View source for Gram (mythology)

{{Short description|Legendary sword owned by Sigurd}}
{{Distinguish|text=the creature known as [[Garmr|Garmr or Garm]]}}
{{Redirect|Balmung|the character from the ".hack" franchise|Balmung (.hack)}}
[[File:Sigurdsristningen - KMB - 16000300013664.jpg|thumb|A depiction of Sigurd with Gram on the [[Ramsund carving]], dated to around the year 1030]]

In [[Germanic mythology]], '''Gram''' in [[Norse Mythology|Norse legend]] ({{langx|non|Gramr}}, "Wrath"),<ref name=ORCHARD59-60>{{Cite book |last=Orchard |first=Andy |year=1997 |title=Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnors0000orch |url-access=registration |publisher=Cassell |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnors0000orch/page/59 59–60] |isbn=0-304-34520-2}}</ref> or '''Balmung''' in the [[Middle High German]] epic poem ''[[Nibelungenlied]]'',<ref>{{cite book |title=The Nibelungenlied: A Prose Translation |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3636 |translator-last1=Armour |translator-first1=Margaret |translator-link1=Margaret Armour |location=London |publisher=J. M. Dent & Sons |year=1934 |orig-year=c. 1200 |via=[[Project Gutenberg]] |access-date=2019-04-26 }}</ref> is a magical godlike [[sword]], specifically the sword that the hero [[Sigurd]] used to kill the dragon [[Fafnir]].<ref>[http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~alvismal/2sigurd.pdf ''Sigurd—ein Held des Mittelalters'' (Edgar Haimerl)]</ref> It is primarily used by the [[Völsung]]s in the ''[[Völsung Cycle]]'', however, it is also seen in other legends, such as the ''[[Þiðreks saga|Thidrekssaga]]'' in which it is wielded by [[Hildebrand]].

The myth of Gram may be related to the British myth of "the sword in the stone", [[Excalibur]], as Gram has been thrust into a tree, from which only the hero [[Sigmund]] can pull it out, much like how Excalibur only can be pulled out by the true king of England, [[King Arthur]]. The myth of Gram being broken and then reforged was also the inspiration of Tolkien's sword [[Narsil]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Drout |first1=Michael D. C. |title=J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment |date=2007 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780415969420 |page=703 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0loOBA3ejIC&pg=PA703 |access-date=2025-05-04}}</ref>

In [[Richard Wagner's]] work, ''[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]'' (''The Ring of the Nibelung''), it is referred to as '''Nothung''' ({{IPA|de|ˈnoːtʊŋ|}}, "child of need").<ref>Cord, W. O. (1989). ''The Teutonic Mythology of Richard Wagner's "The Ring of the Nibelung"''. United Kingdom: Edwin Mellen Press. p. 22.</ref>

== Description ==
Nowhere in the ''[[Völsunga saga]]'' is a clear description of Gram given, but there is enough scattered throughout the story to draw a picture of the sword. Sigurd's weapons, Gram included, are described as being "all decked with gold and gleaming bright".<ref>Vsnrweb-publications. Viking Society Web Publications. Web. Apr.-May 2016.</ref> Depending on how the text is read, the sword may or may not have a dragon emblazoned on it and/or depending on the translation have been "brown of hue".<ref>Volsunga Saga. Trans. Eirikr Magnusson and William Morris. London: n.p., 1888. N. pag.Sacred-texts. Web. 8 May 2016.</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Sigmunds Schwert (1889) by Johannes Gehrts.jpg|thumb|right|''Sigmund's Sword''<br/> by [[Johannes Gehrts]] (1889)]]
[[File:Sigurd prüft das schwert Gram by Johannes Gehrts.jpg|thumb|right|''Sigurd proofs the sword Gram'' by [[Johannes Gehrts]] (1901)]]
Gram is primarily seen in the ''[[Völsunga saga|Volsunga Saga]]'' used by men in the [[Völsung|Völsung line]] after [[Sigmund]]. Sigmund receives it during the wedding feast for his sister, [[Signy]]. Part of the way through the feast a strange man appears carrying a sword. Although unknown to Sigmund, this is the god [[Odin]]. He thrusts the sword into the [[Barnstokkr]] tree that grew in the middle of the hall and said, “The man to pull out this sword from the trunk shall receive it from me as a gift and he will find out for himself that he never bore in hand a better sword than this.” Soon after he departed every man made his attempt to pull the sword out of the wood. All fail except Sigmund, who easily extracts it. The sword is a fine sword, and [[Siggeir|King Siggeir]] is covetous of it, offering Sigmund three times its weight in gold. When he refuses, King Siggeir grows angry and secretly begins plotting to steal it from Sigmund, eventually killing his father and capturing him and all of his brothers. After this, the sword disappears from the narrative until Signy secretly gives it back to Sigmund as he is buried alive with [[Sinfjötli|Sinfjotli]]. After Sigmund avenges his family, he uses the sword in several battles before it is eventually broken by Odin during Sigmund's final battle with King Lyngvi. 

[[Hjördís|Hjördis]], Sigmund's wife, takes up the two halves of the blade and keeps them for [[Sigurd]], their son.<ref>Vsnrweb-publications. Viking Society Web Publications. Web. Apr.-May 2016.</ref> The dwarven smith [[Regin]] later trains an adult Sigurd in metalworking. After a period of time, he tells Sigurd of the mighty dragon, [[Fáfnir|Fafnir]], and the treasure which it guards, asking Sigurd to slay it for him. Sigurd agrees on one condition: that Regin makes him a mighty sword capable of slaying such a monster.

Regin confidently makes Sigurd an admirable sword, but when Sigurd sees it, he is disappointed when it easily breaks with a single blow. On his second attempt, Regin makes him a sword superior to the last, but it also breaks. On his third attempt, Sigurd brings Regin the two halves of Gram, his father's sword, and when he strikes the anvil, it is cloven in two. Once he tested the strength of the sword, he left the workshop and went to a nearby stream to check its edge. Throwing a piece of wool upstream, he lets it press against Gram, causing it to be sliced through. After testing the blade's sharpness, he uses it to avenge his father, Sigmund, by slaying Lyngvi. Of the many feats done by Gram, by far the most well-known and important is the slaying of Fafnir the dragon. This deed is accomplished by Sigurd with a single, mighty thrust to the left shoulder where he drives the sword so deep, he gets his arms bloodied up to the shoulder. Eventually, Gram is used as a sign of chastity when it is placed between Sigurd and [[Brunhild|Brynhild]] on their funeral pyre after Brynhild arranged Sigurd's death before killing herself in turn. After this, the sword is no longer found in the manuscript.<ref>Vsnrweb-publications. Viking Society Web Publications. Web. Apr.-May 2016.
</ref>

== In ''Der Ring des Nibelungen'' ==
In ''[[Siegfried (opera)|Siegfried]]'', the third of the four operas in the ''[[Der Ring des Nibelungen|Ring des Nibelungen]]'' cycle, Mime, who essentially takes Regin's part, is unable to reforge Nothung (as Gram is called in the ''Ring''). Siegfried, however, manages. Apart from this, the story of Regin and Sigurd is more or less identical to that of Mime and Siegfried.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Völsung}}
{{Norse mythology}}
{{Notable swords}}

[[Category:Medieval European swords]]
[[Category:Mythological Norse weapons]]
[[Category:Mythological swords]]
[[Category:Viking swords]]
[[Category:Völsung cycle]]
[[Category:Fáfnir]]