View source for Granada

{{hatnote group|{{Distinguish|Grenada}}{{other uses}}}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name      = Granada
| other_name         = 
| settlement_type    = [[Municipalities in Spain|Municipality]]
| image_skyline      = {{Multiple image
 |perrow = 1/2/2
 |border = infobox
 |total_width = 280
 |caption_align = center
 |image1 = Alhambra evening panorama Mirador San Nicolas sRGB-1 (cropped).jpg
 |caption1 = [[Alhambra]]
 |image2 = Granada (25987961022).jpg
 |caption2 = [[Monasterio de San Jerónimo, Granada|Monasterio de San Jerónimo]]
 |image3 = Alhambra El Partal (cropped) (cropped).jpg
 |caption3 = [[Partal Palace]]
 |image4 = Granada - Cathedral Front.jpg
 |caption4 = [[Granada Cathedral]]
 |image5 = Granada 02.jpg
 |caption5 = [[Albaicín]]
 }}
| image_flag         = Bandera de Granada (Granada).svg
| flag_alt           = 
| image_shield       = Escudo de Granada (Granada).svg
| shield_alt         = 
| nickname           = 
| motto              = 
| image_map          = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=285|frame-height=180|frame-align=center|frame-coordinates={{Coord|37.5|N|3.7|W}}|zoom=5|type=point|title=Granada|marker=city|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080|text=Interactive map of Granada}}
| map_caption        = Location of Granada
| coordinates        = {{Wikidatacoord|Q8810|region:ES_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = [[Spain]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Autonomous Community]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Andalusia]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Province of Granada|Granada]]
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = 
| government_type    = [[Ayuntamiento (Spain)|Ayuntamiento]]
| governing_body     = [[Ayuntamiento de Granada]]
| leader_party       = [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
| leader_title       = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name        = [[Marifrán Carazo]]
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="area">{{cite web |url=https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadisticaycartografia/badea/operaciones/consulta/anual/28867?CodOper=b3_151&codConsulta=28867|title= Extensión superficial|trans-title=Surface area|publisher=[[Instituto de Estadística y Cartografía de Andalucía|IECA]]|lang=es}}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 88.1
| elevation_footnotes = &nbsp;([[Sea level#AMSL|AMSL]])
| elevation_m        = 738
| population_as_of   = 2024
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=68538&L=1|title=Annual population census 2021-2024|publisher=[[National Statistics Institute (Spain)|INE]]}}</ref>
| population_total   = 233532
| population_metro   = 573057
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="g883">{{cite web | title= | website=European Commission | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/URB_LPOP1__custom_3416005/default/table?lang=en | access-date=2025-08-02}}</ref>
| population_rank    = [[List of municipalities of Spain#By population|20th in Spain]]
| population_blank1_title = Seat<ref name="u089">{{cite web | title=Granada (Granada, Granada Province, Spain) | website=Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information | date=2023-01-01 | url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/spain/localities/granada/granada/18087000401__granada/ | access-date=2025-08-02}}</ref>
| population_blank1  = 225792
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 502561
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="k621">{{cite web | title=Granada (Andalucía, Urban Areas, Spain) | website=Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information | date=2023-01-01 | url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/spain/urbanareas/andaluc%C3%ADa/113440__granada/ | access-date=2025-08-02}}</ref>
| population_demonyms = Granadan<br />{{lang|es|granadino}} ({{abbr|m.|masculine}}) and {{lang|es|granadina}} ({{abbr|f.|feminine}}){{efn|Also ''iliberitano'' ({{abbr|m.|masculine}}), ''iliberitana'' ({{abbr|f.|feminine}}), ''granadí'', ''garnatí'' or ''granadés''.}}
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en |title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions |last= |first= |date= |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date= |archive-date=2023-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215185052/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Metro
| demographics2_info1 = €15.839 billion (2020)
| timezone1          = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1        = +1
| timezone1_DST      = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST    = +2
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal code]]s
| postal_code        = 18001–18019
| area_code          = [[+34]] 958 (Granada)
| twin1              = 
| twin1_country      = 
| website            = {{official website|http://www.granada.org/}}
}}
'''Granada''' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|r|ə|ˈ|n|ɑː|d|ə}} {{respell|grə|NAH|də}};<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of GRANADA |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Granada |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en }}</ref> {{IPA|es|ɡɾaˈnaða|lang|Pronunciation_of_Granada_in_Spanish.ogg}}) is the [[capital city]] of the [[province of Granada]], in the [[autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] of [[Andalusia]], [[Spain]]. Granada is located at the foot of the [[Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada]] mountains, at the confluence of four rivers, the [[Darro (river)|Darro]], the [[Genil]], the [[Monachil (river)|Monachil]] and the Beiro. Ascribed to the [[Vega de Granada]] ''comarca'', the city sits at an average elevation of {{cvt|738|m}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]], yet is only one hour by car from the [[Mediterranean]] coast, the [[Costa Tropical]]. With a population of 233,532 as of 2024, it is the [[List of municipalities of Spain#By population|20th-largest city in Spain]].

Nearby is the [[Sierra Nevada Ski Station]], where the [[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1996]] were held. Its nearest airport is [[Federico García Lorca Airport|Federico García Lorca Granada-Jaén Airport]].

The area was settled since ancient times by [[Iberians]], [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], and [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visigoths]]. The current settlement became a major city of [[Al-Andalus]] in the 11th century during the [[Taifa of Granada|Zirid Taifa of Granada]].<ref name=":05222">{{Cite book |last=García-Arenal |first=Mercedes |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year=2014 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |chapter=Granada |issn=1873-9830 |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett }}</ref> In the 13th century it became the capital of the [[Emirate of Granada]] under [[Nasrid dynasty|Nasrid]] rule, the last [[Islam|Muslim]]-ruled state in the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. Granada was [[Granada War|conquered]] in 1492 by the [[Catholic Monarchs of Spain|Catholic Monarchs]] and progressively transformed into a [[Christians|Christian]] city over the course of the 16th century.{{Sfn|Coleman|2013}}

The [[Alhambra]], a medieval Nasrid citadel and palace, is located in Granada. It is one of the most famous monuments of [[Islamic architecture]]{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=151}} and one of the most visited tourist sites in Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Alhambra |url=https://travel.usnews.com/Granada_Spain/Things_To_Do/The_Alhambra_63420/ |access-date=14 November 2021 |website=US News – Travel }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2015 |title=Alhambra visitor numbers hit record high |url=https://www.thelocal.es/20150112/alhambra-visitor-numbers-hit-record-high/ |access-date=14 November 2021 |website=The Local Spain |language=en-US |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114210113/https://www.thelocal.es/20150112/alhambra-visitor-numbers-hit-record-high/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Islamic-period influence and [[Moorish architecture]] are also preserved in the [[Albaicín]] neighborhood and other medieval monuments in the city.<ref name=":24" /> The 16th century also saw a flourishing of [[Mudéjar art|Mudéjar architecture]] and [[Renaissance architecture]],{{Sfn|Coleman|2013|p=70, 89}} followed later by [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] and [[Churrigueresque]] styles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carsten |first=F. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzQ9AAAAIAAJ&dq=baroque+architecture+granada&pg=PA174 |title=The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 5, The Ascendancy of France, 1648–88 |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1961 |isbn=978-0-521-04544-5 |pages=174 |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baroque Architecture in Granada |url=https://www.whatgranada.com/baroque-granada.html |access-date=14 November 2021 |website=www.whatgranada.com |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315014246/https://www.whatgranada.com/baroque-granada.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[University of Granada]] has an estimated 47,000 undergraduate students spread over five different campuses in the city. The [[pomegranate]] ({{langx|es|granada}}) is the [[heraldry|heraldic]] device of Granada.

== Etymology ==
Granada's historical name in the [[Arabic language]] was {{lang|ar|غرناطة}} (''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|Ġarnāṭa}}'').{{sfn|RingSalkinLa Boda|1995|p=296}}{{sfn|Room|2006|p=149}}{{sfn|Dale|1882}}{{sfn|El Hareir|2011|p=454}} Both the name's meaning and origin are uncertain and have been debated.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=L. Patrick |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzArDwAAQBAJ&dq=granada+etymology&pg=PA369 |title=Routledge Revivals: Medieval Iberia (2003): An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-351-66578-0 |editor-last=Gerli |editor-first=E. Michael |pages=369 |language=en |chapter=Granada, City of |orig-date=2003 }}</ref> The toponym definitely existed prior to the [[Taifa of Granada|Zirid period]] in the 11th century.<ref name=":13" /> It probably first appeared in the 9th century<ref name=":5" /> and it is found in Arabic sources from the 10th century.{{Sfn|Viguera-Molíns|2021|p=20}}

The word ''Gárnata'' (or ''Karnata'') possibly meant "hill of strangers".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baynes |first1=Thomas Spencer |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature |date=1891 |publisher=M. Sommerville |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-fDwP6TY4kC |language=en }}</ref>{{rp|41}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Everett-Heath |first1=John |title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names |date=13 September 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-256243-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVRuDwAAQBAJ |language=en }}</ref> Another meaning might be "hill of pilgrims".<ref name=":5" /> It could even have been of [[Berber languages|Berber]] origin.{{Sfn|Viguera-Molíns|2021|p=20}} Another theory is that it derived from [[Latin]] {{Transliteration|la|granum}} (or its plural {{Transliteration|la|grana}}), meaning "seed", "beads", or a "scarlet color", which would have been adapted into Arabic as ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|Ġarnāṭa}}'' or ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|Iġranāṭa}}''.{{Sfn|Viguera-Molíns|2021|p=20}} The Arab chronicler [[Al-Maqqari]] believed that it came from the Latin word for [[pomegranate]], {{Transliteration|la|granata}}.<ref name=":5" /> In either case, the Latin word may have been used not in its primary sense, but in the more derived sense of "red", referring to the color of the area's soil and its buildings. This would also mirror the etymology of the name of the [[Alhambra]].<ref name=":13" />{{Sfn|Viguera-Molíns|2021|p=20}}

==History==
{{see also|Granada chronology}}

===Pre-Umayyad history===
{{See also|Hispania}}
[[File:Arqueológico 03 (42189174461).jpg|thumb|[[Roman mosaic|Mosaic]] from a [[Roman villa]], dating from 1{{nbsp}}AD, discovered in the district of Los Mondragones in Granada (now kept at the [[Archaeological Museum of Granada|Archaeological Museum]])<ref name=":5" />]]
The region surrounding what today is Granada has been populated since at least 5500{{nbsp}}BC.{{sfn|RingSalkinLa Boda|1995|p=296}} Archeological artifacts found in the city indicate that the site of the city, including the area around the present-day avenue of ''Gran Vía de Colón'', was inhabited since the [[Bronze Age]]. The most ancient ruins found in the area belong to an [[oppidum]] called ''Ilturir'', founded by the [[Iberians|Iberian]] [[Bastetani]] tribe around 650{{nbsp}}BC.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Drayson |first=Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DvtDwAAQBAJ&dq=ilturir+granada&pg=PT58 |title=Lost Paradise: The Story of Granada |publisher=Head of Zeus Ltd |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-78854-744-4 |language=en }}</ref> The name Elibyrge is also attested in reference to this area.{{sfn|RingSalkinLa Boda|1995|p=296}} This settlement became later known as ''Iliberri'' or ''Iliberis''.{{sfn|RingSalkinLa Boda|1995|p=296}}{{Sfn|Rodgers|Cavendish|2021|pp=6–10}}<ref name=":5" /> In 44{{nbsp}}BC ''Iliberis'' became a [[Colonia (Roman)|Roman colony]] and in 27{{nbsp}}BC it became a Roman ''[[municipium]]'' named ''Florentia Iliberritana'' ('Flourishing Iliberri').<ref name=":5" />{{Sfn|Rodgers|Cavendish|2021|pp=6–10}}

The identification of present-day Granada with the Roman-era ''Iliberis'' and the historical continuity between the two settlements has long been debated by scholars.<ref name=":0522">{{Cite book |last=García-Arenal |first=Mercedes |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year=2014 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |chapter= |issn=1873-9830 |quote=During the Roman period, there was a township named Iliberris on the slopes of the Sierra de Elvira, where archaeological remains of Roman, Visigothic, and Arab origin have been found. The existence of a Roman settlement in the same place as Granada—or rather, the identification of Granada with Iliberis—has been a bone of contention among historians of Granada since the 10th century. In the era of the so-called Christian "reconquest" of southern Spain, the notion of such continuity allowed the conquerors to speak of a “restoration” of Christianity in Granada. Some experts argue strongly for continuity between the Roman city and Granada, as against the possibility (supported by the Arabic sources) that Granada was, in fact, a Muslim foundation: archaeological evidence has not been decisive either way. |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Carvajal López |first=José C. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MureDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Medina+Elvira%22&pg=PT526 |title=The Routledge Handbook of Muslim Iberia |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-317-23354-1 |editor-last=Fierro |editor-first=Maribel |pages=490, 505 (see note 18) |language=en |chapter=Material culture |quote=The location of the town of Ilbīra was a burning issue in Granada since the 16th century. The Catholic propaganda after 1492 pushed the identification of Ilbīra with Granada, and also with the Roman municipium Illiberis, where the first Church Council of Iberia took place in the early 4th century. If Granada was indeed Illiberis, the town was associated with one important early Christian centre and the right of the kings of Spain to take it over was providentially justified. However, there were enough mentions in the written sources, not only in Arabic, and even material evidence that suggested that Ilbīra, the first Islamic capital, was located near the village of Atarfe, about 15 kilometres north-west of Granada. The similarity in names suggested that Illiberis had been in Ilbīra and that Granada was a town founded by Muslims, ideas which implicitly supported the notion that Islam was an integral part of Spain rather than merely an enemy against which the nation had been built. After a debate four centuries long, M. Gómez Moreno compiled cases of the material evidence collected around the area of Atarfe by spoilers and even undertook an excavation in 1872 in which he found the mosque of the town, finally proving without any doubt that Ilbīra was located there. [p. 490] (...) See Gómez Moreno, Medina Elvira for the description of the debate and of the different interventions. It is interesting to note that this solves the question of the location of Ilbīra, but not of Illiberis, at least in the time of the Council. Excavations in Granada have uncovered strong evidence that suggests that the Iberian and Roman towns of the same name were located there (e.g. Sotomayor Muro, “¿Donde estuvo Iliberri?”). It seems that at some point in late Antiquity, possibly before the Islamic conquest, the town of Illiberis was moved to the location where it later became Madīna Ilbīrah (e.g. Adroher et al., “Discusión”, pp. 202–206). To a certain extent, the debate still continues. [p. 505, note 18] }}</ref>{{Sfn|Rodgers|Cavendish|2021|pp=6–10}} Modern archeological digs on the [[Albaicín]] hill have uncovered finds demonstrating the presence of a significant Roman town on that site.{{Sfn|Rodgers|Cavendish|2021|pp=6–10}} Little is known, however, about the history of the city in the period between the end of the [[Hispania|Roman era]] and the 11th century.{{Sfn|Rodgers|Cavendish|2021|pp=6–10}} An important Christian [[synod]] circa 300 AD, the [[Synod of Elvira]], took place near this area (the name ''Elvira'' being derived from the name ''Iliberri''), but there is no concrete archeological or documentary evidence establishing the exact location of the meeting. It may have taken place in the former Roman town or it may have taken place somewhere in the surrounding region, which was known as Elvira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|Cavendish|2021|pp=6–10}}

===Founding and early history===
The [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania]], starting in 711{{nbsp}}AD, brought large parts of the Iberian Peninsula under Moorish control and established [[al-Andalus]]. The earliest Arabic historical sources mention that a town named ''Qashtīliya'', later known as ''[[Madinat Ilbira|Madīnat Ilbīra]]'' (Elvira), was located on the southern slopes of the Sierra de Elvira mountains (near present-day [[Atarfe]]) and became the most important settlement in the area.<ref name=":2" />{{Sfn|Rodgers|Cavendish|2021|pp=6–10}} A smaller settlement and fortress (''ḥiṣn'') named ''Ġarnāṭa'' (also transliterated as ''Gharnāṭa)'' existed on the south side of the Darro River or on the site of the current Albaicín neighbourhood. The latter had a mainly [[Jews|Jewish]] population and thus was also known as ''Gharnāṭat al-Yahūd'' ("''Gharnāṭa'' of the Jews").<ref name=":05222" />{{Sfn|Rodgers|Cavendish|2021|pp=6–10}} The district around the city was known as ''[[Kura (al-Andalus)#Kūra of Elvira|Kūrat Ilbīra]]'' (roughly "Province of Elvira"). After 743 the town of ''Ilbīra'' was settled by soldiers from the region of [[Syria (region)|Syria]] who played a role in supporting [[Abd al-Rahman I]], the founder of the [[Emirate of Córdoba]] and a new [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyad]] dynasty.<ref name=":05222" /> In the late 9th century, during the reign of [[Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi|Abdallah]] (r. 844–912), the city and its surrounding district were the site of conflict between ''[[muwallad|muwallads]]'' (Muslim converts) who were loyal to the central government and Arabs, led by Sawwār ibn Ḥamdūn, who resented them.<ref name=":05222" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marín Guzmán |first=Roberto |date=1993 |title=Social and Ethnic Tensions in al-Andalus: Cases of Ishbīliyah (Sevilla) 276/889–302/914 and Ilbīrah (Elvira) 276/889–284/897: The Role of 'Umar Ibn Ḥafṣūn |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20840132 |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=279–318 |jstor=20840132 |archive-date=2021-11-13 |access-date=2021-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113003119/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20840132 |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the beginning of the 11th century, the area became dominated by the Zirids, a [[Sanhaja]] [[Berbers|Berber]] group and offshoot of the [[Zirid dynasty|Zirids]] who ruled parts of [[North Africa]]. This group became an important contingent in the army of [[Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar|ʿAbd al-Malik al-Muẓaffar]], the prime minister of Caliph [[Hisham II]] (r. 976–1009) and successor to [[Almanzor|Ibn Abi ʿAmir al-Mansur]] (Almanzor) as ''de facto'' ruler of the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]]. For their service, the Zirids were granted control of the province of Elvira.<ref name=":05222" /> When the Caliphate collapsed after 1009 and the [[Fitna of al-Andalus|Fitna (civil war)]] began, the Zirid leader [[Zawi ben Ziri]] established an independent kingdom for himself, the [[Taifa of Granada]]. Arab sources such as [[Muhammad al-Idrisi|al-Idrisi]] consider him to be the founder of the city of Granada.<ref name=":05222" /> His [[Abdallah ibn Buluggin|great-grandnephew]]'s surviving "memoirs," known as the ''Tibyan'' – the only ones for the Spanish "Middle Ages" – provide considerable detail for this brief period.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Schippers |first=Arie |date=1995 |title=Autobiography in Medieval Arabic Literature |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/2965088/816_8621.pdf |journal=Actas del XVI Congreso de la U.E.A.I. |pages=485–7}}</ref> Because ''Madīnat Ilbīra'' was situated on a low plain and, as a result, difficult to protect from attacks, the ruler decided to transfer his residence to the higher situated area of ''Ġarnāṭa''. According to Arabic sources ''Ilbīra'' was razed during the Fitna, afterwards it was not restored at its previous place and instead ''Ġarnāṭa'', the former Jewish town, replaced it as the main city. In a short time this town was transformed into one of the most important cities of [[al-Andalus]].{{sfn|RingSalkinLa Boda|1995|p=296}}{{sfn|Dale|1882}} Until the 11th century it had a mixed population of Christians, Muslims, and Jews.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0195309911 |editor-last=M. Bloom |editor-first=Jonathan |location= |pages= |chapter=Granada |editor-last2=S. Blair |editor-first2=Sheila }}</ref>
[[File:PuertaMonaita.JPG|thumb|Puerta Monaita, one of the 11th-century Zirid gates in the [[Albaicín|Albaicin]]]]
The Zirids built their citadel and palace, known as the ''al-Qaṣaba al-Qadīma'' ("Old Citadel"), on the hill now occupied by the Albaicín neighborhood.<ref name=":05222" /><ref name=":24" /> It was connected to two smaller fortresses on the Sabika hill (site of the future Alhambra) and Mauror hill to the south.<ref name=":24" /> The city around it grew during the 11th century to include the Albaicín, the Sabika, the Mauror, and a part of the surrounding plains. The city was fortified with walls encompassing an area of approximately 75 [[hectare]]s.<ref name=":05222" /> The northern part of these walls, near the Albaicin citadel, have survived to the present day, along with two of its gates: ''Bāb al-Unaydar'' (now called ''Puerta Monaita'' in Spanish) and ''Bāb al-Ziyāda'' (now known as ''Arco de las Pesas'' or ''Puerta Nueva'').<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":05222" /> The city and its residences were supplied with water through an extensive network of underground [[cistern]]s and pipes.<ref name=":05222" /><ref name=":052232" /> On the Darro River, along the wall connecting the Zirid citadel with the Sabika hill, was a [[sluice gate]] called ''Bāb al-Difāf'' ("Gate of the Tambourines"), which could be closed or opened to control the flow of the river and retain water if necessary.{{efn|The gate is known today as the ''Puente del Cadí'' ("Bridge of the [[Qadi]]") or the ''Puerta de los Tableros'' ("Gate of the Boards"), and all that remains of it is one of its hexagonal towers with fragments of its large [[horseshoe arch]]way.{{Sfn|Rėklaitytė|2021|p=443–445}}<ref name=":24" />}}{{Sfn|Rėklaitytė|2021|p=443–445}}{{Sfn|Rodgers|Cavendish|2021|p=21}} The nearby [[El Bañuelo|Bañuelo]], a former [[hammam]] (bathhouse), also likely dates from this time, as does the former [[minaret]] of a [[mosque]] in the Albaicín, now part of the Church of San José.<ref name=":24" />

Under the Zirid kings [[Habbus al-Muzaffar|Habbus ibn Maksan]] and [[Badis ibn Habus|Badis]], the most powerful figure was the Jewish administrator known as [[Samuel ibn Naghrillah|Samuel ha-Nagid]] (in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]) or Isma'il ibn Nagrilla (in Arabic). Samuel was a highly educated member of the former elites of Cordoba, who fled that city after the outbreak of the Fitna. He eventually found his way to Granada, where Habbus ibn Maksan appointed him his secretary in 1020 and entrusted him with many important responsibilities, including tax collection. Under Badis, he even took charge of the army.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Catlos |first=Brian A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKBfDwAAQBAJ&dq=kingdoms+of+faith&pg=PP1 |title=Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain |publisher=Basic Books |year=2018 |isbn=978-0465055876 |location=New York |pages=216–220 }}</ref> During this period, the Muslim king was looked upon as a mainly symbolic figurehead. Granada was the center of Jewish Sephardi culture and scholarship. According to Daniel Eisenberg:

{{blockquote|Granada was in the eleventh century the center of Sephardic civilization at its peak, and from 1027 until 1066 Granada was a powerful Jewish state. Jews did not hold the foreigner ([[dhimmi]]) status typical of Islamic rule. Samuel ibn Nagrilla, recognized by Sephardic Jews everywhere as the quasi-political ha-Nagid ('The Prince'), was king in all but name. As vizier he made policy and—much more unusual—led the army. [...] It is said that Samuel's strengthening and fortification of Granada was what permitted it, later, to survive as the last Islamic state in the Iberian peninsula. All of the greatest figures of eleventh-century Hispano-Jewish culture are associated with Granada. [[Moses Ibn Ezra]] was from Granada; on his invitation [[Judah ha-Levi]] spent several years there as his guest. [[Ibn Gabirol]]’s patrons and hosts were the Jewish [[vizier]]s of Granada, Samuel ha-Nagid and his son Joseph.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/31065236 |first=Daniel |last=Eisenberg |chapter=Judaism, Sephardic |publisher=Garland |year=1990 |title=Encyclopedia of Homosexuality |editor-first=Wayne R. |pages=644–648 |isbn=0824065441 |editor-last=Dynes |archive-date=2023-01-29 |access-date=2018-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129203929/https://www.academia.edu/31065236 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

After Samuel's death, his son Joseph took over after his position but proved to lack his father's diplomacy, bringing on the [[1066 Granada massacre]],<ref name=":4" /> which ended the [[Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=Please add citations to support the last part of this sentence. Do most scholars agree that 1066 is the end of this period? If not, please rephrase.}}

From the late 11th century to the early 13th century, Al-Andalus was dominated by two successive North African Berber empires. The [[Almoravids]] ruled Granada from 1090 and the [[Almohad dynasty|Almohads]] from 1166.{{sfn|Hourihane|2012}} Granada also served as an administrative capital of Almoravid rule in al-Andalus.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=172}} Evidence from the artistic and archeological remains of this period suggest that the city thrived under the Almoravids but declined under the Almohads.<ref name=":24" /> Remnants of the Almohad period in the city include the [[Alcázar Genil]], built in 1218–1219 (but later redecorated under the Nasrids),{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=240–241}} and possibly the former minaret attached to the present-day Church of San Juan de los Reyes in the Albaicin.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Orihuela |first1=Antonio |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsOwCQAAQBAJ&dq=San+Juan+de+los+Reyes+Granada+almohad&pg=PA189 |title=Revisiting al-Andalus: Perspectives on the Material Culture of Islamic Iberia and Beyond |last2=Rosser-Owen |first2=Mariam |publisher=Brill |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-474-2206-8 |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=Glaire D. |pages=189 |language=en |chapter=The Andalusi House in Granada: Thirteenth to Sixteenth Centuries |editor-last2=Rosser-Owen |editor-first2=Mariam }}</ref>{{Efn|This minaret is attributed to the 13th century by most sources,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Barrucand |first1=Marianne |title=Moorish architecture in Andalusia |last2=Bednorz |first2=Achim |publisher=Taschen |year=1992 |isbn=3822876348 |pages=112 }}</ref><ref name=":24" /> but at least some sources, such as the ''Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture'', attribute it to the Nasrid period of this century.<ref name=":24" />}}

===Nasrid Emirate of Granada===
{{Main|Emirate of Granada}}
[[File:CoA Nasrid kings Alhambra Granada Spain.jpg|thumb|Sigil of the [[Nasrid dynasty]] located in the Palacio de Comares]]
In 1228 [[Idris al-Ma'mun]], the last effective [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]] ruler in al-Andalus, left the Iberian Peninsula. As Almohad rule collapsed local leaders and factions emerged across the region. With the ''[[Reconquista]]'' in full swing, the Christian kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]] – under kings [[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand III]] and [[James I of Aragon|James I]], respectively – made major conquests across al-Andalus. Castile captured [[Siege of Córdoba (1236)|Cordoba in 1236]] and [[Siege of Seville|Seville in 1248]]. Meanwhile, the ambitious [[Muhammad I of Granada|Ibn al-Ahmar]] (Muhammad I) established what became the last and longest reigning [[Muslim]] dynasty in the Iberian peninsula, the [[Nasrid dynasty|Nasrids]], who ruled the [[Emirate of Granada]]. On multiple occasions Ibn al-Ahmar aligned himself with Ferdinand III, eventually agreeing to become his vassal in 1246.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=276}} Granada thereafter became a [[tributary state]] to the Kingdom of Castile, although this was often interrupted by wars between the two states.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996}}<ref name=":05222" /> The political history of the emirate was turbulent and intertwined with that of its neighbours. The Nasrids sometimes provided refuge or military aid to Castilian kings and noblemen, even against other Muslim states, while in turn the Castilians provided refuge and aid to some Nasrid emirs against other Nasrid rivals. On other occasions the Nasrids attempted to leverage the aid of the North African [[Marinid Sultanate|Marinids]] to ward off Castile, although Marinid interventions in the Peninsula ended after [[Battle of Río Salado|Battle of Rio Salado]] (1340).{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996}}<ref name=":8">{{cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&q=new+islamic+dynasties |title=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0748696482 |location= |pages= |chapter=The Nasrids or Banu 'l-Ahmar }}</ref><ref name=":05222" />

The population of the emirate was also swollen by Muslim refugees from the territories newly conquered by Castile and Aragon, resulting in a small yet densely populated territory which was more uniformly Muslim and Arabic-speaking than before.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=277}}{{Sfn|Harvey|1990|pp=14–15}} The city itself expanded and new neighbourhoods grew around the Albaicín (named after refugees from [[Baeza, Spain|Baeza]]) and in Antequeruela (named after refugees from [[Antequera]] after 1410).{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=277}} A new set of walls was constructed further north during the 13th–14th centuries, with ''Bab Ilbirah'' (present-day ''Puerta de Elvira'') as its western entrance.<ref name=":05222" /><ref name=":24" /> A major Muslim cemetery existed outside this gate.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=A. Katie |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ElDwAAQBAJ&dq=albaicin+mosque+church+san+salvador+granada&pg=PA34 |title=Layered Landscapes: Early Modern Religious Space Across Faiths and Cultures |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-317-10720-0 |editor-last=Nelson |editor-first=Eric |pages=34 |language=en |chapter=Sacred landscape in early modern Granada |editor-last2=Wright |editor-first2=Jonathan }}</ref> The city's heart was its Great Mosque (on the site of the present-day [[Granada Cathedral]]) and the commercial district known as the ''qaysariyya'' (the [[Alcaicería of Granada|Alcaicería]]).<ref name=":05222" /><ref name=":24" /> Next to this was the only major [[madrasa]] built in al-Andalus, the ''Madrasa al-Yusufiyya'' (known today as the [[Madrasa of Granada|Palacio de la Madraza]]), founded in 1349.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|pp=151–173}}<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Franco |first=Ángela |title=Madrasa Palace |url=http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;es;Mon01;16;en |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers }}</ref> Other monuments from this era include the ''al-Funduq al-Jadida'' ("New Inn" or [[caravanserai]], now known as the [[Corral del Carbón]]), built in the early 14th century,<ref name="Capt2">{{Cite journal |last1=Capitan-Vallvey |first1=L.F. |last2=Manzano |first2=E. |last3=Medina Florez |first3=V.J. |date=1994 |title=A Study of the Materials in the Mural Paintings at the 'Corral del Carbon' in Granada, Spain |journal=Studies in Conservation |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=87–99 }}</ref> the [[Maristan of Granada|Maristan]] (hospital), built in 1365–1367 and demolished in 1843,<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Qantara – Maristan of Granada/ Foundation Stone/ Fountain heads in the shape of lions |url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=1326&lang=en |access-date=13 November 2021 |website=www.qantara-med.org |archive-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011112622/https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=1326&lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> and the main mosque of the Albaicín, dating from the 13th century.{{Efn|This mosque was converted in 1499 into the Church of San Salvador. Only the mosque's ''[[sahn]]'' (courtyard) is preserved in the present-day building.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Dickie |first1=James |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbfORLWv1HkC&dq=albaicin%20mosque%20church%20san%20salvador%20granada&pg=PA101 |title=The Legacy of Muslim Spain |last2=Marín |first2=Manuela |publisher=Brill |year=1992 |isbn=978-90-04-09599-1 |pages=101 |language=en |editor-last=Jayyushi |editor-first=Salma Khadra |chapter=Granada: A Case Study of Arab Urbanism in Muslim Spain }}</ref>}}

When Ibn Al-Ahmar established himself in the city he moved the royal palace from the old Zirid citadel on the Albaicín hill to the Sabika hill, beginning construction on what became the present Alhambra.<ref name=":05222" />{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=151}} The Alhambra acted as a self-contained palace-city, with its own mosque, hammams, fortress, and residential quarters for workers and servants. The most celebrated palaces that survive today, such as the [[Court of the Myrtles|Comares Palace]] and the [[Court of the Lions|Palace of the Lions]], generally date from the reigns of Yusuf{{nbsp}}I (r. 1333–1354) and his son Muhammad{{nbsp}}V (r. 1354–1391, with interruptions).{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|pp=151–173}} Some smaller examples of Nasrid palace architecture in the city have survived in the [[Cuarto Real de Santo Domingo]] (late 13th century) and the [[Dar al-Horra]] (15th century).{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=242–244, 290}}[[File:Granada by Piri Reis.jpg|thumb|Map showing the Emirate of Granada by Ottoman cartographer [[Piri Reis]]]]Partly due to the heavy tributary payments to Castile, Granada's economy specialized in the trade of high-value goods.<ref name=":05222" /> Integrated within the European mercantile network, the ports of the kingdom fostered intense trading relations with the [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]], but also with the Catalans, and to a lesser extent, with the Venetians, the Florentines, and the Portuguese.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fábregas García |first=Adela |year=2006 |title=La integración del reino nazarí de Granada en el espacio comercial europeo (siglos XIII–XV) |journal=Investigaciones de Historia Económica |language=es |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=16–17 |doi=10.1016/S1698-6989(06)70266-1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It provided connections with Muslim and Arab trade centers, particularly for [[gold]] from [[sub-Saharan Africa]] and the [[Maghreb]], and exported [[silk]] and [[dried fruit]]s produced in the area.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=277}}

Despite its frontier position, Granada was also an important Islamic intellectual and cultural center, especially in the time of Muhammad{{nbsp}}V, with figures such as [[Ibn Khaldun]] and [[Ibn al-Khatib]] serving in the Nasrid court.<ref name=":1" />{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=291}} [[Ibn Battuta]], a famous traveller and historian, visited the Emirate of Granada in 1350. He described it as a powerful and self-sufficient kingdom in its own right, although frequently embroiled in skirmishes with the Kingdom of Castile. In his journal, Ibn Battuta called Granada the "metropolis of Andalusia and the bride of its cities."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta/journey/al-andalus-and-morocco-1349-1350 |title=On to al-Andalus and Morocco: 1349–1350 {{!}} ORIAS |website=orias.berkeley.edu |language=en |access-date=27 April 2018 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415184020/https://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta/journey/al-andalus-and-morocco-1349-1350 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== End of Muslim rule and 16th-century changes ===
[[File:La Rendición de Granada - Pradilla.jpg|thumb|''[[The Surrender of Granada]]'' by F. Padilla: [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammad{{nbsp}}XII]] before [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand II]] and [[Isabella I of Castile|Isabella I]] (circa 1882)]]
On 2 January 1492, the last Muslim ruler in Iberia, Emir [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammad XII]], known as "Boabdil" to the Spanish, surrendered complete control of the [[Emirate of Granada]] to the [[Catholic Monarchs]] ([[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] and [[Isabella I of Castile]]), after the last episode of the [[Granada War]].

The 1492 capitulation of the Kingdom of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs is one of the most significant events in Granada's history. It brought the demise of the last Muslim-controlled polity in the Iberian Peninsula. The terms of the surrender, outlined in the [[Treaty of Granada (1491)|Treaty of Granada]] at the end of 1491, explicitly allowed the Muslim inhabitants, known as ''[[mudéjar]]es'', to continue unmolested in the practice of their faith and customs. This had been a traditional practice during Castilian (and [[Crown of Aragon|Aragonese]]) conquests of Muslim cities since the takeover of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] in the 11th century.{{Sfn|Coleman|2013|p=36}} The terms of the surrender pressured Jewish inhabitants (then numbering 110 households<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meyerson |first=Mark |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-judaism/3407B39B6C4F921F2FA8C265032A415B |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 6: The Middle Ages: The Christian World |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51724-9 |editor-last=Chazan |editor-first=Robert |volume=6 |location=Cambridge |pages=180 |chapter=The Iberian Peninsula under Christian rule |doi=10.1017/9781139048880}}</ref>) to convert or leave within three years,{{Sfn|Harvey|1990|p=321}} but this provision was quickly superseded by the [[Alhambra Decree]], issued only a few months later on 31 March, which instead forced all Jews in Spain to convert or be expelled within four months.{{Sfn|Coleman|2013|p=38}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Callaghan |first=Joseph F. |title=The Last Crusade in the West: Castile and the Conquest of Granada |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0812245875 |pages=244 }}</ref> Those who converted became known as ''[[converso]]s'' (converts). This move, along with the progressive erosion of other guarantees provided by the surrender treaty, raised tensions and fears within the remaining Muslim community during the 1490s.{{Sfn|Coleman|2013|pp=37–38}} Many of the city's affluent Muslims and its traditional ruling classes emigrated to North Africa in the early years after the conquest, but these early emigrants numbered only a few thousand, with the rest of the population unable to afford leaving.{{Sfn|Coleman|2013|p=38}}{{efn|Boabdil, for example, exiled from [[Adra, Spain|Adra]] to [[Cazaza]] to establish in [[Fes]].}}

By 1499, Cardinal [[Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros]] grew frustrated with the slow pace of the efforts of the first [[Archbishopric of Granada|archbishop of Granada]], [[Hernando de Talavera]], to convert non-Christians and undertook a program of forced [[baptism]]s, creating the ''converso'' class for Muslims and Jews. Cisneros's new strategy, which was a direct violation of the terms of the treaty, provoked the [[Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501)|Rebellion of the Alpujarras]] (1499–1501) centered in the rural [[Alpujarras]] region southeast of the city. The rebellion lasted until 1500 in Granada and continued until 1501 in the Alpujarras.{{Sfn|Coleman|2013|p=43}} Responding to the rebellion of 1501, the [[Crown of Castile]] rescinded the Treaty of Granada,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Henry Charles |title=The Moriscos of Spain; their conversion and expulsion |date=1901 |publisher=Lea Brothers and Company |location=Philadelphia |page=35 |url=https://archive.org/details/moriscosspainth01leagoog/page/n54/mode/2up }}</ref> and mandated that Granada's Muslims convert or emigrate. Many of the remaining Muslim elites subsequently emigrated to North Africa. The majority of the Granada's ''mudéjares'' converted (becoming the so-called ''[[morisco]]s'' or Moorish) so that they could stay. Both populations of converts were subject to persecution, execution, or exile, and each had cells that practiced their original religion in secrecy (the so-called ''[[marranos]]'' in the case of the ''conversos'' accused of the charge of [[crypto-Judaism]]).

[[File:Braun Granada HAAB.jpg|thumb|right|16th-century view of the city, as depicted in [[Georg Braun]]'s ''Civitates orbis terrarum'']]
Over the course of the 16th century, Granada took on an ever more Catholic and Castilian character, as immigrants arrived from other regions of Castile, lured by the promise of economic opportunities in the newly conquered city.{{Sfn|Coleman|2013|p=15}} At the time of the city's surrender in 1492 it had a population of 50,000 which included only a handful of Christians (mostly captives), but by 1561 (the year of the first royal [[census]] of the city) the population was composed of over 30,000 Christian immigrants and approximately 15,000 ''moriscos''.{{Sfn|Coleman|2013|p=15}} After 1492 the city's first churches had been installed in some converted mosques.{{Efn|One early example is the conversion of the "Almoravid Mosque" (''Masjid al-Murabitun'') into the Church of San José in 1494, with the mosque's former minaret preserved today as the church's bell tower.<ref name=":6" />}} The vast majority of the city's remaining mosques were subsequently converted into churches during and after the mass conversions of 1500.{{Sfn|Coleman|2013|p=96-97}} In 1531, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] founded the [[University of Granada]] on the site of the former madrasa built by Yusuf I.<ref name=":5" />

Granada's Town Council did not fully establish until almost nine years after the Castilian conquest,{{Sfn|Peinado Santaella|2013|p=213}} upon the concession of the so-called 'Constitutive Charter' of the Ayuntamiento of Granada on 23 September 1500.{{Sfn|Peinado Santaella|2013|p=221}} From then on, the municipal institution became a crucible for the "[[Old Christian]]" and the converted ''morisco'' elites, resulting in strong factionalism, particularly after 1508.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=La oligarquía municipal de Granada en los albores del dominio castellano |first=Rafael Gerardo |last=Peinado Santaella |journal=Edad Media: Revista de Historia |issn=1138-9621 |issue=14 |year=2013 |pages=213–214 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4203903.pdf }}</ref> The new period also saw the creation of a number of other new institutions such as the Cathedral Cabildo, the {{ill|Captaincy–General of Granada|es|Capitanía General de Granada|lt=Captaincy–General}}, the Royal Chapel and the [[Royal Chancellery of Granada|Royal Chancellery]].{{Sfn|Peinado Santaella|2013|p=214}} For the rest of the 16th century the Granadan ruling oligarchy featured roughly a 40% of (Jewish) ''conversos'' and about a 31% of ''[[Hidalgo (nobility)|hidalgo]]s''.{{Sfn|Peinado Santaella|2013|p=215}} From the 1520s onward, the mosque structures themselves began to be replaced with new church buildings, a process which continued for most of the century.{{Sfn|Coleman|2013|pp=96–97}} In December 1568, during a period of renewed persecution against ''moriscos'', the [[Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)|Second Morisco Rebellion]] broke out in the Alpujarras.{{Sfn|Coleman|2013|p=7-8}} Although the city's ''morisco'' population played little role in the rebellion, King [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] ordered the expulsion of the vast majority of the ''morisco'' population from the [[Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)|Kingdom of Granada]], with the exception of those artisans and professionals judged essential to the economy. The expelled population was redistributed to other cities throughout the Crown of Castile. The [[Expulsion of the Moriscos|final expulsion]] of all ''moriscos'' from Castile and Aragon was carried out between 1609 and 1614.{{Sfn|Coleman|2013|pp=7–8}}

=== Later history and present day ===
{{Expand section|date=February 2022}}[[File:Plataforma de Vico grabada por Francisco Heylan unida.jpg|thumb|right|Early 17th-century map of Granada]]
During the 17th century, despite the importance of immigration,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=El reino de Granada en el siglo XVII. Repoblación e inmigración |first=Juan |last=García Latorre |journal=Chronica Nova: Revista de Historia Moderna de la Universidad de Granada |issn=0210-9611 |issue=19 |year=1991 |page=154 |url=https://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/cnova/article/view/2761/2879 |archive-date=2020-08-20 |access-date=2020-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820072356/https://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/cnova/article/view/2761/2879 |url-status=live }}</ref> the population of the city stagnated at about 55,000, contrary to the trend of population increase experienced in the rural areas of the [[Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)|Kingdom of Granada]],<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.cepedrosuarez.es/docs/boletines/B19_2006_02_GARRIDO.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630195217/http://cepedrosuarez.es/docs/boletines/B19_2006_02_GARRIDO.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2016 |url-status=live |page=61 |title=Evolución sociodemográfica del Reino de Granada en el siglo XVII: el caso de la parroquia de Santa Ana de Guadix |first=Carlos Javier |last=Garrido García |journal=Boletín del Centro de Estudios Pedro Suárez: Estudios Sobre las Comarcas de Guadix, Baza y Huéscar |issn=1887-1747 |issue=19 |year=2006 }}</ref> where the hammer of depopulation caused by the expulsion of the ''moriscos'' had taken a far greater toll in the previous century. The 17th-century demographic stagnation in the city and overall steady population increase in the wider kingdom went in line with the demographic disaster experienced throughout the century in the rest of the Crown of Castile.{{Sfn|Garrido García|2006|pp=60–61}} The city was overshadowed in importance by other cities including [[Seville]] and the capital, [[Madrid]].{{sfn|RingSalkinLa Boda|1995|p=298}}

Between 1810 and 1812 Granada was occupied by [[Napoleon]]'s army during the [[Peninsular War]].{{sfn|RingSalkinLa Boda|1995|p=298}} The French troops occupied the Alhambra as a fortified position and caused significant damage to the monument. Upon evacuating the city, they attempted to dynamite the whole complex, successfully blowing up eight towers before the remaining fuses were disabled by Spanish soldier José Garcia, thus saving what remains today.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=301}} In 1830 [[Washington Irving]] lived in Granada and wrote his ''[[Tales of the Alhambra]]'', which revived some international interest in southern Spain and in its Islamic-era monuments.{{sfn|RingSalkinLa Boda|1995|p=299}}

In the 1930s the tensions that eventually divided Spain were evident in Granada, with frequent riots and friction between landowners and peasants. When the [[Spanish Civil War]] broke out in 1936, Granada was one of the cities that joined the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist]] uprising.{{sfn|RingSalkinLa Boda|1995|p=298–299}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spanish Civil War {{!}} Definition, Causes, Summary, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War |access-date=14 November 2021 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114223227/https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War |url-status=live }}</ref> There was local resistance against the Nationalists, particularly from the working classes in the Albaicín, which was violently repressed.{{sfn|RingSalkinLa Boda|1995|p=299}} During the 1950s and 1960s, under the [[Francoist Spain|Franco regime]], the province of Granada was one of the poorest areas in Spain.{{sfn|RingSalkinLa Boda|1995|p=299}} In recent decades tourism has become a major industry in the city.{{sfn|RingSalkinLa Boda|1995|p=299}}

== Geography ==
=== Location ===
[[File:(Granada) Greenhouses of Almería, Spain (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|A satellite view centered on Granada displaying [[Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada]] to the east and the rest of the [[Vega of Granada]], including a number of the municipalities part of the urban area of Granada to the west]]
The city of Granada sits on the [[Vega de Granada]], one of the depressions or plains located within the [[Baetic System|Baetic mountain ranges]], continued to the west by those of Archidona and [[Hoya of Antequera|Antequera]] and to the East by those of [[Hoya of Guadix|Guadix]], [[Hoya of Baza|Baza]] and Huéscar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Menor Toribio |title=Transformaciones recientes en la organización territorial de la Vega de Granada: del espacio agrario tradicional a la aglomeración urbana actual |journal=Estudios Regionales |issue=48 |year=1997 |issn=0213-7585 |pages=190–191 }}</ref>

The fertile soil of the Vega, apt for agriculture, is irrigated by the water streams originated in [[Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada]], as well as minor secondary ranges, all drained by the catchment basin of the [[Genil River]],{{Sfn|Menor Toribio|1997|p=192}} that cuts across the city centre following an east to west direction. The [[Monachil (river)|Monachil]], a left-bank tributary of the former, also passes through the city, discharging into the Genil to the west of the city centre.

===Climate===
Granada has a [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate]] (''Csa'') close to a cold [[semi-arid climate]] (''BSk''). Summers are hot and dry with daily temperatures averaging {{cvt|34|°C}} in the hottest month (July); however, temperatures reaching over {{cvt|40|°C}} are not uncommon in the summer months. Winters are cool and damp, with most of the rainfall concentrated from November through to January. The coldest month is January with daytime temperatures hovering at {{cvt|13|°C|0}} and dropping to around {{cvt|1|°C}} during the night. Frost is common as temperatures usually reach below-freezing in the early morning. Snow is rare and occurs once every few years. Spring and autumn are unpredictable, with temperatures ranging from mild to warm. Early summer in 2017 confronted the city with two massive heat waves that broke long-standing record temperatures starting on 13 June 2017, with a new maximum high for the month at 40.6&nbsp;°C (old record 40.0), which was topped three times within the span of four days at 40.9&nbsp;°C on 14 June, 41.3 (15 June) and, eventually, 41.5 (17 June). The second extreme surge in temperatures followed roughly a month later when readings soared to 45.7 and 45.3&nbsp;°C on 12 and 13 July, respectively, surpassing the old July record by almost 3 degrees.

{{Weather box
| location = Granada <small>(Granada Base Aérea, altitude {{cvt|687|m|disp=semicolon}})</small>
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 26.8
| Feb record high C = 27.6
| Mar record high C = 29.1
| Apr record high C = 35.2
| May record high C = 38.6
| Jun record high C = 40.3
| Jul record high C = 43.5
| Aug record high C = 43.8
| Sep record high C = 40.6
| Oct record high C = 35.2
| Nov record high C = 28.1
| Dec record high C = 24.8
| year record high C = 43.8
| Jan high C = 12.6
| Feb high C = 14.6
| Mar high C = 18.0
| Apr high C = 19.5
| May high C = 24.0
| Jun high C = 30.2
| Jul high C = 34.2
| Aug high C = 33.5
| Sep high C = 28.7
| Oct high C = 22.6
| Nov high C = 16.5
| Dec high C = 13.1
| year high C = 22.3
| Jan mean C = 6.9
| Feb mean C = 8.5
| Mar mean C = 11.4
| Apr mean C = 13.1
| May mean C = 17.1
| Jun mean C = 22.5
| Jul mean C = 26.0
| Aug mean C = 25.5
| Sep mean C = 21.6
| Oct mean C = 16.3
| Nov mean C = 10.9
| Dec mean C = 7.9
| year mean C = 15.7
| Jan low C = 1.2
| Feb low C = 2.4
| Mar low C = 4.8
| Apr low C = 6.8
| May low C = 10.2
| Jun low C = 14.7
| Jul low C = 17.7
| Aug low C = 17.6
| Sep low C = 14.4
| Oct low C = 10.1
| Nov low C = 5.3
| Dec low C = 2.7
| year low C = 9.0
| Jan record low C = -12.6
| Feb record low C = -13.4
| Mar record low C = -6.4
| Apr record low C = -1.9
| May record low C = 0.6
| Jun record low C = 5.6
| Jul record low C = 9.0
| Aug record low C = 8.2
| Sep record low C = 1.2
| Oct record low C = -0.5
| Nov record low C = -4.5
| Dec record low C = -8.6
| year record low C = -13.4
| Jan precipitation mm = 41
| Feb precipitation mm = 33
| Mar precipitation mm = 35
| Apr precipitation mm = 37
| May precipitation mm = 30
| Jun precipitation mm = 11
| Jul precipitation mm = 2
| Aug precipitation mm = 3
| Sep precipitation mm = 23
| Oct precipitation mm = 38
| Nov precipitation mm = 50
| Dec precipitation mm = 50
| year precipitation mm = 
| Jan precipitation days = 5.8
| Feb precipitation days = 5.6
| Mar precipitation days = 5.1
| Apr precipitation days = 6.3
| May precipitation days = 4.7
| Jun precipitation days = 1.7
| Jul precipitation days = 0.3
| Aug precipitation days = 0.6
| Sep precipitation days = 2.7
| Oct precipitation days = 5.1
| Nov precipitation days = 6.7
| Dec precipitation days = 7.2
| year precipitation days = 
| Jan snow days = 0.7
| Feb snow days = 0.5
| Mar snow days = 0.2
| Apr snow days = 0.1
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0
| Nov snow days = 0.1
| Dec snow days = 0.3
| year snow days = 2
| Jan sun = 170
| Feb sun = 172
| Mar sun = 219
| Apr sun = 234
| May sun = 280
| Jun sun = 331
| Jul sun = 362
| Aug sun = 330
| Sep sun = 254
| Oct sun = 211
| Nov sun = 164
| Dec sun = 148
| year sun = 2881
| Jan humidity = 72
| Feb humidity = 68
| Mar humidity = 60
| Apr humidity = 57
| May humidity = 51
| Jun humidity = 43
| Jul humidity = 37
| Aug humidity = 41
| Sep humidity = 51
| Oct humidity = 62
| Nov humidity = 71
| Dec humidity = 75
| year humidity = 57
| source 1 = [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=5514&k=and |title=Valores climatológicos normales. Granada Base Aérea |access-date=2012-07-04 |archive-date=2021-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324150542/http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=5514&k=and |url-status=live }} (in Spanish)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=and&l=5514&datos=det |title=Valores extremos. Granada Base Aérea |access-date=8 August 2017 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224202456/http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=and&l=5514&datos=det |url-status=live }}</ref>
| date = August 2017
| source = 
}}
{{Weather box
| location = Granada <small>([[Federico García Lorca Airport|Granada Airport]], altitude {{cvt|567|m|disp=semicolon}})</small>
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 25.7
| Feb record high C = 26.2
| Mar record high C = 31.2
| Apr record high C = 36.9
| May record high C = 39.5
| Jun record high C = 42.6
| Jul record high C = 45.7
| Aug record high C = 46.0
| Sep record high C = 43.1
| Oct record high C = 35.9
| Nov record high C = 29.0
| Dec record high C = 24.5
| year record high C = 46.0
| Jan high C = 13.0
| Feb high C = 15.4
| Mar high C = 19.0
| Apr high C = 20.6
| May high C = 25.0
| Jun high C = 31.0
| Jul high C = 34.8
| Aug high C = 34.2
| Sep high C = 29.4
| Oct high C = 23.2
| Nov high C = 17.0
| Dec high C = 13.4
| year high C = 23.0
| Jan mean C = 6.6
| Feb mean C = 8.5
| Mar mean C = 11.4
| Apr mean C = 13.3
| May mean C = 17.2
| Jun mean C = 22.3
| Jul mean C = 25.3
| Aug mean C = 24.8
| Sep mean C = 21.1
| Oct mean C = 16.0
| Nov mean C = 10.6
| Dec mean C = 7.6
| year mean C = 15.4
| Jan low C = 0.3
| Feb low C = 1.6
| Mar low C = 3.8
| Apr low C = 6.0
| May low C = 9.4
| Jun low C = 13.6
| Jul low C = 15.7
| Aug low C = 15.5
| Sep low C = 12.8
| Oct low C = 8.7
| Nov low C = 4.2
| Dec low C = 1.7
| year low C = 7.8
| Jan record low C = -14.2
| Feb record low C = -10.0
| Mar record low C = -7.6
| Apr record low C = -3.2
| May record low C = -0.2
| Jun record low C = 5.0
| Jul record low C = 6.4
| Aug record low C = 6.6
| Sep record low C = 3.6
| Oct record low C = -2.6
| Nov record low C = -6.4
| Dec record low C = -9.2
| year record low C = -14.2
| Jan precipitation mm = 42
| Feb precipitation mm = 38
| Mar precipitation mm = 32
| Apr precipitation mm = 36
| May precipitation mm = 28
| Jun precipitation mm = 11
| Jul precipitation mm = 2
| Aug precipitation mm = 4
| Sep precipitation mm = 19
| Oct precipitation mm = 40
| Nov precipitation mm = 54
| Dec precipitation mm = 56
| year precipitation mm = 365
| Jan precipitation days = 5.6
| Feb precipitation days = 5.9
| Mar precipitation days = 4.9
| Apr precipitation days = 6.2
| May precipitation days = 4.2
| Jun precipitation days = 1.7
| Jul precipitation days = 0.3
| Aug precipitation days = 0.6
| Sep precipitation days = 2.8
| Oct precipitation days = 5.0
| Nov precipitation days = 6.8
| Dec precipitation days = 7.4
| year precipitation days = 52.1
| Jan sun = 165
| Feb sun = 172
| Mar sun = 225
| Apr sun = 231
| May sun = 293
| Jun sun = 336
| Jul sun = 373
| Aug sun = 344
| Sep sun = 262
| Oct sun = 215
| Nov sun = 170
| Dec sun = 149
| year sun = 2935
| source 1 = [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=5530E&k=and |title=Valores climatológicos normales. Granada Aeropuerto |access-date=2012-07-04 |archive-date=2021-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306141332/http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=5530E&k=and |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=and&l=5530E&datos=det |title=Valores extremos. Granada Aeropuerto |access-date=8 August 2017 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224202858/http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=and&l=5530E&datos=det |url-status=live }}</ref>
| date = August 2017
| source = 
}}
[[File:(Granada) 2017-01-04 Sierra Nevada y Granada desde Sierra Elvira (33432961810) (cropped).jpg|upright=4|A panoramic view of Granada city, April 2017|thumb|center]]

== Demographics ==
{{Population pyramid
| year=(2021)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/covid/piramides.htm#!munTab |title=Population pyramid from Spain census. Data segregated by municipality, sex and age (five-year groups). Granada |editor=National Statistics Institute (INE), Spain |access-date=6 June 2021 }}</ref>
|m0=1.8|m5=2.3|m10=2.6|m15=2.5|m20=2.6|m25=2.9|m30=3.0|m35=3.2|m40=3.6
|m45=3.3|m50=3.3|m55=3.3|m60=3.0|m65=2.5|m70=2.2|m75=1.7|m80=1.1|m85=1.2
|f0=1.8|f5=2.2|f10=2.5|f15=2.5|f20=2.6|f25=3.0|f30=3.1|f35=3.3|f40=3.8
|f45=3.8|f50=3.8|f55=4.1|f60=4.0|f65=3.4|f70=3.1|f75=2.5|f80=1.9|f85=2.4
|mmax=7 |fmax=7
}}

{{Historical populations|1842|61610|1857|68743|1877|76219|1887|72225|1900|75570|1910|79978|1920|103505|1930|117577|1940|152006|1950|154589|1960|155065|1970|186160|1981|246642|1991|255212|2001|240661|2011|241003|2021|233680|source=[[National Statistics Institute (Spain)|INE]]<ref>{{cite web|title=INEbase. Alterations to the municipalities in the Population Censuses since 1842|url=https://www.ine.es/intercensal/inicio.do|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Spain)|National Statistics Institute]]|language=es}}</ref>|align=right|cols=1}}As of 2024, the municipality of Granada has a population of 233,532, of which 46.2% are male and 53.8% are female. Since 1991, there has been a slight decrease in the population of Granada, in favor of smaller towns in the greater area.

As per the population pyramid:

* People younger than 20 years old are 19% of the total population
* People between 20 and 40 years old are 23%
* People between 40 and 60 years old are 29%
* People older than 60 years old are 29%
=== Foreign population ===
32,135 people living in Granada are of foreign nationality, representing 13.8% of total population, a rate lower than the national average. Resident foreigners come mainly from [[Latin America]], with the top 5 most numerous being from [[Morocco]] (6,476), [[Colombia]] (2,753), [[Argentina]] (1,829), [[Venezuela]] (1,749), and [[Bolivia]] (1,681).<ref name="population" />

=== Urban areas ===
In the municipality of Granada there are five urban areas: Granada city, Alquería del Fargue, Bobadilla, Cerrillo de Maracena and Lancha del Genil. Due to the expansion of Granada city, Cerrillo de Maracena has been integrated into it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (Spanish Statistical Institute) |url=https://www.ine.es/nomen2/index.do |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912000646/https://www.ine.es/nomen2/index.do |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=www.ine.es |language=spanish }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" border="1" align="center"
|+ Urban areas in the municipality of Granada
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Urban areas !! Population !! Location !! Distance to<br>Granada city (Km)
|-
|Alquería del Fargue||align="right"|505||{{coord|37|12|21|N|3|35|45|W}}|| align="right" |8
|-
|Bobadilla||align="right"|385||{{coord|37|11|29|N|3|38|37|W}}||align="right"|5
|-
|Cerrillo de Maracena||align="right"|1,946||{{coord|37|12|08|N|3|37|35|W}}||align="right"|5
|-
|Granada (city)||align="right"|227,383||{{coord|37|10|34|N|3|35|52|W}}||align="right"|0
|-
|Lancha del Genil||align="right"|1,556||{{coord|37|09|48|N|3|33|52|W}}||align="right"|7
|}
{{center|<small>Reference: [https://www.ine.es/nomen2/index.do National Statistics Institute database (in Spanish)] 2022 (data of 2021), [[Google Earth]] [http://earth.google.es/]</small>}}

== Politics ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=February 2022}}

=== Metropolitan area of Granada ===
Granada's metropolitan area consists of about fifty municipalities and the capital. Although it is not formally constituted as a political and administrative body, there are several public services that are combined. The arrival of many inhabitants of the capital and other towns in the province, influences a large [[population growth]]. Despite the fact that the capital loses inhabitants, who move to neighboring towns. The main causes of the exodus towards the towns of the metropolitan area are, mainly, the difficulty of accessing a home in the capital because of the high prices it has and labor reasons, because in the towns of the periphery the majority are being located of industrial estates.

=== Capital of Granada Province ===
The city of Granada is the capital of the province of the same name, thus all administrative entities of provincial scope dependent on the regional government and the state are located there. There is a provincial delegation from each of the governmental departments to the [[Regional Government of Andalusia|Junta de Andalucía]], coordinated by a government delegate under the Ministry of the Interior. [[Government of Spain|The national government of Spain]] has a [[Government Delegation (Spain)|sub-delegation]] in Granada, subordinate to the government delegate in the autonomous community.

=== Judicial administration ===
The headquarters of the Superior Court of Justice of Andalusia, [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]] is in Granada, located in Plaza Nueva, in the building of the historic [[High Court of Justice of Andalusia|Royal Chancery]], as well as the Superior Prosecutor's Office of Andalusia, located in the building of the Bank of Spain. It has a Provincial Court, located in Corteza del Carmen Street, and is also head of the Judicial Party No. 3 of the province, whose demarcation includes the city and 49 towns, some of them very populated, in the metropolitan area region.

Most of the courts are located in two administrative buildings, in Plaza Nueva and Avenida del Sur. The set of judicial bodies is as follows:

* Superior Court of Justice: President. Civil-Criminal Chamber. Contentious-Administrative Room. Social room.
* Provincial Court: President. Criminal: 2; Civil: 3.
* Courts

=== Municipal organization ===
{{Main|Ayuntamiento de Granada}}
[[File:Marifrán Carazo Villalonga 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Marifrán Carazo]], mayor of Granada since 2023]]
Its political administration is carried out through a City Council, of democratic management, whose components are chosen every four years by universal suffrage. The electoral roll is composed of all residents registered in Granada over 18 years of age, of [[Spain|Spanish]] nationality and of the other member countries of the European Union. According to the provisions of the General Electoral Regime Law, which establishes the number of eligible councilors according to the population of the municipality, the Municipal Corporation of Granada is made up of 27 councilors.

In the municipal elections held in 2019 the constitution of the City Council was eleven councilors belonging to the [[People's Party (Spain)|Popular Party]], eight to the Socialist Party, four belonging to Citizens Party, three to Vamos, Granada and one to the United Left-Socialist Alternative-For the People. [[Luis Salvador (politician)|Luis Salvador]], leader of [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Citizens]], became mayor with support from the PP and Vox.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rama |first1=Leo |title=Luis Salvador, de Ciudadanos, nuevo alcalde de Granada en minoría absoluta |trans-title=Luis Salvador, of Citizens, new mayor of Granada with absolute minority |url=https://sevilla.abc.es/andalucia/granada/sevi-luis-salvador-ciudadanos-nuevo-alcalde-granada-minoria-absoluta-201906151232_noticia.html?ref=https:%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F |access-date=6 March 2021 |work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]] |date=15 June 2019 |language=Spanish }}</ref> Salvador resigned in 2021, having lost the support of the PP.<ref name=pais>{{cite news |last1=Arroyo |first1=Javier |title=El alcalde de Granada, Luis Salvador, dimite y anuncia su apoyo a la lista del PSOE, que es la más votada |trans-title=The mayor of Granada, Luis Salvador, resigns and announces his support for the PSOE list, the most voted for |url=https://elpais.com/espana/2021-07-01/el-alcalde-de-granada-luis-salvador-dimite-y-anuncia-su-apoyo-a-la-lista-del-psoe-que-es-la-mas-votada.html |access-date=27 July 2021 |work=El País |date=1 July 2021 |language=Spanish |archive-date=27 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727141939/https://elpais.com/espana/2021-07-01/el-alcalde-de-granada-luis-salvador-dimite-y-anuncia-su-apoyo-a-la-lista-del-psoe-que-es-la-mas-votada.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was succeeded by the Socialist [[Francisco Cuenca]] who had previously served as mayor from 2016-2019.<ref name="EP">{{cite news |last=Albarracín |first=Jesús |date=5 May 2016 |title=Francisco Cuenca, de maestro a nuevo alcalde de Granada |url=https://politica.elpais.com/politica/2016/05/05/actualidad/1462435322_218017.html |work=El Pais |location=Granada, Spain |language=Spanish |archive-date=23 April 2018 |access-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423013349/https://politica.elpais.com/politica/2016/05/05/actualidad/1462435322_218017.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[2023 Spanish local elections]] Cuenca was ousted by [[Marifrán Carazo]] of the PP. Carazo increased the PP's number of seats from 7 to 14, gaining her a slim majority and making her the first female mayor of the city.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mendoza |first1=Guillermo |title=El Partido Popular recupera con mayoría absoluta el bastón de mando en Granada |trans-title=People's Party recovers the mayoral staff of Granada with an absolute majority |url=https://www.ondacero.es/emisoras/andalucia/granada/noticias/partido-popular-recupera-mayoria-absoluta-baston-mando-granada_202305286473c511573e26000131fc31.html |access-date=5 June 2023 |publisher=[[Onda Cero]] |date=28 May 2023 |language=Spanish }}</ref>

=== Municipal districts and neighborhoods ===
The municipality of Granada consists of eight [[district]]s whose population is distributed in the attached chart according to the 2009 census of the City of Granada. These districts formed a set of 36 [[Neighbourhood|neighborhoods]]. All boundaries of districts and neighborhoods were modified in February 2013.

=== Municipal service areas ===
The municipal government team has organized the distribution of management responsibilities, structuring itself in the following service areas: ''Weddings and Palaces, Equal opportunities, Economy, Education, Communication office, Unified license management, Youth, Environment, Municipal Office of Consumer Information, Citizen Participation, Group of Civil Protection Volunteers, Local Police''.

== Districts ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2022}}
[[File:Granada puerta real.jpg|thumb|Royal Gate ''(Puerta Real)'']]
[[File:Granada Spain GM (42).JPG|thumb|[[Albayzín]] neighborhood]]
[[File:Granada City Hall, Spain.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Granada City Hall]]

===Realejo===
Realejo has been described as a Jewish district in the time of the Nasrid Granada.<ref>{{Citation |last=Mazzoli-Guintard |first=Christine |title=The Madīna and Its Territory: Urban Order and City Fabric in the Nasrid Kingdom |date=3 December 2020 |work=The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada between East and West |pages=237–262 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004443594/BP000021.xml |access-date=25 January 2025 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789004443594_011 |isbn=978-90-04-44359-4 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Puerta-Vílchez |first=José Miguel |title=The Alhambra and the Generalife. The Eternal Landmarks of Islamic Granada |date=18 November 2021 |work=A Companion to Islamic Granada |pages=365–406 |url=https://brill.com/edcollchap/book/9789004425811/BP000026.xml |access-date=25 January 2025 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789004425811_018 |isbn=978-90-04-42581-1 |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805231846/https://brill.com/edcollchap/book/9789004425811/BP000026.xml |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Today, the district is made up of many villas, with gardens opening onto the streets, called ''Los Cármenes''.

===Cartuja===
This district contains the Carthusian monastery of the same name: Cartuja. This is an old monastery started in a late Gothic style with Baroque exuberant interior decorations. In this district also, many buildings were created with the extension of the [[University of Granada]].

===Bib-Rambla===
The toponym derives from a gate (Bab al-Ramla, or the [[Gate of the Ears]]) that was built when Granada was controlled by the [[Nasrid dynasty]]. Nowadays, Bib-Rambla is a high point for gastronomy, especially in its terraces of restaurants, open on beautiful days. The Arab [[bazaar]], the ''[[Alcaicería of Granada|Alcaicería]]'', is made up of several narrow streets, which start from this place and continue as far as the cathedral.

===Sacromonte===
{{Main|Sacromonte}}
The Sacromonte neighborhood is located on the extension of the hill of Albaicín, along the Darro River. This area, which became famous by the nineteenth century for its predominantly [[Gitanos|Gitano]] inhabitants, is characterized by cave houses, which are dug into the hillside. The area has a reputation as a major center of flamenco song and dance, including the [[Zambra|''Zambra Gitana'']], an Andalusian dance originating in the Middle East. The zone is a protected cultural environment under the auspices of the ''Centro de Interpretación del Sacromonte'', a cultural center dedicated to the preservation of Gitano cultural forms.

===Zaidín===
{{Main|Zaidín (Granada)}}
This formerly blue collar but now upmarket neighborhood houses 100,000 residents of Granada, making it the largest neighborhood or 'barrio'. Traditionally populated by [[Gitanos|Romani]] people, now many residents are from North and West Africa, China, and many South American countries. Every Saturday morning it hosts a large outdoor market or "mercadillo", where many people come and sell their wares of fruits and vegetables, clothes and shoes, and other bits and bobs.
{{wide image|PanoGranada1.jpg|800px|A panoramic view from [[Alhambra]]}}

==Economy==
Granada produces agricultural products such as barley, wheat, sugarcane and tobacco. Besides these crops, olive trees as well as oranges, lemons, figs, almonds, and pomegranates are also commonly grown. For manufacturing, sugar refining is also made in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Granada {{!}} province, Spain {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Granada-province-Spain |access-date=15 June 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521021618/https://www.britannica.com/place/Granada-province-Spain |url-status=live }}</ref> Vineyards and wines are also a significant contributor to the city and region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INICIO {{!}} Dop Vinos de Granada {{!}} Consejo Regulador (Fuentevaqueros) |url=https://www.dopvinosdegranada.es/ |access-date=15 June 2022 |website=Dop Granada |language=es |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702073654/https://www.dopvinosdegranada.es/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, Granada exported a total of $1.3 billion products.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/subnational_esp/granada |title=Granada &#124; OEC }}</ref>

==Social welfare==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2022}}

===Education===
====University====
The [[University of Granada]] (UGR), founded in 1531 by the Holy Roman Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], meant the continuation of higher studies in La Madraza, when the city was the capital of the last [[Nasrid Kingdom of Granada|Nasrid Kingdom]]. The university has become internationally recognised in many university fields: teaching, research, cultural and services to its members and its surroundings. It is therefore one of the destinations that receives more exchange students from the Erasmus Program13 and the fourth Spanish university in number of students, after the Complutense University of Madrid, and the University of Seville. The university has around 47,000 undergraduate students.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ugr.es/en/about/facts-figures |title=Facts and Figures |publisher=University of Granada |access-date=26 April 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605035824/https://www.ugr.es/en/about/facts-figures |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Obligatory education====
In the city there are a total of 69 compulsory secondary education centers. Infant and primary [[education]] is taught in 104 centers, distributed among private, concerted and public centers. There are also five adult education centers.

===Health===
Its public health system is the exclusive competence of the autonomous community, which provides two types of attention: primary, which constitutes the first level of access to the system; and the specialized one. Health centers and offices constitute the offer of primary care, differing from each other in the level of care they provide.

====Hospital network====
Its hospital network is basically composed of public hospitals managed by the Andalusian Health Service and other smaller private management centers. This network covers the needs of the city and its Metropolitan Area. In total there are 2047 beds.

* The Hospital of the Health Campus, was inaugurated completely in July 2016 and is the second largest in Spain – after La Paz Hospital – and is the reference center in the city for the areas of Allergology, Pathological Anatomy, Hematology, Internal Medicine, Mental Health, Pulmonology, Radiotherapy or Urology, among others; Orthopedic and Traumatological Surgery; Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine; Neurology, Neurosurgery, Neurophysiology, Maxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Dermatology, Ophthalmology, Otorhino, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Vascular Surgery.
* The Virgen de las Nieves Regional Hospital (popularly known as Ruiz de Alda Hospital), is formed by a general hospital, a maternal and child hospital, all located in the same enclosure, and is maintained as a nerve center of Digestive, Respiratory, Oncology, Hematology and Transplants. It includes the San Juan de Dios Hospital, a peripheral center of specialties and a therapeutic unit for the mental illnesses.
* The Hospital of San Rafael, has a hospitalization capacity of 190 beds and as a day hospital has 45 places of geriatrics and 15 of Alzheimer's. It is owned by the Hospital Order of San Juan de Dios. It is especially dedicated to the comprehensive care of the elderly, possessing a large number of analysis and rehabilitation services. The hospital activity is arranged with the Ministry of Health of the Junta de Andalucía.
* La Inmaculada Clinic is a private hospital belonging to the ASISA insurance company born as a concerted hospital of the Spanish Health System in 1975. Through an agreement with the University of Granada, the center also participates in the training of students of the Faculty of Medicine.
* Nuestra Señora de la Salud Clinic is a private hospital that has 71 rooms and belongs to the medical insurance company Adeslas. Serves insured private medical companies. It currently has a new location with a newly built site. It is very close to the Alhambra, near the Serrallo Tunnels, being its previous location on the Avenue of the Armed Forces (Granada).

====Health centers====
The local primary care network currently consists of eight health centers distributed by the different districts of the city and are the following: Zaidín Sur, Zaidín Centro-Este, Realejo, Las Flores, La Caleta, Góngora, Doctores, Cartuja and Albaycín.

====Municipal competitions====
Article 42 of the General Health Law provides that municipalities, without prejudice to the powers of other public administrations, will have the following minimum responsibilities in matters related to health.

* Sanitary control of the environment: air pollution, water supply, sewage sanitation and urban and industrial waste.
* Sanitary control of industries, activities and services, transport, noise and vibration.
* Sanitary control of buildings and places of housing and human coexistence, especially of food centers, hairdressers, saunas and centers of personal hygiene, hotels and residential centers, schools, tourist camps and areas of physical activity sports and recreation.
* Sanitary control of the distribution and supply of perishable food, beverages and other products, directly or indirectly related to human use or consumption, as well as the means of transport.
* Sanitary control of cemeteries and mortuary health police.

====Citizen security====
The coordination between the state security forces ([[National Police Corps|National Police]], [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Civil Guard]], [[Municipal police|Local Police]] and Autonomous Police) and the City of Granada is carried out by the local Citizen Security Board. This body allows for proper communication of the security forces in matters of security within its competence, the prevention of crime, road safety and proper procedure.

The daily citizen security is in charge of the state and local security forces and bodies (Spain) according to the powers that each estate has, trying to act in a coordinated and collaborative way in the prosecution and resolution of all types of crimes.

====Social services====
The City of Granada has the Social Services Area to provide the necessary help and advice that the most disadvantaged and needy groups and people may need. For this reason, the Social Welfare Delegation of the City of Granada has several municipal community social services centers, one for each local district, coordinated by Los Mondragones Municipal Administration located on the Fuerzas Armadas Avenue. In its internal organization the services provided are organized around each municipal center and therefore of each municipal district but also around groups.

==Transport==
{{More citations needed|section|date=February 2022}}

===Metro===
Construction of a [[light rail]] network, the [[Granada metro]], began in 2007, but was greatly delayed by the [[2008–present Spanish financial crisis|Spanish economic crisis]]. Service finally started on 21 September 2017.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/light-rail/granada-opens-first-light-rail-line.html?channel=526 |title=Granada opens first light rail line |last=Barrow |first=Keith |date=21 September 2017 |website=railjournal.com |publisher=[[International Railway Journal]] |access-date=21 September 2017 |archive-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808171511/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/light-rail/granada-opens-first-light-rail-line.html?channel=526 |url-status=live }}</ref> The single line crosses Granada and covers the towns of [[Albolote]], [[Maracena]] and [[Armilla, Granada|Armilla]].

===Bus===
The main company operating [[Granada urban buses|bus transport in Granada]] is [[Transportes Rober]]. There is also bus transportation to and from the airport with the company [[ALSA (bus company)|Alsa]].

===Rail===
[[Granada railway station]] has rail connections with many cities in Spain. There are several types of train service to and from Granada<ref>{{cite web |title=Granada Train |url=http://visitgranada.net/transportation/granada-trains/ |website=Visit Granada |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=15 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815131235/http://visitgranada.net/transportation/granada-trains/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* Short-distance trains
* Medium distance trains
* Long-distance trains
* [[AVE]] (high speed long distance) via the [[Antequera–Granada high-speed rail line]]. The closest AVE connection is in [[Antequera-Santa Ana railway station]].

=== Taxi ===
Granada has a wide network of taxis to help travellers reach their destinations. Official Granada taxis are white with a green stripe.

=== Airport ===
The nearest civil airport is [[Federico García Lorca Airport]], about {{cvt|15|km|0}} west of Granada. The {{ill|Armilla Air Base|es|Base Aérea de Armilla}} was the first civil airport serving the city and its surroundings but it was replaced by the former airport in the 1970s and repurposed for military uses.

===Granada Public Transportation statistics===
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Granada, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 42 min. 9% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 10 min, while 8% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 2.7&nbsp;km, while 0% travel for over 12&nbsp;km in a single direction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Granada Public Transportation Statistics |publisher=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit |url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Spain_Granada-2422 |access-date=19 June 2017 |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824180420/https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Spain_Granada-2422 |url-status=live }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=2017-10-16 }}.</ref>

==Culture==
===Heritage and monuments===
{{More citations needed|section|date=February 2022}}

====Alhambra====
{{Main|Alhambra}}
[[File:Nasrid Palaces, Alhambra, Granada (Spain).jpg|thumb|''[[Muqarnas]]'' ceiling in the Palace of the Lions, one of the Nasrid palaces]]
The Alhambra is a fortified palace complex located on the Sabika hill, an outcrop of the Sierra Nevada which overlooks the city of Granada. It is one of the most famous monuments of [[Islamic architecture]] and one of the best-preserved palaces of the historic [[Muslim world|Islamic world]], in addition to containing notable examples of Spanish [[Renaissance architecture]].<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |title=Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzín, Granada |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/314 |access-date=13 January 2013 |work=World Heritage List |publisher=UNESCO |archive-date=27 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527031642/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/314 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=151}}{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=234}} It is one of Spain's major tourist attractions and a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] since 1984.<ref name="UNESCO" />

The complex was begun in 1238 by Muhammad{{nbsp}}I Ibn al-Ahmar, the first Nasrid emir, on the site of earlier fortresses and of the 11th-century palace of vizier Samuel ibn Naghrillah.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=234}}<ref name=":05222" /><ref name=":24" /> Later Nasrid rulers continuously modified the site, most notably during the reigns of Yusuf{{nbsp}}I and Muhammad{{nbsp}}V in the 14th century.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=152}}{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|pp=234–237}} During this era, the Alhambra was a self-contained city separate from the rest of Granada below.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=152}} It contained most of the amenities of a Muslim city such as a [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]], [[hammam]]s (public baths), roads, houses, artisan workshops, a [[Tanning (leather)|tannery]], and a sophisticated water supply system.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=201–215}}<ref name=":05223">{{Cite book |last=Ruggles |first=D. Fairchild |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year=2008 |isbn=9789004161658 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |language=en |chapter=Alhambra |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett }}</ref> As a royal city and citadel, it contained at least six major palaces, most of them located along the northern edge where they commanded views over the [[Albaicín]] quarter.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=152}} The most famous and best-preserved are the [[Mexuar]], the Comares Palace, the Palace of the Lions, and the [[Partal Palace]], which form the main attraction to visitors today. The other palaces are known from historical sources and from modern excavations.{{Sfn|López|2011}}{{Sfn|Arnold|2017}} At the Alhambra's western tip is the [[Alcazaba of the Alhambra|Alcazaba fortress]], the centerpiece of its defensive system. The architecture of the Nasrid palaces reflects the tradition of [[Moorish architecture]] developed over previous centuries.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=}}{{Sfn|Arnold|2017}} Decoration is focused on the inside of the building and was executed primarily with [[Zellij|tile mosaics]] on lower walls and carved [[stucco]] on the upper walls. [[Islamic geometric patterns|Geometric patterns]], [[Arabesque|vegetal motifs]], and [[Islamic calligraphy|Arabic calligraphy]] were the main types of decorative motifs. Additionally, "stalactite"-like sculpting, known as ''[[muqarnas]]'', was used for three-dimensional features like [[Vault (architecture)|vaulted]] ceilings.{{Sfn|López|2011}}{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=164}}

After the conclusion of the ''Reconquista'' in 1492, the site became the Royal Court of Ferdinand and Isabella (where [[Christopher Columbus]] received royal endorsement for his expedition), and the palaces were partially altered. In 1526, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] commissioned a new Renaissance-style palace, now known as the [[Palace of Charles V]], in direct juxtaposition with the Nasrid palaces, but it was left uncompleted in the early 17th century.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=65–70}} Other notable Renaissance additions from the reign of Charles{{nbsp}}V include the Emperor's Chambers and the ''Peinador de la Reina'' ('Queen's Robing Room'), which are connected to the former Nasrid Palaces.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=149-159}}

In the 18th century the Alhambra fell into severe neglect and parts of it were demolished by French troops in 1812.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=|pp=299–301}} Through the course of the 19th century, the Alhambra was "rediscovered" by British, American, and other European [[Romanticism|Romantic]] travelers and intellectuals. The most influential of them was [[Washington Irving]], whose ''[[Tales of the Alhambra]]'' (1832) brought international attention to the site.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=303}} The Alhambra became one of the first Islamic monuments to become the object of modern scientific study and has been the subject of numerous restorations since the 19th century, a process which continues today.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|pp=238–239}}{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|pp=153–155}}
[[File:Alhambra evening panorama Mirador San Nicolas sRGB-1.jpg|thumb|center|701px|{{center|Panoramic view of the [[Alhambra]] with Sierra Nevada in the background}}]]

====Generalife====
{{Main|Generalife}}
[[File:Patio de la Acequia (Generalife) - DSC07863 (slightly cropped and sharpened).jpg|alt=|thumb|294x294px|The Generalife Palace]]
The [[Generalife]] is a Nasrid-era country estate or summer palace located just east of the Alhambra, on a sloping site above it. It was first built by [[Muhammad II of Granada|Muhammad II]] and [[Muhammad III of Granada|Muhammad III]] in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.{{Sfn|Ruggles|2000|pp=155–156}}{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=257}} This palace features several rectangular garden courtyards with decorated pavilions at either end and it was originally linked to the Alhambra by a walled corridor that crosses the valley between the two. It underwent modifications and redecoration under multiple later Nasrid rulers.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=219–237}}

The Generalife also underwent major alterations by Christian Spanish builders in the 16th century, which imparted Renaissance elements on the palace.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=219–237}} In the 20th century a large area of modern landscaped gardens, known as the ''Jardines Nuevos'' ('New Gardens'), were added to the south of the Nasrid palace and form the main approach to it today. These date in large part to the work of [[Leopoldo Torres Balbás]] and Francisco Prieto Moreno, between 1931 and 1951, who incorporated both [[Italy|Italian]] and Moorish influences in their design.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=219–237}}<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Hussain |first=Farhat A |title=Gardens and Landscapes in Historic Building Conservation |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2014 |isbn=9781118508145 |editor-last=Harney |editor-first=Marion |location=Oxford |pages=421–429 |chapter=The Gardens of the Alhambra |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4NPAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 }}</ref> An open-air auditorium was also added in 1952.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=219–237}} Along with the Alhambra, the Generalife is a major tourist attraction and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984.<ref name="UNESCO" />

====Cathedral====
{{Main|Cathedral of Granada}}
[[File:Spain Andalusia Granada BW 2015-10-25 13-20-43.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Cathedral of Granada]], south portal]]
The [[cathedral]] of Granada is built over the Nasrid Great [[Mosque]] of Granada, in the centre of the city. Its construction began during the [[Spanish Renaissance]] in the early 16th century, shortly after the [[Granada War|conquest of Granada]] by the [[Catholic Monarchs]], who commissioned the works to [[Juan Gil de Hontañón]] and Enrique Egas. Numerous grand buildings were built in the reign of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], so that the cathedral is contemporary to the [[Palace of Charles V|Christian palace of the Alhambra]], the [[University of Granada|University]] and the Real Chancillería (Supreme Court).

The church was conceived on the model of the [[Cathedral of Toledo]], for what initially was a [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] architectural project, as was customary in Spain in the early decades of the 16th century. However, Egas was relieved by the Catholic hierarchy in 1529, and the continuation of the work was assigned to [[Diego Siloe]], who built upon the example of his predecessor, but changed the approach towards a fully Renaissance aesthetic.<ref>Jerez Mir, Carlos: ''Architecture guide of Granada'', Ministry of Culture of Andalusia, pág. 59, {{ISBN|84-921824-0-7 }}</ref>

The architect drew new Renaissance lines for the whole building over the gothic foundations, with an ambulatory and five naves instead of the usual three. Over time, the bishopric continued to commission new architectural projects of importance, such as the redesign of the main façade, undertaken in 1664 by [[Alonso Cano]] (1601–1667) to introduce Baroque elements. In 1706 Francisco de Hurtado Izquierdo and later his collaborator José Bada built the current tabernacle of the cathedral.

Highlights of the church's components include the main [[chapel]], where may be found the praying statues of the [[Catholic Monarchs]], which consists of a series of [[Corinthian order|Corinthian columns]] with the [[entablature]] resting on their [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]], and the [[vault (architecture)|vault]] over all. The spaces of the walls between the columns are perforated by a series of windows. The design of the [[Church tabernacle|tabernacle]] of 1706 preserves the classic proportions of the church, with its multiple columns crossing the forms of Diego de Siloé.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moebius.es/ggranada/monu/catedral.htm |title=Guide of Monuments of Granada: Cathedral |publisher=Moebius.es |access-date=11 March 2011 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720070141/http://www.moebius.es/ggranada/monu/catedral.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Royal Chapel====
{{Main|Royal Chapel of Granada}}
[[File:Granada Cathedral rear (8169710093).jpg|thumb|[[Isabelline (architectural style)|Isabelline-Gothic]] [[Royal Chapel of Granada]]]]

The [[Catholic Monarchs]] chose the city of Granada as their burial site by a royal decree dated 13 September 1504. The Royal Chapel of Granada, built over the former terrace of the Great Mosque, ranks with other important Granadan buildings such as the Lonja and the Catedral e Iglesia del Sagrario. In it are buried the [[Catholic Monarchs]], their daughter [[Joanna of Castile]] (''Juana la Loca'') and her husband [[Philip I of Castile|Felipe I]] (''Felipe el Hermoso''). Construction of the Chapel started in 1505, directed by its designer, Enrique Egas. Built in several stages, the continuing evolution of its design joined [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] construction and decoration with Renaissance ideals, as seen in the tombs and the 17th and 18th century Granadan art in the Chapel of Santa Cruz. Over the years the church acquired a treasury of works of art, liturgical objects and [[relic]]s.

The Royal Chapel was declared a [[Bien de Interés Cultural|Historic Artistic Monument]] on 19 May 1884, taking consideration of BIC ([[Bien de Interés Cultural]]) status in the current legislation of Spanish Historical Heritage (Law 16/1985 of 25 June). The most important parts of the chapel are its main [[retable]], grid and [[Vault (architecture)|vault]]. In the Sacristy-Museum is the legacy of the Catholic Monarchs. Its art gallery is highlighted by works of the Flemish, Italian and Spanish schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capillarealgranada.com/es/historia.html |title=Royal Chapel of Granada. Five hundred years of history |publisher=Capillarealgranada.com |access-date=11 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708114845/http://www.capillarealgranada.com/es/historia.html |archive-date=8 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Hans Memling 031.jpg|[[Hans Memling]] – Diptych of Granada, left wing: ''Acceptance of the Cross'', h. 1475
File:Juan de Flandes Nativity Granada 012.jpg|[[Juan de Flandes]] – ''Birth of Christ'', 1435–1438
File:OrazioneOrtoBotticelli.jpg|[[Sandro Botticelli]] – ''Prayer of the Garden'', 1498–1500
</gallery>

====Albayzín====
{{Main|Albaicín}}
[[File:Granada-Day2-19_(48004333411).jpg|thumb|250px|The view of the Albaicín from the Alhambra]]
The historic neighbourhood, located on the hillsides north of the Alhambra, still retains much of its medieval street plan dating back to the Nasrid period, although it has undergone physical and demographic changes since then.{{Sfn|Rodgers|Cavendish|2021|p=4}} Archeological evidence indicates that Iberians inhabited the main hill of the present-day Albaicin towards the 7th century{{nbsp}}BC and that a significant town was located here during the Roman period.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last= |title=Historia breve ⋆ Agencia Albaicín |url=https://www.albaicin-granada.com/historia-breve/ |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=Agencia Albaicín |language=es-ES |archive-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606201138/https://www.albaicin-granada.com/historia-breve/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Sfn|Rodgers|Cavendish|2021|pp=6–10}} During the early Islamic period, up to the 10th century, the location hosted only the small settlement of ''Gharnāṭa'' (Granada), until in the 11th century the creation of the Zirid Taifa kingdom transformed the location into one of the most important cities in Al-Andalus.{{Sfn|Rodgers|Cavendish|2021|pp=6–10}}<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" /> During this period, the city's main citadel and palace, the ''al-Qaṣaba al-Qadīma'' ("Old Citadel"), was located on the top of this hill.<ref name=":05222" /><ref name=":24" /> During the Nasrid period, the citadel was moved to the Alhambra and the old district became known as {{transliteration|ar|al-Bayyāzīn}} ({{langx|ar|ٱلْبَيّازِينْ}}), from which its present name derives.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=277}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fromherz |first=Allen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBhREAAAQBAJ |title=A Companion to Islamic Granada |publisher=Brill |year=2021 |isbn=978-90-04-42581-1 |editor-last=Boloix-Gallardo |editor-first=Bárbara |pages=113 |language=en |chapter=The Berber Empires in Granada (6th–7th/12th–13th Centuries). Revolution or Continuity? }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dickie |first=James |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_1TEAAAQBAJ&dq=albaicin+falconer&pg=PA100 |title=The Legacy of Muslim Spain |publisher=Brill |year=2021 |isbn=978-90-04-50259-8 |editor-last=Jayyusi |editor-first=Salma Khadra |pages=100 |language=en |chapter=Granada: A Case Study of Arab Urbanism in Muslim Spain }}</ref> Among the various Nasrid-period houses and other structures, one notable establishment was the Maristan, a type of historic hospital ([[bimaristan]]) which also took care of the mentally ill.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Perez |first1=Jesus |last2=Girón-Irueste |first2=Fernando |last3=Gurpegui |first3=Manuel |last4=Baldessarini |first4=Ross |last5=de Leon |first5=Jose |date=2013 |title=The Lions of Granada Maristan |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=170 |issue=2 |pages=152–153 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12081066 |pmid=23377635 }}</ref>

Through the course of the 16th century, after the surrender of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs in 1492, the district underwent some of the some changes that occurred throughout the city. Mosques were replaced with new parish churches, particularly after 1501.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=7 June 2021 |title=Iglesia de San Cristóbal ⋆ Agencia Albaicín |url=https://www.albaicin-granada.com/iglesia-de-san-cristobal/ |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=Agencia Albaicín |language=es-ES }}</ref>{{Sfn|Coleman|2013}} These new churches were often built in a mix of [[Mudéjar art|Mudéjar]] and Renaissance styles, such as the Church of Santa Ana, the Church of San Cristóbal, and the Church of San Miguel Bajo, among others.{{sfn|Coleman|2013|p=70}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=7 June 2021 |title=Iglesia de San Cristóbal ⋆ Agencia Albaicín |url=https://www.albaicin-granada.com/iglesia-de-san-cristobal/ |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=Agencia Albaicín |language=es-ES |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604182354/https://www.albaicin-granada.com/iglesia-de-san-cristobal/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=7 June 2021 |title=Iglesia de San Miguel Bajo ⋆ Agencia Albaicín |url=https://www.albaicin-granada.com/iglesia-de-san-miguel-bajo/ |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=Agencia Albaicín |language=es-ES |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604182403/https://www.albaicin-granada.com/iglesia-de-san-miguel-bajo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Some, like the churches of [[Church of San Salvador (Granada)|San Salvador]], San José, and San Juan de los Reyes, preserve parts of former mosques.<ref name=":052232">{{Cite book |last=Bush |first=Olga |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year=2013 |isbn=9789004161658 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |chapter=Granada art and architecture |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett }}</ref><ref name=":24" /> New civic institutions were also built in this area, such as the [[Royal Chancellery of Granada|Royal Chancellery]] (''Real Chancillería''), which overlooks Plaza Nueva, a wide public square expanded during the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=5 June 2021 |title=Real Chancillería y Cárcel Baja ⋆ Agencia Albaicín |url=https://www.albaicin-granada.com/real-chancilleria-y-carcel-baja/ |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=Agencia Albaicín |language=es-ES |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706191101/https://www.albaicin-granada.com/real-chancilleria-y-carcel-baja/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the 16th century most of the city's ''morisco'' population was concentrated in the Albaicín, but after the 1568 rebellion and their subsequent expulsion, the district was depopulated.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Orihuela |first=Antonio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Pb1lzB_Y4YC |title=Revisiting Al-Andalus: Perspectives on the Material Culture of Islamic Iberia and Beyond |publisher=Brill |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-04-16227-3 |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=Glaire D. |language=en |chapter=The Andalusi House in Granada (Thirteenth to Sixteenth Centuries) |editor-last2=Rosser-Owen |editor-first2=Mariam }}</ref><ref name=":11" /> As a result, many of the remaining Christian residents expanded their residences to form ''carmen''s, traditional semi-rural houses with gardens or orchards, many examples of which survive today. Some of these houses and mansions, such as Casa de Zafra and the Dar al-Horra, date back to the Nasrid period.<ref name=":02"/> In 1994 the UNESCO World Heritage Site encompassing the Alhambra was extended to incorporate the Albaicín as well.<ref name=":11">{{cite web |url=http://www.legadoandalusi.es/legado/contenido/rutas/monumentos/1532.htm |title=The Al-Andalus legacy – The Albaicín (History) |publisher=Legadoandalusi.es |access-date=11 March 2011 |archive-date=3 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503175942/http://www.legadoandalusi.es/legado/contenido/rutas/monumentos/1532.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="UNESCO" /> In addition to its historic houses and mansions, churches, and the Royal Chancellery, the district also preserves sections of the 11th-century Zirid city walls (part of the former Zirid citadel), the 14th-century Nasrid walls, the Bañuelo (a former Islamic-era bathhouse), and numerous cisterns from the Islamic period that were part of a water supply system providing water to most of the city's houses.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":052232" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.granada-in.com/itinerario/itinerario.html |title=Educational tours -culturals for the Albayzín |publisher=Granada-in.com |access-date=11 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181834/http://www.granada-in.com/itinerario/itinerario.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Sacromonte====
{{Main|Sacromonte}}
The Sacromonte neighbourhood is located on the Valparaíso hill, one of several hills that make up Granada. This neighborhood is known as the old neighbourhood of the [[Romani people|Romani]], who settled in Granada after the conquest of the city. It is one of the most picturesque neighborhoods, full of whitewashed caves cut into the rock and used as residences. The sound of strumming guitars may still be heard there in the performance of flamenco ''[[Flamenco#Cante (song)|cantes]]'' and ''quejíos'', so that over time it has become one of the most popular tourist attractions in Granada.

At the top of this hill is the Abbey of Sacromonte and the College of Sacromonte, founded in the 17th century by the then Archbishop of Granada [[Pedro de Castro, 1st Duke of la Conquista|Pedro de Castro]]. The Abbey of Sacromonte was built to monitor and guard the alleged relics of the evangelists of Baetica. Those are of questionable authenticity, but since their finding the area has been a religious pilgrimage destination.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guiasdegranada.com/index.php/Barrio-Sacromonte/54/0/ |title=History of the Sacromonte |publisher=Guiasdegranada.com |access-date=11 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711132944/http://www.guiasdegranada.com/index.php/Barrio-Sacromonte/54/0/ |archive-date=11 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The abbey complex consists of the catacombs, the abbey (17th–18th centuries), the Colegio Viejo de San Dionisio Areopagita (17th century) and the Colegio Nuevo (19th century). The interior of the church is simple and small but has numerous excellent works of art, which accentuate the size and rich carving of the ''Crucificado de Risueño'', an object of devotion for the Romani people, who sing and dance in the procession of Holy Week. The facilities also include a museum, which houses the works acquired by the Foundation.<ref>Hierro Calleja, Rafael – Granada y La Alhambra (The Sacromonte. Page 113) {{ISBN|84-7169-084-5 }}</ref>

====Charterhouse====
{{Main|Granada Charterhouse}}
[[File:Cartuja de Granada Cupula del Sagrario.jpg|thumb|Tabernacle Dome, [[Granada Charterhouse]]]]
The Charterhouse of Granada is a monastery of cloistered monks, located in what was a farm or Muslim almunia called ''Aynadamar'' ("fountain of tears") that had an abundance of water and fruit trees. The initiative to build the monastery in that place was begun by [[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba]], known as [[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba|El Gran Capitán]]. The charterhouse was founded in 1506; construction started ten years later, and continued for the following 300 years.

The Monastery suffered heavy damage during the [[Peninsular War]] and lost considerable property in 1837 as a result of the [[Ecclesiastical Confiscations of Mendizábal|confiscations of Mendizábal]]. Currently, the monastery belongs to the [[Carthusian Order|Carthusians]], reporting directly to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Granada|Archdiocese of Granada]].<ref>Hierro Calleja, Rafael – Granada y la Alhambra (Charterhouse. Page 178) – Ediciones Miguel Sánchez {{ISBN|84-7169-084-5 }}</ref>

The street entrance to the complex is an ornate arch of [[Plateresque]] style. Through it one reaches a large courtyard, at the end which is a wide staircase leading to the entrance of the church. The church, of early 16th century style and plan, has three entrances, one for the faithful and the other two for monks and clergy. Its plan has a single [[nave]] divided into four sections, highlighting the [[retable]]s of [[Juan Sánchez Cotán]] and the [[chancel]]'s glass doors, adorned with [[mother-of-pearl]], [[silver]], rare woods, and [[ivory]]. The [[Presbytery (architecture)|presbytery]] is covered by [[Ellipse|elliptical]] [[Vault (architecture)|vaulting]]. The main altar, between the chancel arch and the [[church tabernacle]], is gilded wood.

The church's [[tabernacle]] and sancta sanctorum are considered a masterpiece of [[Baroque]] Spanish art in its blend of architecture, painting and sculpture. The dome that covers this area is decorated with frescoes by the Córdoba artist [[Antonio Palomino]] (18th century) representing the triumph of the Church Militant, faith, and religious life.

The courtyard, with galleries of arches on [[Doric order]] columns opening on it, is centered by a fountain. The Chapter House of Legos is the oldest building of the monastery (1517). It is rectangular and covered with groin vaulting.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legadoandalusi.es/legado/contenido/rutas/museos/956.htm |title=History of the Charterhouse of Granada |publisher=Legadoandalusi.es |access-date=11 March 2011 |archive-date=24 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924101253/http://www.legadoandalusi.es/legado/contenido/rutas/museos/956.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Mosque of Granada===
{{Main|Granada Mosque}}
The new mosque was inaugurated in 2003 on the summit of the neighborhood of Albayzin. The mosque was built near the Church of San Salvador and the Church of San Nicolás. The Church of San Salvador was built on the site of the Great Mosque of Albayzin. The Society for the Return of Islam in Spain purchased the site in 1981, but it took many years for the plans to be approved. The mosque's initial funding was supplied by [[Shaykh Abdalqadir as-sufi al-Murabit|Shaykh 'Abdalqadir as-Sufi al-Murabit]] who envisioned providing Granada's new Spanish Muslim community with a mosque. Additional funding came from Malaysia, Morocco and the United Arab Emirates. In 1991 the CIE (''Comunidad Islámica en España'') hired the architect Renato Ramirez Sanchez to design the mosque. In the 1990s, there was a heated debate pertaining to the design of the minaret. Construction eventually began in 2001. The mosque now serves about 500 people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bush |first=Olga |date=2015 |title=Entangled Gazes: The Polysemy of the New Great Mosque of Granada |journal=Muqarnas |volume=32 |pages=97–134 |doi=10.1163/22118993-00321P07 }}</ref>

====Palace of the Marqués de Salar====
The '''Palace of the Marqués de Salar''' was built in one of the most emblematic streets of Granada, the '''Carrera del Darro''', at number 5. This place is an architectural example of the classical Granada during the [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] transformation of the XVI<sup>th</sup> century. It was built by the Marqués de Salar, great-grandson of both Hernán Pérez del Pulgar (known by the name of ''El de la Hazañas'' [The One of the Valiant Deeds]) and [[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba]] (''El Gran Capitán'' [The Great Captain]), Captain-General of the Castilian-Aragonese forces that concluded the Reconquest of the peninsula. The palace is now the museum of perfumes El Patio de los Perfumes, with {{convert|1500|sqm}} of floor space on two floors and {{convert|130|sqm}} of patio to relax surrounded by flowers and perfumes.

====Other museums and monuments====
[[File:Palacio Carlos V west.jpg|thumb|270px|The exterior of the [[Palace of Charles V]] in Granada was built upon his wedding to [[Isabella of Portugal]] in 1526.]]
* [[Monasterio de San Jerónimo, Granada|Monasterio de San Jerónimo]] (16th-century Monastery of Saint Jerome)<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=GRANADA MONUMENTS & MUSEUMS: INFORMATION, OPENING TIMES & PRICES |url=https://granadainfo.com/monuments/en/ |access-date=13 November 2021 |website=granadainfo.com |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113231137/https://granadainfo.com/monuments/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[San Juan de Dios Hospital (Granada)|San Juan de Dios Hospital]] (historic hospital)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hospital San Juan de Dios {{!}} San Juan de Dios, Granada |url=https://www.sjdgranada.es/hospital-san-juan-de-dios |access-date=13 November 2021 |website=www.sjdgranada.es |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113231133/https://www.sjdgranada.es/hospital-san-juan-de-dios |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Madrasa of Granada|Palacio de la Madraza]] (remains of 14th-century madrasa incorporated into 18th-century city hall)
* [[Archaeological Museum of Granada]] (in the 16th-century [[Castril Palace]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Casa del Castril – Official Andalusia tourism website |url=https://www.andalucia.org/en/granada-cultural-tourism-casa-del-castril |access-date=13 November 2021 |website=www.andalucia.org }}</ref>
* [[Museo de Bellas Artes de Granada]] (Museum of Fine Arts)
* [[El Bañuelo]] (11th or 12th-century bathhouse)
* [[Corral del Carbón]] (14th-century caravanserai, later converted to theatre)
* [[Cuarto Real de Santo Domingo]] (13th-century palace, later converted to convent)
* [[Palace of the Forgotten|Palacio de los Olvidados]] (16th century house and museum displaying torture instruments of the [[Spanish Inquisition]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flamenco Los Olvidados {{!}} Granada, Spain Entertainment |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/spain/granada/entertainment/flamenco-los-olvidados/a/poi-ent/1479258/360733 |access-date=13 November 2021 |website=Lonely Planet |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113231133/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/spain/granada/entertainment/flamenco-los-olvidados/a/poi-ent/1479258/360733 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Church of San Salvador (16th-century church, including remains of 13th-century mosque)<ref name=":7" />
Since 1988, there is in Granada a monument honoring [[Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon]].<ref name=":6" />

===Cuisine===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2022}}
The [[gastronomy]] of Granada is part of the Arabic-Andalusian cuisine tradition, with a strong Arab and Jewish heritage, which is reflected in its condiments and spices, such as [[cumin]], [[coriander]], [[nutmeg]], cinnamon, raisins, almonds or honey. The writer Miguel Alcobendas, author of the ''traditional cuisine of Granada'', says that it has its origin in living together, from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century (when Granada surrendered to the [[Catholic Monarchs]]), of Muslims, Jews and Christians in the [[Nasrid Kingdom of Granada|Nasrid Kingdom]] from Granada. Subsequently, there was a miscegenation with the kitchen of the Christians, in which the pork acquired an importance in the kitchen of Granada more than in the rest of Spain, since its consumption allowed its eaters to demonstrate a certain distance from the persecuted religions, since [[Religious restrictions on the consumption of pork|both Muslims and Jews have it banned]].

The climatic differences of the different regions of the province, from the coast to the peaks of the [[Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada]] propitiates a great variety of raw materials: vegetables, meats and sausages, and fish that are combined in a multitude of dishes and recipes for soups and stews.

The famous and reputed Trevélez ham comes from the Sierra of Granada, to which other pork derivatives are added, sausages such as [[chorizo]], [[black pudding]] and pork tenderloin.

Ham and beans, two products of the land, are combined in one of its most typical dishes, beans with ham; Other known dishes are the Sacromonte tortilla, which among other ingredients must have cooked brains and veal crustaillas, chopped and sauteed before mixing with the egg. It is also worth mentioning "papas a lo pobre", potatoes which are usually served with egg and fried peppers, as well as with pieces of pork or ham.

Among the stews and potajes, the pot of San Antón stands out, which is eaten mainly towards the second half of January; cabbage stew, which combines vegetables and legumes; the stew of green beans and fennel; The thistle and pumpkin casserole, with noodles and aromatic herbs, or gypsy pottery are other dishes of the land.

[[Confectionery]] is well represented in the gastronomy of Granada, for sweets prepared by the nuns can be purchased in the numerous convents of the city: the ''pestiños'' of Vélez or those of the ''Encarnación'', the [[puff pastry|puff pastries]] of San Jerónimo, the ovos moles of San Antón, the Zafra biscuit, sweet potato rolls, ''cocas'', ''roscos'' from Santo Tomas and ''mantecados''. Aljojábanas, honey and cheese dumplings and some of the fritters called {{lang|es|almohados}}, as well as fig bread, Moorish ''roscos'' and an almond cake called ''soyá'' are all of Arabic heritage.

Unlike in other provinces of Andalusia, in Granada ''[[tapas]]'' (appetizers or snacks) are usually free in bars and restaurants. "Bar hopping" (''Ir de tapas'') and eating tapas in the time between finishing work and having dinner is a deeply rooted traditional activity among the people of Granada. There are different tapas routes around the city.

===Leisure and entertainment===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2022}}
In Granada there is a wide program of leisure and entertainment, which covers a large number of fields, available to both visitors and citizens themselves. Of the leisure activities carried out, the following can be highlighted:

* The zambras of Sacromonte. Old bridal parties held by the gypsies of the city, and that disappeared for years before their current vindication. They develop in the caves of the Sacromonte neighborhood and have a unique character in the world of flamenco. There are also more classic flamenco shows in the Albaicín. These flamenco shows, usually linked to restaurants, are one of the city's cultural attractions.
* Festivals. Granada has a very complete range of events: International Music and Dance Festival, International Jazz Festival, Granada Festival South Cinemas and International Tango Festival, among others.
* Concerts. Throughout the year there is a stable program of concerts in the Manuel de Falla Auditorium and theater and opera performances in the Congress Palace.
* Parties. Throughout the year several parties are held on significant dates for religious, civil or cultural reasons.

===Parks and gardens===
The city of Granada has a significant number of parks and gardens, including:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.granadatur.com/en/city-guide/monuments/parks-gardens/ |title=Parques y Jardines de Granada |publisher=Granadatur.com |access-date=11 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402185530/http://www.granadatur.com/en/city-guide/monuments/parks-gardens |archive-date=2 April 2011 }}</ref> [[File:ParqueCiencias EntradaAtardecer.jpg|thumb|The Granada Science Park]]

{{col-begin|width=""}}
{{col-2}}
* The gardens of [[Alhambra]] and Generalife
* Campo del Príncipe Gardens
* Gardens of the Royal Hospital
* Gardens of Paseo del Salón and of La Bomba ([[Bien de Interés Cultural|BIC]])
* Gardens of the Triumph
* Gardens of Violón
* Córdoba Gardens Palace
{{col-2}}
* Zaidín Park
* Plaza de la Trinidad
* 28 de Febrero Park
* Almunia de Aynadamar Park
* [[Park Federico García Lorca|Federico García Lorca Park]]
* Fuente Nueva University Park
{{col-end}}

===Sports===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2022}}
[[File:Los Cármenes 1.jpg|thumb|[[Nuevo Estadio de Los Cármenes]]]]
Granada has a [[association football|football]] team:
* [[Granada CF]], in [[Segunda División]]

Granada has a [[basketball]] team:
* [[Fundación CB Granada]], in [[Liga ACB]]

Skiing:
* [[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1996]]

Bullfighting:
* Granada has a 14,507-capacity bullring named [[Plaza de toros de Granada]].

==Notable people==
* [[Ibn al-Jayyab]] (1274-1349), poet and vizier
* [[al-Sahili]] (1290-1346), poet, islamic scholar, architect and traveler
* [[Ibn Juzayy]] (1294-1340), Maliki scholar
* [[Ibn al-Khatib]] (1313–1374), poet and historian
* [[Ibn Zamrak]] (1333-1393), poet and vizier
* [[Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi]] (11th century), engineer and inventor
* [[Al-Tighnari]] (died 1118), agronomist, botanist, poet and traveler
* [[Abu Hamid al-Gharnati]] (c.1080-1170), traveler
* [[Ibn Tufail]] (1105–1185), philosopher and astronomer
* [[Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon]] (1120–1190), translator and physician<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Ibn Tibbon |volume=14 |last= Abrahams |first= Israel |author-link= Israel Abrahams |page=223 |short=1 }}</ref>
* [[Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Zuhri|Al-Zuhri]] ({{floruit}} 1130s–1150s), geographer
* [[Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi]] (1213–1286), geographer, historian and poet
* [[Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati]] (1256-1344), quranic commentator, grammarian and traveler
* [[Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi]] (1320-1388), islamic scholar and linguist
* [[Abu'l-Hasan ibn Ali al-Qalasadi]] (1412-1486), mathematician
* [[Ibn al-Azraq]] (1427-1491), jurist
* [[Aixa]] (fl.1492/1493), mother of Boabdil
* [[Morayma]] (1467-1493), wife of Boabdil
* [[Leo Africanus]] ({{Circa|1494|1554}}), Andalusian diplomat and author<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Leo, Johannes |volume=16 |last= Beazley |first= Charles Raymond |author-link= Charles Raymond Beazley |page=441 |short= 1 }}</ref>
* [[Aben Humeya]] (1520-1569), leader of the Morisco revolt
* [[Luis del Mármol Carvajal]] (1524-1600), Spanish chronicler and traveler
* [[Álvaro de Bazán]] (1526–1588), admiral<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Santa Cruz, Álvaro de Bazan, 1st Marquis of |volume=24 |last= Hannay |first= David McDowall |author-link= David McDowall Hannay |page=185 |short=1 }}</ref>
* [[Francisco Suárez]] SJ (1548–1617), Spanish Jesuit priest, philosopher and theologian<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Suarez, Francisco |volume=25 |page=1061 |short=1 }}</ref>
* [[Alonso Cano]] (1601–1667), painter, sculptor and architect<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Cano, Alonzo |volume=5 |page=189 |short=1 }}</ref>
* [[Pedro Rodríguez Cubero]] (1656–1704), governor of [[Spanish New Mexico]] between 1697 and 1703
* [[Pedro de Mena]] (1628–1688), baroque sculptor<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Mena, Pedro de |volume=18 |page=108 |short=1 }}</ref>
* [[José de Mora]] (1642–1724), baroque sculptor<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Mora, José |volume=18 | pages = 813–814 |short=1 }}</ref>
* [[Francisco Martínez de la Rosa]] (1787–1862), statesman, politician, dramatist and poet<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Martínez de la Rosa, Francisco de Paula |volume=17 |page=800 |short=1 }}</ref>
* [[Mariana de Pineda Muñoz|Mariana Pineda]] (1804–1831), liberalist heroine
* [[Manuel Pavía y Lacy]] (1814–1896), 1st Marquess of Novaliches, a Spanish marshal<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Novaliches, Manuel Pavia y Lacy |volume=19 |page=829 |short=1 }}</ref>
* [[Eugenia de Montijo]] (1826–1920), last Empress consort of France
* [[Rogelia León]] (1828–1870), poet, playwright, essayist, and narrative writer
* [[Enriqueta Lozano]] (1829/30–1895), writer
* [[Cristino Martos y Balbí]] (1830–1893), Spanish politician and lawyer<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Martos, Christino |volume=17 |page=803 |short=1 }}</ref>
* [[Emilia Serrano y García]] (1834-1923), writer, journalist, feminist, traveler
* [[Ángel Ganivet]] (1865–1898), writer and dramatist
* [[Mariano Fortuny y Madrazo]] (1871–1949), painter, photographer, designer and scenographer
* [[Emilio Herrera Linares]] (1879–1967), [[military engineer]] and physicist
* [[Melchor Fernández Almagro]] (1893–1966), literary critic, historian and journalist
* [[Federico García Lorca]] (1898–1936), poet and dramatist<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portales/federico_garcia_lorca/biografia/ |title=Biografía de Federico García Lorca |access-date=13 October 2019 |work=[[Cervantes Virtual]] |publisher=[[Instituto Cervantes]] |language=es }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cervantes.es/bibliotecas_documentacion_espanol/biografias/tokio_federico_garcia_lorca.htm |title=Federico García Lorca. Biografía |access-date=13 October 2019 |work=[[Instituto Cervantes]] |language=es |archive-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013120423/https://www.cervantes.es/bibliotecas_documentacion_espanol/biografias/tokio_federico_garcia_lorca.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Agustina González López]] (1891-1936), writer and artist from the [[Generation of '27]]
* [[Luis Rosales Camacho]] (1910–1992), poet and essayist from the Generation of '36
* [[José Tamayo]] (1920–2003), theatre director
* [[Manuel Jiménez de Parga]] (1929–2014), lawyer, politician, diplomat and jurist
* [[Miguel Ríos]] (born 1944), rock singer and composer<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_d0dFil7_ZIC&pg=PA80 |title=Historia de una familia: la verdad sobre el asesinato de García Lorca |first1=Miguel |last1=Caballero Pérez |first2=Pilar |last2=Góngora Ayala |publisher=GRUPO IBERSAF |year=2007 |page=80 |isbn=9788495803597 }}</ref>
* [[Luis García Montero]] (born 1958), poet and literary critic<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cervantes.es/bibliotecas_documentacion_espanol/creadores/garcia_montero_luis.htm |title=Luis García Montero. Biografía |date=11 April 2019 |access-date=13 October 2019 |work=[[Instituto Cervantes]] |language=es |archive-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013120011/https://www.cervantes.es/bibliotecas_documentacion_espanol/creadores/garcia_montero_luis.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://servicios.ideal.es/granadinos/garcia_montero.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041104215058/http://servicios.ideal.es/granadinos/garcia_montero.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2004 |title=Luis García Montero – Los cien granadinos del siglo XX |newspaper=[[Ideal (newspaper)|Ideal]] |access-date=13 October 2019 |language=es }}</ref>
* [[Chus Gutiérrez]] (born 1962), film director, actress and journalist
* [[Pilar Ramírez Tello]] (born 1976), English-Spanish translator who translated ''[[The Hunger Games]]'' and ''[[Divergent (book series)|Divergent]]'' series to [[Spanish language|Spanish]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fti.ugr.es/pages/estudiantes/pilarramireztello |title=Facultad de Traducción e Interpretación > Pilar Ramírez Tello |website=fti.ugr.es |language=es |access-date=16 June 2017 }}</ref>
* [[Antonio Velázquez]] (born 1981), actor
* [[Federico Corriente]] (1940-2020), arabist, lexicographer and academic 
* [[Yung Beef]] (born 1990), rapper, singer, record producer and model
* [[María Dueñas (violinist)|María Dueñas]] (born 2002), violinist, musician, and composer

=== Sport ===
* [[Manuel Orantes]] (born 1949), [[tennis]] player
* [[María José Rienda|María José Rienda Contreras]] (born 1975), ski racer
* [[Pablo Aguilar (basketball)|Pablo Aguilar Bermúdez]] (born 1989), basketball player
* [[Samuel Corral]] (born 1992), football
* [[Lidia Redondo]] (born 1992), gymnast
* [[Sam Hidalgo-Clyne]] (born 1993), Scotland international [[rugby union]] player (born in Granada, but moved to Scotland at age 3)

==Twin towns - sister cities==

Granada shares twin cities status with these cities:<ref name=TwinCity>{{cite web |url=http://www.granada.org/v2010.nsf/xxtod/ciudadeshermanas |title=CIUDADES CON LAS QUE ESTÁ HERMANADA GRANADA |type=official website |publisher=Ayuntamiento de Granada |location=Granada, Spain |language=es |access-date=1 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115060126/http://granada.org/v2010.nsf/xxtod/ciudadeshermanas |archive-date=15 November 2014 }}</ref>

* [[Aix-en-Provence]], France, 1979<ref name=TwinCity/>
* [[Tetuán]], [[Morocco]], 1988<ref name=TwinCity/>
* [[Tlemcen]], [[Algeria]], 1989<ref name=TwinCity/>
* [[Coral Gables, Florida]], United States, 1989<ref name=TwinCity/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coralgables.com/index.aspx?page=330 |title=City of Coral Gables : Sister Cities |publisher=City of Coral Gables |date=2014 |access-date=20 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613234035/http://www.coralgables.com/index.aspx?page=330 |archive-date=13 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Freiburg im Breisgau]], Germany, 1991<ref name=TwinCity/>
* [[Marrakech]], [[Morocco]], 1994<ref name=TwinCity/>
* [[Belo Horizonte]], Brazil, 2002<ref name=TwinCity/>
* [[Sharjah]], United Arab Emirates, 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wam.ae/en/details/1395228284813 |title=Sultan attends signing of Sharjah-Granada sister city agreement |publisher=WAM |access-date=5 February 2009 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120201638/https://wam.ae/en/details/1395228284813 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gate of the Ears]]
* [[Rafael Guillén]]
* [[El Fandi]]
* [[History of the Jews in Spain]]
* [[Synod of Elvira]]
* [[Memories of the Alhambra]]
* [[List of municipalities in Granada]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{See also|Granada chronology#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Granada}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=Felix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXjXDQAAQBAJ |title=Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780190624552 |location= |pages=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bloom |first=Jonathan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRHbDwAAQBAJ |title=Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780300218701 |location= |pages=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Coleman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbV2DwAAQBAJ |title=Creating Christian Granada: Society and Religious Culture in an Old-World Frontier City, 1492–1600 |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2013 |orig-year=2003 |isbn=9780801468766}}
* {{cite book |last=Dale |first=Alfred |title=The Synod of Elvira |url=https://archive.org/stream/synodofelvirachr00dale/synodofelvirachr00dale_djvu.txt |access-date=25 October 2014 |year=1882 |publisher=MacMillan and Co}}
* {{cite book |last=El Hareir |first=Idris |title=The spread of Islam throughout the world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C |access-date=25 October 2014 |year=2011 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-104153-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=L.P. |title=Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500 |publisher=University of Chigaco Press |year=1990 |isbn=0226319628}}
* {{cite book |editor-first=Colum |editor-last=Hourihane |title=Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539536-5 |chapter=Granada |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA215 |access-date=5 November 2014}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Hugh |title=Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=9781317870418 |location=}}
* {{Cite book |last=López |first=Jesús Bermúdez |title=The Alhambra and the Generalife: Official Guide |publisher=TF Editores |year=2011 |isbn=9788492441129 |location= |pages=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rėklaitytė |first=Ieva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBhREAAAQBAJ |title=A Companion to Islamic Granada |publisher=Brill |year=2021 |isbn=978-90-04-42581-1 |editor-last=Boloix-Gallardo |editor-first=Bárbara |pages=441–462 |language=en |chapter=The Rumor of Water: A Key Element of Moorish Granada}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ring |first1=Trudy |last2=Salkin |first2=Robert M |last3=La Boda |first3=Sharon |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74JI2UlcU8AC |access-date=24 October 2014 |year=1995 |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |isbn=1-884964-04-4}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rodgers |first1=Helen |title=City of Illusions: A History of Granada |last2=Cavendish |first2=Stephen |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780197619414 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Room |first=Adrian |title=Placenames of the World: Origins And Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features And Historic Sites |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C |access-date=27 December 2012 |year=2006 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7 |page=149}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ruggles |first=D. Fairchild |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgQxkcLBzaEC |title=Gardens, Landscape, and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780271018515 |location=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Viguera-Molíns |first=María Jesús |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBhREAAAQBAJ |title=A Companion to Islamic Granada |publisher=Brill |year=2021 |isbn=978-90-04-42581-1 |editor-last=Boloix-Gallardo |editor-first=Bárbara |pages=19–37 |language=en |chapter=Sources and Historiography. Searching for the City’s Textual Foundations}}
{{refend}}

* Cortés Peña, Antonio Luis and Bernard Vincent. ''Historia de Granada''. 4 vols. Granada: Editorial Don Quijote, 1983.
* ''Historia del reino de Granada''. 3 vols. Granada: Universidad de Granada, Legado Andalusí, 2000.
* {{SmithDGRG}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Granada}}
* {{wikivoyage inline|Granada}}
* [http://www.granada.org/ City council of Granada]
* [http://visitgranada.net/ Granada Tourism Guide] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625164418/http://visitgranada.net/ |date=25 June 2022 }}
* [http://hitchhikershandbook.com/country-guides/spain-2/granada/ Granada city guide] at [http://www.hitchhikershandbook.com HitchHikers Handbook]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120419035334/http://www.granada-webcam.com/en_index.php Webcam Granada/Alhambra]

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