View source for Grand Cross of the Iron Cross

{{Short description|Decoration for victorious generals of the Prussian Army and its allies}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=May 2021}}
The '''Grand Cross of the Iron Cross''' ({{langx|de|Großkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes}}) was a decoration intended for victorious generals of the [[Prussian Army]] and its [[Alliance|allies]]. It was the second highest class of the [[Iron Cross]], following the [[Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross]], which was awarded only twice. Along with the Iron Cross 1st and 2nd Class, the Grand Cross was founded on 10 March 1813, during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. It was renewed in 1870 for the [[Franco-Prussian War]] and again in 1914 for [[World War I]]. In 1939, when [[Adolf Hitler]] renewed the Iron Cross as a German (rather than strictly Prussian) decoration, he also renewed the Grand Cross.

The Grand Cross of the Iron Cross was twice the size of the Iron Cross and was worn with a ribbon around the neck. The later [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]], instituted in 1939, was also worn from the neck; it was smaller than the Grand Cross but larger than the Iron Cross.

==1813 Grand Cross==
<gallery>
File:Blücher (nach Gebauer).jpg|''Generalfeldmarschall'' [[Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher|Gebhard von Blücher]] wearing the 1813 Grand Cross of the Iron Cross and the [[Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross|Star to the Grand Cross]] ''(Blücherstern)''.
File:Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bulow.jpg|''General'' [[Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow|Friedrich von Bülow]] wearing the 1813 Grand Cross.
File:Karl XIV Johan, king of Sweden and Norway, painted by Fredric Westin (cropped).jpg|[[Charles XIV John|Crown Prince Charles John of Sweden]], wearing the 1813 Grand Cross of the Iron Cross.
File:Graf-tauentzien.jpg|''General'' [[Bogislav Friedrich Emanuel von Tauentzien|Bogislav von Tauentzien]] wearing the 1813 Grand Cross.
File:Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg.jpg|''Generalfeldmarschall'' [[Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg]] wearing the 1813 Grand Cross.
</gallery>

[[File:1813_Grand_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross.jpg|thumb|1813 Grand Cross of the Iron Cross.]]
Five men received the 1813 Grand Cross of the Iron Cross for actions during the Napoleonic Wars:

* [[Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher]], commander of Prussian forces at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], later also awarded the [[Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross]]
* [[Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow|Friedrich Wilhelm von Bülow]]
* [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Crown Prince Charles John of Sweden (Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte)]] - earlier a Marshal under Napoleon, after becoming regent and crown prince of Sweden, he joined the [[Sixth Coalition]] against Napoleon.
* [[Bogislav Friedrich Emanuel von Tauentzien]]
* [[Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg]]

==1870 Grand Cross==
<gallery>
File:Carl Süssnapp - Albert I. König von Sachsen.jpeg|[[Albert, Crown Prince of Saxony]] wearing the 1870 Grand Cross.
File:General August Karl von Goeben 1875.jpg|''General'' [[August Karl von Goeben]] wearing the 1870 Grand Cross.
File:Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel by Adolphe Braun.png|''Generalfeldmarschall'' [[Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel]] wearing the 1870 Grand Cross.
File:Helmuth von Moltke Photo ca. 1889.jpg|''Generalfeldmarschall'' [[Helmuth von Moltke the Elder]] wearing the 1870 Grand Cross.
File:Die Gartenlaube (1885) b 461 1.jpg|[[Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia]] wearing the 1870 Grand Cross.
File:Emperor Friedrich III (cropped)(2).png|[[Frederick III, German Emperor|Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia]] (later Kaiser Friedrich III) wearing the 1870 Grand Cross.
File:Die Gartenlaube (1887) b 669.jpg|''General'' [[Karl Wilhelm Friedrich August Leopold, Count von Werder|August Graf von Werder]] wearing the 1870 Grand Cross.
File:Kaiser Wilhelm I. (cropped).jpg|[[William I, German Emperor|King Wilhelm I of Prussia]] (later [[German Emperor]]) wearing the 1870 Grand Cross.
File:Großherzog Friedrich Franz II.jpg|[[Friedrich Franz II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Grand Duke Friedrich Franz II of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] wearing the 1870 Grand Cross.
</gallery>

[[File:1870 Grand Cross of the Iron Cross.jpg|thumb|1870 Grand Cross of the Iron Cross.]]
The Iron Cross was renewed on 19 July 1870, for the [[Franco-Prussian War]].  Nine men received the 1870 Grand Cross of the Iron Cross for service during that war. Seven Grand Crosses were awarded on 22 March 1871, to:

* [[Albert, Crown Prince of Saxony]]
* [[August Karl von Goeben]]
* [[Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel]]
* [[Helmuth von Moltke the Elder|Helmuth Graf von Moltke the Elder]]
* [[Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia]]
* [[Frederick III, German Emperor|Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia]] (later Kaiser Friedrich III)
* [[Karl Wilhelm Friedrich August Leopold, Count von Werder|August Graf von Werder]]

[[Kaiser Wilhelm I]] received the Grand Cross on 16 June 1871, and [[Friedrich Franz II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]], received it on 4 December 1871.  The Kaiser was supreme commander of the Prussian Army, and Moltke was Chief of the General Staff. The others were senior combat commanders of the Prussian Army (Crown Prince Albert initially commanded the Saxon Army as a corps under a Prussian field army, but later took command of a combined Prussian/Saxon field army).

==1914 Grand Cross==
<gallery>
File:Wilhelm II.tif|[[Wilhelm II, German Emperor]] wearing the 1914 Grand Cross of the Iron Cross.
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S51620, Generalfeldmarschall Paul v. Hindenburg.jpg|''Generalfeldmarschall'' [[Paul von Hindenburg]] wearing the 1914 Grand Cross of the Iron Cross and the [[Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross|Star to the Grand Cross]] ''(Hindenburgstern).''
File:Erich Ludendorff 1918.jpg|''General'' [[Erich Ludendorff]] wearing the 1914 Grand Cross.
File:Hermann Eißfeldt - Prinz Leopold von Bayern.jpg|[[Prince Leopold of Bavaria]] in a painting wearing the 1914 Grand Cross.
File:General Feldmarschall August Von Mackensen (cropped).png|''Generalfeldmarschall'' [[August von Mackensen]] wearing the 1914 Grand Cross.
</gallery>
[[File:GrandCross1914.jpg|thumb|1914 Grand Cross of the Iron Cross.]]
The Iron Cross was renewed again on 5 August 1914.  There were five recipients of the 1914 Grand Cross in the [[First World War]]:
* [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]]
* [[Paul von Hindenburg]], later also awarded the [[Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross]]
* [[Erich Ludendorff]]
* [[Prince Leopold of Bavaria]]
* [[August von Mackensen]]

==1939 Grand Cross==
[[File:Hermann Göring - Röhr.jpg|thumb|center|''[[Reichsmarschall]]'' [[Hermann Göring]] wearing the 1939 Grand Cross and below it his {{lang|fr|[[Pour le Mérite]]}}.]]
[[File:1939 Grand cross.jpg|thumb|1939 Grand Cross by S&L.]]
[[Adolf Hitler]] reinstituted the Iron Cross as a [[Germany|German]] decoration in September 1939, with the Grand Cross again the highest grade (above the various classes of the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross|Knight's Cross]]).

''[[Reichsmarschall]]'' [[Hermann Göring]] became the only recipient of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross during [[World War II]] when it was awarded to him at the [[1940 Field Marshal Ceremony|Field Marshal Ceremony]] on 19 July 1940 in his role as the Supreme Commander of the [[Luftwaffe]] for leading them to victory in the [[Battle of France|French campaign]].{{sfn|Littlejohn|Dodkins|1968|p=117}}

A World War II version of the higher [[Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross]] was devised, but never formally instituted or awarded. Following the Allied victory in May 1945, the [[United States Army]] seized the only known prototype, which is now a part of the collection of the [[United States Military Academy#West Point Museum|Museum of the United States Military Academy]] (USMA) in [[West Point, New York]].{{sfn|Littlejohn|Dodkins|1968|p=120}}

==References==
{{Reflist|36em}}

== Literature ==
* {{cite book |title=For Führer and Fatherland: Military Awards of the Third Reich |first=John R.|last=Angolia |publisher=R. James Bender Publishing |year=1976
|isbn=0-912138-14-9}}
*{{cite book|last1= Littlejohn|first1= David|last2= Dodkins|first2 = Colonel C. M.|title = Orders, Decorations, Medals and Badges of the Third Reich |publisher= R. James Bender Publishing, California |year= 1968 |isbn = 978-0854200801}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{List of military decorations of the Third Reich |state=collapsed}}
{{Subject bar
| portal1=Germany
}}

{{interwiki extra|qid=Q18243166}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Grand Cross Of The Iron Cross}}
[[Category:Military awards and decorations of Prussia]]
[[Category:Military awards and decorations of Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:1813 establishments in Prussia]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1914]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1939]]
[[Category:1870 establishments in Prussia]]
[[Category:1914 establishments in Germany]]
[[Category:1939 establishments in Germany]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1813]]