View source for Governor of Georgia

{{Short description|Head of government of the U.S. state of Georgia}}
{{For|a list|List of governors of Georgia}}
{{Distinguish|text=the State Commissioners (informally referred to as "Governor"), the chief executives of the [[Regions of Georgia (country)]]}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Governor
| body = Georgia
| insignia = Seal of Georgia.svg
| insigniasize = 110
| insigniacaption = [[Seal of Georgia (U.S. state)|Great Seal of the State of Georgia]]
| image = Brian Kemp 2023.jpg
| incumbent = [[Brian Kemp]]
| incumbentsince = January 14, 2019
| termlength = Four years, renewable once consecutively
| salary = $185,000 (2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://open.ga.gov/openga/salaryTravel/index |title=Find salaries and travel reimbursements paid to employees of the State of Georgia and employees of local boards of education. |publisher=Open Georgia |date=February 20, 2022 |access-date=November 6, 2024 }}</ref>
| department = [[Government_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)|Government of Georgia]]
| residence = [[Georgia Governor's Mansion]]
| formation = July 12, 1775
| succession = [[Gubernatorial_lines_of_succession_in_the_United_States#Georgia|Line of succession]]
| deputy = [[Lieutenant Governor of Georgia]]
| inaugural = [[Archibald Bulloch]]
| website = [https://gov.georgia.gov Official website]
}}

The '''governor of Georgia''' is the [[head of government]] of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and the commander-in-chief of the state's [[Georgia National Guard|National Guard]], when not in federal service, and [[Georgia State Defense Force|State Defense Force]]. The governor also has a duty to enforce state laws, the power to either veto or approve bills passed by the [[Georgia General Assembly|Georgia Legislature]], and the power to convene the legislature into special session.<ref>GA Const. art. V</ref> The current governor is [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Brian Kemp]], who assumed office on January 14, 2019.

== History of the office ==
{{For|the period before independence|List of colonial governors of Georgia}}
{{For|the period after independence|List of governors of Georgia}}
[[File:The office of the governor inside the Georgia state capitol building.jpg|thumb|The office of the governor inside the Georgia state capitol building]]
There have officially been 77 governors of the state of Georgia, including 11 who served more than one distinct term. Georgia was one of the original [[Thirteen Colonies]] and ratified the [[Constitution of the United States]] on January 2, 1788.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/ratga.asp|title=Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Georgia - January 2, 1788|publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School|access-date=January 9, 2011}}</ref> The early days were chaotic, with several gaps and schisms in the state's power structure, as the state capital of [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] was captured during the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref name="ge-houstoun">{{cite web |title=John Houstoun |url=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/john-houstoun-ca-1747-1796 |access-date=January 15, 2019 |publisher=[[New Georgia Encyclopedia]]}}</ref> After independence was achieved, the office was solidly [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] until the 1830s, when the office began to be contested by Democrats and Whigs for a few decades.

It seceded from the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] on January 19, 1861,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=3953 |title=Secession Ordinances of 13 Confederate States |publisher=[[University of Houston]] |access-date=May 24, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905091739/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=3953 |archive-date=September 5, 2015 }}</ref> and was a founding member of the [[Confederate States of America]] on February 4, 1861.<ref>[http://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/19conf/19conf.html#p1 Constitution for the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820151934/http://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/19conf/19conf.html |date=August 20, 2016 }}, accessed July 8, 2015</ref> Following the end of the [[American Civil War]], [[Georgia during Reconstruction]] was part of the [[Third Military District]], which exerted control over governor appointments and elections.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://history.army.mil/html/books/075/75-18/cmhPub_75-18.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911212248/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/075/75-18/cmhPub_75-18.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 11, 2015 |title=The Army and Reconstruction, 1865-1877 |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |author=Bradley, Mark L. |page=31 |year=2015 |access-date=June 20, 2019}}</ref> During [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]], it had two [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] governors. Georgia was then readmitted to the Union on July 25, 1868,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwMI1Xokv7AC&pg=PA172 |title=The Empire State of the South |author=Meyers, Christopher C. |isbn=978-0-88146-111-4 |access-date=May 19, 2015 |year=2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521041454/https://books.google.com/books?id=LwMI1Xokv7AC&lpg=PA172&pg=PA172 |archive-date=May 21, 2016 }}</ref> expelled from Congress for failures in Reconstruction on March 3, 1869,<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Georgia (United States) |volume= 11 | pages = 751&ndash;758; see page 757 }}</ref> and again readmitted on July 15, 1870.<ref>{{usstat|16|363}}</ref> After the end of Reconstruction and the state was allowed to govern itself again, [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] would be the only party elected for the next 131 years.

The longest-serving governors are [[George Busbee]], [[Joe Frank Harris]], [[Zell Miller]], [[Sonny Perdue]], and [[Nathan Deal]], each of whom served two full four-year terms; [[Joseph E. Brown]], governor during the Civil War, was elected four times, serving seven and a half years. The shortest term of the post-revolutionary period is that of [[Matthew Talbot]], who served 13 days after succeeding his predecessor who died in office. One man, [[Eugene Talmadge]], died before taking office in his third distinct term, leading to a [[Three Governors controversy|dispute]] in which three people claimed the office.

===Exceptions and omissions===
The revolutionary government was thrown into disarray by the [[capture of Savannah]] in 1778, which led to several governments with varying levels of influence; they would reunite in 1780. The Official and Statistical Register of Georgia ignores the Council of Safety of [[William Ewen]] in favor of Archibald Bulloch's government, and omits the government of [[William Glascock]] and [[Seth John Cuthbert]]. The Register includes colonial governors in its numbering, listing Archibald Bulloch as the 7th governor.<ref name="register">{{cite web |title=Georgia Official and Statistical Register, 1977-1978 - page 1145 |url=http://statregister.galileo.usg.edu/statregister/view?docId=statregister/stat1977/stat1977-1146.xml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116050218/http://statregister.galileo.usg.edu/statregister/view?docId=statregister/stat1977/stat1977-1146.xml |archive-date=January 16, 2019 |access-date=January 15, 2019 |publisher=[[Digital Library of Georgia]]}}</ref>

=== Three governors controversy ===
{{Main|Three governors controversy}}

In December 1946, Governor-elect [[Eugene Talmadge]] died before assuming office. Talmadge's son, [[Herman Talmadge|Herman]], was appointed governor by the [[Georgia General Assembly|State Legislature]]. This was challenged by the Lieutenant Governor-elect [[Melvin Thompson]], who maintained that the state constitution authorized him to assume the office upon the death of the governor. Outgoing governor [[Ellis Arnall]] announced that he would not relinquish the office until it was clear who the new governor was. The political turmoil that ensued became known as the "three governors controversy". In January 1947, while all three governors occupied different portions of the [[Georgia State Capitol|State Capitol]], Secretary of State [[Ben Fortson|Ben W. Fortson Jr.]], took the [[Great Seal of the State of Georgia]] and hid it.<ref name="Register">{{cite web |date=1985 |title=Georgia Official and Statistical Register 1983-1984 |url=http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/statreg-images/pdfs/1983.pdf |access-date=2014-10-13 |publisher=Department of Archives and History - A Division of Secretary of State |page=252}}</ref> This prevented any of the claimants to the governorship from executing any business until the [[Supreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state)|Supreme Court of Georgia]] could make a ruling on the rightful winner. Thompson was eventually declared "acting governor" until a special election could be held to fill the remainder of the original term.<ref>{{cite web |date=2002-12-08 |title=New Georgia Encyclopedia: Three Governors Controversy |url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-591 |access-date=2012-10-16 |publisher=Georgiaencyclopedia.org}}</ref> Herman Talmadge won the special election and served out the remaining portion of his father's term.

== Qualifications for office ==
According to Article V, Section I, Paragraph IV of the Georgia Constitution, to be eligible for the office of governor one needs to meet the following qualifications:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governor of Georgia |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Governor_of_Georgia}}</ref>

*Be at least thirty years of age when sworn in
*Be a resident of Georgia for at least six years immediately preceding the election
*Be a [[United States citizen]] for at least fifteen years before the election

== Election and term of office ==

=== Historical rules ===
Under Georgia's Rules and Regulations of 1776, considered by some to be the first constitution, the chief executive was a president chosen by the legislature every six months.<ref>1776 Const. art. I</ref> This was quickly superseded by the 1777 constitution, which called for a governor to be chosen by the legislature each year,<ref>1777 Const. art. II</ref> with a term limited to one year out of every three.<ref>1777 Const. art. XXIII</ref> The governor's term was lengthened to two years in the 1789 constitution,<ref name="1789const-a2s1">1789 Const. art. 2, § 1</ref> and an 1824 amendment provided for popular election of the governor.<ref>1798 Const. Amendment 7</ref> While the 1861 secessionist constitution kept the office the same, the 1865 constitution, following Georgia's surrender, limited governors to two consecutive terms of two years each, allowing them to serve again after a gap of four years.<ref>1865 Const. art III, § 1</ref> The Reconstruction constitution of 1868 increased the governor's term to four years.<ref name="1868const-a4-s1">1868 Const. art. IV, § 1</ref> The 1877 constitution, after the end of Reconstruction, returned the office to the provisions of the 1865 constitution.<ref name="1877const-a5-s1">1877 Const. art. 5, § 1 par. 2</ref> An amendment in 1941 lengthened terms to four years, but governors could no longer succeed themselves, having to wait four years to serve again.<ref name="amendment-1941">{{cite web |url=http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/statreg-images/pdfs/1939.pdf |page=6 |title=Georgia's Official Register, 1939-1941-1943 |publisher=Georgia Department of Archives and History |access-date=June 23, 2019}}</ref> The constitution does not specify when terms start, only that the governor is installed at the next session of the General Assembly.<ref>GA Const. art V, § 1 par. 2</ref> The current constitution of 1983 allows governors to succeed themselves once before having to wait four years to serve again.<ref>GA Const. art V, § 1 par. 4</ref>

=== Modern practice ===
The current constitution of 1983 allows governors to serve two terms in office before having to wait four years to serve again. The Constitution provides as follows:<blockquote>"There shall be a Governor who shall hold office for a term of four years and until a successor shall be chosen and qualified. Persons holding the office of Governor may succeed themselves for one four-year term of office. Persons who have held the office of Governor and have succeeded themselves as hereinbefore provided shall not again be eligible to be elected to that office until after the expiration of four years from the conclusion of their term as Governor." Ga. Const. art. V, § I, para. I.

"An election for Governor shall be held on Tuesday after the first Monday in November of 1986, and the Governor-elect shall be installed in office at the next session of the General Assembly. An election for Governor shall take place quadrennially thereafter on said date unless another date be fixed by the General Assembly. Said election shall be held at the places of holding general elections in the several counties of this state, in the manner prescribed for the election of members of the General Assembly, and the electors shall be the same." Ga. Const. art. V, § I, para. II.</blockquote>This does mean that a governor and their lieutenant governor, if both in agreement and of enough popularity, could in theory serve an infinite number of terms each. 

== Powers, duties, and authorities ==
According to the [[Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state)|Constitution of Georgia]], the governor:

* Exercises "chief executive powers" and "take care the laws are faithfully executed"
* Serves as the commander-in-chief of the [[Georgia National Guard]]
* Serves as the commander-in-chief of the [[Georgia State Defense Force]], a professionally trained volunteer [[state defense force]] 
* Calls the [[Georgia General Assembly]] into special session for purposes as the governor may provide by proclamation
* Exercises [[veto]] power on bills
* Issues [[Writ of election|writs of election]] for vacancies which occur in Congress
* May deliver a state of the state address to the General Assembly
* Suspends or removes officers under Article II, Section 3 of the Georgia Constitution (following the finding of an appointed commission)
The governor, by law, also has the authority to declare a state of emergency or disaster, suspend the collection of taxes, and generally enforce the laws of the state.

==Succession==
{{Main|Gubernatorial lines of succession in the United States#Georgia}}
Originally, in the event of a vacancy, the president of the executive council acted as governor.<ref>1777 Const. art. XXIX</ref> This was changed in 1798 to the president of the senate.<ref>1798 Const. art. II, § 4</ref> The 1945 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor, who would act as governor if that office became vacant;<ref>1945 Const. art. V, § 1 par. 7</ref> Article V, Section 1, Paragraph V of the [[Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state)|Constitution of Georgia]] provides a plan of succession in the event of the death or incapacitation of the Governor. The first successor would be the [[Lieutenant governor of Georgia|Lieutenant Governor]], followed by the [[Speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/government/related_article/constitutions/georgia-constitution-of-1983-as-ratified-without-subsequent-amendments#Article%20V|title=Georgia Constitution of 1983: Article V|work=Georgia Info|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref> 

==Timeline==
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| <strong>Timeline of Georgia governors</strong>
|-
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==See also==
* [[First ladies of Georgia (U.S. state)|First ladies of Georgia]]
* [[List of colonial governors of Georgia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===General===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.nga.org/former-governors/georgia/ | title=Former Georgia Governors | publisher=[[National Governors Association]] | access-date=July 10, 2019}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/ |title=The New Georgia Encyclopedia |access-date=June 21, 2019}}
* ''A History of Georgia'', second ed.  Kenneth Coleman, general editor.  University of Georgia Press: 1991.
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFZEAAAAIAAJ | title=The Revolutionary Records of the State of Georgia Volume 1 | access-date=August 28, 2016| last1=Candler | first1=Allen Daniel | year=1908 | isbn=9780404073008 }}
* {{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldire0001sobe/ | title=Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. I | publisher=Meckler Books | year=1978 | author=Sobel, Robert | access-date=July 10, 2019 | isbn=9780930466015}}
{{Refend}}

===Constitutions===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite web | url=https://sos.ga.gov/admin/files/Constitution_2013_Final_Printed.pdf | title=Constitution of the State of Georgia, as amended | year=1983 | publisher=[[Secretary of State of Georgia]] | access-date=June 20, 2019}}
* {{cite web | url=http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1983.htm | title=Constitution of the State of Georgia, as ratified | year=1983 | publisher=[[University of Georgia]] | access-date=November 28, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128143045/http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1983.htm | archive-date=November 28, 2012 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1976.htm | title=Constitution of the State of Georgia | year=1976 | publisher=[[University of Georgia]] | access-date=November 28, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107093118/http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1976.htm | archive-date=November 7, 2012 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1945.htm | title=Constitution of the State of Georgia | year=1945 | publisher=[[University of Georgia]] | access-date=November 28, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613024730/http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1945.htm | archive-date=June 13, 2012 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1877.htm | title=Constitution of the State of Georgia | year=1877 | publisher=[[University of Georgia]] | access-date=November 28, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613024722/http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1877.htm | archive-date=June 13, 2012 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1868.htm | title=Constitution of the State of Georgia | year=1868 | publisher=[[University of Georgia]] | access-date=November 28, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328011326/http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1868.htm | archive-date=March 28, 2012 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1865.htm | title=Constitution of the State of Georgia | year=1865 | publisher=[[University of Georgia]] | access-date=November 28, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328011319/http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1865.htm | archive-date=March 28, 2012 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1861.htm | title=Constitution of the State of Georgia | year=1861 | publisher=[[University of Georgia]] | access-date=November 28, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126185850/http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1861.htm | archive-date=January 26, 2013 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1798.htm | title=Constitution of the State of Georgia | year=1798 | publisher=[[University of Georgia]] | access-date=November 28, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328011231/http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1798.htm | archive-date=March 28, 2012 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1789.htm | title=Constitution of the State of Georgia | year=1789 | publisher=[[University of Georgia]] | access-date=November 28, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328011227/http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1789.htm | archive-date=March 28, 2012 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1777.htm | title=Constitution of the State of Georgia | year=1777 | publisher=[[University of Georgia]] | access-date=November 28, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114004206/http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1777.htm | archive-date=November 14, 2012 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1776.htm | title=Rules and Regulations of the Colony of Georgia | year=1776 | publisher=[[University of Georgia]] | access-date=November 28, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815012131/http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1776.htm | archive-date=August 15, 2013 }}

{{Refend}}

{{Current U.S. governors}}
{{Georgia (U.S. state)}}
{{Lists of US Governors}}
{{Governors of Georgia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Georgia, Governors Of}}
[[Category:Governor of Georgia (U.S. state)|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Georgia (U.S. state) politicians|Governors]]
[[Category:1775 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies]]