_id=78880|archive-date=19 October 2007|title=NHAI report to CBI proves Dubey right, contract rules being rewritten|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=26 September 2005|access-date=1 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2010/03/27/satyendranath-dubey-killers-get-life-imprisonment.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510082646/http://news.oneindia.in/2010/03/27/satyendranath-dubey-killers-get-life-imprisonment.html|archive-date=10 May 2011|title=Satyendranath Dubey killers get life imprisonment|date=27 March 2010|work=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref>

In September 2009, the government announced plans to convert the existing four-lane highways into six-lane highways in the future.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/21/india-ambassador-shankar-business-emerging-markets-economy.html|title=Ambassador: Indian Economy Will Grow|author=Megha Bahree|work=[[Forbes]]|date=21 September 2009|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911114830/https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/21/india-ambassador-shankar-business-emerging-markets-economy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As per an update given to the [[Parliament of India]], about 99.7% of the project was complete by 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/64037/1/15_Estimates_16.pdf|title=National Highways Development Project|work=[[Parliament of India]]|date=26 April 2012|access-date=1 June 2024|page=27}}</ref> In January 2012, the government announced that the entire project has been completed.<ref name="IE">{{cite news|title=Govt declares Golden Quadrilateral complete|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=7 January 2012|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Govt-declares-Golden-Quadrilateral-complete/896873/|access-date=9 January 2012|archive-date=8 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108133041/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Govt-declares-Golden-Quadrilateral-complete/896873|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhai.org/gqmain_english.htm|title=National Highways Development Project Map|work=National Highways Institute of India|access-date=5 December 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034111/http://www.nhai.org/gqmain_english.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The final cost of the project was estimated at {{INRconvert|324.92|b|year=1999}}.<ref name="BT"/>

== Network ==
The Golden Quadrilateral consists {{cvt|5846|km}} of multi-lane highways roughly forming a [[quadrilateral]] connecting four major cities &ndash; [[Delhi]] (north), [[Kolkata]] (east), [[Mumbai]] (west) and [[Chennai]] (south).<ref name="AR"/><ref name="Nat"/><ref name="IE"/>

[[File:HIghway Chennai Bangalore.jpg|thumb|A section of the highway between Chennai and Mumbai]]
[[File:Durgapur Xpressway.jpg|thumb|Part of the Delhi-Kolkata section of the highway]]

{{Table alignment}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
!Segment
!Length<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhai.org/goldenquadrilateral.asp|title=Current status of Golden Quadrilateral|work=[[National Highways Authority of India]]|access-date=2 December 2009|archive-date=29 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129032529/http://www.nhai.org/goldenquadrilateral.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
![[National Highways of India|National Highway]]<ref name="NH">{{cite report|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|title=Details of National Highways|work=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://unacademy.com/content/railway-exam/study-material/static-gk/list-of-national-highways-in-india/|title=List of national highways in India|work=[[Unacademy]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
!States/UTs<ref name="NH"/>
|-
| [[Delhi]]&ndash;[[Mumbai]]
| {{cvt|1419|km}}
| [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH-48]]
| 
* [[Gujarat]] &ndash; {{cvt|488.7|km}}
* [[Haryana]] &ndash; {{cvt|83.3|km}}
* [[Maharashtra]] &ndash; {{cvt|104.2|km}}
* [[National Capital Territory]] &ndash; {{cvt|10.8|km}}
* [[Rajasthan]] &ndash; {{cvt|732|km}}
|-
| [[Mumbai]]&ndash;[[Chennai]]
| {{cvt|1290|km}}
| [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH-48]]
| 
* [[Karnataka]] &ndash; {{cvt|575.7|km}}
* [[Maharashtra]] &ndash; {{cvt|476.7|km}}
* [[Tamil Nadu]] &ndash; {{cvt|237.6|km}}
|-
| [[Kolkata]]&ndash;[[Chennai]]
| {{cvt|1684|km}}
| [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH-16]]
| 
* [[Andhra Pradesh]] &ndash; {{cvt|1024.1|km}}
* [[Odisha]] &ndash; {{cvt|444|km}}
* [[Tamil Nadu]] &ndash; {{cvt|41.8|km}}
* [[West Bengal]] &ndash; {{cvt|174.1|km}}
|-
| [[Delhi]]&ndash;[[Kolkata]]
| {{cvt|1453|km}}
| [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH-19]] and [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH-44]]
| 
* [[Bihar]] &ndash; {{cvt|206|km}}
* [[Jharkhand]] &ndash; {{cvt|199.8|km}}
* [[National Capital Territory]] &ndash; {{cvt|15|km}}
* [[Uttar Pradesh]] &ndash; {{cvt|823.5|km}}
* [[West Bengal]] &ndash; {{cvt|208.7|km}}
|-
!
! {{cvt|5846|km}}
!
!
|}

=== Major towns ===
[[File:Nh76.jpg|thumb|A section of the highway between Chennai and Mumbai]]
[[File:National_Highway_16_(old_NH_5)_at_Visakhapatnam.jpg|thumb|A section of the highway between Chennai and Kolkata]]
{{Table alignment}}

{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|+Major towns<ref name="NH"/>
|-
!Segment
!colspan="6"| State/UT
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[Delhi]]&ndash;[[Mumbai]]
! [[Gujarat]]
! [[Haryana]]
! [[Maharashtra]]
! [[National Capital Territory]]
! [[Rajasthan]]
|-
|
* [[Ahmedabad]]
* [[Ankleshwar]]
* [[Vadodara]]
|
* [[Bawal]]
|
* [[Mumbai]]
* [[Thane]]
|
* [[Delhi]]
|
* [[Bhilwara]]
* [[Chittaurgarh]]
* [[Jaipur]]
* [[Kishangarh]]
* [[Udaipur]]
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[Mumbai]]&ndash;[[Chennai]]
! [[Karnataka]]
! [[Maharashtra]]
! [[Tamil Nadu]]
!
!
|-
|
* [[Belgavi]]
* [[Bengaluru]]
* [[Chitradurga]]
|
* [[Kohlapur]]
* [[Pune]]
* [[Solapur]]
|
* [[Chennai]]
* [[Krishnagiri]]
* [[Vellore]]
|
|
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[Kolkata]]&ndash;[[Chennai]]
! [[Andhra Pradesh]]
! [[Odisha]]
! [[Tamil Nadu]]
! [[West Bengal]]
!
|-
|
* [[Anakapalli]]
* [[Anandapuram]]
* [[Pendurthi]]
* [[Nellore]]
* [[Rajahmundry]]
* [[Vijayawada]]
|
* [[Baleshwar]]
* [[Bhubaneshwar]]
|
* [[Chennai]]
|
* [[Kharagpur]]
* [[Kolkata]]
|
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[Delhi]]&ndash;[[Kolkata]]
! [[Bihar]]
! [[Jharkhand]]
! [[National Capital Territory]]
! [[Uttar Pradesh]]
! [[West Bengal]]
|-
|
* [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
* [[Dobhi]]
* [[Mohania]]
|
* [[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]]
* [[Bagodar]]
* [[Gobindpur, Jharkhand|Gobindpur]]
|
* [[Delhi]]
|
* [[Agra]]
* [[Kanpur]]
* [[Prayagraj]]
* [[Varanasi]]
|
* [[Asansol]]
* [[Kolkata]]
* [[Palsit]]
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Bharatmala]]
* [[Sagar Mala project]]
* [[UDAN]]

{{Portal bar|India|Transport|Roads}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160611061444/http://www.nhai.org/ Official website of the National Highways Authority of India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034111/http://www.nhai.org/gqmain_english.htm Map of GQ progress on the NHAI website]
* [http://www.morth.nic.in Ministry of Road Transport]

{{Transport in India}}
{{Highways in India}}

[[Category:1999 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
[[Category:Golden Quadrilateral| ]]
[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:Proposed roads in India]]
[[Category:Vajpayee administration initiatives]]